BACKGROUND

22 On January 16, 2015, Plaintiff applied for disability insurance benefits, 23 alleging disability beginning May 7, 2014. Plaintiff’s application was denied. 24 (Administrative Record [“AR”] 167-179.) A hearing took place on February 15, 2017 25 26 1 Plaintiff’s name has been partially redacted in accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 27 5.2(c)(2)(B) and the recommendation of the Committee on Court Administration and Case Management of the Judicial Conference of the United States. 28 1 before an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”). Plaintiff, who was represented by counsel, and a vocational expert (“VE”) testified at the hearing. (AR 114-166.) 2 In a decision dated June 22, 2017, the ALJ found that Plaintiff suffered from 3 the following severe impairments: seizure disorder (psychogenic dystonia), chronic 4 headaches, and generalized anxiety disorder. (AR 56.) After concluding that 5 Plaintiff’s impairments did not meet or equal any listed impairment, the ALJ 6 determined that Plaintiff retained the residual functional capacity (“RFC”) to perform 7 light work with the following limitations: occasional climbing of ramps and stairs; 8 occasional balancing; no climbing ladders, ropes or scaffolds; no exposure to 9 unprotected heights, operating motor vehicles, or being around moving mechanical 10 parts; frequent handling and fingering; simple repetitive tasks and simple work- 11 related decisions; and frequent tolerance in ability to adapt to routine work stresses. 12 (AR 59.) Relying on the testimony of the VE, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff was 13 unable to perform her past relevant work as an office manager, but could perform 14 work existing in significant numbers in the national economy. (AR 66-67.) 15 Accordingly, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff was not disabled from May 7, 2014 16 through the date of her decision. (AR 67-68.) 17 The Appeals Council subsequently denied Plaintiff’s request for review (AR 18 1-7), rendering the ALJ’s decision the final decision of the Commissioner. 19

DISPUTED ISSUES

20 1. Whether the ALJ erred in failing to consider Plaintiff’s borderline age. 21 2. Whether the ALJ properly assessed Plaintiff’s physical limitations. 22 3. Whether the ALJ properly assessed Plaintiff’s mental limitations. 23

STANDARD OF REVIEW

24 Under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), this Court reviews the Commissioner’s decision to 25 determine whether the Commissioner’s findings are supported by substantial 26 evidence and whether the proper legal standards were applied. See Treichler v. 27 Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 775 F.3d 1090, 1098 (9th Cir. 2014). Substantial 28 1 evidence means “more than a mere scintilla” but less than a preponderance. See Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971); Lingenfelter v. Astrue, 504 F.3d 2 1028, 1035 (9th Cir. 2007). Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a 3 reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Richardson, 402 4 U.S. at 401. This Court must review the record as a whole, weighing both the 5 evidence that supports and the evidence that detracts from the Commissioner’s 6 conclusion. Lingenfelter, 504 F.3d at 1035. Where evidence is susceptible of more 7 than one rational interpretation, the Commissioner’s decision must be upheld. See 8 Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 630 (9th Cir. 2007). 9

DISCUSSION

10 Plaintiff contends that the ALJ failed to consider her borderline age in reaching 11 the step five conclusion that she was not disabled. (ECF No. 22 at 9-13.) 12 13 A. Relevant Law Where, as here, a claimant has established that she suffers from a severe 14 impairment that prevents her from doing her past relevant work, the burden shifts to 15 the Commissioner to show that “the claimant can perform some other work that exists 16 in ‘significant numbers’ in the national economy, taking into consideration the 17 claimant’s residual functional capacity, age, education, and work experience.” 18 Lockwood v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 616 F.3d 1068, 1071 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting 19 Tackett v. Apfel, 180 F.3d 1094, 1100 (9th Cir. 1999)). With regard to age, the 20 regulations place claimants into one of “three age categories: younger person (under 21 age 50), person closely approaching advanced age (age 50–54), and person of 22 advanced age (age 55 or older).” Lockwood, 616 F.3d at 1071 (9th Cir. 2010) (citing 23 20 C.F.R. § 404.1563(c)-(e)). 24 A “borderline [age] situation” is presented where the claimant is “within a few 25 days to a few months of reaching an older age category” and would be found “not 26 disabled” if the category for the claimant’s chronological age were used, but 27 “disabled” if the older age category were applied. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1563(b); 28 1 Lockwood, 616 F.3d at 1071. In borderline cases, an ALJ may not apply the age categories “mechanically” and must consider exercising discretion to use the older 2 age category rather than the category for the claimant’s chronological age. 20 C.F.R. 3 § 404.1563(b); Lockwood, 616 F.3d at 1071 (citation omitted). The Ninth Circuit has 4 held that the ALJ’s decision need not include an explanation of why an older age 5 category was not used. Lockwood, 616 F.3d at 1071-1072 & n.2, 4; Burkes v. Colvin, 6 2015 WL 2375865, at *1 (C.D. Cal. May 18, 2015). Nonetheless, in borderline cases 7 the ALJ must actually consider whether to use the next older age category, and the 8 ALJ’s decision must reflect that such consideration did, in fact, occur. See Little v. 9 Berryhill, 690 F. App’x 915, 917 (9th Cir. 2017) (citing Lockwood, 616 F.3d at 1071- 10 1072.)2 11 In Lockwood, the Ninth Circuit concluded that there was sufficient evidence 12 in the ALJ’s decision to demonstrate that the ALJ considered the borderline age issue, 13 explaining the basis for its conclusion as follows: 14 The ALJ mentioned in her decision Lockwood’s date of birth and found 15 that Lockwood was 54 years old and, thus, a person closely approaching 16 advanced age on the date of the ALJ’s decision. Clearly the ALJ was 17 aware that Lockwood was just shy of her 55th birthday, at which point 18 she would become a person of advanced age. The ALJ also cited to 20 19 C.F.R. § 404.1563, which prohibited her from applying the age 20 categories mechanically in a borderline situation. Thus, the ALJ’s 21 decision shows that the ALJ knew she had discretion “to use the older 22 age category after evaluating the overall impact of all the factors of 23 [Lockwood’s] case.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1563(b). Finally, we are satisfied 24 the ALJ did not “apply the age categories mechanically” because the 25

26 2 The Commissioner argues that the ALJ had no obligation to apply a later age category. (ECF No. 27 23 at 5.) The Commissioner’s argument is correct, but inapposite. The issue presented in this case is whether the ALJ was obligated to consider whether to apply a later age category – and there is 28 1 ALJ “evaluat[ed] the overall impact of all the factors of [Lockwood’s] case” when the ALJ relied on the testimony of a vocational expert before 2 she found Lockwood was not disabled. Id. 3 Lockwood, 616 F.3d at 1071-1072 (footnotes omitted). Courts in this District have 4 analyzed the three factors identified by Lockwood to determine whether there is 5 enough evidence to find that the ALJ considered the borderline age issue. See, e.g., 6 Groom v. Berryhill, 2018 WL 1517165, at *4-5 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 27, 2018); Hardin v. 7 Colvin, 2016 WL 6155906, at *4 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 21, 2016); Parks v. Colvin, 2015 8 WL 8769981, at *2–4 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 4, 2015), Burkes, 2015 WL 2375865, at *2. 9 10 B. Analysis Plaintiff’s date of birth is July 8, 1962. (AR 66.) On June 22, 2017 (the date of 11 the ALJ’s decision), Plaintiff was 54 years old. See Little, 690 F. App’x at 917 (a 12 claimant’s age is calculated as of the date of the ALJ decision); Lockwood, 616 F.3d 13 at 1071-1072 (same). At that point, Plaintiff was only 16 days from her 55th birthday 14 – i.e., she was 16 days away from reaching the older age category of a person of 15 advanced age. Consequently, the ALJ was required to consider Plaintiff’s borderline 16 age situation. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1563(b); see, Lockwood, 616 F.3d at 1070-1072 17 (borderline situation presented when claimant was “just over one month from being 18 a person of advanced age”); Schiel v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 267 F. App’x 660, 660- 19 661 (9th Cir. 2008) (error in not considering whether older-age category applied 20 when claimant was in “one-month proximity to ‘person of advanced age’”) (citation 21 omitted); Parks, 2015 WL 8769981, at *2-4 (ALJ obligated to consider borderline 22 age situation where the claimant was “a mere 42 days from his 55th birthday on the 23 date of the ALJ’s decision”). 24 While the ALJ was not required to explicitly address Plaintiff’s borderline age 25 in her decision, there must be some evidence that she actually did consider it. Here, 26 the ALJ’s decision does not present such evidence. To begin with, although the ALJ 27 mentioned Plaintiff’s date of birth (AR 66), she did not mention Plaintiff’s age as of 28 1 the date of her decision. Instead, after reciting Plaintiff’s date of birth, the ALJ stated that Plaintiff was “51 years old, which is defined as an individual closely approaching 2 advanced age, on the alleged disability onset date.” (AR 66.) Not only did the ALJ 3 fail to acknowledge that Plaintiff was 16 days shy of being classified as advanced 4 age, but she improperly referred to Plaintiff’s age as 51 rather than 54. Thus, unlike 5 Lockwood, the decision here actually suggests that the ALJ did not consider the 6 borderline age situation. See Hardin v. Colvin, 2016 WL 6155906, at *4 (C.D. Cal. 7 Oct. 21, 2016) (distinguishing Lockwood, where the ALJ mentioned claimant’s age 8 of 51 years old as of the alleged onset date, but by the date of the decision, claimant 9 “was 54 years old and 5 days short of being an individual of advanced age”); Parks, 10 2015 WL 8769981, at *2-4 (fact that the ALJ relied on claimant’s age at date last 11 insured rather than date of ALJ decision undermined conclusion that ALJ considered 12 borderline age situation); Durkee v. Astrue, 2012 WL 3150587, at *6 (C.D. Cal. 13 Aug. 2, 2012) (reference to claimant’s age at the date of onset undermined conclusion 14 that the ALJ considered borderline age situation). This suggestion is particularly 15 strong in light of the fact that Plaintiff aged into a borderline age situation between 16 her alleged disability onset date and the date of the ALJ’s decision more than three 17 years later. See Durkee, 2012 WL 3150587, at *7 (ALJ’s reliance on age at date of 18 onset rendered it especially unlikely that ALJ considered borderline age situation 19 where the claimant “went from being well over one year away from the next age 20 category on his alleged disability onset date, to only three days away from the next 21 age category on the date of the ALJ’s decision”); see also Little, 690 F. App’x at 917 22 (finding ALJ “erroneously failed to show that she considered placing [claimant] in a 23 higher age category” where ALJ improperly considered claimant’s age at time of 24 application rather than at time of ALJ’s decision when claimant was “just five months 25 shy” of reaching older age category). 26 Second, although the ALJ’s decision cites 20 C.F.R. § 404.1563, it does not 27 cite 1563(b). Further, the citation immediately follows the ALJ’s statement that 28 1 Plaintiff was 51 years old at the time of the alleged date of onset and, therefore, classified as a person “closely approaching advanced age.” (AR 66.) Considered in 2 context, it is most likely that the ALJ’s citation was a reference to the definition of 3 “closely approaching advanced age” found in subsection 404.1563(d) rather than a 4 signal that she had considered Plaintiff’s borderline age under subsection 5 404.1563(b). See, e.g., Hardin, 2016 WL 6155906, at *4 (the “ALJ’s reference to 6 § 1563 in the decision was not a cite to the borderline regulation in § 1563(b). The 7 Court believes that the ALJ’s reference to § 1563 pertains to Plaintiff’s classification 8 as a person closely approaching advanced age in § 1563(d)” and, at best, the citation 9 is unclear); Parks, 2015 WL 8769981, at *4 (same); Durkee, 2012 WL 3150587, at 10 *7 (same). 11 Last, Lockwood looked to evidence that the ALJ “evaluated the overall impact 12 of all the factors” of the claimant’s case when relying on the VE’s testimony as part 13 of the basis for finding that the ALJ considered the borderline age issue. See 14 Lockwood, 616 F.3d at 1072. As other courts in this District have noted, Lockwood 15 does not provide guidance to explain “how the ALJ’s reliance on the VE’s testimony 16 showed that she considered the borderline age issue.” Parks, 2015 WL 8769981, at 17 *4 (citing Durkee, 2012 WL 3150587, at *7). Nevertheless, considering the record 18 here, the Court finds nothing suggesting that the ALJ or the VE considered Plaintiff’s 19 borderline age. (See AR 116-165.) During the hearing, the ALJ asked hypothetical 20 questions based upon “an individual of Claimant’s age” but nothing in the ALJ’s 21 colloquy with the VE – or, indeed, nothing that the ALJ said during the hearing – 22 indicates that the ALJ was even cognizant of the borderline age issue. (See AR 157.) 23 See Parks, 2015 WL 8769981, at *4 (evidence did not show that ALJ considered 24 borderline age issue where “ALJ never asked the VE to consider a hypothetical 25 individual within a few days to a few months of advanced age, or even to consider a 26 hypothetical individual closely approaching advanced age – and the VE never 27 suggested that her testimony was in regard to such an individual”); Durkee, 2012 WL 28 1 3150587, at *7 (court could not say that the ALJ’s reliance on the VE’s testimony indicated that the ALJ evaluated overall impact of all factors where the VE did not 2 mention claimant’s borderline age and it was not apparent that the VE used it as a 3 factor in her assessment of a hypothetical person with claimant’s characteristics and 4 limitations). 5 Plaintiff contends that if the ALJ had exercised discretion to place her in the 6 advanced age category, she would be considered disabled under the grids. (ECF No. 7 22 at 10; ECF No. 25 at 2.) The Commissioner does not appear to dispute this 8 contention. (See ECF No. 23 at 7.) Instead, the Commissioner argues that any error 9 is harmless because Plaintiff “does not meet any of the factors that might cause an 10 ALJ to exercise her discretion to place Plaintiff in a higher age category prior to 11 attaining that age.” (ECF No. 23 at 9.) The Court finds the Commissioner’s argument 12 unpersuasive. It is the ALJ (not this Court) who possesses the discretion to determine 13 whether Plaintiff should be placed in the older age category, but the ALJ here did not 14 consider that issue. See Little, 690 F. App’x at 917 (rejecting argument that ALJ’s 15 failure to consider claimant’s proximity to the next age category was harmless error); 16 Hardin, 2016 WL 6155906, at *6 (remanding where court could not determine that 17 ALJ’s error in failing to consider claimant’s borderline was harmless); Parks, 2015 18 WL 8769981, at *4-5 (remanding where record failed to demonstrate that ALJ 19 considered claimant’s borderline age); Durkee, 2012 WL 3150587, at *7-8 20 (remanding where it was not apparent that the ALJ considered plaintiff’s borderline 21 age); see also Longworth v. Colvin, 2015 WL 1263319, at *5 (W.D. Wash. Mar. 19, 22 2015) (“the ALJ’s error was not harmless because, unlike the situation in Lockwood, 23 the record is absent of any indication that the ALJ considered the proper categories 24 in this borderline age situation. The Court is unable to determine whether Longworth 25 would be disabled under the advanced age metrics and there is no authority for the 26 proposition that the Court should conduct such an evaluation.”). 27 28 1 Finally, the Court notes that both parties devote significant space to addressing the question whether the ALJ’s decision was required to include a written discussion 2 about the borderline age issue. Relying upon two SSA internal guidance documents 3 – i.e., the Program Operations Manual System (“POMS”) and the Hearings, Appeals, 4 and Litigation Manual (“HALLEX”) – Plaintiff argues that the ALJ was so required. 5 (ECF No. 22 at 10-13.) The Commissioner, however, correctly points out that this 6 argument has been rejected by the Ninth Circuit. (ECF No. 23 at 8-10.) See 7 Lockwood, 616 F.3d at 1072-1073 (HALLEX and POMS “[do] not impose judicially 8 enforceable duties” on federal court or ALJ regarding borderline situations) (citations 9 omitted). Plaintiff contends that Lockwood is not controlling because it was based 10 upon a prior version of HALLEX and the current iteration now provides that the ALJ 11 “will explain in the decision that he or she considered the borderline age situation.” 12 (ECF No. 22 at 11.) In any event, the Court need not resolve that issue because relief 13 on this claim is warranted even without imposing such a requirement.3 14

REMEDY

15 “When the ALJ denies benefits and the court finds error, the court ordinarily 16 must remand to the agency for further proceedings before directing an award of 17 benefits.” Leon v. Berryhill, 880 F.3d 1041, 1045 (9th Cir. 2018). Indeed, Ninth 18 Circuit case law “precludes a district court from remanding a case for an award of 19 benefits unless certain prerequisites are met.” Dominguez v. Colvin, 808 F.3d 403, 20 407 (9th Cir. 2016) (citations omitted). “The district court must first determine that 21 the ALJ made a legal error, such as failing to provide legally sufficient reasons for 22 rejecting evidence. . . . If the court finds such an error, it must next review the record 23 as a whole and determine whether it is fully developed, is free from conflicts and 24

25 3 Having found that remand is warranted based on the first issue, the Court declines to address 26 Plaintiff’s remaining issues. See Hiler v. Astrue, 687 F.3d 1208, 1212 (9th Cir. 2012) (“Because we remand the case to the ALJ for the reasons stated, we decline to reach [plaintiff’s] alternative 27 ground for remand.”); see also Augustine ex rel. Ramirez v. Astrue, 536 F. Supp. 2d 1147, 1153 n.7 (C.D. Cal. 2008). 28 1 || ambiguities, and all essential factual issues have been resolved.” Dominguez, 808 2 || F.3d at 407 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). 3 Here, the record is not free from conflicts or ambiguities, and all essential 4 || factual issues have not been resolved. Instead, additional administrative proceedings 5 |} could remedy the defects in the Commissioner’s decision. Accordingly, the 6 || appropriate remedy is a remand.* 7 He is 2s ois os 2s ois 2k os 2s 2k 8 IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Judgment be entered reversing the 9 || decision of the Commissioner of Social Security and remanding this matter for 10 || further administrative proceedings consistent with this opinion. 11 12 || DATED: 8/29/2019 13 : 14 City Mok 15 ALEXANDER F. MacKINNON

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 2g || + Itis not the Court’s intent to limit the scope of the remand.

10