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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

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CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

10 MELYNDA G.,1 Case No. 5:20-cv-00890-JC 11 Plaintiff, 12 MEMORANDUM OPINION v. 13 [DOCKET NOS. 14, 15] 14 KILOLO KIJAKAZI, Acting Commissioner of Social Security 15 Administration, 16 Defendant. 17 18 I. SUMMARY 19 On April 27, 2020, plaintiff filed a Complaint seeking review of the 20 Commissioner of Social Security’s denial of her application for benefits. The 21 parties have consented to proceed before the undersigned United States Magistrate 22 Judge. 23 This matter is before the Court on the parties’ cross-motions for summary 24 judgment (respectively, “Plaintiff’s Motion” and “Defendant’s Motion”). The 25 26 27 1Plaintiff’s name is partially redacted to protect her privacy in compliance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 5.2(c)(2)(B) and the recommendation of the Committee on Court 28 Administration and Case Management of the Judicial Conference of the United States. 1 Case 5:20-cv-00890-JC Document 18 Filed 03/29/22 Page 2 of 24 Page ID #:960

1 Court has taken the parties’ arguments under submission without oral argument. 2 See Fed. R. Civ. P. 78; L.R. 7-15; Case Management Order ¶ 3. 3 Based on the record as a whole and the applicable law, the decision of the 4 Commissioner is AFFIRMED. The findings of the Administrative Law Judge 5 (“ALJ”) are supported by substantial evidence and are free from material error. 6 II. BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF ADMINISTRATIVE 7 DECISION 8 On January 8, 2017, plaintiff protectively filed an application for Disability 9 Insurance Benefits, alleging disability beginning on January 28, 2016, due to 10 multiple sclerosis (or “MS”), broken left hip, and osteoporosis. (See 11 Administrative Record (“AR”) 21, 186-87, 221). An ALJ subsequently examined 12 the medical record and, on May 16, 2019, heard testimony from plaintiff (who was 13 represented by counsel), as well as plaintiff’s husband and a vocational expert. 14 (AR 34-85). On June 5, 2019, the ALJ determined that plaintiff was not disabled 15 between the alleged onset date of January 8, 2016, and the date last insured, June 16 30, 2016. (AR 21-29). Specifically, the ALJ found: (1) plaintiff’s multiple 17 sclerosis qualified as a severe impairment (AR 23); (2) plaintiff’s impairments, 18 considered individually or in combination, did not meet or medically equal a listed 19 impairment (AR 24); (3) plaintiff retained the residual functional capacity (or 20 “RFC”)2 to perform a reduced range of light work (20 C.F.R. § 404.1567(b))3 (AR 21 22 2Residual functional capacity is what a claimant can still do despite existing exertional 23 and nonexertional limitations. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545(a)(1). 24 3The ALJ found that plaintiff (i) could lift and/or carry twenty pounds occasionally and 25 ten pounds frequently; (ii) could sit for six hours out of an eight-hour workday; (iii) could stand or walk for two hours out of an eight-hour workday; (iv) could not climb ladders, ropes or 26 scaffolds; (v) could occasionally climb ramps and stairs, balance, stoop, kneel, crouch, or crawl; 27 (vi) could occasionally reach overhead with the non-dominant left upper extremity; and (vii) needed to avoid concentrated exposure to extreme cold and heat, vibration, and hazards. 28 (AR 24). 2 Case 5:20-cv-00890-JC Document 18 Filed 03/29/22 Page 3 of 24 Page ID #:961

1 24); (4) plaintiff was capable of performing her past relevant work as an 2 accounting clerk (AR 28); and (5) plaintiff’s statements regarding the intensity, 3 persistence, and limiting effects of subjective symptoms were inconsistent with the 4 medical evidence and other evidence in the record (AR 25). 5 On April 6, 2020, the Appeals Council denied plaintiff’s application for 6 review of the ALJ’s decision. (AR 1-3). 7 III. APPLICABLE LEGAL STANDARDS 8 A. Administrative Evaluation of Disability Claims 9 To qualify for disability benefits, a claimant must show that she is unable 10 “to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically 11 determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in 12 death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not 13 less than 12 months.” Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1110 (9th Cir. 2012) 14 (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A)) (internal quotation marks omitted), superseded 15 by regulation on other grounds; 20 C.F.R. § 404.1505(a). To be considered 16 disabled, a claimant must have an impairment of such severity that she is 17 incapable of performing work the claimant previously performed (“past relevant 18 work”) as well as any other “work which exists in the national economy.” Tackett 19 v. Apfel, 180 F.3d 1094, 1098 (9th Cir. 1999) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)). 20 To assess whether a claimant is disabled, an ALJ is required to use the five- 21 step sequential evaluation process set forth in Social Security regulations. See 22 Stout v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 454 F.3d 1050, 1052 (9th Cir. 2006) 23 (describing five-step sequential evaluation process) (citing 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520, 24 416.920). The claimant has the burden of proof at steps one through four – i.e., 25 determination of whether the claimant was engaging in substantial gainful activity 26 (step 1), has a sufficiently severe impairment (step 2), has an impairment or 27 combination of impairments that meets or medically equals one of the conditions 28 listed in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1 (“Listings”) (step 3), and 3 Case 5:20-cv-00890-JC Document Filed 03/29/22 Page 4of24 Page ID #:962

1 || retains the residual functional capacity to perform past relevant work (step 4). 2 || Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted). The 3 || Commissioner has the burden of proof at step five — 7.e., establishing that the 4 || claimant could perform other work in the national economy. Id. 5 B. ‘Federal Court Review of Social Security Disability Decisions 6 A federal court may set aside a denial of benefits only when the 7 || Commissioner’s “final decision” was “based on legal error or not supported by 8 || substantial evidence in the record.” 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); Trevizo v. Berryhill, 871 9 || F.3d 664, 674 (9th Cir. 2017) (citation and quotation marks omitted). The 10 || standard of review in disability cases is “highly deferential.” Rounds v. Comm’r 11 | of Soc. Sec. Admin., 807 F.3d 996, 1002 (9th Cir. 2015) (citation and quotation 12 | marks omitted). Thus, an ALJ’s decision must be upheld if the evidence could 13 || reasonably support either affirming or reversing the decision. Trevizo, 871 F.3d at 14 || 674-75 (citations omitted). Even when an ALJ’s decision contains error, it must 15 || be affirmed if the error was harmless. See Treichler v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. 16 || Admin., 775 F.3d 1090, 1099 (9th Cir. 2014) (ALJ error harmless if 17 || (1) inconsequential to the ultimate nondisability determination; or (2) ALJ’s path 18 || may reasonably be discerned despite the error) (citation and quotation marks 19 || omitted). 20 Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might 21 || accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Trevizo, 871 F.3d at 674 (defining 22 || “substantial evidence” as “more than a mere scintilla, but less than a 23 || preponderance’”’) (citation and quotation marks omitted). When determining 24 || whether substantial evidence supports an ALJ’s finding, a court “must consider the 25 || entire record as a whole, weighing both the evidence that supports and the 26 || evidence that detracts from the Commissioner’s conclusion[.]” Garrison v. 27 || Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1009 (9th Cir. 2014) (citation and quotation marks omitted). 28 | ///

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1 Federal courts review only the reasoning the ALJ provided, and may not 2 || affirm the ALJ’s decision “on a ground upon which [the ALJ] did not rely.” 3 || Trevizo, 871 F.3d at 675 (citations omitted). Hence, while an ALJ’s decision need 4 || not be drafted with “ideal clarity,” it must, at a minimum, set forth the ALJ’s 5 || reasoning “in a way that allows for meaningful review.” Brown-Hunter v. Colvin, 6 || 806 F.3d 487, 492 (9th Cir. 2015) (citing Treichler, 775 F.3d at 1099). 7 A reviewing court may not conclude that an error was harmless based on 8 || independent findings gleaned from the administrative record. Brown-Hunter, 806 9 || F.3d at 492 (citations omitted). When a reviewing court cannot confidently 10 || conclude that an error was harmless, a remand for additional investigation or 11 |) explanation is generally appropriate. See Marsh v. Colvin, 792 F.3d 1170, 1173 12 || (9th Cir. 2015) (citations omitted). 13 |} IV. DISCUSSION 14 Plaintiff claims that remand is warranted because (1) the ALJ improperly 15 | considered plaintiff's past relevant work; (2) the ALJ improperly rejected the 16 || medical opinion of treating neurologist Dr. Jeffrey Ries, D.O.; (3) the ALJ failed 17 || to give legally sufficient reasons to reject the testimony of plaintiff and her 18 || husband; (4) the ALJ improperly determined that plaintiff's condition worsened 19 || after her date last injured; and (5) the medical opinion of Dr. Pamela J. Harford 20 || submitted to the Appeals Council demonstrates a reasonable possibility of 21 || changing the outcome.* (See Plaintiff's Motion at 1-16). For the reasons stated 22 || below, the Court concludes that a reversal or remand is not warranted. 23 □ /// 24 |} —____ 25 “This Court reviews Dr. Harford’s opinion as part of the administrative record on review %6 because the Appeals Council considered it in deciding whether to review the ALJ’s decision. See Brewes v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 682 F.3d 1157, 1163 (9th Cir. 2012) (“[W]hen the 27 || Appeals Council considers new evidence in deciding whether to review a decision of the ALJ, that evidence becomes part of the administrative record, which the district court must consider 28 || when reviewing the Commissioner’s final decision for substantial evidence.”).

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1 A. The ALJ Properly Found That Plaintiff Can Perform Past 2 Relevant Work 3 At step four, the ALJ must determine whether the claimant has the residual 4 functional capacity to perform the requirements of her past relevant work. 5 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(f). Past relevant work is work that a claimant has “done 6 within the past 15 years, that was substantial gainful activity, and that lasted long 7 enough for [the claimant] to learn to do it.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1560(b). “Substantial 8 gainful activity” is defined as work activity that (1) involves doing significant 9 physical or mental activities (i.e., “substantial”) and (2) is usually done for pay or 10 profit, whether or not a profit is realized (i.e., “gainful”). 20 C.F.R. 11 § 404.1572(a)-(b). Generally, if an individual has earnings from employment or 12 self-employment above a specific level set out in the regulations,5 it is presumed 13 that she has demonstrated the ability to engage in substantial gainful activity. 14 20 C.F.R. § 404.1574. The regulations provide that a claimant’s past relevant 15 work will be considered substantial gainful activity when her earnings exceed 16 those listed in the guidelines. Id. Evidence of low earnings, on the other hand, 17 creates a presumption that the claimant has not engaged in substantial gainful 18 activity. Lewis v. Apfel, 236 F.3d 503, 515 (9th Cir. 2001). This presumption 19 “shifts the step-four burden of proof from the claimant to the Commissioner.”6 Id. 20 /// 21 22 5The current guidelines can be found at https://www.ssa.gov/oact/cola/sga.html. The 23 applicable regulation, 20 C.F.R. § 404.1574, sets out substantial gainful activity law and 24 guidelines. 25 6When this latter presumption applies, the ALJ must “point[] to substantial evidence, aside from earnings, that the claimant has engaged in substantial gainful activity.” Lewis, 236 26 F.3d at 515. Factors that may demonstrate substantial gainful activity despite low earnings 27 include “the nature of the claimant’s work, how well the claimant does the work, if the work is done under special conditions, if the claimant is self-employed, and the amount of time the 28 claimant spends at work.” Id. at 515-16 (citing 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1573, 416.973). 6 Case 5:20-cv-00890-JC Document 18 Filed 03/29/22 Page 7 of 24 Page ID #:965

1 Here, the ALJ ended the sequential inquiry at step four by finding that 2 plaintiff was not disabled because she could engage in her past relevant work as an 3 accounting clerk. (AR 28-29). The ALJ expressly found, “[b]ased on the 4 evidence of record,” that plaintiff’s accounting clerk position qualified as past 5 relevant work “because [plaintiff] performed it within 15 years of the date of th[e] 6 decision, for a sufficient length of time to learn and provide average performance, 7 and at the level of substantial gainful activity.” (AR 28). 8 As plaintiff points out, fifteen years prior to the date of the ALJ’s decision 9 was June 5, 2004, and plaintiff’s highest earnings during that period was in 2007, 10 when she worked as a data entry clerk at M&M Printed Bag, Inc., and earned a 11 total of $10,618, at an average of $884.83 per month. (AR 207; see AR 74, 195, 12 239, 277). In that year, according to the applicable guidelines, the minimum 13 earnings for substantial gainful activity was $900 per month. Plaintiff, therefore, 14 did not meet the minimum earnings within fifteen years of the date of the decision. 15 However, it is clear from the record that the ALJ’s finding at step four was 16 based on plaintiff’s work as an accounting clerk, which she performed within 17 fifteen years of her date last insured – i.e., the period from June 30, 2001 to June 18 30, 2016 – which was the relevant period for plaintiff’s disability insurance 19 benefits application, under title II of the Social Security Act, notwithstanding the 20 ALJ’s erroneous reference to “the date of th[e] decision.” (See AR 28 & n.3, 72- 21 74, 239, 243); SSR 82-62, 1982 WL 31386 (“In those title II cases in which the 22 claimant’s disability insured status was last met prior to adjudication, the work 23 performed for the 15-year period preceding the date the title II disability insured 24 status requirement was last met would generally be considered relevant, since the 25 claimant's capacity for SGA as of that date represents a critical disability issue.”) 26 (emphasis added). Plaintiff worked as an accounting clerk at Chino Valley 27 Medical Center (also referred to as “Veritas Health Services” or “CHC Payroll 28 Agent”), from 1993 to 2002. (See AR 72-74, 239, 243). In 2002 – within the 7 Case 5:20-cv-00890-JC Document18 Filed 03/29/22 Page 8of24 Page ID #:966

| | relevant fifteen-year period — plaintiff earned $12,547.92, or an average of 2 || $1,045.66 per month (AR 194, 202), which is above the threshold earnings in the 3 | guidelines for that year ($780 per month). 4 Accordingly, the ALJ properly concluded that plaintiff's accounting clerk 5 || position qualified as past relevant work because she performed it within fifteen 6 || years of her date last insured, “for a sufficient length of time to learn and provide 7 || average performance, and at the level of substantial gainful activity.” (AR 28). 8 || Any misstatement by the ALJ on this issue is therefore harmless. See Treichler, 9 || 775 F.3d at 1099. 10 B. The ALJ Did Not Err in Considering Dr. Ries’s Medical Opinion 11 1. Pertinent Law 12 In Social Security cases, the amount of weight given to medical opinions 13 || generally varies depending on the type of medical professional who provided the 14 || opinions, namely “treating physicians,” “examining physicians,” and 15 | “nonexamining physicians.”” 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(c)(1)-(2) & (e), 404.1502, 16 || 404.1513(a); Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1012 (citation and quotation marks omitted). 17 || A treating physician’s opinion is generally given the most weight, and may be 18 || “controlling” if it is “well-supported by medically acceptable clinical and 19 || laboratory diagnostic techniques and is not inconsistent with the other substantial 20 || evidence in [the claimant’s] case record[.]” 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(c)(2); Revels 21 || v. Berryhill, 874 F.3d 648, 654 (9th Cir. 2017) (citation omitted). In turn, an 22 || examining, but non-treating physician’s opinion is generally entitled to less weight 23 24 "Since plaintiff filed her application before March 27, 2017, 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527 25 || applies. For an application filed on or after March 27, 2017, 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c would apply. %6 20 CFR. § 404. 1520c changed how the Social Security Administration considers medical opinions and prior administrative medical findings, eliminated the use of the term “treating 27 || source,” and eliminated deference to treating source medical opinions. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(a); Danny L.R. v. Saul, 2020 WL 264583, at *3 n. 5 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 17, 2020); see 28 || also 81 Fed. Reg. 62560, at 62573-74 (Sept. 9, 2016).

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| || than a treating physician’s, but more weight than a nonexamining physician’s 2 || opinion. Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1012 (citation omitted). 3 An ALJ may provide “substantial evidence” for reyecting a medical opinion 4 || by “setting out a detailed and thorough summary of the facts and conflicting 5 | clinical evidence, stating his interpretation thereof, and making findings.” 6 || Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1012 (citing Reddick v. Chater, 157 F.3d 715, 725 (9th Cir. 7 || 1998)) (quotation marks omitted). An ALJ must provide more than mere 8 || “conclusions” or “broad and vague” reasons for rejecting a treating or examining 9 || doctor’s opinion. See McAllister v. Sullivan, 888 F.2d 599, 602 (9th Cir. 1989) 10 |] (citation omitted). “[The ALJ] must set forth his own interpretations and explain 11 || why they, rather than the [doctor’s], are correct.” Embrey v. Bowen, 849 F.2d 12 | 418, 421-22 (9th Cir. 1988). 13 2. Analysis 14 Plaintiff contends that the ALJ improperly considered the opinion of Dr. 15 || Ries, who treated plaintiff at various intervals from 1996 to 2018. (Plaintiffs 16 || Motion at 3-6; see AR 514). Dr. Ries provided an assessment of plaintiff's 17 || limitations dated July 27, 2018. (AR 514-16). At that time, Dr. Ries’s last 18 || examination of plaintiff had occurred on March 5, 2018. (AR 514; see AR 524- 19 | 27). In his assessment, Dr. Ries diagnosed Plaintiff with multiple sclerosis, 20 || nicotine dependency, back pain, and gait disturbance, and he noted that she suffers 21 || from fatigue. (AR 514). He opined that plaintiff required unscheduled breaks to 22 || rest; could not sit or stand for six hours in an eight-hour period; could not lift 23 || frequently; could not use the hands or arms for grasping, pulling, pushing or fine 24 || manipulation for eight hours on a sustained basis; could not use her legs to pull or 25 || push frequently for eight hours on a sustained basis; required ready access to a 26 || restroom; and would be absent from work about twice a month. (AR 515-16). 27 The ALJ gave little weight to Dr. Ries’s opinion because it was “dated more 28 || than two years after [plaintiff's] date last insured,” and plaintiffs treatment

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1 records from around the date last insured did “not support such extreme functional 2 limitations.” (AR 28). 3 Plaintiff contends that the lateness of the opinion was not a valid basis to 4 reject it. (Plaintiff’s Motion at 3-4). However, opinions provided after the date 5 last insured may indeed be given less weight on this basis, particularly where such 6 opinions do not appear to concern the earlier period at issue. See Watkins v. 7 Astrue, 357 Fed. App’x 784, 786 (9th Cir. 2009) (affirming rejection of treating 8 physician’s opinion offered after claimant’s insured status expired where the 9 “questionnaire [was] written in the present tense” and “made no indication” it was 10 retroactive); Macri v. Chater, 93 F.3d 540, 545 (9th Cir. 1996) (“The opinion of a 11 psychiatrist who examines the claimant after the expiration of his disability 12 insured status, however, is entitled to less weight than the opinion of a psychiatrist 13 who completed a contemporaneous exam.”). That is true here. There is nothing in 14 Dr. Ries’s opinion to suggest that it referred to the relevant period in 2016. 15 Moreover, the ALJ reasonably found that the medical evidence from around the 16 date last insured did not support the assessed limitations. (AR 28). As an 17 example, the ALJ pointed to Dr. Ries’s physical examinations in August 2016 18 which revealed reduced sensation in the feet and otherwise normal findings. (AR 19 28; see AR 402). At that time, Dr. Ries observed that plaintiff had a normal gait 20 and was able to stand without difficulty. (AR 26, 402). The ALJ also noted that 21 an October 2016 MRI of the brain revealed a clinical history of multiple sclerosis 22 with no abnormal enhancement or acute abnormality noted. (AR 25; see AR 366). 23 In addition, as the ALJ found, ample evidence in the record suggests that 24 plaintiff’s condition was stable until after the date last insured, when it began to 25 worsen significantly. (AR 26, 27). This includes plaintiff’s own reports to 26 treating providers that she “was stable for years” until October 2016 (AR 438), 27 which is also when she began using a cane (AR 436, 557). When Dr. Ries later 28 examined plaintiff on March 5, 2018, he noted that plaintiff arrived in a 10 Case 5:20-cv-00890-JC Document 18 Filed 03/29/22 Page 11 of 24 Page ID #:969

1 wheelchair, which was “the first time this has occurred.” (AR 524). Given this 2 evidence of significant worsening after the relevant period, it was especially 3 reasonable for the ALJ to reject opinions that appeared to be based on plaintiff’s 4 later, worsened condition. 5 Plaintiff argues that if the ALJ doubted whether Dr. Ries’s opinion referred 6 to the period at issue rather than when it was dated, the ALJ should have 7 developed the record by contacting Dr. Ries. (Plaintiff’s Motion at 4). However, 8 the record was sufficiently clear and developed for the ALJ to reasonably conclude 9 that Dr. Ries’s opinion did not describe plaintiff’s limitations during the relevant 10 period at issue. See Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 1041-42 (9th Cir. 11 2008) (“The ALJ is the final arbiter with respect to resolving ambiguities in the 12 medical evidence”); see also Shaibi v. Berryhill, 883 F.3d 1102, 1108 (9th Cir. 13 2017) (“Where evidence is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation, it 14 is the ALJ’s conclusion that must be upheld.”). In these circumstances, the ALJ 15 was not obligated to develop the record further. See Mayes v. Massanarai, 276 16 F.3d 453, 459-60 (9th Cir. 2001) (“An ALJ’s duty to develop the record further is 17 triggered only when there is ambiguous evidence or when the record is inadequate 18 to allow for proper evaluation of the evidence.”). 19 Plaintiff also contends that the ALJ erred by rejecting Dr. Ries’s opinion as 20 “extreme.” (Plaintiff’s Motion at 4). Plaintiff submits that the ALJ could not 21 properly characterize the opinion as “extreme” when, in some respects, it did not 22 significantly differ from the ALJ’s own RFC assessment. (Plaintiff’s Motion at 4; 23 see AR 24, 515-16). However, even if the ALJ may have misused the term 24 “extreme” in this context, substantial evidence nonetheless supports the ALJ’s 25 finding that the limitations assessed by Dr. Ries overall are at least more severe 26 than those supported by the evidence in the record. 27 Finally, plaintiff argues that the ALJ’s rejection of Dr. Ries’s opinion was 28 inappropriate because “there is no reliable opinion to the contrary sufficient to 11 Case 5:20-cv-00890-JC Document 18 Filed 03/29/22 Page 12 of 24 Page ID #:970

1 refute” the opinion. (Plaintiff’s Motion at 5). That is incorrect. While the ALJ 2 gave little weight to Dr. Ries’s opinion, as well as the other opinions by treating 3 doctors – specifically, Dr. Allen Nielsen, M.D., and Dr. Randolph Kado, Ph.D.8 – 4 the ALJ gave some weight to the opinions of the state agency non-examining 5 medical consultants, who indicated plaintiff could lift and/or carry twenty pounds 6 occasionally and ten pounds frequently; could sit, stand, or walk for six hours; and 7 could occasionally reach overhead bilaterally, among other limitations. (AR 27, 8 93-95, 104-06). Although non-examining physicians’ opinions alone do not 9 constitute substantial evidence, they may “serve as substantial evidence when the 10 opinions are consistent with independent clinical findings or other evidence in the 11 record.” Thomas v. Barnhart, 278 F.3d 947, 957 (9th Cir. 2002) (citations 12 omitted). Here, the ALJ reasonably determined that the state agency assessments 13 were entitled to some weight because they were partly consistent with the medical 14 evidence in the record. To the extent that the ALJ rejected portions of these 15 opinions, substantial evidence supports these departures. For example, unlike the 16 state agency physicians, the ALJ limited plaintiff to only occasional overhead 17 reaching with the left upper extremity but found no limitation on the right because 18 plaintiff’s upper extremity fractures had no more than a minimal effect on her 19 20 8Dr. Nielsen submitted a letter on August 15, 2017, stating that plaintiff could not drive or work on a computer due to visual impairments and could not leave her home due to fatigue. (AR 21 511). Dr. Kado, in a mental assessment dated January 3, 2019, opined that plaintiff was 22 moderately limited in understanding and carrying short and simple instructions; markedly limited in remembering and carrying out detailed instructions; and markedly limited in maintaining 23 concentration, sustaining an ordinary routine without special supervision, performing activities 24 within a schedule, and maintaining regular attendance, among other limitations. (AR 518-22). The ALJ gave little weight to these opinions because, as with Dr. Ries’s opinion, they were dated 25 more than two years after the date last insured. (AR 28). Moreover, the ALJ found that plaintiff’s treatment records from around the date last insured did not support the extent of the 26 limitations assessed by Dr. Nielsen, and Dr. Kado did not appear familiar with plaintiff’s 27 condition prior to the date last insured, when plaintiff had not received any mental health treatment. (AR 28). Plaintiff does not specifically challenge the ALJ’s assessment of these 28 opinions. 12 Case 5:20-cv-00890-JC Document 18 Filed 03/29/22 Page 13 of 24 Page ID #:971

1 ability to work and were generally resolved in less than twelve months. (AR 23, 2 27). The ALJ also found that a greater standing and walking limitation was 3 warranted due to plaintiff’s “subjective complaints of balance issues and the 4 objective findings of reduced sensation in the bilateral feet.” (AR 27; see AR 400- 5 02). 6 Accordingly, the ALJ’s assessment of Dr. Ries’s opinion was supported by 7 legally sufficient reasons and substantial evidence in the record.9 8 C. The ALJ Did Not Err in Discounting Plaintiff’s Statements and 9 the Third Party Testimony 10 1. Pertinent Law 11 a. ALJ Assessment of Claimant Statements 12 When determining disability, an ALJ is required to consider a claimant’s 13 impairment-related pain and other subjective symptoms at each step of the 14 sequential evaluation process. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1529(a), (d). Accordingly, when 15 a claimant presents “objective medical evidence of an underlying impairment 16 which might reasonably produce the pain or other symptoms [the claimant] 17 alleged,” the ALJ is required to determine the extent to which the claimant’s 18 statements regarding the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of his or her 19 subjective symptoms (“subjective statements” or “subjective complaints”) are 20 consistent with the record evidence as a whole and, consequently, whether any of 21 the individual’s symptom-related functional limitations and restrictions are likely 22 to reduce the claimant’s capacity to perform work-related activities. 20 C.F.R. 23 24 25 9In reaching the conclusion, the Court has also considered the assessment of Dr. Harford, dated July 29, 2019, that was not before the ALJ but was submitted to the Appeals Council. (See 26 AR 7-10). Although Dr. Harford’s opinion, unlike that of Dr. Ries, does purport to apply to the 27 period beginning on January 15, 2016 (see AR 7), it does not warrant a different conclusion here because, similar to Dr. Ries’s opinion, it is not supported by the medical evidence from around 28 the relevant period, as discussed further below. 13 Case 5:20-cv-00890-JC Document 18 Filed 03/29/22 Page 14of24 Page ID#:972

1 || §§ 404.1529(a), (c)(4); SSR 16-3p, 2017 WL 5180304, at *4-10.'° When an 2 || individual’s subjective statements are inconsistent with other evidence in the 3 || record, an ALJ may give less weight to such statements and, in turn, find that the 4 || individual’s symptoms are less likely to reduce the claimant’s capacity to perform 5 || work-related activities. See SSR 16-3p, 2017 WL 5180304, at *8. In such cases, 6 || when there is no affirmative finding of malingering, an ALJ may “reject” or give 7 || less weight to the individual’s subjective statements “only by providing specific, 8 || clear, and convincing reasons for doing so.” Brown-Hunter, 806 F.3d at 488-89. 9 || This requirement is very difficult to satisfy. See Trevizo, 871 F.3d at 678 (“The 10 || clear and convincing standard is the most demanding required in Social Security 11 || cases.’’) (citation and quotation marks omitted). 12 An ALJ’s decision “must contain specific reasons” supported by substantial 13 || evidence in the record for giving less weight to a claimant’s statements. SSR 16- 14 || 3p, 2017 WL 5180304, at *10. An ALJ must clearly identify each subjective 15 || statement being rejected and the particular evidence in the record which 16 || purportedly undermines the statement. Treichler, 775 F.3d at 1103 (citation 17 || omitted). Unless there is affirmative evidence of malingering, the Commissioner’s 18 || reasons for rejecting a claimant’s testimony must be “clear and convincing.” 19 || Lester v. Chater, 81 F.3d 821, 834 (9th Cir. 1995) (internal quotation marks 20 || omitted), as amended (Apr. 9, 1996). “General findings are insufficient[.]” 21 | Reddick v. Chater, 157 F.3d 715, 722 (9th Cir. 1998) (citations omitted). 22 If an ALJ’s evaluation of a claimant’s statements is reasonable and is 23 || supported by substantial evidence, it is not the court’s role to second-guess it. See 24 25 %6 “Social Security Ruling 16-3p superseded SSR 96-7p and, in part, eliminated use of the term “credibility” from SSA “sub-regulatory policy[]” in order to “clarify that subjective 27 || symptom evaluation is not an examination of an individual’s [overall character or truthfulness] ... [and] more closely follow [SSA] regulatory language regarding symptom evaluation.” See 28 || SSR 16-3p, 2017 WL 5180304, at *1-2, *10-11. 14

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1 || Thomas, 278 F.3d at 959 (9th Cir. 2002) (citation omitted). When an ALJ fails 2 || properly to discuss a claimant’s subjective complaints, however, the error may not 3 || be considered harmless “unless [the Court] can confidently conclude that no 4 || reasonable ALJ, when fully crediting the testimony, could have reached a different 5 || disability determination.” Stout, 454 F.3d at 1056; see also Brown-Hunter, 806 6 | F.3d at 492 (ALJ’s erroneous failure to specify reasons for rejecting claimant 7 || testimony “will usually not be harmless’”’). 8 b. ALJ Assessment of Lay Witness Statements 9 In assessing disability, an ALJ must account for testimony and written 10 || statements from lay witnesses concerning a claimant’s symptoms or how an 11 || impairment affects the claimant’s ability to work (collectively “lay evidence’). 12 || Stout, 454 F.3d at 1053 (citing, in part, Dodrill v. Shalala, 12 F.3d 915, 919 (9th 13 || Cir. 1993)); see also 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1513(d)(4) & (e). Such competent lay 14 || evidence “cannot be disregarded without comment.” Tobeler v. Colvin, 749 F.3d 15 | 830, 834 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing, in part, Nguyen v. Chater, 100 F.3d 1462, 1467 16 || (9th Cir. 1996)) (quotation marks omitted; emphasis in original). To reject such 17 || lay witness evidence, an ALJ must provide “germane reasons” for doing so. 18 || Tobeler, 749 F,3d at 833; see also Bruce v. Astrue, 557 F.3d 1113, 1115 (9th Cir. 19 | 2009) (“[ T]he reasons ‘germane to each witness’ must be specific.’’) (citation 20 || omitted); Stout, 454 F.3d at 1054 (“[T]he ALJ, not the district court, is required to 21 || provide specific reasons for rejecting lay testimony’’) (citation omitted). 22 2. Relevant Statements 23 a. Plaintiff 24 At the hearing on May 16, 2019, plaintiff testified to the following: 25 During the period at issue, between January and June 2016, plaintiff could 26 || not work because of her fatigue, which would come and go and was not consistent. 27 || (AR 46-47). She spent a significant part of her day resting. (AR 57). Getting a 28 || good night’s sleep did not help. (AR 58). 15

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1 Plaintiff could walk during that time, but she was losing her footing and 2 falling, due to a loss of muscle control, and she soon began to use an assistive 3 device (first a cane, followed by a walker). (AR 47-48). Her problems worsened 4 over time. (AR 48). 5 She lived with her husband, who was at work during the day, but plaintiff’s 6 mother lived two doors over if she needed something. (AR 50). During a typical 7 day, she did not do much because she was recuperating from her falls (which 8 occurred in December 2015 and January 2016, causing injuries to her right hand 9 and shoulder and a fractured left humerus that underwent surgery in January 10 2016). (AR 50; see AR 41, 305-18). She did not do chores or cooking. (AR 51). 11 She had issues with using her hands and reaching because she was in a cast and 12 using a sling. (AR 52-53). Her right shoulder and hand healed in about six weeks. 13 (AR 53). The cast on her left arm was removed about eight weeks after the 14 surgery, but she continued to have pain and difficulty reaching overhead on her 15 left. (AR 53-55). Plaintiff also began having vision problems, such as double 16 vision, in early 2016 (AR 59), and she has not driven since 2016 (AR 50). 17 She has had good days and bad days depending on her level of fatigue, and 18 at her prior job she would call in sick often. (AR 61, 63). 19 b. Plaintiff’s Husband 20 Plaintiff’s husband, David, testified at the hearing to the following: 21 He has been his wife’s caregiver as far back as January 2016. (AR 68). He 22 worked during that period but was able to leave work to check on her. (AR 69- 23 70). In 2016, plaintiff mostly sat on the couch and did not do much. (AR 69). 24 She spent half the day resting. (AR 69). Plaintiff has had difficulties with her left 25 hand since the fall in January 2016. (AR 68-69). In addition, plaintiff needs to 26 have ready access to a restroom because of muscle control since 2016, and she has 27 been wearing a diaper for a long time. (AR 82). 28 /// 16 Case 5:20-cv-00890-JC Document 18 Filed 03/29/22 Page 17 of 24 Page ID #:975

1 3. Analysis 2 The ALJ found that plaintiff’s medically determinable impairments could 3 reasonably be expected to cause the alleged symptoms, but plaintiff’s statements 4 about the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of the symptoms were not 5 entirely consistent with the medical evidence and other evidence in the record. 6 (AR 25). The ALJ supported this finding with specific, clear and convincing 7 reasons, based on references to specific evidence in the record, including 8 plaintiff’s treatment history, medical evidence, and conflicts with plaintiff’s own 9 reports regarding when her condition began to worsen. (See AR 25-27). The ALJ 10 also gave specific and germane reasons to discount the third-party statements of 11 plaintiff’s husband based on the evidence of plaintiff’s minimal treatment for 12 multiple sclerosis during the relevant period and the “relatively mild clinical 13 findings.” (AR 26). 14 First, the ALJ remarked that plaintiff “has not generally received the type of 15 medical treatment one would expect for a totally disabled individual from the 16 alleged onset date through the date last insured.” (AR 25). The ALJ supported 17 this by noting that plaintiff did not seek any treatment with Dr. Ries between 18 January 2015 and August 2016. (AR 25; see AR 532). Plaintiff contends that this 19 is an inappropriate basis for rejecting her statements because the ALJ did not find 20 that more aggressive treatments were available for plaintiff to pursue. (Plaintiff’s 21 Motion at 8-9). However, the fact that plaintiff had not sought treatment during 22 the relevant period with Dr. Ries, who treated her multiple sclerosis, reasonably 23 supports the ALJ’s finding that plaintiff’s symptoms from multiple sclerosis had 24 not significantly worsened during or immediately before the relevant period and 25 were not as severe as alleged. See Ghanim v. Colvin, 763 F.3d 1154, 1163 (9th 26 Cir. 2014) (citation omitted) (in discrediting the claimant’s subjective symptom 27 testimony, ALJ may consider “unexplained or inadequately explained failure to 28 seek treatment”); see also Burch, 400 F.3d at 681 (“That [the claimant’s] pain was 17 Case 5:20-cv-00890-JC Document 18 Filed 03/29/22 Page 18 of 24 Page ID #:976

1 not severe enough to motivate [her] to seek [these forms of] treatment, even if she 2 sought some treatment, is powerful evidence regarding the extent to which she 3 was in pain.”) (internal citation omitted). 4 In addition, the ALJ found that plaintiff’s “alleged level of impairment 5 before her date last insured is inconsistent with her statements to doctors . . . that 6 her symptoms were stable until October 2016.” (AR 24-25). This is supported by 7 the record. According to a treatment note on February 10, 2017, plaintiff 8 “report[ed] [she] was stable for years . . . until Oct[ober] 2016,” and she felt she 9 had been “worsening since Oct[ober] 2016” (AR 438), which is also when 10 plaintiff began using a cane (AR 436, 557). Plaintiff’s brain and cervical spine 11 MRI examinations in October 2016 were also “noted to be stable without active 12 lesion and no significant change.” (AR 438; see AR 366, 528, 531). 13 Plaintiff contends that “[t]he fact a condition is stable does not mean that it 14 is not disabling.” (Plaintiff’s Motion at 10). Yet, the ALJ did not find that 15 plaintiff lacked any functional limitations. Rather, the ALJ reasonably determined 16 that these reports of plaintiff’s “stable” condition conflicted with her testimony 17 regarding a worsening of symptoms during the relevant period, and – in 18 conjunction with the medical evidence and other evidence in the record – it 19 supported a finding that plaintiff’s limitations were not as severe as alleged during 20 that period. 21 The ALJ’s consideration of the medical evidence in the record further 22 supports this determination. “Although lack of medical evidence cannot form the 23 sole basis for discounting pain testimony, it is a factor that the ALJ can consider 24 . . . .” Burch, 400 F.3d at 681. Here, the ALJ noted, in particular, that an August 25 2016 physical examination revealed reduced sensation to light touch and pin prick 26 in the feet and otherwise normal findings, and an October 2016 brain MRI 27 revealed a clinical history of multiple sclerosis with no abnormal enhancement or 28 acute abnormality. (AR 25; see AR 366, 400-03). 18 Case 5:20-cv-00890-JC Document 18 Filed 03/29/22 Page 19 of 24 Page ID #:977

1 Furthermore, the ALJ noted that many of the plaintiff’s alleged limitations 2 regarding the relevant period were caused by her upper extremity fractures, which 3 the ALJ found had no more than a minimal effect on her ability to work and were 4 resolved in less than twelve months. (AR 23-24, 26). Plaintiff has not specifically 5 challenged this finding. As stated above, plaintiff testified that her right shoulder 6 and hand healed in about six weeks, though she continued to experience pain and 7 difficulty reaching overhead on the left. (See AR 52-55). The ALJ thus limited 8 plaintiff to only occasionally reaching overheard with her left extremity. (AR 24). 9 Plaintiff asserts that the ALJ erred by failing to discuss her daily activities. 10 (Plaintiff’s Motion at 11). However, while a claimant’s daily activities are 11 considered when assessing a claimant’s alleged limitations, the ALJ is not required 12 to specifically discuss the activities when assessing the claimant’s statements in 13 the decision. See Powell v. Massanari, 2001 WL 1563712, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 14 3, 2001) (ALJ did not err by neglecting to discuss daily activities in the decision 15 because “although the ALJ was required to consider [plaintiff’s] daily activities as 16 part of the credibility analysis, there is no specific requirement that he set forth in 17 the decision his analysis as to each factor identified in SSR 96-7p”) (citing SSR 18 96-7p);11 see also Howard ex rel. Wolff v. Barnhart, 341 F.3d 1006, 1012 (9th Cir. 19 2003) (“[I]n interpreting the evidence and developing the record, the ALJ does not 20 need to discuss every piece of evidence.”) (internal quotation and citations 21 omitted). Moreover, the ALJ did acknowledge the relevant testimony on this 22 issue, which was essentially that plaintiff spent most of the day resting and sitting 23 on the couch, and was unable to perform any household chores. (See AR 25-26, 24 51, 57, 69). Notwithstanding this testimony, the ALJ reasonably found plaintiff 25 had greater functional ability during the relevant period than alleged. 26 27 11Although SSR 96-7p was superseded by SSR 16-3p, the latter similarly provides that a claimant’s daily activities will be considered but does not require that they be discussed in the 28 decision. 19 Case 5:20-cv-00890-JC Document 18 Filed 03/29/22 Page 20 of 24 Page ID #:978

1 Accordingly, plaintiff has failed to identify any material error in the ALJ’s 2 assessment of plaintiff’s and her husband’s statements regarding the limiting 3 effects of plaintiff’s symptoms. The ALJ provided legally sufficient reasons to 4 discount these statements, and those reasons are supported by substantial evidence 5 in the record. 6 D. The ALJ Did Not Err in Finding Worsening After the Date Last 7 Insured 8 As indicated above, the ALJ found that plaintiff’s condition worsened in 9 October 2016, after the date last insured. (AR 27). This was particularly 10 supported by a February 2017 treatment note indicating that plaintiff’s multiple 11 sclerosis was stable until around October 2017, when it started to worsen, and she 12 began using a cane. (AR 27; see AR 436-38). 13 Plaintiff contends that the ALJ erred on this issue because some of the 14 evidence in the record instead suggests that her worsening symptoms arose earlier 15 and during the relevant period. (Plaintiff’s Motion at 13-14). Specifically, 16 plaintiff points to the evidence of her falls in late 2015 and early 2016, as well as 17 Dr. Ries’s August 2016 examination showing abnormal sensation. (Plaintiff’s 18 Motion at 13-14). In light of such evidence, plaintiff argues that the record is 19 ambiguous on this issue, and the ALJ failed to develop the record further to 20 appropriately resolve the matter. 21 However, the ALJ’s finding on this issue is reasonable and supported by 22 substantial evidence in the record, including the February 2017 treatment note 23 referenced above. (See AR 438). Although plaintiff had several falls prior to 24 October 2016, as the ALJ noted, plaintiff’s husband had reported that some of 25 these falls “may not have been due to balance problems.”12 (AR 27, 438). 26 27 12The treatment note reports that one of these falls apparently occurred when plaintiff 28 “[h]ad a cast on right hand from unrelated accident and fell down stairs when [she] didn’t grab (continued...) 20 Case 5:20-cv-00890-JC Document 18 Filed 03/29/22 Page 21 of 24 Page ID #:979

1 Morever, despite these falls, plaintiff did not begin using a cane until several 2 months after the date last insured. (AR 436, 557). In addition, while plaintiff 3 demonstrated abnormal sensation in the feet in August 2016, as the ALJ noted, the 4 other examination findings were generally normal (AR 25; see AR 400-03), and 5 her MRIs in October 2016 were “stable without active lesion and no significant 6 change” (AR 438; see AR 366, 528, 531). 7 Accordingly, the record provided substantial evidence to support the ALJ’s 8 finding that plaintiff’s condition worsened after the date last insured and was not 9 disabling prior to that date. Because the record was sufficiently clear and 10 developed on this issue, the ALJ had no obligation to develop the record further. 11 See Mayes, 276 F.3d at 459-60. 12 E. Remand Is Not Warranted Based on New Evidence Submitted to 13 the Appeals Council 14 Plaintiff additionally argues that remand is required for the ALJ to consider 15 Dr. Harford’s medical source statement, dated July 29, 2019, that plaintiff 16 submitted to the Appeals Council after the ALJ issued her decision. (Plaintiff’s 17 Motion at 14-16; see AR 7-10). 18 Dr. Harford opined that plaintiff had symptoms from multiple sclerosis and 19 was limited to sitting for one hour at a time for a total of four hours in an eight- 20 hour day, but could not stand or walk for any period. (AR 7-8). Dr. Harford 21 further opined that plaintiff could rarely lift less than ten pounds, could never lift 22 more than ten pounds, and would be absent from work about four days per month. 23 (AR 9-10). Dr. Harford served as plaintiff’s physician for many years, in part 24 during the relevant period. (See AR 224). Her medical source statement indicates 25 that she had treated plaintiff twice a year on average, including in 2016. (AR 7), 26 27 12(...continued) 28 railing, but didn’t feel unsteady.” (AR 436). Then, “[a]bout 1 week later, [she] fell down stairs and broke upper left arm, may have misstepped. Balance was okay.” (AR 436). 21 Case 5:20-cv-00890-JC Document Filed 03/29/22 Page 22 Page ID #:980

1 || and that the limitations set forth in her statement have been applicable since 2 || January 15, 2016 (AR 10). The Appeals Council considered this new evidence in 3 || denying plaintiff's request for review of the ALJ’s decision, and found that it 4 || “does not show a reasonable probability that 1t would change the outcome of the 5 || decision.” (AR 2). 6 As indicated above, “when the Appeals Council considers new evidence in 7 || deciding whether to review a decision of the ALJ, that evidence becomes part of 8 || the administrative record, which the district court must consider when reviewing 9 || the Commissioner’s final decision for substantial evidence.” Brewes, 682 F.3d at 10 | 1163. To justify a remand on this basis, plaintiff must “demonstrate that there is a 11 || ‘reasonable possibility’ that the new evidence would have changed the outcome of 12 || the administrative hearing.” Mayes, 276 F.3d at 462; see also Mengistu v. Colvin, 13 | 537 F. App’x 724, 725 (9th Cir. 2013); Hermiz v. Berryhill, 2019 WL 3780271, at 14 || *15 (S.D. Cal. Aug. 9, 2019), report and recommendation adopted, 2019 WL 15 | 4016451 (S.D. Cal. Aug. 26, 2019). 16 Here, plaintiff fails to show a reasonable possibility that Dr. Harford’s 17 || opinion would have changed the outcome of the decision. In particular, although 18 || Dr. Harford’s assessment purports to apply beginning on January 15, 2016 (AR 19 || 10), which is near the alleged onset date of January 8, 2016, the opinion does not 20 || appear to be supported by examinations or other evidence from that period. For 21 || example, the record before the ALJ included two treatment notes from Dr. 22 || Harford’s office during the relevant period which provide no significant findings, 23 || aside from arm pain and related constraint just before and after plaintiff's January 24 || 2016 surgery on her left arm.’ (See AR 328-32). Another treatment note from /// 26 | ——_—_——____—_ 27 One treatment note, dated January 5, 2016, concerns a pre-operation exam by a certified physician assistant to clear plaintiff for her left humerus surgery. (AR 330-31). The other, dated 28 February 10, 2016, is to remove plaintiff's sutures from the procedure. (AR 328-29). 22

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1 September 29, 2016, a few months after the date last insured, is unrelated to the 2 symptoms or impairments at issue here.14 (AR 325-26). 3 Dr. Harford’s opinion does not undermine the conclusion that the 4 Commissioner’s final decision is supported by substantial evidence in the record. 5 Among other evidence, as discussed above, the ALJ’s decision is supported by 6 the August 2016 physical examination showing plaintiff had a normal gait, was 7 able to stand without difficulty, and had generally normal findings aside from 8 some reduced sensation in the feet (AR 26, 28; see AR 402); the October 2016 9 MRIs of the brain and cervical spine showing no significant new pathology or 10 acute abnormality (AR 25; see AR 366, 528); plaintiff’s failure to seek any 11 treatment from Dr. Ries from January 2015 to August 2016 (AR 25; see AR 532); 12 plaintiff’s reports to treating providers that she was stable for years until October 13 2016 (AR 27, 438); and the state agency medical consultants’ opinions that 14 plaintiff was capable of a reduced range of light work (AR 27, 93-95, 104-06). 15 See also Thomas, 278 F.3d at 957 (non-examining physicians’ opinions may 16 “serve as substantial evidence when the opinions are consistent with independent 17 clinical findings or other evidence in the record”). 18 Because plaintiff has failed to demonstrate a reasonable probability that Dr. 19 Harford’s opinion would change the outcome of the decision, remand is not 20 warranted on this ground. 21 /// 22 /// 23 /// 24 /// 25 /// 26 27 14Plaintiff sought treatment on that date for blood in her stool, and Dr. Harford noted 28 plaintiff was also “drinking a bottle of wine daily at least.” (AR 325-26). 23 Case 5:20-cv-00890-JC Document 18 Filed 03/29/22 Page 24 of 24 Page ID #:982

1 V. CONCLUSION 2 For the foregoing reasons, the decision of the Commissioner of Social 3 Security is AFFIRMED. 4 LET JUDGMENT BE ENTERED ACCORDINGLY. 5 DATED: March 29, 2022 6 _____________/s/____________________ Honorable Jacqueline Chooljian 7

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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