I. INTRODUCTION

18 Plaintiffs Robindeep Singh and Urmila Singh filed this action against 19 Defendants U.S. Department of State (the “DOS”); Antony J. Blinken, in his official 20 capacity as U.S. Secretary of State; Atul Keshap, in his official capacity as U.S. 21 Ambassador to India; and U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (the “USCIS”). 22 (First Am. Compl. (“FAC”), ECF No. 16.) Defendants now move to dismiss 23 Plaintiffs’ claims pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 12(b)(1) and 24 Rule 12(b)(6). (Mot. Dismiss (“Mot.” or “Motion”), ECF No. 20.) The Motion is 25 fully briefed. (Opp’n, ECF No. 23; Reply, ECF No. 26.) For the reasons set forth 26 below, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion.1 27

28 1 Having carefully considered the papers filed in connection with the Motion, the Court deemed the matter appropriate for decision without oral argument. Fed. R. Civ. P. 78; C.D. Cal. L.R. 7-15. Case 2:21-cv-07142-ODW-PVC Document 29 Filed 08/15/22 Page 2 of 10 Page ID #:238

1 II. BACKGROUND 2 Robindeep2 is an adult nonresident alien who was born in India and currently 3 resides in Australia. (FAC ¶ 10.) On April 3, 2015, Partap Singh, Robindeep’s father, 4 married Urmila, a United States citizen who resides in California. (Id. ¶ 11.) On 5 May 6, 2015, Urmila filed a Petition for Alien Relative (“I-130”) on behalf of Partap, 6 which “acts as a request for immigration authorities to formally recognize the validity 7 of a marriage.” (Id. ¶ 18.); Zerezghi v. U.S. Citizenship & Immigr. Servs., 955 F.3d 8 802, 804 (9th Cir. 2020) (citing 8 C.F.R. § 204.1(a)(1)). On October 14, 2015, the 9 USCIS approved the I-130. (FAC ¶ 18.) 10 In June 2016, Urmila filed an I-130 on behalf of Robindeep, identifying him as 11 her stepson. (Id ¶ 20.) On January 24, 2018, the National Visa Center forwarded a 12 visa application to the U.S. Embassy in New Delhi, India (“Embassy”). (Id. ¶ 23.) 13 Plaintiffs allege that for nearly five years, Urmila did not receive any notice of 14 adjustment of Robindeep’s status, despite her repeated follow-up calls to the National 15 Visa Center. (Id. ¶¶ 22–30.) On March 15, 2021, Urmila retained new counsel and 16 learned that Robindeep’s visa application had been cancelled as of February 8, 2021. 17 (Id. ¶¶ 30–32.) The Consular Electronic Application Center (“CEAC”) website stated 18 the following: 19 You have been notified that your registration for an immigrant visa was cancelled, and any petition approved on your behalf was also cancelled. 20 We informed you that your application might be reinstated if, within one 21 year, you could establish that your failure to pursue your immigrant visa 22 application was due to circumstances beyond your control. Since you have failed to do so, the record of your registration and any petition 23 approved on your behalf and all supporting documents have been 24 destroyed. 25 (Id. ¶ 31.) On April 27, 2021, Urmila contacted the National Visa Center, the DOS, 26 and the Embassy to explain that she did not receive any notice that anyone cancelled 27

28 2 The Court respectfully refers to each Plaintiff and non-party Partap Singh by their first names to avoid confusion.

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1 the visa application. (Id. ¶ 33.) After numerous communications with the National 2 Visa Center, on August 30, 2021, Urmila reviewed the CEAC website and found that 3 it now indicated that Robindeep’s visa application was “refused” rather than 4 “cancelled.” (Id. ¶ 36.) The website stated: 5 A U.S. consular officer has adjudicated and refused your visa application. 6 Please follow any instructions provided by the consular officer. If you were informed by the consular officer that your case was refused for 7 administrative processing, your case will remain refused while 8 undergoing such processing. You will receive another adjudication once such processing is complete. Please be advised that the processing time 9 varies and that you will be contacted if additional information is needed. 10 11 (Id.) Urmila again contacted the DOS and the Embassy to explain that she did not 12 receive any notice that the visa application was now refused. (Id. ¶ 38.) On 13 November 30, 2021, the Embassy notified Urmila that the visa application was still 14 under administrative review. (Id. ¶ 39.) However, two weeks later, the Embassy 15 notified Plaintiffs that the visa application was refused pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1201(g). 16 (Id. ¶ 40.) 17 On September 3, 2021, Plaintiffs brought this action as a petition for writ of 18 mandamus against the DOS, Blinken, and Keshap, alleging a due process violation for 19 failure to provide a factual predicate for the visa refusal and seeking a writ of 20 mandamus due to the failure to decide the visa application in a reasonable time. (Pet. 21 ¶¶ 33–43, ECF No. 1.) On February 11, 2022, Plaintiffs filed a First Amended 22 Complaint adding the USCIS as a defendant. (FAC ¶ 15.) Plaintiffs also added a new 23 cause of action alleging that Defendants are estopped from using the determination 24 that Partap and Urmila’s marriage is illegitimate as grounds for revoking the visa 25 application. (Id. ¶¶ 52–57.) Defendants now move to dismiss Plaintiffs’ claims. 26 (See Mot.) 27 28

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1 III. LEGAL STANDARD 2 A court may dismiss a complaint under Rule 12(b)(6) for lack of a cognizable 3 legal theory or insufficient facts pleaded to support an otherwise cognizable legal 4 theory. Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1988). “To 5 survive a motion to dismiss . . . under Rule 12(b)(6), a complaint generally must 6 satisfy only the minimal notice pleading requirements of Rule 8(a)(2)” by including a 7 short and plain statement of the claim. Porter v. Jones, 319 F.3d 483, 494 (9th Cir. 8 2003); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). The “complaint must contain sufficient factual 9 matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” 10 Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (internal quotation marks omitted); Bell 11 Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (The “[f]actual allegations must be 12 enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.”). “A pleading that offers 13 ‘labels and conclusions’ or ‘a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action 14 will not do.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555). 15 Whether a complaint satisfies the plausibility standard is a “context-specific 16 task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and common 17 sense.” Id. at 679. A court is generally limited to the pleadings and must construe all 18 “factual allegations set forth in the complaint . . . as true and . . . in the light most 19 favorable” to the plaintiff. Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 688 (9th Cir. 20 2001). But a court need not blindly accept conclusory allegations, unwarranted 21 deductions of fact, and unreasonable inferences. Sprewell v. Golden State Warriors, 22 266 F.3d 979, 988 (9th Cir. 2001). When a district court grants a motion to dismiss, it 23 should generally provide leave to amend unless it is clear the complaint could not be 24 saved by any amendment. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a); Manzarek v. St. Paul Fire & 25 Marine Ins. Co., 519 F.3d 1025, 1031 (9th Cir. 2008). 26 27 28

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1 IV. DISCUSSION 2 In moving for dismissal, Defendants rely on the doctrine of consular 3 nonreviewability, arguing that the Court is barred from reviewing a consular official’s 4 decision to grant or deny a visa.3 (Mot. 2–4.) 5 “[O]rdinarily, a consular official’s decision to deny a visa to a foreigner is not 6 subject to judicial review” under the doctrine of consular nonreviewability. 7 Bustamante v. Mukasey, 531 F.3d 1059, 1060 (9th Cir. 2008); see also Ventura- 8 Escamilla v. INS, 647 F.2d 28, 30 (9th Cir. 1981) (“[T]he power to exclude or expel 9 aliens, as a matter affecting international relations and national security, is vested in 10 the Executive and Legislative branches of government.”). However, the Supreme 11 Court has recognized “a circumscribed judicial inquiry” for instances where consular 12 decisions involve a violation of constitutional rights of a United States citizen.4 13 Trump v. Hawaii, 138 S. Ct. 2392, 2402 (2018); see also Allen, 896 F.3d at 1097 14 (“[T]he only standard by which we can review the merits of a consular officer’s denial 15 of a visa is for constitutional error.”). 16 In Kerry v. Din, 576 U.S. 86 (2015), Justice Kennedy found it unnecessary to 17 reach the constitutional question of whether the petitioner “ha[d] a protected liberty 18 interest in the visa application of her alien spouse” because “even assuming she has 19 such an interest, the Government satisfied due process” in denying the visa. Id. at 102 20 (Kennedy, J., concurring in the judgment). The Ninth Circuit has adopted Justice 21 Kennedy’s concurrence in Din as the controlling opinion, compelling courts to first 22

23 3 The Court rejects Defendants’ argument under Rule 12(b)(1) that the Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction. Citing to Patel v. Reno, 134 F.3d 929 (9th Cir. 1998), Defendants argue that the Court 24 lacks subject matter jurisdiction under the doctrine of consular nonreviewability. (Mot. 4.) 25 However, the Patel court did not address subject matter jurisdiction, and the Ninth Circuit held more recently in Allen v. Milas, 896 F.3d 1094 (9th Cir. 2018), that the doctrine of consular 26 nonreviewability does not strip a district court of subject matter jurisdiction. 4 As a “foreign national[] seeking admission,” Robindeep has “no constitutional right to entry.” 27 Trump, 138 S. Ct. at 2419. Therefore, Robindeep “personally has no ability to bring a cause of 28 action challenging his denial of admission.” Khachatryan v. Blinken, 4 F.4th 841, 849–50 (9th Cir. 2021).

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1 address whether there is a sufficient allegation of a violation of due process, before 2 addressing whether there existed a protected constitutional interest in the first place. 3 Khachatryan, 4 F.4th at 851–52. Thus, the Court first assumes that Urmila has a 4 protected constitutional interest in having her stepson reside with her and addresses 5 whether she has sufficiently alleged a violation of due process under the Din 6 concurrence. See id. at 850. 7 A. The Din Test 8 The Ninth Circuit has interpreted Justice Kennedy’s concurrence in Din as 9 requiring a two-part inquiry to determine whether the consular officer’s denial of a 10 visa petition complied with the principles of due process. Cardenas v. United States, 11 826 F.3d 1164, 1172 (9th Cir. 2016). “First, the consular officer must deny the visa 12 under a valid statute of inadmissibility.” Id. (citing Din, 576 U.S. at 104–05). 13 “Second, the consular officer must cite an admissibility statute that ‘specifies discrete 14 factual predicates the consular officer must find to exist before denying a visa,’ or 15 there must be a fact in the record that ‘provides at least a facial connection to’ the 16 statutory ground of inadmissibility.” Id. (quoting Din, 576 U.S. at 106). Once the 17 government has met its burden and established these two elements, “the plaintiff has 18 the burden of proving that the [stated] reason [for inadmissibility] was not bona fide 19 by making an ‘affirmative showing of bad faith on the part of the consular officer who 20 denied [] a visa.’” Id. (quoting Din, 576 U.S. at 106). 21 As a preliminary matter, the Court will not consider the Notice of Intent to 22 Revoke that Defendants attached to a declaration on an unrelated motion. (Decl. 23 Mark Ifill ISO Opp’n Pls. Mot. Summ J. (“Ifill Decl.”) Ex. 1 (“Notice of Intent to 24 Revoke” or “NIR”), ECF No. 24-4.) A court ruling on a motion to dismiss may 25 consider only those facts alleged in the complaint, documents attached to the 26 complaint, documents relied upon by the complaint when authenticity is not contested, 27 28

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1 and matters of which the court takes judicial notice. Lee, 250 F.3d at 688–89. The 2 NIR falls into none of these categories.5 3 Thus, looking only to the operative complaint and arguments in the Motion, 4 Defendants have not met their burden under Din. Defendants cited to a valid statute 5 of inadmissibility, 8 U.S.C. § 1201(g), which compels a consular officer to deny a visa 6 if “the consular officer knows or has reason to believe that [an] alien is ineligible to 7 receive a visa . . . under section 1182 of this title, or any other provision of law.” 8 (Mot. 4.) Thus, Defendants satisfied the first element of the Din test. 9 However, Defendants fail to satisfy the second element of the Din test because 10 the statute Defendants cite, § 1201(g), does not “specif[y] discrete factual predicates 11 the consular officer must find to exist before denying a visa. Din, 576 U.S. at 105. 12 Instead, the statute provides consular officers broad authority, allowing them to reject 13 visa applications so long as they have a reason to believe an alien is ineligible to 14 receive a visa. 8 U.S.C. § 1201(g). Thus, Defendants had to produce “fact[s] in the 15 record that provide[] at least a facial connection to the statutory ground of 16 inadmissibility.” Cardenas, 826 F.3d at 1172 (internal quotation marks omitted). In 17 their Motion, Defendants do not even attempt to argue they provided these facts, 18 instead asserting that citation to § 1201(g) is enough to satisfy their burden under Din. 19 (Mot. 4.) Nevertheless, in their Reply, Defendants belatedly argue that the facts 20 provided in the NIR satisfy their Din burden. (Reply 6.) The Court rejects this 21 attempted ambush by reply. “[A]rguments raised for the first time in a reply brief are 22 improper, and the court need not consider them,” principally because “such arguments 23 ‘would unfairly deny the non-moving party an opportunity to respond.’” Derum v. 24 Saks & Co., 95 F. Supp. 3d 1221, 1229 (S.D. Cal. 2015) (first citing Zamani v. 25 Carnes, 491 F.3d 990, 997 (9th Cir. 2007), then quoting Rosales v. FitFlop USA, LLC, 26 882 F. Supp. 2d 1168, 1176 (S.D. Cal. 2012). Also, as previously noted, the Court 27 5 Although the Court will not officially consider the NIR at this juncture, the NIR does appear to 28 resolve Plaintiffs’ alleged issues regarding Defendants’ failures to provide Plaintiffs with the factual basis for the visa rejection, notice, and opportunity to be heard. (See NIR.)

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1 will not consider matters beyond the complaint that are not subject to judicial notice. 2 See Lee, 250 F.3d at 688–89. Thus, at this juncture, Defendants have failed to meet 3 their burden under the Din test, and the Court need not consider the third Din prong 4 because the burden never shifts to the Plaintiffs. 5 B. Constitutional Interest 6 Even though Urmila has sufficiently alleged a due process violation, the Court 7 finds that Urmila “lacks any relevant fundamental right” in having her stepson 8 admitted into the United States. Khachatryan, 4 F.4th at 855. 9 In Khachatryan, the Ninth Circuit found that although the plaintiff had 10 sufficiently alleged a violation of due process, the adult plaintiff “lack[ed] any 11 relevant fundamental right in having his father admitted into the United States.” Id. 12 The court distinguished a marital relationship from a parent-child relationship, writing 13 that while a “marital relationship is ‘unlike any other in its importance to the 14 committed individuals,’ and its unique legal status rests on ‘related rights of 15 childrearing, procreation, and education’ . . . [t]he relationship between a parent and 16 an adult child lacks these distinctive features.” Id. (quoting Obergefell v. Hodges, 17 576 U.S. 644, 666–67 (2015)). Thus, the court followed the general rule laid out in 18 Washington v. Glucksberg, 521 U.S. 702, 721 (1997), “that new fundamental rights 19 should be narrowly defined and rooted in historical practice.” Khachatryan, 4 F.4th 20 at 856. After conducting an extensive analysis of “this Nation’s history and tradition” 21 the court found that “an adult citizen lacks a constitutionally protected liberty 22 interest . . . in the Government’s decision whether to admit the citizen’s unadmitted 23 nonresident alien parent.” Id. at 862. 24 “[T]he relationship between an adult child and parent is not comparable to 25 marriage and is not exempt from Glucksberg’s general rule that fundamental liberty 26 interests must be carefully and narrowly defined.” Id. at 858. Although the 27 Khachatryan holding relates only to that of an adult child’s liberty interest in their 28 noncitizen parent’s admittance into the United States, this reasoning logically extends

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1 to the question of whether a parent has a liberty interest in their noncitizen adult step- 2 son’s admittance. The reasoning in Khachatryan is sound both ways: neither the 3 parent nor the adult child has a fundamental liberty interest in having the other 4 admitted. The authority cited in Khachatryan supports this parallel. For example, the 5 court in Khachatryan cites to William Blackstone when holding that “[the] right not to 6 be expelled from one’s country, of course, does not include a right to have one’s adult 7 relatives immigrate to one’s country.” Id. at 859 (emphasis in original) (citing 8 1 William Blackstone, Commentaries *137). 9 Plaintiffs also rely heavily on the Ninth Circuit’s decision in Bustamante. 10 (Opp’n 7–8.) However, Bustamente is easily distinguishable. The Ninth Circuit has 11 held that Bustamante recognizes only “that a citizen has a protected liberty interest in 12 marriage that entitles the citizen to review of the denial of the spouse’s visa.” Din v. 13 Kerry, 718 F.38 856, 860 (9th Cir. 2015), vacated on other grounds, 576 U.S. 86 14 (2015). The Khachatryan court goes further, holding that Bustamante does not 15 “consider[], much less decide[], whether there is a relevant cognizable liberty interest 16 in the visa application of any family member other than a spouse.” Khachatryan, 17 4 F.4th at 857 (emphasis in original). Therefore, under Ninth Circuit precedent, 18 Urmila does not have a cognizable liberty interest in having her adult stepson admitted 19 into the United States. Accordingly, the Court DISMISSES Plaintiffs’ FAC for 20 failure to state a claim. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

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1 Vv. CONCLUSION 2 For the reasons discussed above, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ Motion to 3 || Dismiss, (ECF No. 20), and DISMISSES Plaintiffs’ first amended complaint without 4|| leave to amend, see Carrico v. City & Cnty. of San Francisco, 656 F.3d 1002, 1008 5 || (9th Cir. 2011) (noting leave to amend “is properly denied . . . if amendment would be 6 || futile’). The Court will issue a judgment consistent with this Order. 8 IT IS SO ORDERED. 10 August 15, 2022 Se 11 SR □□ od : Oa Gail

B OTIS D. WRIGHT, I

4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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