NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS MAR 8 2024

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

TENE CARR, No. 22-56135

Plaintiff-Appellant, D.C. No. 2:19-cv-09112-CBM-JEM v.

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney MEMORANDUM* General,

Defendant-Appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Central District of California Consuelo B. Marshall, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted February 12, 2024 Pasadena, California

Before: TASHIMA, CALLAHAN, and JOHNSTONE, Circuit Judges.

Plaintiff-Appellant Tene Carr appeals the district court’s orders granting the

government’s motions to dismiss and for summary judgment, along with related

evidentiary rulings, in this action asserting unlawful employment discrimination

and retaliation by the Federal Bureau of Investigation (“FBI”). We have

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.

We review de novo the determination that a claim is barred for failure timely

to exhaust administrative remedies. Vinieratos v. U.S., Dep’t of Air Force Through

Aldridge, 939 F.2d 762, 768 (9th Cir. 1991). We likewise review de novo a district

court’s grant of summary judgment and may affirm on any ground supported by

the record. Maner v. Dignity Health, 9 F.4th 1114, 1119 (9th Cir. 2021). A district

court’s evidentiary rulings on summary judgment are reviewed for abuse of

discretion. Sandoval v. Cnty. of San Diego, 985 F.3d 657, 665 (9th Cir. 2021). We

presume the parties’ familiarity with the facts of the case and therefore repeat them

here only to the extent necessary to resolve the issues raised on appeal.

1. The district court properly granted the government’s motion to dismiss

Plaintiff’s claims arising from the workplace incidents that she alleged occurred

before May 2015. Federal employees like Plaintiff must timely exhaust their

administrative remedies before filing an employment discrimination suit against

the government. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e–16(c). As Plaintiff acknowledges, one of the

administrative time limits prescribed by Title VII’s implementing regulations is

that federal employees must contact an Equal Employment Opportunity (“EEO”)

counselor within 45 days of the alleged discriminatory conduct before filing a civil

action. 29 C.F.R. § 1614.105(a)(1). “[A]bsent waiver, estoppel, or equitable

tolling, failure to comply with this regulation is fatal to a federal employee’s

2 discrimination claim.” Kraus v. Presidio Tr. Facilities Div./Residential Mgmt.

Branch, 572 F.3d 1039, 1043 (9th Cir. 2009) (cleaned up).

Because it was not until June 24, 2015, that Plaintiff contacted an EEO

counselor regarding the conduct underlying this suit, her claims based on incidents

occurring before May 10, 2015 (45 days prior) are time-barred. See Lyons v.

England, 307 F.3d 1092, 1105, 1108 (9th Cir. 2002) (where plaintiff does not

claim delayed awareness of the discriminatory nature of the conduct at issue, “we

simply count backward 45 days from the[] initial contact with the EEO

counselor”).

Plaintiff has asserted no meaningful argument for waiver, estoppel, or

equitable tolling of this mandatory deadline—either in the district court or on

appeal. Instead, Plaintiff continues to press her theory that all of the adverse

actions alleged in the First Amended Complaint were part of a continuing violation

and were thus rendered timely by her termination, which occurred within 45 days

of her EEO contact.1 See Bird v. Dep’t of Hum. Servs., 935 F.3d 738, 746–48 (9th

Cir. 2019) (per curiam) (discussing the continuing violations doctrine).

1 We reject the government’s argument that Plaintiff waived the dismissal of her 2009–2014 claims by stipulating to strike those allegations and not including them in the subsequent complaint. That stipulation occurred after the district court had already dismissed those claims with prejudice so could not have forfeited Plaintiff’s opposition to their dismissal.

3 To successfully invoke the continuing violations doctrine, Plaintiff would

have to allege hostile work environment claims, whose “very nature involves

repeated conduct” since “a single act of harassment may not be actionable on its

own.” Nat’l R.R. Passenger Corp. v. Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 115 (2002); see Bird,

935 F.3d at 748. Plaintiff argues that the alleged incidents leading up to her 2015

termination, including being denied a change of workstation, having her

performance ratings reduced, and receiving more difficult work assignments,

amount to a hostile work environment claim. However, the district court correctly

concluded that Plaintiff in fact alleged only a series of discrete acts of

discrimination. See Morgan, 536 U.S. at 113, 115 (distinguishing hostile

environment claims from claims based on “discrete discriminatory acts” which are

actionable immediately upon their occurrence). Plaintiff cannot transform a set of

discrete acts into a hostile work environment claim simply by calling the adverse

actions “harassment.”

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of Plaintiff’s pre-2015

claims because they were not timely exhausted under § 1614.105(a)(1). This

leaves two timely exhausted adverse actions that could form the basis of Plaintiff’s

discrimination and retaliation claims: (a) her 2015 termination, and (b) the FBI’s

failure to respond to her request for outside-employment authorization while

disciplinary action was pending. Plaintiff argues both actions constituted

4 retaliation under Title VII, and that her termination constituted race and sex

discrimination under Title VII as well as disability discrimination under the

Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Like the district court, we reject these arguments.

2. The district court properly granted summary judgment for the

government on Plaintiff’s Title VII discrimination claims. In granting summary

judgment, the district court—erroneously, according to Plaintiff—excluded much

of the evidence Plaintiff submitted in opposition. We need not decide whether the

district court’s evidentiary rulings were an abuse of discretion because, even

considering all of Plaintiff’s proffered evidence, there was insufficient evidence

from which a jury could conclude that her termination for lack of candor, in

violation of FBI Offense Code 2.6, was pretext for race or sex discrimination.

We assume, without deciding, that Plaintiff established a prima facie case of

race and sex discrimination. However, the government produced evidence that

Plaintiff was terminated for a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason: making false

statements under oath, the mandatory penalty for which is termination. And

Plaintiff has not raised a triable issue of material fact as to whether the

government’s reason was pretextual. See McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411

U.S. 792, 804 (1973); Chuang v. Univ. of Cal. Davis Bd. of Trs., 225 F.3d 1115,

1123–24 (9th Cir. 2000) (discussing McDonnell Douglas burden shifting).

Plaintiff did not offer any direct evidence that the Assistant Director of the FBI’s

5 Office of Professional Responsibility (“OPR”) who terminated her was motivated

to do so by discriminatory intent. Further, even construing the facts in the light

most favorable to her, Plaintiff did not offer any “specific and substantial”

circumstantial evidence that race or sex discrimination was the true reason for her

termination. Vasquez v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 349 F.3d 634, 642 (9th Cir. 2003).

First, none of the four White, male comparators Plaintiff identified were

similarly situated to Plaintiff in all material respects. See Campbell v. Hawaii

Dep’t of Educ., 892 F.3d 1005, 1012 (9th Cir. 2018) (Title VII plaintiff relying on

comparator evidence “must identify employees outside her race and sex who were

similarly situated to her ‘in all material respects’ but who were given preferential

treatment” (quoting Nicholson v. Hyannis Air Serv., Inc., 580 F.3d 1116, 1125 (9th

Cir. 2009))). Comparators Rogero, DeVecchio, and Leighton are not similarly

situated to Plaintiff because they were not found to have lied under oath in

violation of FBI Offense Code 2.6, as Plaintiff was found to have done. See

Vasquez, 349 F.3d at 641 (finding employee not similarly situated because she

“was not involved in the same type of offense as Vasquez”). Even if a jury could

reasonably view these agents’ conduct as worse than Plaintiff’s, Plaintiff proffered

no evidence that whatever Code violations these agents may have been charged

with carried a mandatory penalty of termination like Section 2.6 does. Nor could a

jury find comparator Malone similarly situated to Plaintiff because, even accepting

6 he testified falsely in multiple criminal cases without reprimand, the only evidence

in the record shows his lying and the need for discipline was not discovered until

some 13 years after the fact, by which point discipline was “preclude[d].” Thus,

Plaintiff’s comparator evidence fails to raise an inference of pretext.

Second, Plaintiff failed to offer specific and substantial evidence that the

OPR Assistant Director’s lack-of-candor finding was “unworthy of credence

because it [was] internally inconsistent or otherwise not believable,” see Mayes v.

WinCo Holdings, Inc., 846 F.3d 1274, 1280 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting Fonseca v.

Sysco Food Servs. of Ariz., Inc., 374 F.3d 840, 849 (9th Cir. 2004)), or because the

Assistant Director did not honestly believe her finding was justified, Villiarimo v.

Aloha Island Air, Inc., 281 F.3d 1054, 1063 (9th Cir. 2002). Although Plaintiff

disputes the Assistant Director’s interpretation of Plaintiff’s various statements

under oath, those disputes are not relevant to whether the Assistant Director

honestly believed Plaintiff had knowingly made false statements or omitted

material information under oath. See Villiarimo, 281 F.3d at 1063 (in judging the

credence of an employer’s proffered justifications, “courts ‘only require that an

employer honestly believed its reasons for its actions, even if its reason is “foolish

or trivial or even baseless.”’” (quoting Johnson v. Nordstrom, Inc., 260 F.3d 727,

733 (7th Cir. 2001))).

Likewise, OPR’s repeated remands of the internal investigation for further

7 factfinding—despite investigators’ comments that the allegations could not be

substantiated—would not support a finding of pretext. The only evidence

presented was that (1) OPR can and does return matters for further investigation

whenever it deems initial factfinding insufficient, and (2) it is not within

investigators’ purview to decide whether a given allegation is substantiated, as sole

adjudicatory authority lies with OPR. See Cafasso, U.S. ex rel. v. Gen. Dynamics

C4 Sys., Inc., 637 F.3d 1047, 1061 (9th Cir. 2011) (“To survive summary

judgment, a plaintiff must set forth non-speculative evidence of specific

facts . . . .”).

Finally, the series of adverse actions Plaintiff describes experiencing in the

Los Angeles Field Office over 2009 to 2014—which could properly be considered

as background evidence for her two timely exhausted adverse actions, see Morgan,

536 U.S. at 113—also do not support an inference that the Assistant Director’s

termination decision was pretextual. Each of the earlier adverse actions were taken

by individuals other than the investigators and adjudicators involved in the internal

investigation, and Plaintiff does not assert that they communicated with or

otherwise influenced OPR officials.

3. The district court also properly granted summary judgment for the

government on Plaintiff’s Title VII retaliation claims. Like the district court, we

conclude that Plaintiff failed to establish a prima facie case of retaliation because

8 she did not provide any evidence whatsoever that the two relevant decisionmakers

had knowledge of her earlier EEO complaint (her only asserted protected activity)

at the relevant time. See Raad v. Fairbanks N. Star Borough Sch. Dist., 323 F.3d

1185, 1196–97 (9th Cir. 2003), as amended (May 8, 2003) (for Title VII

retaliation, plaintiff must show that “(1) she engaged in protected activity, (2) she

suffered an adverse employment action, and (3) there was a causal link” between

the two, which at a minimum requires some showing that “the defendant was

aware that the plaintiff had engaged in protected activity”).

Plaintiff’s attempt at a “cat’s paw” theory of imputed animus fails to make

up for this deficiency. In arguing that “[a]ny information known to the [FBI] is

imputed to its managing agents,” Plaintiff gets the theory backwards. Under a

cat’s paw theory, an individual employee’s knowledge or animus can be imputed to

the decisionmaker/employer where the employee has influenced the decision. See

Poland v. Chertoff, 494 F.3d 1174, 1182 (9th Cir. 2007); Bergene v. Salt River

Project Agric. Improvement & Power Dist., 272 F.3d 1136, 1141 (9th Cir. 2001)

(“Even if a manager was not the ultimate decisionmaker, that manager’s

retaliatory motive may be imputed to the company if the manager was involved in

the [adverse employment] decision.” (emphases added)). To succeed on this

theory, “a plaintiff must establish that the person with a retaliatory motive

somehow influenced the decisionmaker to take the retaliatory action.” Acosta v.

9 Brain, 910 F.3d 502, 514–15 (9th Cir. 2018) (quoting Zamora v. City of Houston,

798 F.3d 326, 331 (5th Cir. 2015)). Plaintiff has not identified anyone at the FBI

with a retaliatory motive who influenced or was otherwise involved in the decision

to terminate her or the inaction on her outside-employment request.

4. Finally, the district court properly granted summary judgment for the

government on Plaintiff’s Rehabilitation Act claim. Here, too, Plaintiff failed to

carry her burden to establish a prima facie case because she offered no evidence

that the Assistant Director—who undisputedly had never interacted with her before

her termination was proposed—knew of her disability before deciding to terminate

her. Without such evidence, no trier of fact could find Plaintiff’s disability to be

the sole reason for her termination. See 29 U.S.C. § 794; Mustafa v. Clark Cnty.

Sch. Dist., 157 F.3d 1169, 1174 (9th Cir. 1998) (for prima facie case of

Rehabilitation Act employment discrimination, plaintiff must establish, inter alia,

that she was “subjected to discrimination solely by reason of [her] disability”); see

also Raytheon Co. v. Hernandez, 540 U.S. 44, 54 n.7 (2003) (“If [the hiring

manager] were truly unaware that [the plaintiff applicant’s] disability existed, it

would be impossible for her hiring decision to have been based, even in part, on

[the plaintiff]’s disability.”).

The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

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