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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

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CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

9 10 11 KELLY P.,1 Case No. 5:18-cv-00777-MAA 12 Plaintiff,

MEMORANDUM DECISION AND

13 v. ORDER REVERSING DECISION OF

THE COMMISSIONER AND

14 REMANDING FOR FURTHER 15

ANDREW M. SAUL,2 ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEEDINGS

Commissioner of Social Security, 16 Defendant. 17 18 On April 17, 2018, Plaintiff filed a Complaint seeking review of the Social 19 Security Commissioner’s final decision denying her application for Supplemental 20 Security Income pursuant to Title XVI of the Social Security Act. This matter is 21 fully briefed and ready for decision. For the reasons discussed below, the 22 Commissioner’s final decision is reversed, and this matter is remanded for further 23 24 administrative proceedings.

25 1 Plaintiff’s name is partially redacted in accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 5.2(c)(2)(B) and the recommendation of the Committee on Court 26 Administration and Case Management of the Judicial Conference of the United States. 27 2 The Commissioner of Social Security is substituted as the Defendant pursuant to 28 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d). 1 PROCEDURAL HISTORY On December 16, 2013, Plaintiff filed an application for Supplemental 2 Security Income. (Administrative Record [AR] 30, 208-29.) Although Plaintiff 3 initially alleged a disability onset date of February 25, 2010, she later amended that 4 date to December 16, 2013. (AR 70-71.) Plaintiff alleged disability due to post- 5 traumatic stress disorder, bipolar disorder, insomnia, schizophrenia, depression, 6 personality disorder, anxiety, and hepatitis C. (AR 111-12, 127.) After her 7 application was denied initially and on reconsideration, Plaintiff requested a hearing 8 before an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”). (AR 30, 141.) At a hearing held on 9 July 21, 2016, at which Plaintiff appeared with counsel, the ALJ heard testimony 10 from Plaintiff and a vocational expert (“VE”). (AR 66-90.) 11 In a decision issued on October 26, 2016, the ALJ denied Plaintiff’s 12 application after making the following findings pursuant to the Commissioner’s 13 five-step evaluation. (AR 30-41.) Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful 14 activity since her alleged onset date of December 16, 2013. (AR 33.) She had 15 severe impairments consisting of hepatitis C, cirrhosis, sciatica, degenerative disc 16 disease, neuropathy, depression, anxiety, and a history of substance abuse disorder. 17 (Id.) She did not have an impairment or combination of impairments that met or 18 medically equaled the requirements of one of the impairments from the 19 Commissioner’s Listing of Impairments. (AR 33-34.) She had a residual 20 functional capacity for light work with additional limitations. (AR 34-35.) Plaintiff 21 had no past relevant work. (AR 40.) She could perform other jobs existing in 22 significant numbers in the national economy, specifically, the occupations of 23 routing clerk, router, and mail clerk. (AR 41.) Accordingly, the ALJ concluded 24 that Plaintiff was not disabled as defined by the Social Security Act. (Id.) 25 On March 14, 2018, the Appeals Council denied Plaintiff’s request for 26 review. (AR 1-7.) Thus, the ALJ’s decision became the final decision of the 27 Commissioner. 28 1 DISPUTED ISSUE The parties raise the following disputed issue: whether the ALJ properly 2 relied on the vocational expert’s testimony. (ECF No. 29, Parties’ Joint Stipulation 3 [“Joint Stip.”] at 4.) 4

5

STANDARD OF REVIEW

6 Under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), the Court reviews the Commissioner’s final 7 decision to determine whether the Commissioner’s findings are supported by 8 substantial evidence and whether the proper legal standards were applied. See 9 Treichler v. Commissioner of Social Sec. Admin., 775 F.3d 1090, 1098 (9th Cir. 10 2014). Substantial evidence means “more than a mere scintilla” but less than a 11 preponderance. See Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971); Lingenfelter 12 v. Astrue, 504 F.3d 1028, 1035 (9th Cir. 2007). Substantial evidence is “such 13 relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a 14 conclusion.” Richardson, 402 U.S. at 401. The Court must review the record as a 15 whole, weighing both the evidence that supports and the evidence that detracts from 16 the Commissioner’s conclusion. Lingenfelter, 504 F.3d at 1035. Where evidence is 17 susceptible of more than one rational interpretation, the Commissioner’s 18 interpretation must be upheld. See Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 630 (9th Cir. 19 2007). 20

21

DISCUSSION

22 A. The ALJ’s Step Five Determination. 23 1. Legal Standard. 24 At step five of the Commissioner’s five-step sequential evaluation process, 25 “the burden shifts to the Commissioner to demonstrate that the claimant is not 26 disabled and can engage in work that exists in significant numbers in the national 27 economy.” Hill v. Astrue, 698 F.3d 1153, 1161 (9th Cir. 2012); see also 20 C.F.R. 28 1 § 416.966(b). An ALJ’s determination at step five involves “exploring two issues.” See Biestek v. Berryhill, 139 S. Ct. 1148, 1152 (2019). First, the ALJ must identify 2 the types of occupations that a person with the claimant’s limitations could 3 perform. See id. Second, the ALJ must ascertain that such jobs exist in significant 4 numbers in the national economy. See id. Both issues may require the assistance 5 of a vocational expert. See Osenbrock v. Apfel, 240 F.3d 1157, 1162-63 (9th Cir. 6 2001) (describing the VE’s role in identifying suitable occupations); Bayliss v. 7 Barnhart, 427 F.3d 1211, 1218 (9th Cir. 2005) (describing the VE’s role in 8 providing job numbers). 9 A VE’s testimony about an occupation’s suitability must be reconciled with 10 the Dictionary of Occupational Titles (“DOT”). The DOT is the Commissioner’s 11 “primary source of reliable job information” and creates a rebuttal presumption as 12 to a job classification. Johnson v. Shalala, 60 F.3d 1428, 1434 n.6, 1435 (9th Cir. 13 1995); see also Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 1042 (9th Cir. 2008). An 14 ALJ may not rely on a VE’s testimony regarding the requirements of suitable 15 occupations that the claimant might be able to perform without first inquiring of the 16 VE whether his testimony conflicts with the DOT and without obtaining a 17 reasonable explanation for any apparent conflicts. Massachi v. Astrue, 486 F.3d 18 1149, 1152-53 (9th Cir. 2007) (citing Social Security Ruling (“SSR”) 00-4p). “For 19 a difference between an expert’s testimony and the Dictionary’s listings to be fairly 20 characterized as a conflict, it must be obvious or apparent.” Gutierrez v. Colvin, 21 844 F.3d 804, 808 (9th Cir. 2016). An ALJ may rely on VE testimony that 22 contradicts the DOT only insofar as the record contains persuasive evidence to 23 support the deviation. Johnson, 60 F.3d at 1435; see also Tommasetti, 533 F.3d at 24 1042; Light v. Social Sec. Admin., 119 F.3d 789, 793 (9th Cir. 1997). 25 A VE’s testimony about job numbers must demonstrate that a “significant 26 number” of jobs exist for the claimant in the national economy. The Ninth Circuit 27 has “never set out a bright-line rule for what constitutes a ‘significant number’ of 28 1 jobs.” Beltran v. Astrue, 700 F.3d 386, 389 (9th Cir. 2012). However, “work which exists in the national economy can be satisfied by work which exists in 2 significant numbers either in the region where such individual lives or in several 3 regions of the country.” Gutierrez v. Commissioner of Social Sec., 740 F.3d 519, 4 528 (9th Cir. 2014) (emphasis in original); see also 42 U.S.C. §§ 423(d)(2)(A), 5 1382c(a)(3)(B). If either number is significant, the ALJ’s finding about job 6 numbers must be upheld. See Beltran, 700 F.3d at 390. 7

8 2. Background. 9 The ALJ’s hypothetical question to the VE contemplated an individual with 10 Plaintiff’s age, education, and the following limitations: 11 [T]his individual could be limited to occasionally lift, carry, push or 12 pull up to 20 pounds. Ten pounds or less frequently. Standing, 13 walking and sitting would be consistent with light work. Frequent 14 postural. No climbing ladders, ropes or scaffolds. No work at 15 unprotected heights, around moving machinery or other hazards. This 16 individual can concentrate for two hour periods of time but would be 17 limited to unskilled tasks. The work should be non-public with only 18 occasional interaction with coworkers and supervisors. Should be 19 [low] stress meaning no fast paced production or assembly line type 20 work with only minimal changes in the workplace setting or routine. 21 (AR 87.) 22 The VE responded that such a person could perform work existing in 23 significant numbers in the national economy. (Id.) Specifically, the person could 24 perform three occupations: (1) routing clerk (DOT 222.687-022), which has 66,000 25 jobs in the national economy; (2) router (DOT 222.587-038), which has 28,000 jobs 26 in the national economy; and (3) mail clerk (DOT 209.687-026), which has 20,000 27 jobs in the national economy. (AR 87-88.) The ALJ accepted the VE’s testimony 28 1 to conclude, at step five, that Plaintiff could perform work existing in significant numbers in the national economy and therefore was not disabled. (AR 41.) 2

3 3. Analysis. 4 Plaintiff challenges each of the three occupations identified by the VE for its 5 suitability or its existence in significant numbers. The Court considers each 6 occupation in turn. 7

8 a. Mail Clerk (DOT 209.687-026). 9 The occupation of mail clerk requires, among other things, the following 10 duties: 11 Sorts incoming mail for distribution and dispatches outgoing 12 mail: Opens envelopes by hand or machine. Stamps date and time of 13 receipt on incoming mail. Sorts mail according to destination and 14 type, such as returned letters, adjustments, bills, orders, and payments. 15 Readdresses undeliverable mail bearing incomplete or incorrect 16 address. Examines outgoing mail for appearance and seals envelopes 17 by hand or machine. Stamps outgoing mail by hand or with postage 18 meter. 19 (DOT 209.687-026.) Moreover, the occupation of mail clerk requires “Reasoning 20 Level 3,” which means that the worker must be able to “[a]pply commonsense 21 understanding to carry out instructions furnished in written, oral, or diagrammatic 22 form. Deal with problems involving several concrete variables in or from 23 standardized situations.” (Id.) (emphasis added); see also Appendix C – 24 Components of the Definition Trailer, 1991 WL 688702 (defining reasoning 25 levels). 26 Plaintiff contends that the mail clerk occupation’s requirement of Reasoning 27 Level 3, which requires the ability to deal with problems involving “several 28 1 concrete variables,” conflicts with her limitation to “unskilled” work “with only minimal changes in the workplace setting or routine.” (Joint Stip. at 11.) The 2 Court agrees. An occupation that requires a worker to employ Reasoning Level 3 3 by dealing with problems involving several concrete variables raises an obvious or 4 apparent conflict with Plaintiff’s limitation to unskilled tasks and only minimal 5 changes in the workplace setting or routine. See Zavalin v. Colvin, 778 F.3d 842, 6 846-47 (9th Cir. 2015) (finding an apparent conflict between Reasoning Level 3 7 and a claimant’s limitation to “simple, routine, or repetitive work”) (emphasis 8 added); see also Buck v. Berryhill, 869 F.3d 1040, 1051 (9th Cir. 2017) (finding an 9 apparent conflict between Reasoning Level 3 and a claimant’s limitation to “simple 10 instructions and routine tasks”) (emphasis added). The VE’s testimony that a 11 person with Plaintiff’s limitations could perform the occupation of mail clerk raised 12 an apparent and unresolved conflict with the DOT. Thus, the VE’s testimony about 13 that occupation was not substantial evidence in support of the ALJ’s step five 14 determination. 15

16 b. Routing Clerk (DOT 222.687-022). 17 The occupation of routing clerk requires, among other things, the following 18 duties: 19 Sorts bundles, boxes, or lots of articles for delivery: Reads 20 delivery or route numbers marked on articles or delivery slips, or 21 determines locations of addresses indicated on delivery slips, using 22 charts. Places or stacks articles in bins designated according to route, 23 driver, or type. May be designated according to work station as 24 Conveyor Belt Package Sorter (retail trade). May sort sacks of mail 25 and be known as Mail Sorter (r.r. trans.). 26 (DOT 222.687-022) (emphasis added.) 27 /// 28 1 Plaintiff contends that the occupation’s alternative designation as a “conveyor belt package sorter” conflicts with her limitation to work with “no fast 2 paced production or assembly line type work.” (Joint Stip. at 6-7.) The Court 3 agrees. Work that requires dealing with a conveyor belt raised an apparent and 4 obvious conflict with Plaintiff’s restriction from assembly line type work. 5 The Commissioner disputes the existence of this conflict by pointing out that 6 the occupation only “may” involve a conveyor belt. (Joint Stip. at 13.) To be sure, 7 an ALJ is required to resolve DOT conflicts only about job requirements that are 8 “essential, integral, or expected.” See Gutierrez, 844 F.3d at 808. Here, however, 9 the DOT’s use of the word “may” is insufficient to demonstrate that the use of a 10 conveyor belt is not essential, integral, or expected of the routing clerk occupation. 11 Indeed, the DOT’s description of the routing clerk occupation leaves open the 12 possibility that all jobs within that occupation require the use of a conveyor belt. 13 Finally, when an occupation is generally familiar to non-experts, a reviewing 14 court may appeal to common experience to determine that there was no conflict that 15 the ALJ had to address, even if the DOT suggests the possibility of a conflict. See 16 Gutierrez, 844 F.3d at 808 (relying on common experience to find that the 17 occupation of cashier does not involve overhead reaching, despite language in the 18 DOT stating it requires “frequent reaching”). Here, however, the occupation of 19 routing clerk is not sufficiently familiar to common experience for the Court to 20 conclude with confidence that the use of a conveyor belt is not essential, integral, or 21 expected for that occupation. See Lamear v. Berryhill, 865 F.3d 1201, 1205 (9th 22 Cir. 2017) (declining to rely on common experience to determine the essential, 23 integral, or expected tasks for the occupations of office helper, mail clerk, or 24 parking lot cashier). The VE’s testimony that a person with Plaintiff’s limitations 25 could perform the occupation of routing clerk raised an apparent and resolved 26 conflict with the DOT. Thus, the VE’s testimony about that occupation was not 27 substantial evidence in support of the ALJ’s step five determination. 28 1 c. Router (DOT 222.587-038). The final occupation identified by the VE, router, requires, among other 2 things, the following duties: 3 Stamps, stencils, letters, or tags packages, boxes, or lots of 4 merchandise to indicate delivery routes. Reads addresses on articles 5 and determines route, using standard charts. 6 (DOT 222.587-038.) Moreover, the occupation of router requires “Reasoning 7 Level 2,” which means that the worker must be able to “[a]pply commonsense 8 understanding to carry out detailed but uninvolved written or oral instructions. 9 Deal with problems involving a few concrete variables in or from standardized 10 situations.” (Id.); see also Appendix C – Components of the Definition Trailer, 11 1991 WL 688702 (defining reasoning levels). 12 Plaintiff challenges the suitability and availability of this occupation in two 13 respects. The Court addresses each contention in turn. 14

15 i. DOT conflict. 16 First, Plaintiff contends that the router occupation is unsuitable because its 17 requirement of Reasoning Level 2, which requires the ability to deal with “a few 18 concrete variables in or from standardized situations,” conflicts with her limitation 19 to work “with only minimal changes in the workplace setting or routine.” (Joint 20 Stip. at 10.) The Court disagrees. An occupation that requires a worker to employ 21 Reasoning Level 2 by dealing with problems involving a few concrete variables 22 does not raise an obvious or apparent conflict with Plaintiff’s limitation to only 23 minimal changes in the workplace setting or routine. Other district courts in the 24 Ninth Circuit have made similar findings. See, e.g., Reyes v. Commissioner of 25 Social Security, 2018 WL 4204787, at *7 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 4, 2018) (finding no 26 conflict between Reasoning Level 2 and a claimant’s limitation to “a work 27 environment with no more than occasional changes in routine”); Swain v. Colvin, 28 1 2015 WL 13237229, at *6 (D. Or. Dec. 11, 2015) (finding no conflict between Reasoning Level 2 and a claimant’s limitation to “unskilled work in a structured 2 setting with minimal changes in demand”); Bement v. Astrue, 2011 WL 7039958, at 3 *11 (W.D. Wash. Dec. 28, 2011) (finding no conflict between Reasoning Level 2 4 and a claimant’s limitations to “simple workplace decisions with few workplace 5 changes”). The Court finds these decisions to be persuasive. Thus, Plaintiff has 6 not demonstrated that the router occupation is unsuitable because of an apparent 7 and unresolved conflict with the DOT. 8

9 ii. significant number of jobs. 10 Second, in the alternative, Plaintiff contends that the router occupation is 11 outdated or obsolete and therefore not available in significant numbers. (Joint Stip. 12 at 7-9.) As noted, the VE testified that the router occupation has 28,000 jobs in the 13 national economy. (AR 87-88.) According to the DOT, the router occupation 14 requires that the worker “stamp, stencil, letter, or tag packages, boxes, or lots of 15 merchandise to indicate delivery routes” and “read addresses on articles and 16 determine route, using standard charts.” (DOT 222.587-038.) Plaintiff contends 17 that technological advances in computers and cellular phones have reduced the 18 number of such jobs by making it obsolete to use “standard charts” to determine 19 delivery routes. (Joint Stip. at 8.) 20 Reviewing courts must be cautious in finding an ALJ’s reliance on a VE’s 21 testimony about job numbers unjustified because of obsolescence. See Gallo v. 22 Commissioner of Social Sec. Admin., 449 F. App’x 648, 650 (9th Cir. 2011) 23 (“Although the description in the [DOT] of the ‘Addresser’ job contains a 24 seemingly antiquated reference to typewriters, the ALJ was nonetheless entitled to 25 rely on the VE’s testimony that the Addresser job exists in significant numbers in 26 the national economy.”); Bavaro v. Astrue, 413 F. App’x 382, 384 (2d Cir. 2011) 27 (“We decline Bavaro’s invitation to take judicial notice of the decline of the 28 1 photofinishing industry and deem the position infeasible for her.”). However, reviewing courts are authorized to review an ALJ’s step five determination for 2 substantial evidence by relying on what is “common and obvious,” even to non- 3 experts. See Gutierrez, 844 F.3d at 807; Farias v. Colvin, 519 F. App’x 439, 440 4 (9th Cir. 2013) (“A reasonable mind would not accept the VE’s testimony that there 5 are 3,600 head dance hall hostess positions in the local economy and 342,000 in the 6 national economy.”); Cunningham v. Astrue, 360 F. App’x 606, 615 (6th Cir. 2010) 7 (“[C]ommon sense dictates that when such descriptions appear obsolete, a more 8 recent source of information should be consulted.”); see also Skinner v. Berryhill, 9 2018 WL 1631275, at *5-*6 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 2, 2018) (“[I]t is not unreasonable to 10 assume that the occupation of ‘addresser,’ which — as described by the DOT — 11 provides for addressing envelopes by hand or by typewriter, is an occupation that 12 has significantly dwindled in number . . . in light of technological advances.”) 13 (emphasis in original) (citing Scott v. Colvin, 2015 WL 11438598, at *13 (N.D. 14 Cal. Dec. 9, 2015) (taking judicial notice of the fact that since the DOT was last 15 updated in 1991, the increasingly common use of computers has likely reduced the 16 need for the task of physical press clipping)). 17 Here, despite the DOT’s apparently outdated language about routers using 18 “standard charts” to determine delivery routes, the ALJ and the VE did not 19 acknowledge the possibility that the description was outdated, which would have 20 provided useful context for how the VE had calculated that 28,000 router jobs exist 21 in the current national economy. Thus, the Court must accept at face value the 22 VE’s testimony that 28,000 router jobs, as described by the language of the DOT, 23 exist in the current national economy. To be sure, what is commonly known about 24 the national job market is inadequate to find that the occupation of router, as it is 25 described in the DOT, is completely obsolete. But it is readily conceivable that 26 technological advances in computers and cellular phones have led to the reduction, 27 at least to a modest extent, in the number of router jobs that used to be performed 28 1 with “standard charts.” Even a modest reduction of the 28,000 jobs the VE identified — such a reduction of 15 percent of that number because of technological 2 advances — would mean that the number of available jobs is no longer significant. 3 See Gutierrez, 740 F.3d at 529 (holding that 25,000 national jobs was a significant 4 number but remarking that it “presents a close call”). Thus, a reasonable mind 5 would not accept the VE’s testimony that there are a sufficient number of router 6 jobs, as they are described in the DOT, in the national economy to constitute a 7 significant number. 8

9 3. Conclusion. 10 For the foregoing reasons, the Court cannot determine whether substantial 11 evidence supports the ALJ’s finding at step five. With respect to two of the three 12 occupations, mail clerk and routing clerk, the apparent DOT conflict was 13 unacknowledged and therefore unresolved. See Rounds v. Commissioner Social 14 Sec. Admin., 807 F.3d 996, 1004 (9th Cir. 2015) (“Because the ALJ did not 15 recognize the apparent conflict . . ., the VE did not address whether the conflict 16 could be resolved. As a result, we cannot determine whether substantial evidence 17 supports the ALJ’s step-five finding.”) (citation and internal quotation marks 18 omitted). With respect to the third occupation, router, the record does not contain 19 “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a 20 conclusion” that the occupation exists in significant numbers in the national 21 economy. See Gutierrez, 740 F.3d at 522. Thus, reversal is warranted. 22 23 B. Remand for further administrative proceedings. 24 Ninth Circuit case law “precludes a district court from remanding a case for 25 an award of benefits unless certain prerequisites are met.” Dominguez v. Colvin, 26 808 F.3d 403, 407 (9th Cir. 2015) (citations omitted). “The district court must first 27 determine that the ALJ made a legal error, such as failing to provide legally 28 1 || sufficient reasons for rejecting evidence.” Jd. “Ifthe court finds such an error, it 2 || must next review the record as a whole and determine whether it is fully developed, 3 || is free from conflicts and ambiguities, and all essential factual issues have been 4 || resolved.” Jd. (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). 5 Here, although the Court has found that substantial evidence does not support 6 || the ALJ’s determination at step five, an award of benefits is inappropriate because 7 || ambiguities and essential factual issues remain as to Plaintiff’s ability to perform 8 || work in the national economy. The proper course here is remand to the 9 || Commissioner for further consideration of the step five determination of whether 10 || Plaintiff can perform work existing in significant numbers in the national economy. 11 || See Rounds, 807 F.3d at 1004 and n.5 (“On remand, the ALJ must determine 12 || whether there is a reasonable explanation to justify wlying on the VE’s 13 || testimony[]” or “[a]lternatively, the VE may be able to identify other jobs that .. . 14 || are suitable for someone with Rounds’ other limitations.”). 15 Therefore, based on its review and consideration of the record, the Court has 16 || concluded on balance that a remand for further administrative proceedings pursuant 17 || to sentence four of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) is warranted here. It is not the Court’s intent 18 || to limit the scope of the remand. 19 20 ORDER It is ordered that Judgment be entered reversing the decision of the 22 || Commissioner of Social Security and remanding this matter for further 23 || administrative proceedings. 24 25 || DATED: August 2019 26

MARIA RO

UNITE TES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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