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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

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CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

10 RICHARD A.M.,1 Case No. 2:20-cv-06467-JC 11 Plaintiff, 12 MEMORANDUM OPINION AND v. ORDER OF REMAND 13 14 KILOLO KIJAKAZI, Acting Commissioner of Social Security, 15 Defendant. 16 17 I. SUMMARY 18 On July 21, 2020, plaintiff filed a Complaint seeking review of the 19 Commissioner of Social Security’s denial of his application for benefits. The 20 parties have consented to proceed before the undersigned United States Magistrate 21 Judge. 22 This matter is before the Court on the parties’ cross-motions for summary 23 judgment (respectively, “Plaintiff’s Motion” and “Defendant’s Motion”). The 24 Court has taken the parties’ arguments under submission without oral argument. 25 See Fed. R. Civ. P. 78; L.R. 7-15; Case Management Order ¶ 3. 26 27 1Plaintiff’s name is partially redacted to protect his privacy in compliance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 5.2(c)(2)(B) and the recommendation of the Committee on Court 28 Administration and Case Management of the Judicial Conference of the United States. 1 Case 2:20-cv-06467-JC Document 27 Filed 02/07/22 Page 2 of 11 Page ID #:634

1 Based on the record as a whole and the applicable law, the decision of the 2 Commissioner is REVERSED AND REMANDED for further proceedings 3 consistent with this Memorandum Opinion and Order of Remand. 4 II. BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF ADMINISTRATIVE 5 DECISION 6 On July 24, 2017, plaintiff, who was born on July 27, 1997, protectively 7 filed an application for Supplemental Security Income, alleging disability 8 beginning on March 1, 2017, due to schizophrenia, stress, anxiety, and agitation. 9 (See Administrative Record (“AR”) 18, 164, 179). An Administrative Law Judge 10 (“ALJ”) subsequently examined the medical record and, on August 27, 2019, heard 11 testimony from plaintiff (who was represented by counsel), plaintiff’s 12 grandmother, and a vocational expert. (AR 36-63). On September 12, 2019, the 13 ALJ determined that plaintiff has not been disabled since July 24, 2017, the 14 application date. (AR 18-29). Specifically, the ALJ found: (1) plaintiff has the 15 following severe impairments: depression, catatonic schizophrenia, psychosis, 16 learning disorder, intellectual disorder, substance abuse, and post-traumatic stress 17 disorder (AR 20); (2) plaintiff’s impairments, considered individually or in 18 combination, do not meet or medically equal a listed impairment (AR 20); 19 (3) plaintiff retains the residual functional capacity (or “RFC”)2 to perform a full 20 range of work with certain nonexertional limitations3 (AR 23); (4) plaintiff has no 21 past relevant work (AR 27); (5) plaintiff is capable of performing other jobs that 22 exist in significant numbers in the national economy, specifically store laborer, 23 conveyor feeder, and marker (AR 28); and (6) plaintiff’s statements regarding the 24 25 2Residual functional capacity is what a claimant can still do despite existing exertional 26 and nonexertional limitations. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.945(a)(1). 27 3The ALJ determined that plaintiff can perform unskilled (simple, routine, repetitive tasks) work that is not at a production rate or fast pace; and can have occasional interaction with 28 coworkers and supervisors, but no interaction with the general public. (AR 23). 2 Case 2:20-cv-06467-JC Document 27 Filed 02/07/22 Page 3 of 11 Page ID #:635

1 intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of subjective symptoms were 2 inconsistent with the medical evidence and other evidence in the record (AR 24). 3 On June 23, 2020, the Appeals Council denied plaintiff’s application for 4 review of the ALJ’s decision. (AR 1-3). 5 III. APPLICABLE LEGAL STANDARDS 6 A. Administrative Evaluation of Disability Claims 7 To qualify for disability benefits, a claimant must show that he is unable “to 8 engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable 9 physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which 10 has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 11 months.” Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1110 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting 42 12 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A)) (internal quotation marks omitted), superseded by 13 regulation on other grounds; 20 C.F.R. § 416.905. To be considered disabled, a 14 claimant must have an impairment of such severity that he is incapable of 15 performing work the claimant previously performed (“past relevant work”) as well 16 as any other “work which exists in the national economy.” Tackett v. Apfel, 180 17 F.3d 1094, 1098 (9th Cir. 1999) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)). 18 To assess whether a claimant is disabled, an ALJ is required to use the five- 19 step sequential evaluation process set forth in Social Security regulations. See 20 Stout v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 454 F.3d 1050, 1052 (9th Cir. 2006) 21 (describing five-step sequential evaluation process) (citing 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520, 22 416.920). The claimant has the burden of proof at steps one through four – i.e., 23 determination of whether the claimant was engaging in substantial gainful activity 24 (step 1), has a sufficiently severe impairment (step 2), has an impairment or 25 combination of impairments that meets or medically equals one of the conditions 26 listed in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1 (“Listings”) (step 3), and 27 retains the residual functional capacity to perform past relevant work (step 4). 28 Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted). The 3 Case 2:20-cv-06467-JC Document 27 Filed 02/07/22 Page 4of11 Page ID #:636

1 || Commissioner has the burden of proof at step five — i.e., establishing that the 2 || claimant could perform other work in the national economy. Id. 3 B. __ Federal Court Review of Social Security Disability Decisions 4 A federal court may set aside a denial of benefits only when the 5 || Commissioner’s “final decision” was “based on legal error or not supported by 6 || substantial evidence in the record.” 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); Trevizo v. Berryhill, 871 7 || F.3d 664, 674 (9th Cir. 2017) (citation and quotation marks omitted). The standard 8 || of review in disability cases is “highly deferential.” Rounds v. Comm’r of Soc. 9 || Sec. Admin., 807 F.3d 996, 1002 (9th Cir. 2015) (citation and quotation marks 10 || omitted). Thus, an ALJ’s decision must be upheld if the evidence could reasonably 11 || support either affirming or reversing the decision. Trevizo, 871 F.3d at 674-75 12 | (citations omitted). Even when an ALJ’s decision contains error, it must be 13 || affirmed if the error was harmless. See Treichler v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 14 | 775 F.3d 1090, 1099 (9th Cir. 2014) (ALJ error harmless if (1) inconsequential to 15 | the ultimate nondisability determination; or (2) ALJ’s path may reasonably be 16 || discerned despite the error) (citation and quotation marks omitted). 17 Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might 18 || accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Trevizo, 871 F.3d at 674 (defining 19 |] “substantial evidence” as “more than a mere scintilla, but less than a 20 || preponderance’) (citation and quotation marks omitted). When determining 21 || whether substantial evidence supports an ALJ’s finding, a court “must consider the 22 || entire record as a whole, weighing both the evidence that supports and the evidence 23 || that detracts from the Commissioner’s conclusion[.]|’ Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 24 || 995, 1009 (9th Cir. 2014) (citation and quotation marks omitted). 25 Federal courts review only the reasoning the ALJ provided, and may not 26 || affirm the ALJ’s decision “on a ground upon which [the ALJ] did not rely.” 27 || Trevizo, 871 F.3d at 675 (citations omitted). Hence, while an ALJ’s decision need 28 || not be drafted with “ideal clarity,” it must, at a minimum, set forth the ALJ’s

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1 || reasoning “in a way that allows for meaningful review.” Brown-Hunter v. Colvin, 2 || 806 F.3d 487, 492 (9th Cir. 2015) (citing Treichler, 775 F.3d at 1099). 3 A reviewing court may not conclude that an error was harmless based on 4 || independent findings gleaned from the administrative record. Brown-Hunter, 806 5 || F.3d at 492 (citations omitted). When a reviewing court cannot confidently 6 || conclude that an error was harmless, a remand for additional investigation or 7 || explanation is generally appropriate. See Marsh v. Colvin, 792 F.3d 1170, 1173 8 || (9th Cir. 2015) (citations omitted). 9] IV. DISCUSSION 10 Plaintiff claims that the ALJ failed to properly evaluate the statements and 11 || testimony from plaintiff's father and grandmother, among other grounds.’ 12 | (See Plaintiff's Motion at 18-24). For the reasons stated below, the Court finds 13 || that the ALJ erred on this basis. Since the Court cannot find that the error was 14 | harmless, a remand is warranted. 15 A. Pertinent Law 16 In assessing disability, an ALJ must account for testimony and written 17 || statements from lay witnesses concerning a claimant’s symptoms or how an 18 || impairment affects the claimant’s ability to work (collectively “lay evidence’). 19 || Stout, 454 F.3d at 1053 (citing, in part, Dodrill v. Shalala, 12 F.3d 915, 919 (9th 20 |] Cir. 1993)). Such competent lay evidence “cannot be disregarded without 21 || comment.” Molina, 674 F.3d at 1114 (citing, in part, Nguyen v. Chater, 100 F.3d 22 || 1462, 1467 (9th Cir. 1996)) (quotation marks omitted; emphasis in original); see 23 || also Tobeler v. Colvin, 749 F.3d 830, 833-34 (9th Cir. 2014) (citations omitted). 24 || To reject such lay witness evidence, an ALJ must give specific “reasons that are 25 || germane to each witness.” Molina, 674 F.3d at 1114 (citing Dodrill, 12 F.3d at 26 ||} ——_£—_—__ a7 “Plaintiff also claims the ALJ erred by failing to properly evaluate the medical opinion evidence and determine whether plaintiff met the criteria for Listings 12.03, 12.05, and 12.15. 28 | (Plaintiff's Motion at 3-18).

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1 919); see also Bruce v. Astrue, 557 F.3d 1113, 1115 (9th Cir. 2009) (“[T]he 2 reasons ‘germane to each witness’ must be specific.”) (citation omitted); Stout, 454 3 F.3d at 1054 (“[T]he ALJ, not the district court, is required to provide specific 4 reasons for rejecting lay testimony”) (citation omitted). 5 Even when an ALJ fails properly to account for competent lay evidence, 6 reversal still is not warranted if the ALJ’s error was harmless. Id. at 1122 7 (citations omitted). Such errors may be deemed harmless only if a reviewing court 8 “can confidently conclude that no reasonable ALJ, when fully crediting the 9 [omitted lay evidence], could have reached a different disability determination.” 10 Robbins v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 466 F.3d 880, 885 (9th Cir. 2006) (quoting Stout, 11 454 F.3d at 1055-56). 12 B. Third-Party Statements and Testimony 13 1. Father 14 Plaintiff’s father stated the following in an August 2017 third-party function 15 report (AR 192-99): 16 Plaintiff was very quiet and withdrawn and had “no concentration.” (AR 17 192-93). Plaintiff had a hard time understanding, remembering, and following 18 instructions. (AR 197). He needed to be supervised and told multiple times. (AR 19 197). He could pay attention for about 1-3 minutes. (AR 197). To complete 20 chores and maintain personal care, plaintiff needed constant reminders and 21 encouragement, as well as “follow-up” to make sure the chore was finished. (AR 22 192-94). When reminded, plaintiff would take out the trash, do a load of laundry, 23 or vacuum. (AR 194). He shut down when he became stressed, and he did poorly 24 with changes in routine. (AR 198). When going out, plaintiff needed supervision, 25 as he would “sometimes forget[] to look both ways when crossing the street.” (AR 26 195). Plaintiff did not drive due to his “[a]bnormal activities,” “hand and head 27 tics,” inability to focus, and hallucinations that impaired his daily function. (AR 28 195). Plaintiff had a hard time getting along with others due to his schizophrenia. 6 Case 2:20-cv-06467-JC Document 27 Filed 02/07/22 Page 7 of 11 Page ID #:639

1 (AR 197). He sometimes talked to himself or would start yelling at someone who 2 was not there. (AR 198). His hobbies included skateboarding, drawing, and 3 listening to music. (AR 196). 4 2. Grandmother 5 Plaintiff’s grandmother, Rosalinda, with whom plaintiff lived, testified as 6 follows at the August 2019 hearing (AR 48-58): 7 Plaintiff “forgets everything.” (AR 56). Soon after being told to do 8 something, plaintiff would sometimes come right back to ask, “what did you tell 9 me to do?” (AR 56). On the way to the hearing, for example, plaintiff asked 10 where they were going, even though his father and grandmother had both told him 11 earlier. (AR 56). Plaintiff was unable to follow instructions to do laundry 12 properly. (AR 55). He also could not cook without supervision because he left the 13 gas on multiple times. (AR 55). Plaintiff needed to be told to take out the trash or 14 rake the leaves in the yard, and even then, he sometimes just said he would do it 15 “later” and never actually do it. (AR 56). He had to be reminded to brush his teeth 16 and maintain hygiene, and he generally did not clean his own room and would just 17 throw things on the floor. (AR 49). He also lacked enough concentration to watch 18 a movie, so he tended to just walk in and out of the theater or fall asleep even 19 during a loud action movie. (AR 57). 20 Plaintiff talked to himself all the time, though he sometimes denied hearing 21 voices. (AR 55, 57). He also experienced hallucinations. About six or seven 22 times a month, he would need to sleep with the lights on due to hallucinations that 23 made him afraid of the closet in his room. (AR 54-55). Sometimes plaintiff slept 24 “a lot,” but sometimes he went two or three days without sleeping. (AR 50). 25 When he did not sleep, his behavior became more erratic. (AR 49). In such times, 26 he would “tie[] rubber bands” in different places on his body and clothes, 27 nervously pace around, and “start[] tearing the room apart” and “going through all 28 the drawers.” (AR 49-50). Plaintiff liked to “hang around 7-Eleven,” but he 7 Case 2:20-cv-06467-JC Document 27 Filed 02/07/22 Page 8 of 11 Page ID #:640

1 would generally “just stand[] there” or ask people for money, and sometimes he 2 just lay on the floor “at 7-Eleven or wherever he’s at.” (AR 51). 3 Before he was prescribed his medications, plaintiff “was out of control” and 4 “hitting walls,” but his anger issues significantly improved with medication. (AR 5 52). His grandmother made sure he took his medication every day. (AR 52). She 6 also took him to all his appointments. (AR 51). He did not have a driver’s license, 7 and the one time he tried taking the bus, he got lost, and the police finally found 8 him walking down the street at 4 a.m. (AR 50-51). 9 C. Analysis 10 In the decision, the ALJ briefly summarized the statements by plaintiff and 11 his father and grandmother and then remarked that plaintiff’s statements about the 12 extent of his symptoms were inconsistent with the evidence. (AR 23). The ALJ 13 never expressly evaluated the third-party statements. 14 Defendant argues that the ALJ did not err on this point, in part because the 15 third-party statements “support the ALJ’s determination that [p]laintiff’s condition 16 improved with treatment, and that he was capable of performing simple, repetitive 17 tasks with limited social interactions.” (Defendant’s Motion at 24). This is 18 incorrect. Although the third-party statements and other evidence do reflect that 19 plaintiff showed certain improvements on medication – particularly in reducing his 20 symptoms related to psychosis (e.g., auditory and visual hallucinations), anger, and 21 difficulty communicating and socializing (see AR 52, 387, 427, 496) – the 22 statements by plaintiff’s father and grandmother also reflect that plaintiff 23 nonetheless continued to require constant prompting, reminders, and supervision to 24 initiate and complete even simple, routine activities. (See AR 49, 55-56, 192-94, 25 97, 380, 387). For example, while plaintiff’s father reported in June and August 26 2017 that medication had helped improve plaintiff’s “cognition,” and made him 27 calmer and less “blunted,” he also noted that plaintiff still needed prompting to 28 attend to basic hygiene and activities of daily living. (AR 380, 387). These 8 Case 2:20-cv-06467-JC Document 27 Filed 02/07/22 Page 9of11 Page ID #:641

1 || difficulties evidently persisted when plaintiff's grandmother testified in August 2 || 2019, after plaintiff had undergone more than two years of treatment and 3 || medication. As noted above, she testified that plaintiff still needed to be prompted 4 || or reminded to brush his teeth or take out the trash. (AR 49, 56). She also 5 || indicated that plaintiff had a tendency to leave tasks uncompleted and would leave 6 || the gas on after cooking alone. (AR 55-56). She further reported that plaintiff 7 || needed prompting and supervision to attend his appointments and take his 8 || medication. (See AR 51-52, 503). 9 The ALJ’s assessment — which limited plaintiff to performing “simple, 10 || repetitive tasks,” with no requirement of close supervision or similar 11 || accommodation (see AR 23) — does not account for these third-party statements.” 12 || The ALJ was therefore required to give specific, germane reasons for rejecting 13 || these statements. See Molina, 674 F.3d at 1114; Bruce, 557 F.3d at 1115. Instead, 14 | the ALJ failed to state any reasons or provide any specific evaluation of them. 1S /// 16 |} □ 17 “Instead, the third-party statements on this issue are arguably consistent with some of the 18 medical opinions that the ALJ expressly rejected, purportedly based on their lack of support or consistency with the record, including evidence of improvement on medication. (See AR 25- 19 || 26). For example, Jennifer Merica, a nurse practitioner who had treated plaintiff since 2017, opined on June 25, 2019, that plaintiff was markedly limited in his abilities “to maintain 20 || attention and concentration for extended periods”; “to perform activities within a schedule, 71 maintain regular attendance, and be punctual within customary tolerances”; “to sustain an ordinary routine without special supervision”; and “to complete a normal workday and 22 || workweek without interruptions from psychologically based symptoms,” among other marked and moderate limitations. (AR 510-13). Dr. Tagbo Arene, M.D., a consultive examiner, opined 23 on November 12, 2017, that plaintiff had a moderately limited ability “to perform activities 24 || within a schedule and maintain regular attendance” and “to complete a normal workday/ workweek without interruption from psych based symptoms.” (AR 400). The ALJ specifically 25 || rejected these latter assessments by Dr. Arene on the ground that plaintiff had “been able to J y g Pp %6 attend treatment on a regular basis and maintain adherence to his medication regimen, which has in turn greatly improved his functioning.” (AR 26). As noted above, however, plaintiff 27 || continued to require prompting and supervision to adhere to his treatment and medication regimen (see AR 51-52, 503), and the ALJ failed to identify any evidence of improvement in 28 Il these areas of functioning.

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1 Defendant contends that the ALJ’s reasons for discounting plaintiff’s 2 testimony also suffice to discount the third-party statements.6 (Defendant’s Motion 3 at 23-24). However, the ALJ discounted plaintiff’s allegations in part because the 4 record contradicted some of his statements about when he last used amphetamines 5 and when he began experiencing hallucinations. (AR 24). Contradictions like 6 these were unsurprising; plaintiff’s counsel had advised the ALJ at the hearing that 7 plaintiff’s testimony “may not be entirely reliable,” which counsel stated was “a 8 function of his mental problems.” (AR 41). This basis for discounting plaintiff’s 9 statements does not apply to the third-party statements. Indeed, plaintiff’s 10 unreliability arguably renders the third-party statements more valuable to assess 11 plaintiff’s symptoms and limitations. 12 Otherwise, the ALJ discounted plaintiff’s statements based on the ALJ’s 13 determination that plaintiff’s symptoms improved with medication. (See AR 24- 14 25). For the reasons explained above, that is not a germane reason to reject the 15 statements at issue here. The ALJ failed to point to any evidence indicating that 16 plaintiff’s medications significantly improved his ability to complete tasks 17 effectively without frequent reminders and supervision. To the extent that the ALJ 18 rejected the third-party statements because plaintiff experienced certain limited 19 improvements on medication, the ALJ erred by failing to consider the evidence as 20 a whole. Cf. Holohan v. Massanari, 246 F.3d 1195, 1205 (9th Cir. 2001) (“That a 21 person who suffers from severe panic attacks, anxiety, and depression makes some 22 improvement does not mean that the person's impairments no longer seriously 23 affect her ability to function in a workplace.”); Ghanim v. Colvin, 763 F.3d 1154, 24 1162 (9th Cir. 2014) (ALJ erred by finding claimant’s daily activities conflicted 25 with treating providers’ assessment of severe limitations because “[a]lthough 26 27 6The Court does not address whether the ALJ appropriately discounted plaintiff’s 28 statements or testimony, as plaintiff has not expressly raised that issue here. 10 Case 2:20-cv-06467-JC Document 27 Filed 02/07/22 Page 11 of 11 Page ID #:643

1 [claimant] performed some basic chores and occasionally socialized, the record 2 also reveals that he relied heavily on his caretaker, struggled with social 3 interactions, and limited himself to low-stress environments[;] [a] claimant need 4 not be completely incapacitated to receive benefits.”) (citing Smolen v. Chater, 80 5 F.3d 1273, 1284 n.7 (9th Cir. 1996)). 6 Accordingly, the ALJ erred by failing to provide specific, germane reasons 7 to reject the third-party statements in the record, and the Court cannot “confidently 8 conclude that no reasonable ALJ, when fully crediting the rejected lay evidence, 9 could have reached a different disability determination.” Stout, 454 F.3d at 1055- 10 56. Remand is therefore warranted for reconsideration of this evidence.7 11 V. CONCLUSION 12 For the foregoing reasons, the decision of the Commissioner of Social 13 Security is REVERSED and this matter is REMANDED for further administrative 14 action consistent with this Opinion.8 15 LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY. 16 DATED: February 7, 2022 17 _____________/s/____________________ Honorable Jacqueline Chooljian 18

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

19 20 21 22 7The Court need not, and has not adjudicated plaintiff’s other challenges to the ALJ’s 23 decision, except insofar as to determine that a reversal and remand for immediate payment of 24 benefits would not be appropriate. 25 8When a court reverses an administrative determination, “the proper course, except in rare circumstances, is to remand to the agency for additional investigation or explanation.” 26 Immigration & Naturalization Service v. Ventura, 537 U.S. 12, 16 (2002) (citations and 27 quotations omitted); Treichler, 775 F.3d at 1099 (noting such “ordinary remand rule” applies in Social Security cases) (citations omitted). The Court has determined that a reversal and remand 28 for immediate payment of benefits would not be appropriate. 11