Case 2:22-cv-03009-MEMF-MAA Document 49 Filed 09/09/22 Page 1 of 12 Page ID #:335

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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

10 Case No.: 2:22-cv-03009-MEMF(MAAx) 11 GAMBOL INDUSTRIES, INC.,

12 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING CLAIMANT

KATHLEEN BARROW’S MOTION TO SET

13 v. ASIDE DEFAULT JUDGMENT [ECF NO. 37] 14

15 M/Y HEART’S DESIRE, a 1985, 32-Foot Carver Motor Vessel, California Registration 16 NO. CF 0179JE, AND ALL OF HER

ENGINES, TACKLE, ACCESSORIES,

17 EQUIPMENT, FURNISHINGS AND

APPURTENANCES, in rem, 18 Defendant. 19

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21 Before the Court is the Motion to Set Aside Default filed by pro se Claimant Kathleen 22 Barrow on behalf of Defendant Vessel M/Y Heart’s Desire. ECF No. 37. For the reasons stated 23 herein, the Court GRANTS the Motion. 24

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1 I. Factual Background1

2 Plaintiff Gambol Industries, Inc. (“Gambol”) is a California corporation. Compl. ¶ 2. It

3 operates a boatyard located at 1825 Pier D Street, Long Beach, California 90802 (the “Boatyard”).2

4 Id. Defendant is M/Y Heart’s Desire, a 1985, 32-foot Carver motor yacht (the “Vessel”). Id. ¶ 3. Its

5 California Registration Number is CF 0179JE and its Hull Identification Number is

6 CDRN0020H485. Id. The Vessel is owned by Claimant Kathleen Barrow (“Barrow”). Id. ¶ 4; see

7 generally Motion to Set Aside Default, ECF No. 37 (“Mot.” or “Motion”); Work Order Contract,

8 ECF No. 1-1 (“Contract”).

9 A. The City of Long Beach’s seizure of the Vessel

10 On or about February 6, 2020, the Vessel was impounded by the City of Long Beach (the

11 “City”) for being unlawfully berthed at property owned by the City. See Mot. at 213; Opposition to

12 Motion to Set Aside Default, ECF No. 45 (“Opp’n”) at 1. Barrow argues that she paid the fees

13 necessary to have the Vessel released into her custody and subsequently entered into a contract with

14 Gambol to have the Vessel docked at the Boatyard. Opp’n at 1; Mot. at 2. Upon docking the Vessel

15 at the Boatyard, Barrow discovered that the Vessel had been severely damaged while in the City’s

16 custody. Mot. at 2–3. On September 1, 2020, Barrow filed a claim against the City for the damage

17 incurred to the Vessel. Id. at 23. On October 16, 2020, the claim was denied. Id.

18 B. Barrow’s contract with Gambol

19 On or about May 11, 2020, Gambol and Barrow entered into a Work Order Contract

20 (“Contract”) by which Gambol agreed to provide a number of services for the Vessel including hull

21 painting and lay day services. Id. ¶ 6. Gambol also photographed the Vessel and removed and stored 22 various items aboard the ship. Id. The Contract’s terms include lay day charges which provide that 23 Gambol 24

25 1 Unless otherwise indicated, the following factual background is derived from the Complaint. ECF No. 1. 26 (“Compl.”). 27 2 Counsel for Gambol advised at the hearing that it is no longer operating this boatyard. 3 As the Motion lacks traditional page numbers, the Court’s citations refer to the page numbers generated by 28 the CM/ECF system. 2 Case 2:22-cv-03009-MEMF-MAA Document 49 Filed 09/09/22 Page 3 of 12 Page ID #:337

shall not invoice Owner for lay day charges, so long as “Minimum Daily Labor Limit” 1 is satisfied. Minimum Daily Labor Limits shall be regarded as having been satisfied only if labor charges for a day equal or exceed a sum equal to $15.00 per foot multiplied 2 by the length of the Vessel at her maximum dimension (to include any bow spirit, boarding step or other extensions) with a factor of 1.5 for multi-hulled vessels with a 3 beam greater than 25 feet ($15.00 x 1.5 = $4.50). If for any reason the “Minimum Daily Labor Limit” is not met, lay day charges shall accrue at the rate of $7.50 per foot per 4 day if the Vessel is located on land, $9.50 per foot per day if the Vessel is in the water, and $15.00 per foot per day if the Vessel is on the Drydock. 5 Contract at 5. 6 The final charges for the agreed upon services totaled $18,982.82. Id. ¶ 8. At the time of contracting, 7 Barrow paid a deposit in the amount of $5,000, leaving an outstanding balance of $13,982.82. Id. 8 Although Gambol met its requirements under the Contract, as of the time of this Order, Barrow has 9 yet to pay the accrued balance. See id. ¶¶ 9–13. 10 Gambol—by and through its counsel—sent Barrow three letters regarding her failure to pay. 11 See id. ¶¶ 9–11. The first, sent in early March 2021, informed Barrow that the total cost of its 12 services had increased to $33,369 as the Vessel had been lying idle at the Boatyard “for months . . ., 13 with lay day charges accruing each day.” Id. ¶ 9. The letter provided Bar row with two options: either 14 (1) remove the Vessel from the Boatyard within ten calendar days or (2) “tender free and clear 15 ownership of the Vessel to [Gambol] within [ten] calendar days.” Id. Barrow did not accept the 16 offer. See id. ¶ 11. 17 Roughly a month later, Gambol sent a second letter reiterating the same terms as those 18 expressed in the first. Id. ¶ 10; April 12, 2021 Letter, Declaration of Philip E. Weiss (“Weiss Decl.”), 19 Ex. B, ECF No. 45-2 (“Apr. 12 Ltr.”). The letter further advised Barrow that Gambol was willing to 20 “forgive all sums due and not pursue recovery of the arrea rages provided you remove your vessel 21 from the boatyard within 30 days.” Id. Gambol also offered to “load [the Vessel] onto a trailer 22 without charge, so she can be transported for storage on land” or “launch [the Vessel] (again at no 23 cost to you)” to allow it to be towed “to another location for in water storage.” Id. Barrow again 24 failed to respond. See id. ¶ 11. 25 Finally, on April 6, 2022, Gambol sent a third letter reiterating the offers made in the second 26 letter and advising Barrow that as the Boatyard is set to permanently close at the end of the month, 27 the area must be fully emptied and “left completely clean and free of debris.” Id.; April 6, 2022 28 3 Case 2:22-cv-03009-MEMF-MAA Document 49 Filed 09/09/22 Page 4 of 12 Page ID #:338

1 Letter, Weiss Decl., Ex. C, ECF No. 45-2 (“Apr. 6 Ltr.”). In a further attempt to reach Barrow, the

2 letter was also sent via email to attorney Matthew Sean Harrison who, upon information and belief,

3 represented Barrow in connection with an earlier claim she asserted against the City based on

4 damage that had occurred to the Vessel while it had been impounded.4 Id. ¶ 11. Barrow failed to

5 respond, and the Vessel remains abandoned. Id.

6 As of April 15, 2022, Barrow has incurred $82,689.90 as a result of the Vessel’s prolonged

7 stay at the Boatyard. Id. ¶ 12. At the September 8, 2022 oral argument (“September 8 Hearing”),

8 counsel for Gambol reiterated the offer to waive the outstanding balance and assist with having the

9 Vessel towed to a location of Barrow’s choice free of charge. However, Barrow stated that she

10 prefers to not accept this offer as she plans to continue to pursue her claim against the City and

11 ultimately have the City pay her debt to Gambol.

12 II. Procedural Background

13 On May 4, 2022, Gambol filed a complaint against the Vessel and all of her engines, tackle,

14 accessories, equipment, furnishings and appurtenances, in rem for vessel arrest, interlocutory sale,

15 and for money damages for breach of maritime contract, vessel trespass, breach of implied covenant

16 of good faith and fair dealing, negligent misrepresentation, and quantum meruit. See generally

17 Compl. On May 6, 2022, upon appropriate application by Gambol, see ECF Nos. 6 (Ex Parte

18 Application for Order Authorizing Issuance of a Warrant for Arrest of Defendant Vessel); 7 (Ex

19 Parte Application for Appointment of Substitute Custodian and for Authorization for Movement of

20 Defendant Vessel); 8 (Ex Parte Application for Issuance of Warrant in rem as to Defendant Vessel),

21 the Honorable Magistrate Judge Maria A. Audero issued an Order Authorizing Arrest of the Vessel 22

23 4 In her Motion to Set Aside Default, Barrow alleges that the Vessel was impounded by the San Pedro Police 24 Department. Mot. at 1. The Court understands Barrow to be referring to officers from the Harbor Community Police Station division of the Los Angeles Police Department. See Harbor Community Police Station, LAPD, 25 available at https://www.lapdonline.org/lapd-contact/south-bureau/harbor-community-police-station/ (identifying the Harbor Community Police Station as serving the communities of Harbor City, Harbor 26 Gateway, San Pedro, Terminal Island, and Wilmington.). As a Court may, on its on motion, take judicial notice of facts not subject to reasonable dispute—including geography—the Court takes notice of the fact that 27 San Pedro is within the City of Los Angeles and, as such, within the jurisdiction of the Los Angeles Police 28 Department. See FED. R. EVID. 201(c)(1); Boyce Motor Lines v. United States, 342 U.S. 337, 344 (1952) (“We may, of course, take judicial notice of geography.”). 4 Case 2:22-cv-03009-MEMF-MAA Document 49 Filed 09/09/22 Page 5 of 12 Page ID #:339

1 Pursuant to Supplemental Admiralty Rule C, ECF No. 16, and an Order Appointing Nielsen

2 Beaumont Marine, Inc. as Substitute Custodian of the Vessel. ECF No. 17. On the same day, Judge

3 Audero issued the Warrant for the Arrest of the Vessel in rem. ECF No. 18. Gambol appropriately

4 published notice of the arrest warrant as is required by Local Admiralty Rule C.3. See ECF Nos. 20–

5 25. The Vessel was arrested by the United States Marshals on May 19, 2022. ECF No. 26.

6 As Barrow failed to respond to the action, Gambol filed Request for the Clerk to enter default

7 judgment on July 13, 2022. ECF No. 31. The Request was granted pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil

8 Procedure 55(a). ECF No. 33. On July 18, 2022, Gambol served notice of the entry of default on

9 Barrow at 1175 Baker Street, Suite E19, PMB 129, Costa Mesa, California 92626 (“Baker Street

10 Address”). ECF No. 34. On July 19, 2022, as Gambol failed to file a subsequent Motion for Default

11 Judgment, the Court issued an Order to Show Cause (“OSC”) ordering Gambol to file such a motion

12 no later than August 19, 2022, or make an appearance at a hearing set for August 25, 2022. ECF No.

13 35. One day later, Gambol filed a status report regarding the OSC, stating that they intend to file a

14 Motion for Interlocutory Vessel Sale and Credit Bid prior to filing a Motion for Default Judgment.

15 ECF No. 36. The hearing was taken off calendar upon the Court’s receipt of the Motion for

16 Interlocutory Vessel Sale. ECF No. 44.

17 On August 4, 2022, Barrow, appearing pro se, filed the instant Motion to Set Aside Default.

18 ECF No. 37 (“Motion” or “Mot.”). Gambol filed an Opposition on August 17, 2022. ECF No. 45

19 (“Opp’n”). In lieu of a Reply, on August 22, 2022, Barrow filed a Notice of Deleted Documents and

20 Lack of Due Process. ECF No. 48 (“Notice”). In this Notice, Barrow alleged that documents that she

21 had intended to file in conjunction with her Motion were deleted or misplaced when being manually 22 uploaded to the case docket. See generally Notice. 23 III. Applicable Law 24 A. Maritime Liens 25 Federal courts exercise admiralty jurisdiction under the Constitution and statute. U.S. Const. 26 art. III, § 2, cl. 1; 28 U.S.C. § 1333(1). “A maritime lien is [a] special property right in a ship given 27 to a creditor by law as security for a debt or claim subsisting from the moment the debt arises[.]” In 28 re Container Applications Int’l., Inc., 233 F.3d 1361, 1362 n.1 (11th Cir. 2000) (internal quotation 5 Case 2:22-cv-03009-MEMF-MAA Document 49 Filed 09/09/22 Page 6 of 12 Page ID #:340

1 marks omitted) (citing Galehead, Inc. v. M/V Anglia, 183 F.3d 1242, 1247 (11th Cir. 1999)). In rem

2 liability applies where the vessel’s owner “has entrusted control to a third party.” Churchill v. F/V

3 Fjord, 892 F.2d 763, 767 (9th Cir. 1988). “The lien attaches simultaneously with the cause of action

4 and adheres to the maritime property even through changes of ownership until it is either executed

5 through the in rem legal process available in admiralty or is somehow extinguished by operation of

6 law.” 1 Thomas J. Schoenbaum, Admiralty & Mar. Law § 9:1 (6th ed. 2021) (“Admiralty & Mar.

7 Law”). “The purpose of maritime liens is to enable a vessel to obtain supplies or repairs necessary to

8 her continued operation by giving a temporary underlying pledge of the vessel which will hold until

9 payment can be made or more formal security given.” Lake Charles Stevedores, Inc. v. Professor

10 Vladimir Popov MV, 199 F.3d 220, 223 (5th Cir. 1999) (internal quotation marks omitted) (citing S.

11 Coal & Coke Co. v. F. Grauds Kugniecibas (“The Everosa”), 93 F.2d 732, 735 (1st Cir. 1937)). As

12 such, a maritime lien is established in favor of those who provide necessaries for the benefit of a

13 vessel. 46 U.S.C. § 31342(a) (“a person providing necessaries to a vessel on the order of the owner

14 or a person authorized by the owner - (1) has a maritime lien on the vessel; and (2) may bring a civil

15 action in rem to enforce the lien.”).

16 B. Motion to Set Aside Default

17 Rule 55 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that a “court may set aside an entry

18 of default for good cause.” FED. R. CIV. P. 55(c). When determining whether good cause exists to

19 justify setting aside an entry of default, district courts consider three factors: (1) whether the party

20 seeking to set aside the default engaged in culpable conduct that led to the default; (2) whether the

21 party had any meritorious defense; and (3) whether reopening the default judgment would prejudice 22 the other party. United States v. Signed Personal Check No. 730 of Yubran S. Mesle, 615 F.3d 1085, 23 1091 (9th Cir. 2010). This test is disjunctive, meaning “that a finding that any one of these factors is 24 true is sufficient to refuse to set aside the default.” Id. “[J]udgment by default is a drastic step 25 appropriate only in extreme circumstances; a case should, whenever possible, be decided on the 26 merits.” Falk v. Allen, 739 F.2d 461, 463 (9th Cir. 1984). 27 In the context of a maritime in rem action, Rule C(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 28 Supplemental Rules for Admiralty and Maritime Claims and Asset Forfeiture Claims 6 Case 2:22-cv-03009-MEMF-MAA Document 49 Filed 09/09/22 Page 7 of 12 Page ID #:341

1 (“Supplemental Admiralty Rules”) requires that a claimant “file a verified stated of right or interest

2 within 14 days of the execution process or within the time that the court allows.” Supplemental

3 Admiralty Rule C(6)(a)(i)(A)–(B). This statement must include a description of the claimant’s

4 interest in the property “that supports the person’s demand for its restitution or right to defend the

5 action.” Id. (6)(a)(ii).

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IV. Discussion

7 Barrow moves for an Order vacating the default entered against her on July 13, 2022. See

8 generally Mot. to Set Aside Default. As discussed above, the Court considers three factors on a

9 Motion to Set Aside Default: (1) whether the party seeking to set aside the default engaged in

10 culpable conduct that led to the default; (2) whether the party had any meritorious defense; and (3)

11 whether reopening the default judgment would prejudice the other party. Signed Personal Check No.

12 730, 615 F.3d at 1091. The Court addresses each factor in turn.

13 A. The Court finds that Barrow has not engaged in culpa ble conduct. 14 “[A] defendant’s conduct is culpable if he has received actual or constructive notice of the 16 F.2d 1388, 1392 (9th Cir. 1988). However, culpable conduct is “not simply nonappearance following

17 receipt of notice of the action, but rather conduct which hinder[s] judicial proceedings as to 19 1989). Accordingly, “[This Circuit’s] rules for determining when a default should be set aside are

20 solicitous towards movants, especially those whose actions leading to the default were taken without

21 the benefit of legal representation.” Signed Personal. Check No. 730, 615 F.3d at 1089. 22 Gambol contends Barrow had “more than ample opportunity to timely file a Statement of 23 Right or Interest” as is required by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure, Supplemental Admiralty Rule 24 C(6)(a)(i) and an Answer or any other responsive pleading. Opp’n at 5. Gambol further argues that it 25 made multiple attempts to provide Barrows with copies of the Summons, Complaint, and other 26 relevant documents including service via a process server at the Baker Street Address and sending 27 the documents via email. Id. at 5; Weiss Decl. ¶¶ 5–6; Weiss Decl., Ex. D. 28 7 Case 2:22-cv-03009-MEMF-MAA Document 49 Filed 09/09/22 Page 8 of 12 Page ID #:342

1 In response, Barrow appears to argue that she did not receive notice through any of Gambol’s

2 attempts at service. See generally Mot. While it appears that Gambol properly effected service, see

3 Opp’n at 5–6; Weiss Decl. ¶¶ 5–6, it also appears that Barrow may not have been able to adroitly

4 navigate the case search system on the Public Access to Court Electronic Records (“PACER”)

5 system. See Notice at 1.5

6 Viewing the entire procedural history, this Court does not find that the “extreme

7 circumstances” required to deny Barrow relief are present; to the contrary, they appear to be

8 “everyday oversights” by a non-attorney in a very complicated area of federal law where there had

9 already apparently been long periods of inaction.6 See Signed Personal Check No. 730, 615 F.3d at

10 1091–92 (“In denying [the pro se claimant’s] motion to set aside the default and entering default

11 judgment in favor of the government, the district court omitted any mention of the ‘extreme

12 circumstances’ requirement for judgment by default. This was no minor omission: rather, it

13 fundamentally altered the standard, turning the court’s attention to everyday oversights rather than to

14 whether there were any extreme circumstances.”). Although generally a court should not ascribe

15 different standards to a pro se litigant versus one proceeding with counsel, this Court is mindful of

16 the Ninth Circuit’s admonition that district courts should not hold lay persons “working without the

17 aid of an attorney[ ] to the same standards to which we hold sophisticated parties acting with the

18 benefit of legal representation.” Id. at 1091. And because simple carelessness is insufficient to show

19 culpable conduct, the Court—exercising its discretion—finds little evidence that Barrow has

20 engaged in culpable conduct. See O’Connor v. State of Nev., 27 F.3d 357, 364 (9th Cir. 1994) (“The

21 court’s discretion is especially broad where . . . it is entry of default that is being set aside . . . .”) 22

23 5 During the September 8 Hearing, Barrow further stated she believes that certain her inability to access 24 PACER may be the result of efforts by Gambol’s counsel to block her from the website or obstruct her access to the filings on the docket. It is unnecessary for the Court to determine the veracity of this claim at this time. 25 6 During the September 8 Hearing, the parties provided the Court with the following chronology of the events underlying this action: In 2020, the City impounded the Vessel after it was found idle with a dead battery. 26 Barrow eventually posted bond to regain possession of the Vessel. Upon regaining possession, Barrow discovered that the Vessel sustained severe damage—allegedly while in the City’s custody. On May 11, 2020, 27 Barrow entered into the Contract with Gambol to perform repairs on the Vessel. Gambol completed the repairs in May 2020. However, Barrow although paid a $5,000 deposit at the time of contracting, she failed to 28 pay the remaining balance upon Gambol’s completion of the repairs. 8 Case 2:22-cv-03009-MEMF-MAA Document 49 Filed 09/09/22 Page 9 of 12 Page ID #:343

1 (citing Mendoza v. Wight Vineyard Mgmt, 783 F.2d 931, 945 (9th Cir. 1986) (quotation marks

2 omitted)). Accordingly, the Court finds that this factor points towards setting aside the entry of

3 default.

B. It is unclear whether Barrow has a meritorious defense. 4 Under the second factor, a defendant seeking to vacate a default judgment must present 5 specific facts that would constitute a defense. See TCI Grp., 244 F.3d at 700. The burden on 6 defendant is relatively low, and courts leave questions regarding the truth of any such factual 7 allegations for a later stage in the litigation. See id. (internal citations omitted). 8 Gambol argues that Barrow has made no showing of a defense and that, even if she had 9 presented a defense, “no conceivable defense” exists. Opp’n at 7–8. Barrow does not appear to 10 respond. 11 Section 31342 of the Commercial Instruments and Maritime Lien Act (“CIMLA”) governs 12 maritime liens. 46 U.S.C. § 31342. It provides that a lien may be placed on a vessel if “a person 13 providing necessaries to a vessel on the order of the owner or a person a uthorized by the owner has a 14 maritime lien on the vessel. . . .” 46 U.S.C. § 31342(a)(1). “Necessaries” include a variety of 15 services to the vessel, including “repairs, supplies, towage, and the use of a dry dock or marine 16 railway.” 46 U.S.C. § 31301(4). See also 1 Admiralty & Mar. Law § 9:3 (providing examples of 17 “necessaries”). It appears undisputed that the services Gambol alleges it provided—namely the hull 18 painting and lay day docking— qualify as necessaries. Based on the arguments presented in the 19 briefing and the representations made at the September 8 Hearing, it is unclear whether Barrow is 20 able to present a meritorious defense. Given, however, the complexity of admiralty law and the fact 21 that Barrow is appearing pro se, the Court finds that this factor does not weigh against denying the 22 Motion. 23

24 C. The Court finds that setting aside default will not prejudice Gambol. “To be prejudicial, the setting aside of a judgment must result in greater harm than simply 25 delaying resolution of the case.” TCI Grp., 244 F.3d at 701. For a delay to be prejudicial, it must 26 “result in tangible harm such as loss of evidence, increased difficulties of discovery, or greater 27 28 9 Case 2:22-cv-03009-MEMF-MAA Document 49 Filed 09/09/22 Page 10 of 12 Page ID #:344

1 opportunity for fraud or collusion.” Id. “[A] case should, whenever possible, [should] be decided on

2 the merits.” Falk, 739 F.2d at 463.

3 Gambol acknowledges that the risk of prejudice in the Court granting the instant Motion is

4 low. See Opp’n at 9 (“[Gambol] acknowledges that setting aside the Default in this case would not

5 result in tangible harm such as loss of evidence, increased difficulties of discovery or greater

6 opportunity for fraud or collusion.”). However, upon review of Gambol’s Motion for Interlocutory

7 Vessel Sale and Authorization for Credit Bid, ECF No. 38, the Court finds that there is a chance of

8 prejudice born from the risk of further deterioration and subsequent depreciation of the Vessel. See

9 Mot. for Interlocutory Vessel Sale and Authorization for Credit Bid at 5–6. This is mitigated by the

10 fact that Gambol itself has waited several months before instituting this action. However, given the

11 Ninth Circuit’s guidance that judgment by default is a “drastic step,” and that cases “should,

12 whenever possible, be decided on the merits,” the Court finds that this action is more appropriate for

13 a decision on the merits. Signed Personal Check No. 730, 615 F.3d at 1091. As such, the Court finds

14 that a brief delay of six weeks will not result in tangible harm.7

15 On balance, the Court—exercising its discretion— finds that the three foregoing elements

16 point towards setting aside default. Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Barrow’s Motion.

17

RESOURCES FOR SELF-REPRESENTED PARTIES

18 Barrow is self-represented, that is, she does not have an attorney. As discussed at the hearing, 19 the Court wishes to advise Barrow that the Court holds parties without an attorney to the same 20 standards of conduct to which it holds attorneys and does not exempt them from compliance with the 21 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure or the Local Rules. See C.D. Cal. L.R. 1-3 and 83-2.2.3. 22 Appreciating the challenges which may come with self-representation, however, the Court provided 23 guidance to Barrow at the hearing on the following resources, which she may wish to consult in 24 litigating this case: 25 26

27 7 Moreover, as there was a roughly two-year delay between Barrow’s initial failure to pay Gambol and the commencement of this action, as well as a nearly four-month delay since the filing of the initial complaint and 28 the present motion, the Court does not find an additional delay of six weeks to be unduly prejudicial. 10 Case 2:22-cv-03009-MEMF-MAA Document 49 Filed 09/09/22 Page 11 of 12 Page ID #:345

1  Information on the Federal Pro Se Clinic in Los Angeles, which offers on-site information

2 and guidance to individuals who are representing themselves, can be found at

3 https://prose.cacd.uscourts.gov/los-angeles. The clinic is open by appointment only on

4 Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays from 9:30 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. and from 2:00 p.m. to 4:00

5 p.m. Appointments can be made via the website or by telephone at (213) 385-2977.

6  General information on how parties may represent themselves in civil cases in the Central

7 District of California can be found at https://prose.cacd.uscourts.gov/.

8  While Barrow is welcome to manually file her pleadings with the Clerk of Court, she may

9 also file her pleadings through the Central District’s Electronic Document Submission

10 Service. To opt into this service, Barrow must first file Form CV-005 and wait for the Court

11 to grant final approval. Form CV-005 can be found at

12 http://www.cacd.uscourts.gov/forms/application-permission-electronic-filing. Additional

13 information regarding electronic filing can be found https://prose.cacd.uscourts.gov/faq-

14 page#t7n279.

15  Local Civil Rules for the Central District of California can be found at

16 http://www.cacd.uscourts.gov/court-procedures/local-rules.

17  Federal Rules of Civil Procedure can be found at https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp. The

18 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Supplemental Admiralty Rules can be found at

19 https://www.law.cornell.edu/rules/frcp/title_XIII.

20

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1

2

CONCLUSION

3 For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Barrow’s Motion to Set Aside Default. 4 Barrow is hereby ORDERED to complete the following no later than September 20, 2022: 5 1) File a Statement of Right or Interest. This requires that Barrow describe her interest in 6 the property—that is, whether she or another individual is the owner of the Vessel—and 7 why she can appear in court to demand the return of the Vessel to her possession. See 8 Supplemental Admiralty Rule C(6)(a)(i); 2 Admiralty & Mar. Law § 21:4. 9 2) File an Answer. This requires that Barrow read through Gambol’s Complaint and “for 10 each sentence in the complaint, state what [she] admit[s] and den[ies].”8 Representing 11 Yourself in Federal Court: A Handbook for Pro Se Litigants at 19, available at 12 https://www.cand.uscourts.gov/pro-se-litigants/. See also Supplemental Admiralty Rule 13 C(6)(a)(i); 2 Admiralty & Mar. Law § 21:4; Phillips & Steve nson, Rutter Group Prac. 14 Guide, Federal Civ. Pro. Before Trial, California and Ninth Circuit Edition, ¶ 8:880 (The 15 Rutter Group 2022). 16

17

IT IS SO ORDERED.

18

19 Dated: September 9, 2022 ___________________________________ 20

MAAME EW USI-MENSAH FRIMPONG

21 United States District Judge 22

23 24 25 26

27 8 The Court directs Barrow to pages 19 –20 of Representing Yourself in Federal Court: A Handbook for Pro Se Litigants, United States District Court, Northern District of California, available at 28 https://www.cand.uscourts.gov/pro-se-litigants/. 12