FACTS

A. LAWSUIT

1. CLIENT’S CASE

Client hired Attorney in January 2015. Attorney represented Client in a lawsuit

against a restaurant Client had patronized. Client alleged that, in January 2017, without

Client’s approval, Attorney dismissed, without prejudice, Client’s lawsuit against the

restaurant. Client alleged she paid $21,985 for very little work by Attorney, and that

Attorney essentially “defraud[ed] her out of tens of thousands of dollars knowing full

well he never intended to satisfactorily represent any of [Client’s] legal interests.”

Client alleged that part of Attorney’s fraud involved him leading Client to believe they

had a romantic relationship.

2. ATTORNEY’S DEFENSE

Attorney contended he performed an “extensive amount of work” for Client and

“went above and beyond . . . to help [Client].” Attorney contended Client approved the

dismissal of her case against the restaurant. Further, Attorney alleged that Client sent

1 Attorney asserts Client’s “Appellant’s Opening Brief suffers from omissions, misstatements and violations of appellate Rules of Court,” and the record Client provided is incomplete. Attorney asserts that “this Court can and should find that [Client] has waived her right to appellate review.” We reject Attorney’s argument and address the merits of Client’s contentions.

2 him a torrent of romantic emails. Attorney directed Client to stop expressing romantic

feelings for him, and when she refused to cease, he withdrew as her counsel.

B. EMAILS

The following are excerpts from three of Client’s many emails to Attorney.

First, from May 26, 2016: “You are professional perfection. I think you are this planets

[sic] most perfect human being. You can do no wrong. My feelings for you are

overwhelming.” Second, from June 1, 2016: “I love you with everything I am.” Third,

from June 3, 2016: “I am deeply in love with you, and I love you. I want to fulfill your

deepest desires, I want to make you smile and think the world of me. [¶] I want you to

make love to me. I want us to make a baby together.”

The following are three excerpts from Attorney’s emails to Client. First, on July

18, 2016: “What you are feeling is quite common in a professional-client relationship.

It’s called erotic transference. . . . [¶] I urge you to ask your therapist about erotic

transference and to ask him about your emails to me.” Second, on November 3, 2016:

“Thank you for sharing your feelings. However, I cannot reciprocate them as I am your

lawyer. . . . [¶] . . . [¶] Because you can’t control yourself, it is clear to anyone you

are going through emotionally driven erotic transference.”

Third, on February 11, 2017: “I understand and acknowledge you have intense

and positive feelings for me. That makes me neither mad nor annoyed. Also,

transference is actually predicted in a situation where I am ‘fighting for you’ as it is

common in attorney and therapy contexts. But any ethical attorney or therapist will not

3 reciprocate. . . . Just to be clear, I’m flattered you have feelings for me but I cannot

reciprocate as I am your attorney.”

C. EXPERT’S REPORT

Attorney designated David L. Braff, M.D., (Braff) of the University of

California, San Diego, Department of Psychiatry, as an expert. Braff interviewed Client

on April 7, 2021. Braff concluded that Client “has had severe psychiatric problems

virtually her whole life,” including a complex personality disorder.

In his report, Braff opined, “[Client] (from her emails) seems to have been very

attached to [Attorney] and then to be severely disappointed and even vengeful for what

she perceives to be unfair treatment. This approaches what has been called delusional

erotomania.” Braff continued, “[Client] is very upset that she did not get what she

wanted from [Attorney] which may well have included a personal relationship.”

D. MOTION IN LIMINE

Client moved in limine to limit Braff’s testimony “to the matters which he

opined in his written, undated report.” The trial court granted the motion, and said that

the “report speaks for itself, . . . that there is a sense of transference, where the purported

or alleged romantic relationship is not actually there, to put it bluntly.” Thereafter, the

following exchange occurred:

Client: “[Braff] made no mention of transference nor was that discussed.”

Attorney’s attorney: “Well, that may be true. I think the clinical term Dr. Braff

used was delusional erotomania. The transference is not the disorder.”

4 “The Court: Right. I mean I think that’s the layman’s term, if you will . . . . [¶]

. . . [¶] When I say I would allow the doctor to testify to what is included in his report,

I mean he cannot come up and say there’s a different diagnosis here. . . . He can

certainly elaborate on [his diagnoses] and let the jury know so that they can understand

what that means, but I would limit it to the opinions made in his report.”

E. TRIAL

Braff’s report was admitted into evidence. At trial, Braff testified, “I think

[Client] said [Attorney] wanted to have a relationship, of course, in a thousand e-mails,

she’s asking him to have her children. The whole thing at first didn’t make sense to me,

except that she’s constructing things either as she sees them or in a distorted way.”

During Braff’s testimony, the following exchange occurred:

Attorney’s attorney: “[Y]ou reviewed her . . . hundreds, if not thousands, of e-

mails that she sent to [Attorney], correct?

“[Braff:] Yes.

“[Attorney’s attorney:] Where she clearly expressed romantic feelings towards

him, correct?

“[Braff:] Yeah. I want to have your children is a pretty romantic, I think,

feeling.

“[Attorney’s attorney:] Did you see any—in any of these thousands of e-mails

that you looked at, anywhere [Attorney] showed interest in her or reciprocated her

feelings?

“[Braff:] No.

5 “[Attorney’s attorney:] Did you see any e-mails where he, in fact, told her the

opposite? I am not interested in you. I am ethically not permitted to even have a

relationship with you because I’m your lawyer, and you need to stop this, et cetera, et

cetera?

“[Braff:] Yeah. Beyond that, [‘]You need to stop this, and get into treatment,[’]

for what he called transference, which actually is pretty accurate here, the issue of

transference.

“[Client]: Objection, Your Honor. We did stipulate to the report, and—

“The Court: Overruled.

“[Attorney’s attorney]: You saw, I assume, a couple of times when [Attorney]

told [Client] he thinks she’s undergoing transference, which is a relatively common

problem between doctors and patients and lawyers and clients and other relationships.

And even gave her links to look it up, and told her to go see her therapist, correct?

“[Braff:] Yeah. [¶] . . . [¶] . . . Here’s what transference is simply. It’s

when—I’ll talk about the patient. When a patient engages with—usually, with a

psychotherapist or psychiatrist or other doctors, they tend to project or put their inner

feelings for authority figures onto that other person.”

Braff explained that when a person experiencing transference is rejected, they

tend to become either depressed or “extremely angry at authority figures who almost

inevitably will disappoint them because you can’t meet unrealistic expectations.”

Attorney’s attorney asked Braff to explain delusional erotomania. Braff replied,

“[E]rotomania is a, you know, romantic or romantic feelings that get very intense, like, I

6 want to have your children, to someone that you never physically actually met. And the

delusion is—because you have these expectations that are not realistic, the delusion is

[an] unrealistic belief that is not grounded in reality, like, he’s going to father her

children. He, being [Attorney].”

DISCUSSION

A. EXPERT TESTIMONY

Client contends the trial court erred by overruling her objection to Braff’s

testimony about transference because that topic was not included in Braff’s report.

The purpose “of the expert witness discovery statute is to give fair notice of what

an expert will say at trial.” (Bonds v. Roy (1999) 20 Cal.4th 140, 146-147) We apply

the abuse of discretion standard of review in determining whether the trial court erred

by overruling Client’s objection to Braff’s testimony being beyond the scope of his

report. (People v. San Nicolas (2004) 34 Cal.4th 614, 663.)

Braff’s report reads, “[Client] (from her emails) seems to have been very

attached to [Attorney] and then to be severely disappointed and even vengeful for what

she perceives to be unfair treatment. This approaches what has been called delusional

erotomania.” Delusional erotomania is intense romantic feelings that are not grounded

in reality.

Transference involves projecting one’s feelings onto an authority figure along

with unrealistic expectations. Transference is very similar to delusional erotomania

because both involve feelings for another person that are not based in reality. Because

transference and delusional erotomania are so closely linked, it was within the scope of

7 Braff’s report to testify about transference. Moreover, Braff’s report referenced as

source material the “extensive emails” between Attorney and Client, and those emails

explicitly and repeatedly discuss transference. Therefore, the idea of transference was

incorporated by reference into Braff’s report. In sum, Client had fair notice that Braff

could testify about transference. The trial court did not abuse its discretion.

B. IMPEACHMENT EVIDENCE

1. ANGELINE ZAHABI

a. Procedural History

In a deposition, Attorney denied having dated a client or engaging in intercourse

with a client. When asked, in the deposition, if he “ ‘had any romantic experience with

a client,’ ” Attorney responded, “ ‘I may have, sure.’ ” During an Evidence Code

section 402 hearing, Attorney clarified that he “became very close in texts” with one

client, Angeline Zahabi (Zahabi), “but there was no dating, there was no sex” and they

“mutually decided not to move forward on it.” Attorney testified, “I would characterize

it more as a close friendship than a relationship.”

Copies of the text messages between Attorney and Zahabi do not appear in the

record. We have located, in the reporter’s transcript, the trial court reading aloud some

of the text messages. The trial court said, “It says, ‘August 7th, 2018. It says, ‘You

chased me from September.’ This, apparently, is [Attorney] writing to Ms. Zahabi. ‘I

declined your case, and you couldn’t let it go. You came back and sold me I’m a victim

role knowing from reviews I was kind, compassionate, and helpful.’ It says, ‘You

masturbated after our first phone conversation before we met, and which suggests you

8 were relishing how you were going to take advantage of me.’ [¶] But he is clearly

saying that he wants to leave her. At the very end, he says, ‘Do not contact me, period,

ever.’ Ms. Zahabi writes back to him shortly thereafter or the same day. She says that

he has been—‘This is scary. Are you referring to everything to make me look like

someone is harassing you?’ And then it kind of goes back and forth. [¶] [Attorney]

writes back a very short thing that says, ‘Bottom line, you are lovable, but I can’t give

you the unconditional love you describe.’ And I think at that time he’s ending it at that

time.”

Client sought to introduce Zahabi and Attorney’s text messages into evidence.

The trial court said to Client, “[T]he only evidence I have is he has denied that he had—

in fact, the e-mails don’t say that they had a sexual relationship or anything at all, that

they were talking. It does seem like a period of intense infatuation with each other over

a short time, and then it ended. [¶] I’m still not seeing that this would survive, in my

opinion, a 352 objection.” The trial court excluded the text message and email evidence

pertaining to Zahabi.

b. Analysis

Client contends the trial court erred by excluding “impeachment evidence

regarding the email and text messages” between Attorney and Zahabi. Client asserts the

evidence was relevant to contradicting Attorney’s testimony “that he did not date

clients.”

“ ‘[Impeachment] evidence is relevant and thus admissible if it “tend[s] to

disprove a fact of consequence on which the defendant has introduced evidence.”

9 [Citation.] The trial court is vested with broad discretion in determining the

admissibility of [impeachment] evidence.’ ” (People v. Nunez and Satele (2013) 57

Cal.4th 1, 27.) We apply the abuse of discretion standard of review. (People v. Mills

(2010) 48 Cal.4th 158, 195.)

As to Zahabi, the text messages that the trial court read into the record do not

indicate that Attorney and Zahabi were dating. Rather, the text messages indicate that

Attorney believed Zahabi wanted to have a romantic relationship with him. In

Attorney’s deposition, he admitted that he may have had a romantic experience with a

client, i.e., romantic text messages from Zahabi. We do not see anything in the text

messages reflecting that the two dated. As a result, the text messages would not

impeach Attorney on his testimony that he never dated a client. Thus, the trial court did

not err.

2. SARA CORREA

a. Procedural History

Sara Correa (Correa) is a former client of Attorney. Client deposed Correa, but

Client does not direct us to a copy of Correa’s deposition transcript in the record.

However, in the reporter’s transcript, Client read aloud a portion of Correa’s transcript:

“ ‘Were you satisfied with [Attorney’s] representation?’

“She says, ‘No, I was not.’

“ ‘What happened during his representation that caused you to feel this way?’

“And she said, ‘Since a lot of it has been a blur, what I understand was he didn’t

really fulfill what he said he was going to fulfill as far as representation, and he was

10 inappropriate in a way he spoke with me via text. And I expressed that on the Yelp,

which is my right, and I was threatened afterwards.[’] ”

“I asked her, ‘Can you tell me, Ms. Correa, what [Attorney] had done prior to

you leaving this review?’ And she says, ‘So I don’t recall the exact conversation, but I

just remember it being inappropriate and I felt like I was being sexually exploited in a

way.’ ” Allegedly, Correa offered “to trade sex for legal services.”

The trial court said that Correa accused defendant of making sexual advances,

“but there’s nothing else—there’s nothing in the deposition whatsoever of exactly what

he even did or—and the deposition is not clear at all in that regard.” The trial court

concluded, “Under 352, the Court can’t allow evidence that would be speculative or let

the jury, quite frankly, speculate, because it would be much more prejudicial than

probative.” The trial court excluded Correa’s deposition.

b. Analysis

Client asserts Correa’s deposition was relevant to contradicting Attorney’s

testimony “that he did not date clients”; Client contends the trial court erred by not

permitting Client to impeach Attorney with Correa’s deposition. There is nothing in the

portion of the deposition read into the record that indicates Correa and Attorney dated.

Rather, the indication is that Attorney declined Correa’s offer to trade intercourse for

legal work. Because the deposition does not contradict Attorney’s testimony that he

never dated a client, the trial court did not err in excluding the deposition.

Client asserts Correa’s deposition should have been admitted to prove Attorney’s

pattern of “try[ing] to flip things on the woman and make it appear she was either crazy

11 or she was the aggressor.” Client is not describing impeachment evidence pertaining to

dating. Rather, she is describing evidence of a pattern or practice of misrepresenting

other people’s actions. Due to Client switching theories, she has failed to demonstrate

that the trial court erred.

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. Respondent is awarded his costs on appeal. (Cal.

Rules of Court, rule 8.278(a)(1).)

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

MILLER

J.

We concur:

RAMIREZ

P. J.

McKINSTER J.

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