NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS OCT 6 2023

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

STEPHEN BRENT MICHEL, No. 23-35053

Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 3:22-cv-05286-TSZ

v.

MEMORANDUM*

CHERI BRAZWELL; SCOTT

BRAZWELL,

Defendants-Appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington Thomas S. Zilly, District Judge, Presiding

Submitted October 4, 2023** Seattle, Washington

Before: WARDLAW and M. SMITH, Circuit Judges, and MATSUMOTO,*** District Judge.

Plaintiff Stephen Brent Michel appeals the district court’s dismissal of his

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). *** The Honorable Kiyo A. Matsumoto, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of New York, sitting by designation. first amended complaint pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) for

failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. We review such

dismissals de novo. Edwards v. Marin Park, Inc., 356 F.3d 1058, 1061 (9th Cir.

2004). Because the parties are familiar with this case’s procedural history and

Michel’s factual allegations, we do not recount them here except as necessary to

provide context.

1. The district court correctly concluded that Michel failed to state claims upon

which relief may be granted for breach of express contract and for breach of

implied contract because Michel failed to adequately plead independent

consideration at the time the alleged agreement was reached. See Labriola v.

Pollard Grp., Inc., 100 P.3d 791, 792 (Wash. 2004) (observing that under

Washington state law, a valid contract requires “independent consideration at the

time the agreement was reached” (emphasis added)). As the district correctly

found, “[a] contract simply did not exist as a matter of law.”

2. The district court erroneously concluded that the lack of consideration

necessarily warranted dismissal of Michel’s claims for promissory estoppel and

implied or constructive trust. The doctrines of promissory estoppel and implied or

constructive trust are equitable in nature and may operate in the absence of

consideration and a contract. See Havens v. C & D Plastics, Inc., 876 P.2d 435,

443 (Wash. 1994) (“[P]romissory estoppel may apply in the absence of . . .

2 consideration . . . .”); Baker v. Leonard, 843 P.2d 1050, 1054–55 (Wash. 1993)

(discussing the elements of a constructive trust under Washington state law, which

do not include consideration). On remand, the district court is instructed to address

whether Michel has adequately pled claims for promissory estoppel and implied or

constructive trust in light of the fact that consideration is not an element of either

claim. Each side shall bear its own costs of appeal.

AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED in part.

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