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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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11 LISA MARIE V., Case No. 8:18-cv-01809-KES

12 Plaintiff,

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND

13 v.

ORDER

14 ANDREW M. SAUL, Commissioner of Social Security,1 15 Defendant. 16

17

18 I.

19 BACKGROUND

20 Plaintiff Lisa Marie V. (“Plaintiff”) applied for Supplemental Security 21 Income (“SSI”) benefits in June 2014, alleging disability commencing November 22 7, 2013. Administrative Record (“AR”) 197-205. On March 8, 2017, and 23 September 26, 2017, an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) conducted hearings; at 24 the first hearing, Plaintiff, who was represented by an attorney, appeared and 25 testified, as did a vocational expert (“VE”). AR 32-70. On October 27, 2017, the 26

27 1 Andrew Saul is now the Commissioner of Social Security and is automatically substituted as a party pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(d). 28 1 ALJ issued an unfavorable decision. AR 15-31. The ALJ found that Plaintiff 2 suffered from the severe, medically determinable impairments of “bipolar disorder, 3 not otherwise specified, with psychotic features; and polysubstance dependence, in 4 remission; bilateral lower extremity edema; GERD [gastroesophageal reflux 5 disease]; and musculoligamentous strain/sprain of cervical spine.” AR 17. Despite 6 these impairments, the ALJ found that Plaintiff had a residual functional capacity 7 (“RFC”) to perform medium work with the following mental restrictions: “limited 8 to simple repetitive tasks; occasional interaction with supervisors; minimal 9 interaction with coworkers and the public; ordinary stresses and changes; no high 10 production quotas such as rapid assembly or other such high production jobs; and 11 would miss work once every 30-45 days.” AR 19. 12 Based on this RFC and the VE’s testimony, the ALJ found that Plaintiff 13 could work as an automatic machine attendant (Dictionary of Occupational Titles 14 [“DOT”] 649.685-010), bench assembler (DOT 706.684-022), and laundry worker 15 (DOT 361.685-018). AR 26. The ALJ concluded that Plaintiff was not disabled. 16 AR 26-27. 17 II. 18 ISSUES PRESENTED 19 Issue One: Whether the ALJ properly considered the opinion of treating 20 psychiatrist, Dr. Caitlin Pickart. 21 Issue Two: Whether the ALJ properly considered Plaintiff’s subjective 22 symptom testimony. 23 Issue Three: Whether the ALJ properly considered Plaintiff’s Global 24 Assessment of Functioning (“GAF”) scores. 25 Issue Four: Whether the ALJ properly considered Plaintiff’s edema. 26 (Dkt. 22, Joint Stipulation [“JS”] at 2.) 27 In addition to these four issues, the Court invited the parties to submit 28 supplemental briefing addressing (1) whether the VE’s testimony that a person 1 | with Plaintiff's RFC could work as an automatic machine attendant or bench 2 | assembler is inconsistent with the DOT due to the RFC’s restriction against “rapid 3 | assembly” work, per Randazzo v. Berryhill, 725 F. App’x 446 (9th Cir. 2017), and 4 | (2) ifany error in the ALJ’s relying on the VE’s testimony was harmless, because 5 | the availability of 70,000 laundry worker jobs nationally is sufficient. (Dkt. 24.) 6 | In response, Plaintiff did not contest that 70,000 jobs constitutes a “significant 7 | number” of jobs in the national economy. Instead, she argued that the laundry 8 | worker job is also inconsistent with the RFC’s restriction against “rapid assembly 9 | or other such high production jobs.” (Dkt. 25 at 4.) The Court therefore considers 10 | asa fifth issue: 11 Issue Five: Whether the ALJ erred in relying on the VE’s testimony that a 12 | hypothetical person with Plaintiff's RFC could be a laundry worker. 13 III. 14 DISCUSSION 15 A. ISSUE ONE: Dr. Pickart. 16 Plaintiff contends that the ALJ erred by rejecting Dr. Pickart’s opinions 17 | without addressing all the factors set forth in 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c) in his written 18 | decision. (JS at 3-4.) Plaintiff also contends that the ALJ failed to give legally 19 | sufficient reasons for rejecting Dr. Pickart’s opinions. (JS at 5.) Finally, Plaintiff 20 | contends that the ALJ lacked substantial evidence to reject Dr. Pickart’s opinions 21 | without developing the record by obtaining testimony from a medical expert 22 | (“ME”). GUS at 10.) 23 1. Rules Governing the Evaluation of Medical Evidence.” 24 “As a general rule, more weight should be given to the opinion of a treating 25 26 ? On January 18, 2017, the SSA published the final rules “Revisions to Rules Regarding the Evaluation of Medical Evidence” in the Federal Register (82 FR 5844). These revised rules (which no longer give controlling weight to the 28 | uncontradicted opinions of treating physicians) apply to claims filed on or after

1 source than to the opinion of doctors who do not treat the claimant.” Turner v. 2 Comm’r of SSA, 613 F.3d 1217, 1222 (9th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). This rule, 3 however, is not absolute. “Where . . . a nontreating source’s opinion contradicts 4 that of the treating physician but is not based on independent clinical findings, or 5 rests on clinical findings also considered by the treating physician, the opinion of 6 the treating physician may be rejected only if the ALJ gives specific, legitimate 7 reasons for doing so that are based on substantial evidence in the record.” 8 Andrews v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 1995) (citation omitted). Here, 9 Plaintiff concedes that the opinion of Dr. Pickart was contradicted—e.g., by the 10 opinion of a consultative examiner. (See JS at 2); see also AR 24 (ALJ discussing 11 consultative psychiatric examiner’s findings, including that Plaintiff was not 12 significantly limited in ability to interact with coworkers or accept instructions 13 from supervisors). Thus, the dispositive question is whether the ALJ gave 14 “specific, legitimate reasons” for discounting Dr. Pickart’s opinions. 15 2. Summary of Dr. Pickart’s Opinions. 16 Dr. Pickart completed a “mental assessment” form describing Plaintiff’s 17 mental abilities and limitations. AR 662-66. Dr. Pickart opined that Plaintiff has 18 many “moderately severe” and “severe” limitations, terms defined by the form as 19 indicating “serious” and “extreme” functional impairments, respectively. Id. Most 20 relevant here, Dr. Pickart found that Plaintiff was extremely impaired in her ability 21 to work with others, interact appropriately with the public, accept instructions from 22 supervisors, respond appropriately to changes, and work independently. Id.; see 23 also AR 66 (Plaintiff’s counsel’s characterization of Dr. Pickart’s opinions). The 24 VE testified that if credited, Dr. Pickart’s assessment would preclude all work. AR 25 65-66. 26 27 March 27, 2017, so they do not apply to Plaintiff’s claim. 28 1 3. Analysis of Claimed Errors. 2 a. Failure to Recite 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527 Factors. 3 ALJs must weigh the medical evidence by considering factors such as 4 (1) the nature of the relationship between the doctor and the patient (e.g., 5 examining, treating, or other), (2) the length and nature of any treating relationship, 6 (3) the degree to which the doctor “presents relevant evidence to support a medical 7 opinion,” (4) whether the opinion is consistent with “the record as a whole,” (5) the 8 doctor’s specialization, and (6) “other factors,” such as the doctor’s familiarity 9 with disability benefits programs. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c). 10 Plaintiff cites Trevizo v. Berryhill, 871 F. 3d 664 (9th Cir. 2017), for the 11 premise that ALJs must discuss in their written decisions each factor for each 12 medical opinion. (JS at 3.) Plaintiff relies on the following language from 13 Trevizo: 14 [T]he ALJ erred by failing to apply the appropriate factors in 15 determining the extent to which the opinion should be credited. 16 Though she suggested that Dr. Galhotra’s opinion was “inconsistent 17 with the other substantial evidence in [Trevizo’s] case record,” such 18 that it should not be given dispositive weight, 20 C.F.R. 19 § 404.1527(c)(2), the ALJ did not consider factors such as the length 20 of the treating relationship, the frequency of examination, the nature 21 and extent of the treatment relationship, or the supportability of the 22 opinion, id. § 404.1527(c)(2)-(6). This failure alone constitutes 23 reversible legal error. 24 Id. (emphasis added). 25 Other courts considering this same argument have declined to interpret 26 Travizo as establishing a new requirement for ALJ decisions. One district court 27 persuasively reasoned as follows: 28 Prior to Trevizo, the Ninth Circuit had never given any 1 indication that an ALJ was required to explicitly set forth in rote 2 fashion an analysis of each of the 404.1527(c) factors. See Hoffman 3 v. Berryhill, No.: 16-cv-1976-JM-AGS, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4 136353, *6, 2017 WL 3641881 (S.D. Cal Aug. 24, 2017) (adopted on 5 9/14/2017 at Hoffman v. Berryhill, No.: 16-cv-1976-JM-AGS, ECF 6 No. 26). (“In explaining his rejection of Dr. Kane’s opinion, the ALJ 7 did not explicitly analyze each of these § 404.1527(c) factors. The 8 Ninth Circuit has never expressly held that an ALJ should.”). … 9 The court concludes that it should not read into Trevizo a 10 requirement that ALJs explicitly recite an analysis of each 11 § 404.1527(c) factor in each of their decisions. Rather, Trevizo 12 requires that the record reflect that the ALJ actually considered and 13 applied the appropriate factors. A broader reading would be a 14 significant departure from prior Ninth Circuit precedent and the 15 Trevizo court gave no indication that it intended such a break. 16 Indeed, the Social Security regulations themselves do not express 17 such a requirement and instead direct that the factors are to be 18 considered. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c) (“Unless we give a treating 19 source’s medical opinion controlling weight under paragraph (c)(2) 20 of this section, we consider all of the following factors in deciding the 21 weight we give to any medical opinion.”). 22 Standen v. Berryhill, No. 2:16-cv-1267-EFB, 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 156775, at 23 *18-19 (E.D. Cal. Sep. 25, 2017). The Standen court concluded that the record 24 reflected “the appropriate factors were properly considered, even if all are not 25 repeated in rote fashion.” Id. at *19-20. While the Ninth Circuit recently vacated 26 and remanded Standen on other grounds, the appellate court specifically agreed 27 with Standen that the ALJ gave specific and legitimate reasons for rejecting the 28 treating physician’s opinion, in part because “ALJ’s decision reflect[ed] 1 consideration of the Trevizo factors.” Standen v. Saul, No. 17-17386, 2019 WL 2 3408893, at *1 (9th Cir. July 29, 2019). 3 Here, the record reflects that the ALJ knew about Dr. Pickart’s specialization 4 and treating relationship. In identifying records inconsistent with Dr. Pickart’s 5 mental assessment, the ALJ cited Exhibit 16F, page 13 (AR 25), a treating record 6 signed by “Caitlin Pickart, M.D., Psychiatrist.” AR 786. Plaintiff’s counsel 7 discussed Dr. Pickart’s treating relationship with the ALJ at the hearing. AR 59- 8 61. The ALJ’s failure to discuss in his written opinion every § 404.1527 factor’s 9 applicability to Dr. Pickart’s assessment is not legal error. 10 b. Failure to Develop the Record. 11 When the ALJ finished questioning Plaintiff, the ALJ stated, “[H]ere’s what 12 I think[.] I need help with this. It looks like I need an expert witness and then you 13 can cross-examine an expert witness.” AR 58. Plaintiff’s counsel argued that 14 Plaintiff had low GAF scores and a work-preclusive opinion from her treating 15 psychiatrist, suggesting that the record was already adequately developed to 16 support a finding of disability. AR 58-62. The ALJ listened to this argument and 17 responded, “okay.” AR 62. 18 The ALJ has a duty to develop the record when it “is inadequate to allow for 19 proper evaluation of the evidence.” Tonapetyan v. Halter, 242 F.3d 1144, 1150 20 (9th Cir. 2001). Plaintiff argues that in the above-quoted portion of the hearing 21 transcript, the ALJ admitted that the record was inadequate without opinions from 22 a ME. (JS at 10.) 23 The ALJ’s comments during the hearing were not a final determination that 24 the record was inadequate; the ALJ was entitled to conclude otherwise while 25 finalizing his written decision. Plaintiff does not present any arguments other than 26 the ALJ’s tentative statement at the hearing as to why the record was inadequate. 27 Plaintiff cites no cases finding the record inadequate based solely on similar 28 statements by an ALJ during a hearing. Plaintiff has failed to demonstrate legal 1 error. 2 c. Failure to Give Specific, Legitimate Reasons Supported by 3 Substantial Evidence. 4 The ALJ gave Dr. Pickart’s mental assessment form “little weight” for two 5 reasons, finding it (1) inconsistent with the record as a whole and (2) expressed in 6 “quite conclusory” terms. AR 25. These are legally sufficient reasons, if 7 supported by substantial evidence. See Ghanim v. Colvin, 763 F.3d 1154, 1161 8 (9th Cir. 2014) (holding conflict with claimant’s activities is a proper reason to 9 reject a medical opinion); Batson v. Comm’r of SSA, 359 F.3d 1190, 1195 (9th 10 Cir. 2004) (“[A]n ALJ may discredit treating physicians’ opinions that are 11 conclusory, brief, and unsupported by the record as a whole.”). 12 i. Inconsistent with Other Evidence. 13 The ALJ found that Dr. Pickart’s work-preclusive opinions were 14 inconsistent with (1) findings from “generally unremarkable mental status 15 examinations … as discussed above,” and (2) Plaintiff’s reports that she was 16 “getting along well with others, enjoying school, and walking for exercise most 17 days.” AR 25, citing AR 784. 18 The ALJ had “discussed above” mental status exams (“MSEs”) conducted in 19 December 2013 (AR 558), April 2014 (AR 483-84), July 2014 (AR 622), August 20 2014 (AR 625), January 2015 (AR 643 and 647), April 2015 (AR 655), February 21 2016 (AR 519-21), and January 2017 (AR 765). AR 20-25. Those MSEs recorded 22 Plaintiff’s mental status as follows: 23 • December 2013: Plaintiff reported sometimes feeling the presence of a 24 demon who talked to her, but “less and less over the past week.” She was “linear 25 and organized, more focused on back pain than anything else.” She appeared “SL 26 [slightly] anxious,” but her anxiety was “decreased from last visit.” Her speech 27 was a rapid, affect congruent, thought process tangential, and insight and judgment 28 limited. AR 558. 1 • April 2014: This was Plaintiff’s next MSE after spending two months in 2 jail after a lapse of sobriety. She was experiencing increased anxiety and 3 irritability and received counseling on the effects of amphetamines. Her speech 4 was rapid, mood anxious, affect congruent, thought process disorganized “but able 5 to bring thoughts together with prompting,” and insight and judgment limited. AR 6 483-84. 7 • July 2014: Plaintiff “continu[ed] to have mood swings and [was] quick to 8 be angry.” She reported depression and anxiety. She was “trying to repair her 9 relationship with the rest of her family.” Her speech was rapid, behavior slightly 10 anxious, mood “up and down,” thought process slightly disorganized, and insight 11 and judgment limited. AR 621-22. 12 • August 2014: Plaintiff reported her moods as improved and “more stable.” 13 She was still experiencing “some” depression and anxiety, but “much less.” She 14 had graduated from Hope House, a 90-day rehabilitation center for people released 15 from jail, and moved to Osha Kosh, a sober living house. Her speech was rapid, 16 behavior slightly anxious, mood “much less depression and anxiety,” thought 17 process slightly disorganized, and insight and judgment limited. AR 624-25. 18 • January 5, 2015: Plaintiff reported seeing shadows and figures out of the 19 corner of her eyes but not seeing spirits. Her mood was “pretty mellow except for 20 the irritability.” Her MSE was otherwise unchanged. AR 642-43. 21 • January 26, 2015: Plaintiff reported a positive response to Abilify, noticing 22 that her “thoughts have become much more clear and are no longer racing.” She 23 “felt calmer without irritability or agitation.” Her mood had improved, and she felt 24 “hopeful” due to the new medication. Her behavior was “calm, cooperative, good 25 eye contact, pleasant.” She had normal speech, organized thought process, and 26 limited insight and judgment. AR 647-48. 27 • April 2015: Plaintiff reported “doing fairly well in the past month.” Her 28 mood was “fine.” Her MSE was otherwise unchanged from January 26, 2015. AR 1 655-56. 2 • February 2016: Plaintiff was cooperative, coherent, and organized. She 3 made good eye contact with the interviewer. She had “appropriate” affect but 4 displayed a “depressed and anxious” mood. She could perform basic cognitive 5 tests. AR 519-21. 6 • January 2017: Plaintiff reported increased auditory and visual 7 hallucinations when feeling stressed, but she completed her school finals. She 8 reported a good mood and decreased anxiety. Her speech was clear and coherent, 9 attitude friendly and cooperative, mood mildly anxious, affect constricted, thought 10 process linear, logical, and organized, and judgment and insight intact. AR 764- 11 65. 12 Regarding Plaintiff’s school experience, in May 2016, Plaintiff reported that 13 she was “doing well” but anxious about her housing. AR 784. Increased anxiety 14 made her more irritable, but she endorsed stable moods, good use of coping skills, 15 and good energy and motivation. Id. She was still hearing voices once or twice a 16 week, but they were “easy to ignore.” Id. She reported, “Getting along well with 17 others; enjoying school; walking for exercise most days.” Id.; see also AR 761 (in 18 February 2016, reporting that she “is getting used to her school schedule;” she was 19 encouraged to “go to the DMV and obtain a book that she can study before taking 20 the test to get her license”); AR 744 (in March 2016, reporting “getting along well 21 with others; enjoying school”), AR 780 (in April 2016, reporting “mild anx[iety] 22 relating to taking tests at school or dealing with probation” but “reports good use 23 of coping skills”); AR 799 (in September 2016, “excited for new semester of 24 school because likes classes”); AR 807 (in October 2016, “[g]etting along well 25 with others; enjoying social activities; enjoying current classes … walking daily 26 for exercise and trying to eat healthy foods”); AR 812 (same in November 2016); 27 AR 815 (same in December 2016); AR 768 (in December 2016, reporting, 28 “Currently taking college classes at Santa Ana College. She has 2 semester[s] left 1 and she will graduate with her Associates in Liberal Arts and have certificate in 2 Digital Recording.”); AR 764 (in December 2016, reporting that she “completed 3 her finals in school”). 4 Substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s finding that Dr. Pickart’s extreme 5 opinions are inconsistent with this evidence concerning Plaintiff’s schooling and 6 MSEs. None of Plaintiff’s MSEs show that she has the degree of impaired social 7 functioning as opined by Dr. Pickart. (AR 664.) Dr. Pickart opined that Plaintiff 8 had serious or extreme limitations in many cognitive areas (AR 662-63), yet 9 Plaintiff was able to pursue college coursework and take final exams. Dr. Pickart 10 opined that Plaintiff had extreme limitations in accepting instructions and 11 interacting appropriately with the public or her peers, opinions inconsistent with 12 Plaintiff’s ability to attend classes at Santa Ana College and go out in public to 13 walk daily for exercise. Indeed, Dr. Pickart seemed to recognize this inconsistency 14 by acknowledging that Plaintiff was “able to attend school” but still opining that 15 Plaintiff would be “overwhelmed” by work-related stress. AR 666. The ALJ did 16 not unreasonably interpret the evidence by concluding that if Plaintiff could 17 manage school-related stress, then she could also manage the relatively low job- 18 related stress associated with simple, unskilled work. See Dupre v. Berryhill, 765 19 F. App’x 258, 259 (9th Cir. 2019) (affirming ALJ’s rejection of treating 20 physician’s opinion as inconsistent with “largely unremarkable” MSEs). 21 ii. Lack of Support. 22 The ALJ characterized Dr. Pickart’s mental assessment as “providing very 23 little explanation of the evidence relied on in forming that opinion.” AR 25. 24 Plaintiff argues that Dr. Pickart’s treating records provide the requisite support (JS 25 at 9), but as discussed above, Dr. Pickart’s treating records contain reports of 26 Plaintiff’s daily activities that are inconsistent with Dr. Pickart’s mental 27 assessment. Dr. Pickart’s mental assessment is formatted as a check-the-box form 28 with the only narrative portions describing Plaintiff’s diagnoses and summarizing 1 | her conclusions. AR 662-66. ALJs are entitled to give less weight to unexplained, 2 | check-the-box opinions. Wennet v. Saul, No. 17-16118, 2019 U.S. App. LEXIS 3 | 19239, at *4 (9th Cir. June 27, 2019) (“Dr. Ward’s treatment reports were check- 4 | the-box forms that provided no reasoning, and thus are entitled to little weight.”). 5 B. ISSUE TWO: Plaintiff's Subjective Symptom Testimony. 6 1. Rules for Evaluating Subjective Symptom Testimony. 7 It is the ALJ’s role to evaluate the clarmant’s testimony regarding subjective 8 | pain or symptoms. See Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1112 (9th Cir. 2012). 9 | “[T]he ALJ is not required to believe every allegation of disabling pain, or else 10 | disability benefits would be available for the asking, a result plainly contrary to 11 | 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(S)(A).” Id. at 1112. An ALJ’s assessment of symptom 12 | severity is entitled to “great weight.” Weetman v. Sullivan, 877 F.2d 20, 22 (9th 13 | Cir. 1989). 14 If an individual alleges impairment-related symptoms, the ALJ must 15 | evaluate those symptoms using a two-step process. First, the ALJ must determine 16 | whether the claimant has presented objective medical evidence of an underlying 17 | impairment which could reasonably be expected to produce the pain or other 18 | symptoms alleged. Treichler v. Comm’r of SSA, 775 F.3d 1090, 1102 (9th Cir. 19 | 2014). Ifso, the ALJ may not reject a claimant’s testimony “simply because there 20 | is no showing that the impairment can reasonably produce the degree of symptom 21 22 3 On March 24, 2016, the SSA published Social Security Ruling 16-3p, 3 2016 SSR LEXIS 4 (“SSR 16-3p”), which eliminated use of the term “credibility” from SSA sub-regulatory policy. SSR 16-3p was republished on October 25, 2017 24 | with the revision that the ruling was “applicable on March 28, 2016.” See 82 Fed. 5 Reg. 49462, 49468 & n.27 (Oct. 25, 2017). Here, the ALJ issued his opinion in October 2017, such that SSR 16-3p was in effect. The Ninth Circuit has noted that 26 | SSR 16-3p is consistent with its prior precedent. Trevizo v. Berryhill, 871 F.3d 664, 678 n.5 (9th Cir. 2017) (SSR 16-3p “makes clear what [Ninth Circuit] precedent already required’’). Accordingly, citation to earlier case law is 28 | appropriate. 12

1 alleged.” Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1282 (9th Cir. 1996). 2 Second, if the claimant meets the first test, the ALJ may discredit the 3 claimant’s subjective symptom testimony only upon making specific findings that 4 support the conclusion. Berry v. Astrue, 622 F.3d 1228, 1234 (9th Cir. 2010). If 5 the ALJ finds testimony as to the severity of a claimant’s pain and impairments is 6 unreliable, then the ALJ must make findings “sufficiently specific to permit the 7 court to conclude that the ALJ did not arbitrarily discredit claimant’s testimony.” 8 Thomas v. Barnhart, 278 F.3d 947, 958 (9th Cir. 2002); Brown-Hunter v. Colvin, 9 806 F.3d 487, 493 (9th Cir. 2015). Absent a finding or affirmative evidence of 10 malingering, the ALJ must provide “clear and convincing” reasons for rejecting the 11 claimant’s testimony. Ghanim v. Colvin, 763 F.3d 1154, 1163 & n.9 (9th Cir. 12 2014). 13 In assessing the intensity and persistence of symptoms, the ALJ must 14 consider a claimant’s work record, observations of medical providers and third 15 parties with knowledge of claimant’s limitations, aggravating factors, functional 16 restrictions caused by symptoms, effects of medication, and the claimant’s daily 17 activities. Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1283-84 & n.8; SSR 16-3p, 2016 SSR LEXIS 4, at 18 *10 (“[The Commissioner] examine[s] the entire case record, including the 19 objective medical evidence; an individual’s statements …; statements and other 20 information provided by medical sources and other persons; and any other relevant 21 evidence in the individual’s case record.”). ALJs may also consider inconsistency 22 in the claimant’s statements. Ghanim, 763 F.3d at 1163; SSR 16-3p, 2016 SSR 23 LEXIS 4, at *21 (“[The Commissioner] will compare statements an individual 24 makes in connection with the individual’s claim for disability benefits with any 25 existing statements the individual made under other circumstances.”). 26 If the ALJ’s findings are supported by substantial evidence in the record, 27 courts may not engage in second-guessing. Thomas, 278 F.3d at 959. 28 1 2. Summary of Plaintiff’s Subjective Symptom Testimony. 2 Plaintiff testified that she is unable to work because of schizoaffective 3 disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and hallucinations. AR 54. She wrote, 4 “When I’m in public I see things that aren’t there and I hear animals, insects, and 5 trees talking and singing to me. I have extremely bad panic attacks that … cause 6 me to hallucinate. I get easily irritated when people get too close to me and 7 sometimes that causes me not to be able to speak.” AR 230. 8 3. The ALJ’s Evaluation of Plaintiff’s Testimony. 9 The ALJ found that Plaintiff’s testimony “concerning the intensity, 10 persistence and limiting effect of [her] symptoms [was] not entirely consistent with 11 the medical evidence and other evidence in the record.…” AR 24. As supporting 12 reasons, the ALJ cited Plaintiff’s (1) limited treatment history and (2) sporadic 13 work history before her claimed date of impairment. AR 24. The ALJ also 14 (3) contrasted Plaintiff’s reported activities with her claimed dysfunction.4 AR 18- 15 19. 16 Reason One: The ALJ characterized Plaintiff’s mental health treatment 17 history as “less comprehensive than one would expect for a totally disabled 18 individual.” AR 24. While true, one cannot reasonably infer that Plaintiff received 19 sporadic mental health treatment because her condition was not serious. Rather, 20 the record reflects an unstable childhood, insurance issues, relationship issues, drug 21 abuse, and repeated arrests. AR 55-56, 484, 493, 507, 516-19, 531. These are 22 equally likely to have caused her to receive spotty mental health treatment. 23

24 4 Plaintiff argues that this attributes reasoning “post hoc” to the ALJ. (JS at 25 34.) The Court disagrees. That the reasoning appeared in a different part of the opinion does not mean that the ALJ did not discount Plaintiff’s testimony due to 26 the identified inconsistencies. See, e.g., AR 18 (“The claimant alleged she has 27 difficulty concentrating. However, the claimant has enough concentration to perform household chores, pay bills, and use public transportation.”). 28 1 Plaintiff’s poor mental health may also have caused gaps in her treatment. 2 Plaintiff reported that she has been “on and off” psychotropic medication since the 3 age of 33. AR 492. She would “stay on medication when she was in jail” or 4 rehab, but “once let out she did not follow up.” Id. Plaintiff recognized, “I do well 5 for a while and then I stop medication and I end up back on the street.” Id. 6 Reason Two: ALJs may consider a claimant’s work history when assessing 7 his/her testimony. See Sherman v. Colvin, 582 F. App’x 745, 748 (9th Cir. 2014). 8 Plaintiff testified that she has never held long-term employment. AR 54. About 9 15 years earlier, she worked for a few months as a telemarketer. AR 53-54. 10 Again, however, the socioeconomic facts discussed above, rather than a lack of 11 motivation to work, appear equally likely to have caused this. 12 Reason Three: The ALJ noted that Plaintiff “was living in a sober living 13 facility with other women. She goes to group classes. She is able to go out alone.” 14 AR 18. Plaintiff could interact with medical staff cooperatively and reported 15 getting along well with others and enjoying school. Id. She could ride the bus and 16 do her own shopping. AR 19. 17 These notations are supported by the record. See, e.g., AR 518 (Plaintiff 18 lived in sober living house with other women5); AR 519 (Plaintiff took the bus to 19 WIT [Whatever It Takes] Telecare Center to attend therapy and group classes and 20 went other places alone; she did her own shopping); AR 784 (she reported getting 21 along with others and enjoying college classes); AR 768 (she was on track to 22 graduate with an associate’s certificate from Santa Ana College). 23 The ALJ did not unreasonably interpret the evidence by finding that 24 Plaintiff’s ability to go out alone in pubic, attend group therapy classes, live in a 25 group setting, interact cooperatively with medical staff, and successfully take 26 college classes was inconsistent with her testimony that going out in public triggers 27 5 In July 2016, Plaintiff moved into her own studio apartment. AR 69, 795. 28 1 | panic attacks and an inability to speak. Inconsistency with Plaintiff's reported 2 | activities thus provides a clear and convincing reason supported by substantial 3 | evidence for discounting Plaintiff's subjective symptom testimony. 4 C. ISSUE THREE: Plaintiff’s GAF Scores. 5 Plaintiff contends that the ALJ “improperly failed to consider” Plaintiff's 6 | GAF scores. (JS at 36.) Plaintiff acknowledges the existence of cases “that 7 | indicate the failure to consider a GAF is not reversible error,” but distinguishes 8 || Plaintiff's case as one in which “the GAF scores were pointed out to the ALJ, and 9 | the ALJ should have considered this evidence because the ALJ was put on notice 10 | to consider it.” (JS at 37.) Plaintiff concludes that the ALJ was required to 11 | indicate in his written decision the amount of weight he gave to Plaintiff's GAF 12 | scores. (Id.) 13 In support of this argument, Plaintiff cites Gattis v. Colvin, No. CV. 15- 14 | 03271, 2016 U.S. Dist. Lexis 9742, *12-15 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 27, 2016). In Gattis, 15 | the ALJ’s mental RFC assessment rested on the opinion of state agency medical 16 | consultant Dr. Patterson. Dr. Patterson failed to discuss the GAF scores in the 17 | medical records she reviewed, even though the VE testified that a GAF score as 18 | low as the claimant’s would preclude all work. The district court held that “Dr. 19 | Patterson’s RFC assessment is not supported by independent evidence and cannot 20 || serve as substantial evidence.” Id. 21 Gattis did not hold that ALJs must discuss GAF scores in their written 22 | decisions. Failing to discuss GAF scores is generally not reversible error. Hughes 23 | v. Colvin, 599 F. App’x 765, 766 (9th Cir. 2015) (“The ALJ did not err in failing 24 || to address Dr. Caverly’s GAF score, because a GAF score is merely a rough 25 | estimate of an individual’s psychological, social, or occupational functioning used 26 | to reflect an individual’s need for treatment, but it does not have any direct 27 | correlative work-related or functional limitations”’), citing Vargas v. Lambert, 159 28 | F.3d 1161, 1164 n. 2 (9th Cir. 1998); see also Bayliss v. Barnhart, 427 F.3d 1211, 16

1 | 1217 (9th Cir. 2005) (affirming ALJ finding of non-disability where record 2 | contained GAF scores of 40). 3 Plaintiff's argument that this is a unique case because her low GAF scores 4 | were “pointed out” to the ALJ also fails. The Court could meaningfully review the 5 | administrative decision-making process without the ALJ’s having assigned a 6 | specific weight to Plaintiff's GAF scores. As discussed above, the ALJ found that 7 | Plaintiff's reported activities (e.g., taking college classes, going out alone, taking 8 || the bus, shopping, and walking in public for exercise) were inconsistent with the 9 || extreme limitations in Dr. Pickart’s mental assessment form and Plaintiff's 10 | subjective symptom testimony. The ALJ also apparently viewed Plaintiff's low 11 | GAF scores as inconsistent with her reported activities. 12 D. ISSUE FOUR: Plaintiff’s Edema. 13 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ erred by not explaining “how edema 14 | significantly limited [Plaintiff's] work abilities.” (JS at 41.) Plaintiff suggests that 15 | the ALJ should have incorporated into Plaintiff's RFC the need to elevate her legs 16 | for two hours every day to reduce edema. (JS at 38, citing hearing testimony at 17 | AR 67-69 [Plaintiff typically elevates her legs for two hours/day but does not take 18 | medication to address edema]). Plaintiff cites medical evidence from 2014 mostly 19 | (but not universally) noting “1+”? edema.® (JS at 40.) 20 The Commissioner responds that the RFC is supported by substantial 21 | evidence, because the medical evidence showed episodic edema with no need for 22 | consistent leg elevation. The Commissioner characterizes AR 775 [“history of 23 || edema”’] and AR 780 [“edema has improved since stopping” Depakote] as showing 24 | that Plaintiff's edema “fully resolved when she stopped taking one of her 25 || medications in 2016.” (JS at 40.) 26 27 ° See https://www.healthline.com/health/pitting-edema#diagnosis describing 38 edema rating scale of 1 (least serious) to 4 (most serious). 17

1 1. Summary of Relevant Administrative Proceedings. 2 The ALJ found that Plaintiff’s “bilateral lower extremity edema” was a 3 severe impairment. AR 17. The ALJ restricted Plaintiff against standing or 4 walking for more than six hours during an eight-hour workday. AR 19. The ALJ’s 5 RFC did not include any allowance for Plaintiff to elevate her legs while working. 6 At the second hearing, the VE testified that if Plaintiff had to elevate her legs 24 7 inches for an hour each workday, that would not preclude work as an assembler, 8 DOT 734.687-018, because it is a sedentary job and her legs would not be above 9 the work table. AR 45-47. In contrast, if she had to elevate her legs waist high “so 10 that she’d have to recline to some extent,” that would preclude doing that job. AR 11 47. The VE at the first hearing was not asked about leg elevation. 12 The assembler position, however, is not one of the jobs that the ALJ 13 ultimately found Plaintiff could do. Compare AR 47 and 26 (discussing “bench 14 assembler” position identified by a different DOT code). Even if the VE’s 15 reasoning would apply equally to the “bench assembler” job, that position appears 16 inconsistent with the RFC’s restriction against fast-paced assembly work, per 17 Randazzo v. Berryhill, 725 F. App’x 446, 447 (9th Cir. 2017). The VE did not 18 address whether leg elevation was compatible with the automated machine 19 attendant or laundry worker positions, both of which are “medium” work. AR 26. 20 2. Chronological Summary of the Medical Evidence. 21 • 1/31/14 (AR 284): Plaintiff complained of swelling in her legs and ankles 22 “for years.” She thought it was due to “psych meds” but observed that her 23 symptoms continued when off of medication. Her treating source did not observe 24 pitting, and Plaintiff was able to ambulate, sit, and stand. The treating source 25 advised Plaintiff to continue elevating her legs as needed. 26 • 3/13/14 (AR 283): Plaintiff was “seen for BLE [both lower extremities] 27 edema for years. States worsens when on feet for long period of time. … 28 Resolves when elevating [legs].” Recommended treatment was ibuprofen, extra 1 towel to elevate legs, and compression stockings. 2 • 5/15/14 (AR 502): Plaintiff complained of leg swelling but elevation 3 helped. The doctor observed “1+ pitting edema” affecting both legs and wrote, 4 “patient adamant of needing a water pill today.” The doctor prescribed 5 furosemide, a diuretic sold under the brand name Lasix, with a dosage of 20 6 mg/day. 7 • 6/14/14 (AR 501): A physical examination revealed “(+)1 pedal edema.” 8 Furosemide 20 mg was still listed as one of Plaintiff’s medications. 9 • 7/30/14 (AR 506-11): Plaintiff told the consultative examiner that she was 10 taking furosemide and had a “history of edema involving her upper and lower 11 extremities.” AR 506-07. She had been “on Zyprexa,” stopped taking it several 12 months earlier, and noticed “a gradual improvement in the edema.” AR 506. The 13 examiner saw “no edema” affecting any of her extremities. AR 509. 14 • 10/22/14 (AR 590): “Had work up for edema legs … placed on Lasix … 15 Lasix 60 mg was helpful.” The doctor observed, “Edema is present” and refilled 16 her Lasix prescription for 80 mg/day. AR 593. Plaintiff reported that she had been 17 on 60 mg, but it did not work, so the dosage was increased to 80 mg. AR 594. 18 • 11/17/14 (AR 584): Plaintiff reported compliance with her prescribed 19 furosemide 80 mg. AR 585. The doctor observed, “Edema is present.” AR 587. 20 • 12/2/14 (AR 579): Plaintiff reported “less swollen legs” and “no active 21 problems.” She was still prescribed furosemide 80 mg, but she indicated that she 22 was no longer taking it. AR 577. The doctor observed 1+, non-pitting edema 23 affecting both legs. AR 579. The treatment plan included counseling Plaintiff to 24 restrict her fluid intake and take furosemide, although her dosage was reduced back 25 to 20 mg/day. AR 581-82. 26 • 1/12/15 (AR 680): Plaintiff was still prescribed furosemide 20 mg, but she 27 was not taking it. AR 681-82. Plaintiff’s physical examination revealed all 28 “normal” findings and she reported pain at a level of 0/10. AR 685. 1 • 1/16/15 (AR 645): Plaintiff reported that taking Zyprexa in the past had 2 caused “BLE edema.” 3 • 4/24/15 (AR 689): Plaintiff complained of pain caused by a bunion on her 4 right foot. AR 692. She was not taking furosemide although it was still 5 prescribed. AR 691. The physical exam did not mention edema. AR 692. 6 • 10/6/15 (AR 694): Plaintiff had “no edema” and was not taking 7 furosemide. AR 695, 697. Her doctor stopped her furosemide prescription. AR 8 695. 9 • 12/15/15 (AR 702): Plaintiff had “no edema.” AR 705. 10 • 3/18/16 (AR 773): Plaintiff told Dr. Pickart that she “recently had 11 appointment with nephrologist due to edema; was told that edema could be [side 12 effect] of psych meds. [Plaintiff] reports that did not have edema until started 13 Depakote; reviewed [side effects] of med with member and agreed that as 14 possible.” Dr. Pickart discontinued her Depakote prescription. 15 • 4/15/16 (AR 780): Plaintiff reported “BLE edema has improved since 16 stopping” Depakote. 17 • 6/24/16 (AR 827): Plaintiff had “no edema.” AR 831. 18 • 9/2/16 (AR 799): Plaintiff reported that her only medication side effect 19 was increased appetite. 20 • 10/14/16 and 11/4/16 (AR 807, 812): Plaintiff again reported that her only 21 medication side effect was increased appetite. 22 • 1/24/17 (AR 837): Plaintiff had “no edema.” AR 840. 23 • 3/8/17 (AR 68-69): Plaintiff testified that she must lay down and elevate 24 her feet for two hours/day to avoid her legs becoming “very painful.” 25 3. Analysis of Claimed Error. 26 The ALJ’s decision not to incorporate leg elevation into Plaintiff’s RFC is 27 supported by substantial evidence. The above-summarized medical evidence 28 shows that (1) Plaintiff experienced edema in early 2014, (2) when Plaintiff 1 | complained to her doctor, she received a furosemide prescription with a dosage 2 | that increased over several months, (3) by mid-2014, her condition had improved, 3 || such that the consultative examiner saw no edema, (4) by early 2015, Plaintiff 4 | reported no edema and had stopped taking furosemide, (5) Plaintiff was largely 5 || free of edema through 2015, (6) Plaintiff began experiencing edema again in early 6 || 2016, at which point Dr. Pickart discontinued her Depakote prescription and her 7 | edema improved until she had no edema by June 2016. The ALJ reasonably 8 || concluded that this evidence of medication-related, episodic edema that responded 9 | well to a prescription diuretic did not justify including an accommodation for leg 10 | elevation (beyond what Plaintiff could do during regular work breaks) in the RFC. 11 E. ISSUE FIVE: The VE’s Testimony. 12 The VE testified that Plaintiff could work as a laundry worker. AR 40. The 13 | DOT describes that job as follows: 14 Tends laundering machines to clean articles, such as rags, wiping 15 cloths, filter cloths, bags, sacks, and work clothes: Loads articles into 16 washer and adds specified amount of detergent, soap, or other 17 cleaning agent. Turns valve to fill washer with water. Starts machine 18 that automatically washes and rinses articles. Lifts clean, wet articles 19 from washer and places them successively into wringers and driers 20 for measured time cycles. Sorts dried articles according to 21 identification numbers or type. Folds and places item in appropriate 22 storage bin. Lubricates machines, using grease gun and oil can. May 23 dissolve soap granules in hot water and steam to make liquid soap. 24 May mend torn articles, using needle and thread. May sort and count 25 articles to verify quantities on laundry lists. May soak contaminated 26 articles in neutralizer solution in vat to precondition articles for 27 washing. May mix dyes and bleaches according to formula, and dye 28 and bleach specified articles. 21

1 | (DOT 361.685-018.) 2 Plaintiff argues that the VE’s testimony that a person with Plaintiff's RFC 3 | could do this work conflicts with the DOT’s description, such that the ALJ erred 4 | by relying on the VE’s testimony without obtaining clarification. (Dkt. 25 at 4.) 5 | Plaintiff argues that “common experience” suggests this type of work must be 6 | performed in a “rapid or fast-paced” environment. (Id.) 7 The Court sees no apparent conflict between the VE’s testimony and the 8 || DOT, such that the ALJ had no duty to inquire further. Activities such as loading 9 | dirty clothes into a washing machine, adding soap, starting the machine, mending 10 | torn articles, and soaking stains are generally not performed on an assembly line 11 | and need not be performed rapidly to keep pace with other workers. 12 IV. 13 CONCLUSION 14 For the reasons stated above, IT IS ORDERED that judgment shall be 15 || entered AFFIRMING the decision of the Commissioner. 16 17 | DATED: August 16, 2019 18 Torus Scot 19 KAREN E. SCOTT 0 United States Magistrate Judge 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 22