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1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 DEBBIE T., ) Case No. 8:20-cv-02321-SP ) 12 Plaintiff, ) ) 13 v. ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ) ORDER 14 ) KILOLO KIJAKAZI, Acting ) 15 Commissioner of Social Security ) Administration, ) 16 ) Defendant. ) 17 ) ) 18 19 I. 20 INTRODUCTION 21 On December 9, 2020, plaintiff Debbie T. filed a complaint against 22 defendant, the Commissioner of the Social Security Administration 23 (“Commissioner”), seeking a review of a denial of a period of disability and 24 disability insurance benefits (“DIB”). The parties have fully briefed the issues in 25 dispute, and the court deems the matter suitable for adjudication without oral 26 argument. 27 Plaintiff presents four disputed issues for decision: (1) whether the 28 1 Case 8:20-cv-02321-SP Document 24 Filed 09/27/22 Page 2 of 21 Page ID #:1827

1 Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) properly evaluated plaintiff’s subjective 2 complaints; (2) whether the ALJ properly evaluated the opinion of consultative 3 examiner Editha Uy, M.D.; (3) whether the vocational evidence is incomplete or 4 contradictory; and (4) whether the ALJ properly considered third-party evidence. 5 Memorandum in Support of Plaintiff’s Complaint (“P. Mem.”) at 1-19; see 6 Memorandum in Support of Defendant’s Answer (“D. Mem.”) at 3-16. 7 Having carefully studied the parties’ memoranda, the Administrative Record 8 (“AR”), and the decision of the ALJ, the court concludes that, as detailed herein, 9 the ALJ erred in failing to properly consider plaintiff’s testimony, third-party 10 witness testimony, and the opinion of Dr. Uy. The court therefore remands this 11 matter to the Commissioner in accordance with the principles and instructions 12 enunciated in this Memorandum Opinion and Order. 13 II. 14 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 15 Plaintiff, who was 57 years old on the alleged disability onset date, has a 16 high school education. AR at 71, 187. Plaintiff has past relevant work as a billing 17 clerk and as a collections agent. AR at 30, 65. 18 On December 15, 2016, plaintiff filed an application for DIB, alleging she 19 became disabled on October 28, 2016 due to generalized anxiety disorder, 20 degenerative disc disease with disc herniation in the lower back, fibromyalgia, 21 hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus, major depressive disorder, and problems in 22 both legs. AR at 71-72. The agency denied the application initially and on 23 reconsideration. AR at 71-82, 84-94. On February 5, 2019, plaintiff appeared with 24 a non-attorney representative and testified at a hearing before the ALJ. AR at 41- 25 65. The ALJ also heard testimony from Joseph Torres, a vocational expert. Id. at 26 64-69. On March 22, 2019, the ALJ issued a decision denying plaintiff’s claim. 27 AR at 19-31. 28 2 Case 8:20-cv-02321-SP Document 24 Filed 09/27/22 Page 3 of 21 Page ID #:1828

1 Applying the well-known five-step sequential evaluation process, the ALJ 2 found at step one that plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful activity since 3 her alleged onset date of October 28, 2016. AR at 21. 4 At step two, the ALJ found plaintiff suffered from the severe impairments of 5 obesity and lumbar spine degenerative disc disease. AR at 21. 6 At step three, the ALJ found plaintiff’s impairments, whether individually or 7 in combination, did not meet or medically equal one of the listed impairments set 8 forth in 20 C.F.R. part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1. AR at 26. 9 The ALJ then assessed plaintiff’s residual functional capacity (“RFC”),1 and 10 determined plaintiff had the RFC to perform light work, with the limitations that 11 she: can lift, carry, push, or pull up to 20 pounds occasionally and 10 pounds 12 frequently; can stand or walk for about two hours in an eight-hour day, and 13 requires a handheld assistive device for ambulation; can sit for about six hours in 14 an eight-hour day; can occasionally push and pull with the bilateral lower 15 extremities; can occasionally climb ramps and stairs; cannot climb ladders, ropes, 16 or scaffolds; and can occasionally balance, stoop, kneel, crouch, and crawl. AR at 17 26. 18 The ALJ found at step four that plaintiff was able to perform her past 19 relevant work as a billing clerk. AR at 30. Consequently, the ALJ concluded 20 plaintiff did not suffer from a disability as defined by the Social Security Act. AR 21 at 31. 22 Plaintiff filed a timely request for review of the ALJ’s decision, which the 23 24 1 Residual functional capacity is what a claimant can do despite existing 25 exertional and nonexertional limitations. Cooper v. Sullivan, 880 F.2d 1152, 1155- 26 56 n.5-7 (9th Cir. 1989). “Between steps three and four of the five-step evaluation, the ALJ must proceed to an intermediate step in which the ALJ assesses the 27 claimant’s residual functional capacity.” Massachi v. Astrue, 486 F.3d 1149, 1151 28 n.2 (9th Cir. 2007). 3 Case 8:20-cv-02321-SP Document 24 Filed 09/27/22 Page 4 of 21 Page ID #:1829

1 Appeals Council denied. AR at 5-10. The ALJ’s decision stands as the final 2 decision of the Commissioner. 3 III. 4 STANDARD OF REVIEW 5 This court is empowered to review decisions by the Commissioner to deny 6 benefits. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). The findings and decision of the Social Security 7 Administration must be upheld if they are free of legal error and supported by 8 substantial evidence. Mayes v. Massanari, 276 F.3d 453, 458-59 (9th Cir. 2001) 9 (as amended). But if the court determines the ALJ’s findings are based on legal 10 error or are not supported by substantial evidence in the record, the court may 11 reject the findings and set aside the decision to deny benefits. Aukland v. 12 Massanari, 257 F.3d 1033, 1035 (9th Cir. 2001); Tonapetyan v. Halter, 242 F.3d 13 1144, 1147 (9th Cir. 2001). 14 “Substantial evidence is more than a mere scintilla, but less than a 15 preponderance.” Aukland, 257 F.3d at 1035. Substantial evidence is such 16 “relevant evidence which a reasonable person might accept as adequate to support 17 a conclusion.” Reddick v. Chater, 157 F.3d 715, 720 (9th Cir. 1998); Mayes, 276 18 F.3d at 459. To determine whether substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s 19 finding, the reviewing court must review the administrative record as a whole, 20 “weighing both the evidence that supports and the evidence that detracts from the 21 ALJ’s conclusion.” Mayes, 276 F.3d at 459. The ALJ’s decision “‘cannot be 22 affirmed simply by isolating a specific quantum of supporting evidence.’” 23 Aukland, 257 F.3d at 1035 (quoting Sousa v. Callahan, 143 F.3d 1240, 1243 (9th 24 Cir. 1998)). If the evidence can reasonably support either affirming or reversing 25 the ALJ’s decision, the reviewing court “‘may not substitute its judgment for that 26 of the ALJ.’” Id. (quoting Matney v. Sullivan, 981 F.2d 1016, 1018 (9th Cir. 27 1992)). 28 4 Case 8:20-cv-02321-SP Document 24 Filed 09/27/22 Page 5 of 21 Page ID #:1830

1 IV. 2 DISCUSSION 3 A. The ALJ Failed to Properly Consider Plaintiff’s Symptom Testimony 4 Plaintiff argues the ALJ failed to articulate clear and convincing reasons for 5 discounting her testimony regarding the limiting effects of her physical 6 impairments. P. Mem. at 1-8. 7 1. Legal Standard 8 The court looks to Social Security Ruling (“SSR”) 16-3p for guidance on 9 evaluating plaintiff’s alleged symptoms. SSR 16-3p rescinded and superseded 10 SSR 96-7p and applies to decisions made on or after March 28, 2016. SSR 16-3p, 11 2017 WL 5180304, at *1 (Oct. 25, 2017). “Although SSRs do not have the same 12 force and effect as statutes or regulations, they are binding on all components of 13 the Social Security Administration.” Id. (citing 20 C.F.R. § 402.35(b)(1)). 14 In adopting SSR 16-3p, the Social Security Administration (“SSA”) sought 15 to “clarify that subjective symptom evaluation is not an examination of an 16 individual’s character.” Id. at *2. 17 [SSR 16-3p] makes clear what our precedent already required: that 18 assessments of an individual’s testimony by an ALJ are designed to 19 evaluate the intensity and persistence of symptoms after the ALJ finds 20 that the individual has a medically determinable impairment(s) that 21 could reasonably be expected to produce those symptoms, and not to 22 delve into wide-ranging scrutiny of the claimant’s character and 23 apparent truthfulness. 24 Trevizo v. Berryhill, 871 F.3d 664, 678 n.5 (9th Cir. 2017) (cleaned up). 25 To evaluate a claimant’s symptom testimony, the ALJ engages in a two-step 26 analysis. Christine G. v. Saul, 402 F. Supp. 3d 913, 921 (C.D. Cal. 2019) (quoting 27 Trevizo, 871 F.3d at 678). First, the ALJ must determine whether the claimant 28 5 Case 8:20-cv-02321-SP Document 24 Filed 09/27/22 Page 6 of 21 Page ID #:1831

1 produced objective medical evidence of an underlying impairment that could 2 reasonably be expected to produce the symptoms alleged. Id. Second, if the 3 claimant satisfies the first step, and there is no evidence of malingering, the ALJ 4 must evaluate the intensity and persistence of the claimant’s symptoms and 5 determine the extent to which they limit her ability to perform work-related 6 activities. Id. 7 In assessing intensity and persistence, the ALJ may consider: a claimant’s 8 daily activities; the location, duration, frequency, and intensity of the symptoms; 9 precipitating and aggravating factors; the type, dosage, effectiveness, and side 10 effects of medication taken to alleviate the symptoms; other treatment received; 11 other measures used to relieve the symptoms; and other factors concerning the 12 claimant’s functional limitations and restrictions due to the symptoms. Id. (citing 13 20 C.F.R. § 416.929; SSR 16-3p, 2017 WL 5180304, at *4; Smolen v. Chater, 80 14 F.3d 1273, 1283-84 & n.8 (9th Cir. 1996)). To reject the claimant’s subjective 15 symptom statements at step two, the ALJ must provide “specific, clear, and 16 convincing” reasons, supported by substantial evidence in the record, for doing so. 17 Id. at 921, 929. 18 2. Plaintiff’s Subjective Symptom Testimony 19 The ALJ summarized plaintiff’s testimony as follows. AR at 27. At the 20 hearing, plaintiff testified she had fibromyalgia, which makes her joints swell. AR 21 at 51. She used a walker after her laminectomy in 2013. AR at 53. Plaintiff has 22 been using a wheelchair since the summer of 2016, when she was hospitalized for 23 pneumonia. AR at 51-52. Plaintiff underwent a trial procedure with a temporary 24 spinal cord stimulator, which provided some relief, but she ultimately decided not 25 to get a permanent one because it was not as effective. AR at 54-56. Plaintiff 26 testified she has shooting pain in the back when she sits. AR at 60. This pain 27 sometimes goes down from her neck to her back and down to her legs. Id. Her 28 6 Case 8:20-cv-02321-SP Document 24 Filed 09/27/22 Page 7 of 21 Page ID #:1832

1 neck sometimes feels like her head cannot sit on the neck, and it is very painful. 2 Id. Additionally, she has to sit down when brushing her teeth. AR at 60. 3 In her memorandum, plaintiff highlighted additional parts of her hearing 4 testimony. She testified she could stand for five to ten minutes at most. AR at 44. 5 At work, she would do faxing while sitting on the seat of her walker because her 6 legs would get wobbly. AR at 45. This first became necessary after her surgery in 7 2013, and little by little she was getting worse. AR at 45-46. Plaintiff described 8 some of her treatment prior to surgery, and indicated that things were worse after 9 surgery, but that nothing more could be done related to her leg issue. AR at 46. 10 She also had kidney failure and underwent dialysis. AR at 46. She stated that 11 while working it was apparent to her co-worker that she was suffering from 12 significant pain. AR at 47. She initially used a cane, then transitioned to a walker, 13 and later to a wheelchair after she was out of work. AR at 47. She stopped 14 working because of disabling symptoms, but she was later able to return back to 15 work with a different employer because she was eventually put on a medication 16 regimen that helped her symptoms. AR at 50-51. In 2016 she started using a 17 wheelchair that she obtained from a medical provider for balance issues, precaution 18 issues, and because she had fallen. AR at 52. 19 Plaintiff testified she generally does not leave the house without the 20 wheelchair. AR at 52. She has issues with navigating stairs, but the medication 21 she takes for swelling helps but must be taken sparingly because of kidney issues. 22 AR at 52-53. She confirmed that she used a wheelchair to see one consultative 23 examiner and a walker for the next one about an hour later, since the second 24 examination was just a few feet away and did not necessitate the wheelchair. AR 25 at 53-54. 26 At work, plaintiff’s performance suffered because of her disabilities. AR at 27 59. When she was employed, her husband drove her to and from work. AR at 59. 28 7 Case 8:20-cv-02321-SP Document 24 Filed 09/27/22 Page 8 of 21 Page ID #:1833

1 Plaintiff testified that while sitting she gets shooting pains that get worse over time. 2 AR at 60. She can only stand about ten minutes. Id. Her husband installed a chair 3 and handrails in the bathroom because she had fallen. Id. She reported a time 4 when her mother found her passed out. Id. She testified that rest helped her pain. 5 AR at 63. She testified that she lacked a quality of life, and though she loved to 6 work, she now mostly stays in bed for fear of falling. AR at 63. While plaintiff 7 attempts to engage in some household chores, her husband does most of them. Id. 8 She described issues with standing and bending. AR at 63-64. Plaintiff testified 9 that performing her billing clerk job required lifting in excess of 25 pounds. AR at 10 64-65. 11 3. The ALJ’s Findings 12 At the first step for evaluating a claimant’s symptom testimony, the ALJ 13 found plaintiff’s medically determinable impairments could reasonably be 14 expected to cause the symptoms alleged. AR at 27. At the second step, the ALJ 15 partially discounted plaintiff’s testimony concerning the intensity, persistence, and 16 limiting effects of her symptoms as not entirely consistent with the medical 17 evidence and other evidence in the record. Id. Because plaintiff cleared step one 18 and the ALJ found no evidence of malingering, the ALJ’s reasons for discounting 19 plaintiff’s testimony had to be specific, clear, convincing, and supported by 20 substantial evidence. 21 The ALJ’s discussion of plaintiff’s symptom testimony begins with a 22 summary of her statements at the hearing. AR at 27. The ALJ then explains that 23 her symptom testimony is not “entirely consistent with the medical evidence and 24 other evidence in the record for the reasons explained in this decision.” Id. The 25 ALJ goes on to summarize the evidence that she interpreted as restricting plaintiff 26 to a reduced range of light exertion, including significant reductions in standing 27 and walking. AR at 24-27. 28 8 Case 8:20-cv-02321-SP Document 24 Filed 09/27/22 Page 9 of 21 Page ID #:1834

1 a. Review of the Medical Record 2 The ALJ began by summarizing plaintiff’s objective medical history, which 3 revealed a significant history of chronic low back pain secondary to lumbar canal 4 stenosis and radiculopathy. AR at 27. She first had lumbar laminectomy surgery 5 in October 2013, which did not resolve her pain. A lumbar spine MRI done in 6 August 2015 revealed mild levoscoliosis, status post laminectomy from L2-Sl, 7 multilevel disc disease from L2 to L5, moderate to severe bilateral foraminal 8 stenosis at L2-3, and moderate to severe bilateral neural foraminal narrowing at 9 L3-4 and L4-5. AR at 27 (citing AR at 1541-42). In March 2016, lumbar spine x- 10 rays revealed multilevel degenerative changes and mild levoscoliosis. AR at 27 11 (citing AR at 326, 1540). 12 Treatment notes from Arthur Zepeda, M.D., reveal plaintiff’s pain 13 management treatment consisted of multiple medications and patches. AR at 27 14 (citing AR at 303-60; 475-636; 1399-1698). Although Dr. Zepeda’s notes also 15 reflected improvement with medications (see, e.g., AR at 1417, 1422, 1433, 16 1449,1467, 1472, 1502), examinations showed decreased sensation, tenderness to 17 palpation, an antalgic gait with the use of a cane or walker, and intact motor 18 function. Moreover, despite plaintiff rating her pain as high as 9 out of 10, the 19 doctor found her in no acute distress in almost every visit. AR at 27 (citing AR 20 at1417, 1421, 1432,1448, 1466, 1471, 1481, 1492, 94, 1502). 21 In May 2016, Dr. Zepeda placed a temporary spinal cord stimulator in 22 plaintiff’s lumbar spine. AR at 420-421. Thereafter, plaintiff reported 50-60% 23 relief, indicating she was able to stand longer, which allowed her to better maintain 24 general activities of daily living and sit comfortably for longer periods of time. Id. 25 Most importantly, she stated the device allowed her to sleep at night (8 hours 26 versus 20 minutes). Id. 27 On October 27, 2016, plaintiff indicated she had constant pain in the lower 28 9 Case 8:20-cv-02321-SP Document 24 Filed 09/27/22 Page 10 of 21 Page ID #:1835

1 back and leg. AR at 1539. An examination revealed she had a wide base and 2 unsteady gait. Id. Plaintiff had normal Patrick’s and Gaenslen’s tests, although her 3 lumbar spine range of motion was limited with pain. Id. No palpable trigger 4 points were identified in the muscles of the low back, and her strength and tone 5 were normal. Id. Deep tendon reflexes were 1 + at the bilateral biceps, triceps, 6 patellar and trace bilateral Achilles tendons. Motor strength was registered at 5/5 7 at the bilateral upper and 4/5 bilateral lower extremity flexors and extensors. 8 Straight leg raising was negative at 70 degrees on the left and negative at 70 9 degrees on the right. Sensation was normal at bilateral upper and lower 10 extremities. Id. At an examination on March 20, 2017, plaintiff had normal gait, 11 muscle tone and strength, and sensation intact to touch. AR at 480. 12 In April 2017, Edith Uy, M.D., a consultative examiner, conducted a 13 medical examination of plaintiff. AR at 468-474. Plaintiff presented in a 14 wheelchair and refused to stand, but stated she could also use a walker. Id. 15 Plaintiff was able to generate 10 pounds of force using the right hand and 10 16 pounds of force using the left hand using the Jamar Hand Dynamometer. Id. Her 17 range of motion was grossly within normal limits in all joints. Id. No objective 18 findings were noted for the plaintiff’s back, gait, or balance. Id. Dr. Uy noted 19 difficulties with examining her back because she was in a wheelchair and did not 20 want to stand. Id. Her motor strength was documented at 5/5 throughout without 21 focal motor deficits. Deep tendon reflexes are 1 + and symmetrical throughout. 22 Id. 23 Dr. Uy opined that plaintiff had chronic fatigue and fibromyalgia; herniated 24 disc, spinal stenosis, and chronic pain syndrome; diabetes mellitus, apparently 25 resolved; hypertension, on medication; and anxiety/depression. Dr. Uy indicated 26 plaintiff could lift and carry 20 pounds frequently and 10 pounds occasionally, and 27 in an eight-hour work day she could stand and walk two hours and sit six hours. 28 10 Case 8:20-cv-02321-SP Document 24 Filed 09/27/22 Page 11 of 21 Page ID #:1836

1 Dr. Uy noted that plaintiff needed a walker for balance and support for short and 2 long distance ambulation, but could walk on uneven terrain. Plaintiff could 3 occasionally bend, stoop, kneel, and crawl. She should not climb ladders or work 4 at heights, with no impairment in hand use, hearing, and seeing (Exhibit 4F/6-7). 5 b. Reasons Given for Discounting Plaintiff’s Testimony 6 The ALJ gave three main reasons for finding plaintiff’s testimony only 7 partially persuasive: (1) it was not entirely consistent with the objective medical 8 evidence; (2) her condition frequently improved with conservative treatment; and 9 (3) her allegations are inconsistent with her activities of daily living. AR at 28-29. 10 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ’s mere summary of plaintiff’s medical records 11 is not sufficient to discredit her testimony, indicating that “the credibility 12 discussion must be sufficiently tailored to a credibility analysis.” P. Mem. at 5. In 13 finding plaintiff’s testimony “only partially persuasive,” the ALJ indicated that 14 “the objective medical evidence and [plaintiff’s] treatment history are not entirely 15 consistent with her allegations regarding the severity of her functional limitations.” 16 AR at 28. While the ALJ’s analysis could have been more explicit, the court finds 17 that, on balance, the ALJ’s juxtaposition of plaintiff’s testimony with the 18 inconsistent medical evidence is sufficiently clear for the court to evaluate. See 19 Lambert v. Saul, 980 F.3d 1266, 1277 (9th Cir. 2020) (ALJs are not required to 20 “perform a line-by-line exegesis of the claimant’s testimony, nor do [the 21 regulations] require ALJs to draft dissertations when denying benefits” (citation 22 omitted)). 23 Nonetheless, the court does not find that the objective medical evidence 24 provides a sufficient basis to discount plaintiff’s testimony. The ALJ particularly 25 cites to one instance from March of 2016, six months prior to her alleged disability 26 onset date, where despite plaintiff’s reports of increasing pain in the bilateral legs, 27 electrodiagnostic studies of the bilateral lower extremities were normal and there 28 11 Case 8:20-cv-02321-SP Document 24 Filed 09/27/22 Page 12 of 21 Page ID #:1837

1 was no electrophysiological evidence of lumbosacral radiculopathy, focal or 2 generalized neuropathy. AR at 29 (citing AR at 1705-06). The ALJ does not 3 explain how this one study of plaintiff’s nerve functioning contradicts her 4 testimony about the ongoing intensity, persistence, and limiting side effects of her 5 symptoms. As recounted above, the ALJ also pointed to several other instances of 6 normal test results within the relevant period. But even assuming the 7 electrodiagnostic studies and other medical evidence do not support plaintiff’s 8 symptom testimony, on its own the objective medical evidence does not provide a 9 clear and convincing reason to discount plaintiff’s credibility. Burch v. Barnhart, 10 400 F.3d 676, 680 (9th Cir. 2005); Bunnell v. Sullivan, 947 F.2d 341, 345 (9th Cir. 11 1991). 12 A second and related reason given by the ALJ was that plaintiff’s treatment 13 providers frequently indicated her pain improved with conservative measures of 14 medications, physical therapy, and pain patches. AR at 28 (citing 1417, 1502, 15 1703). Although records showing improvement can undermine testimony 16 regarding debilitating pain symptoms, the records cited by the ALJ do not. See 17 Wellington v. Berryhill, 878 F.3d 867, 876 (9th Cir. 2017) (“evidence of medical 18 treatment successfully relieving symptoms can undermine a claim of disability”). 19 The ALJ pointed to several portions of the treatment notes that describe some 20 improved pain control with medication and as a result of the temporary spinal cord 21 stimulator trial conducted in May 2016. AR at 1417, 1502, 1703-04. But the 22 treatment records must be viewed in light of the overall diagnostic record. 23 Holohan v. Massanari, 246 F.3d 1195, 1205 (9th Cir. 2001). When read as a 24 whole, plaintiff’s treatment notes consistently reveal that despite some occasional 25 signs of improvement resulting from the positive spinal cord stimulator trial, 26 plaintiff continued to suffer from debilitating pain because of her moderate to 27 severe stenosis. AR at 233, 326, 352. 28 12 Case 8:20-cv-02321-SP Document 24 Filed 09/27/22 Page 13 of 21 Page ID #:1838

1 Finally, the ALJ discounted plaintiff’s testimony based on her daily 2 activities. The ALJ explained that despite plaintiff’s allegations of debilitating 3 physical and mental problems, plaintiff “remained relatively active, managing her 4 own finances, completing activities of daily living independently.” AR at 29. In 5 April 2017, she reported adequate self-care skills, doing light household chores, 6 running errands, shopping, cooking, and driving a car by herself.” AR at 29 (citing 7 AR at 465). Engaging in daily activities that are incompatible with the severity of 8 symptoms alleged can support an adverse credibility determination. See, e.g., Orn 9 v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 639 (9th Cir. 2007); Batson v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. 10 Admin., 359 F.3d 1190, 1197 (9th Cir. 2004). But here, the activities included 11 completing basic chores, sometimes with the help of her husband. The court does 12 not see how these activities may contradict plaintiff’s testimony. “[I]f a claimant 13 engages in numerous daily activities involving skills that could be transferred to 14 the workplace, the ALJ may discredit the claimant’s allegations upon making 15 specific findings relating to those activities.” Burch, 400 F.3d at 681 (citations 16 omitted). There is no indication here that the limited activities plaintiff engaged in, 17 often with the help of her husband, either comprised a “substantial” portion of her 18 day, or were “transferrable” to a work environment. See Fair v. Bowen , 884 F.2d 19 597, 603 (1989) (a claimant does not need to be “utterly incapacitated”). Thus, this 20 was not a convincing reason to discount her symptom testimony. 21 In sum, the ALJ failed to provide sufficient clear and convincing reasons for 22 discounting plaintiff’s symptom testimony. 23 B. The ALJ Failed to Properly Consider Third-Party Evidence 24 Plaintiff separately argues the ALJ failed to properly consider third-party 25 witness testimony. P. Mem. at 9-10. This included statements by plaintiff’s 26 friends, relatives, and coworker, which the ALJ asserts, and the parties agree, was 27 essentially consistent with plaintiff’s testimony. See AR at 30. 28 13 Case 8:20-cv-02321-SP Document 24 Filed 09/27/22 Page 14 of 21 Page ID #:1839

1 “[L]ay testimony as to a claimant’s symptoms or how an impairment affects 2 ability to work is competent evidence and therefore cannot be disregarded without 3 comment.” Stout v. Comm’r, 454 F.3d 1050, 1053 (9th Cir. 2006) (cleaned up); 4 see Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1288; see also 20 C.F.R.§§ 404.1513(d)(4), 416.913(d)(4) 5 (explaining that the Commissioner will consider all evidence from “non-medical 6 sources[,]” including “spouses, parents and other caregivers, siblings, other 7 relatives, friends, neighbors, and clergy”). The ALJ may only discount the 8 testimony of lay witnesses if he provides specific “reasons that are germane to each 9 witness.” Dodrill v. Shalala, 12 F.3d 915, 919 (9th Cir. 1993); see Lewis v. Apfel, 10 236 F.3d 503, 511 (9th Cir. 2001) (“Lay testimony as to a claimant’s symptoms is 11 competent evidence that an ALJ must take into account, unless he or she expressly 12 determines to disregard such testimony and give reasons germane to each witness 13 for doing so.”). 14 The ALJ gave two reason for discounting the third-party witness testimony 15 here. First, she found it was not supported by the medical evidence. An ALJ may 16 reject lay testimony if it is inconsistent with medical evidence, but not if it is 17 simply unsupported by medical evidence. Compare Lewis, 236 F.3d at 511 (“One 18 reason for which an ALJ may discount lay testimony is that it conflicts with 19 medical evidence.”) (citing Vincent v. Heckler, 739 F.2d 1393, 1395 (9th Cir. 20 1984) with Diedrich v. Berryhill, 874 F.3d 634, 640 (9th Cir. 2017) (a lack of 21 support from the medical evidence is not a proper basis for disregarding lay 22 observations); Bruce v. Astrue, 577 F.3d 1113, 1116 (9th Cir. 2009) (same). In 23 finding that a lack of support from medical evidence is not a germane reason to 24 discount lay testimony, the Ninth Circuit notes that the “fact that lay testimony . . . 25 may offer a different perspective than medical records alone is precisely why such 26 evidence is valuable at a hearing.” Diedrich, 874 F.3d at 640 (citing Smolen, 80 27 F.3d at 1289). As discussed above with respect to plaintiff’s testimony, testimony 28 14 Case 8:20-cv-02321-SP Document 24 Filed 09/27/22 Page 15 of 21 Page ID #:1840

1 regarding plaintiff’s symptoms may not be fully supported by the objective 2 medical evidence, but it the medical record is not inconsistent with her subjective 3 complaints. 4 The ALJ also found that, since the third-party witness testimony was 5 essentially the same as plaintiff’s testimony, it should be discounted for the same 6 reasons. Had the ALJ properly discounted plaintiff’s testimony, this would be a 7 germane reason to discount the lay testimony of others. See Valentine v. Comm’r 8 Soc. Sec. Admin., 574 F.3d 685, 694 (9th Cir. 2009) (finding ALJ’s rejection of lay 9 witness testimony, based in part on the same reasons for discounting the plaintiff’s 10 own allegations, constituted “germane reasons” for rejecting lay witness’s 11 testimony). In addition, “[w]here lay witness testimony does not describe any 12 limitations not already described by the claimant, and the ALJ’s well-supported 13 reasons for rejecting the claimant’s testimony apply equally well to the lay witness 14 testimony,” any error by the ALJ in discounting the lay witness testimony is 15 harmless. Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1115, 1117 (9th Cir. 2012). But here, the 16 court has already found that the ALJ erred in failing to provide sufficient clear and 17 convincing reasons to discount plaintiff’s testimony. 18 Accordingly, the ALJ erred in failing to provide a germane reason to 19 discount the testimony of the third-party witnesses. 20 C. The ALJ Failed to Properly Consider the Opinion of Consultative 21 Examiner Dr. Uy 22 Plaintiff next argues that “the ALJ failed to properly consider the opinion of 23 Dr. Uy, the consultative examiner, who provided the only examining opinion of 24 record.” P. Mem. at 9. 25 1. Legal Standard 26 To determine whether a claimant has a medically determinable impairment, 27 the ALJ considers different types of evidence, including medical evidence. 20 28 15 Case 8:20-cv-02321-SP Document 24 Filed 09/27/22 Page 16 of 21 Page ID #:1841

1 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(b), 416.927(b).2 The regulations distinguish among three 2 types of physicians: (1) treating physicians; (2) examining physicians; and (3) non- 3 examining physicians. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(c), (e), 416.927(c), (e); Lester v. 4 Chater, 81 F.3d 821, 830 (9th Cir. 1996) (as amended). “Generally, a treating 5 physician’s opinion carries more weight than an examining physician’s, and an 6 examining physician’s opinion carries more weight than a reviewing physician’s.” 7 Holohan v. Massanari, 246 F.3d 1195, 1202 (9th Cir. 2001); 20 C.F.R. 8 §§ 404.1527(c)(1)-(2), 416.027(c)(1)-(2). 9 The ALJ is not bound by the opinion of an examining physician. Lester, 81 10 F.3d at 830. If an examining physician’s opinion is uncontradicted, the ALJ must 11 provide clear and convincing reasons for giving it less weight. Id. (citation 12 omitted). If the opinion is contradicted by other opinions, the ALJ must provide 13 specific and legitimate reasons, supported by substantial evidence, to discount it. 14 Id. at 830-31 (citation omitted). The opinion of a non-examining source alone is 15 not substantial evidence to discount an examining opinion. Id. at 831 (citations 16 omitted). Additionally, the opinions of a specialist about medical issues related to 17 his or her area of expertise are entitled to more weight than the opinions of a non- 18 specialist. Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1285 (citations omitted). 19 2. Dr. Uy’s Examining Opinion 20 On April 10, 2017, Dr. Editha B. Uy conducted a consultative examination 21 at the request of the SSA. AR at 469-74. The exam showed plaintiff was in no 22 acute distress, with full range of motion of the neck and extremities, full strength, 23 intact neurologic function, and no pain or tenderness noted. AR at 471-73. Dr. Uy 24 found that plaintiff could lift and carry 10 pounds frequently and 20 pounds 25 26 2 The SSA issued new regulations effective March 27, 2017. All regulations 27 cited in this section are effective for claims filed prior to March 27, 2017. See 20 28 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(b), 416.927(b). 16 Case 8:20-cv-02321-SP Document 24 Filed 09/27/22 Page 17 of 21 Page ID #:1842

1 occasionally. AR at 473. Dr. Uy found that plaintiff could stand and walk two 2 hours out of eight hours, and she “needs a walker for balance and support for short 3 and long-distance ambulation.” AR at 473. Dr. Uy reported that plaintiff “is able 4 to walk on uneven terrain but should not climb ladders or work at heights.” AR at 5 474. Dr. Uy noted that plaintiff’s back was difficult to examine because she was in 6 a wheelchair. AR at 472. 7 3. The ALJ’s Findings 8 The ALJ partially discounted Dr. Uy’s opinion, accepting most of the opined 9 limitations but giving little weight to the doctor’s opinion regarding plaintiff’s 10 need for a walker for ambulation. AR at 29. The ALJ found this opinion was 11 “inconsistent with the finding that plaintiff could walk on uneven terrain and with 12 the other objective evidence of record.” AR at 29. The ALJ noted that Dr. Uy did 13 not examine plaintiff’s back or review any medical records. Id. Although the 14 doctor noted that plaintiff was in a wheelchair and stated that she did not want to 15 stand, the ALJ opined that she could also use a walker since plaintiff was using a 16 walker an hour later when she presented to the psychiatric consultative examiner. 17 Id. The ALJ concluded that Dr. Uy based her opinion solely on plaintiff’s 18 statements because she did not observe plaintiff standing or walking, and did not 19 examine her back. Id. The ALJ also discounted Dr. Uy’s opinion because 20 plaintiff’s treatment notes from outpatient visits reflected that plaintiff sometimes 21 had normal gait. Id. (citing AR at 480, 1418, 1567). 22 As a preliminary matter, the ALJ commented that Dr. Uy appeared to have 23 provided her opinion solely based on plaintiff’s statements. AR at 29. To the 24 extent the ALJ held that against the opinion, that part of the ALJ’s reasoning was 25 devoid of substantial evidence. See Alicia B. v. Berryhill, 2019 WL 1081208, at *9 26 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 7, 2019) (“An ALJ may not reject a treating physician’s opinion 27 based on mere speculation concerning the basis for the physician’s opinion.” 28 17 Case 8:20-cv-02321-SP Document 24 Filed 09/27/22 Page 18 of 21 Page ID #:1843

1 (citing Lester v. Chater, 81 F.3d 821, 832 (9th Cir. 1995))). Moreover, Dr. Uy’s 2 report states that while she examined plaintiff she also reviewed all medical 3 records, although “[t]he back was difficult to examine because [plaintiff] was in a 4 wheelchair.” AR at 472-73. Accordingly, Dr. Uy provided her opinion at least 5 based on her review of the medical record and the examination of plaintiff 6 including plaintiff’s statements. 7 Plaintiff mainly argues that the ALJ’s rejection of Dr. Uy’s opinion that 8 plaintiff needs a walker for ambulation is not supported by the objective evidence 9 in the record. P. Mem. at 11-14. Plaintiff contends the ALJ erroneously relied on 10 three pages of the record that noted plaintiff had normal gait. Id. The first page 11 cited by the ALJ indeed has a notation that plaintiff had normal gait. AR at 480. 12 The second page lacks any discussion of plaintiff’s gait (AR at 1418), and as 13 plaintiff correctly points out, this page is part of a report that documented plaintiff 14 sitting in a wheelchair (AR at 1421). The third page the ALJ cited states “normal 15 gait with walker.” AR at 1567. Plaintiff argues that in rejecting Dr. Uy’s opinion, 16 the ALJ ignored the overwhelming evidence in the record supporting the plaintiff’s 17 need for at least a walker. P. Mem. at 12-14. The court agrees. 18 Although the ALJ need not discuss all available evidence, it is error to fail to 19 explain “why significant, probative evidence has been rejected.” Howard v. 20 Barnhart, 341 F.3d 1006, 1012 (9th Cir.2003) (internal quotation marks omitted). 21 Here, plaintiff’s use of a walker and wheelchair was consistently documented from 22 early 2016 through late 2018. See, e.g., AR at 344, 350, 354, 364, 374, 404, 417, 23 425, 431, 436, 442, 448, 454, 485, 491, 506, 509, 512, 517, 539, 543, 556, 560. 24 Records from as early as 2016 document plaintiff’s unsteady gait, complaints of 25 being unable to stand, walk, or sit for prolonged periods, and her long term use of 26 opiate analgesic for the resulting pain. AR at 350, 354, 414, 417. Some of the 27 same records document normal gait with walker (AR at 374, 425, 442), as well as 28 18 Case 8:20-cv-02321-SP Document 24 Filed 09/27/22 Page 19 of 21 Page ID #:1844

1 normal gait presumably without a walker (AR at 480, 572, 647). See Lingenfelter, 2 504 F.3d at 1035 (“[The Court] must consider the entire record as a whole . . . and 3 may not affirm simply by isolating a specific quantum of supporting evidence.”). 4 Taken as a whole, substantial probative evidence in the record supports plaintiff’s 5 use of a walker, consistent with Dr. Uy’s opinion that plaintiff needed a walker for 6 short and long distance ambulation.3 7 The ALJ also appears to discount Dr. Uy’s opinion because it contradicts the 8 opinions of Dr. Chan and Dr. Scott, the State Agency medical consultants. AR at 9 29. Dr. Chan and Dr. Scott disagreed with Dr. Uy’s determination that a walker 10 was medically necessary and opined that plaintiff needed a cane to ambulate long 11 distance. AR at 71-95. The ALJ agreed with the State Agency consultants. AR at 12 29. But the State Agency consultants here generally relied on the same clinical 13 findings as Dr. Uy. See Stephens v. Berryhill, 2019 WL 6434346, at *1 (C.D. Cal. 14 Aug. 27, 2019) (if non-examining physician relied primarily on same clinical 15 findings as examining physician, the non-examining physician’s opinion cannot 16 constitute substantial evidence). The ALJ has the burden to provide specific and 17 legitimate reasons, supported by substantial evidence, to discount a contradicted 18 examining opinion. Lester, 81 F.3d at 830. Thus, if the ALJ seeks to rely on a 19 non-examining opinion to discount an examining one, he or she must show that the 20 non-examining physician did not rely on the same clinical evidence to reach a 21 different conclusion than the examining physician. The ALJ did not make this 22 showing, and so this reason was neither legitimate nor supported by substantial 23 evidence. 24 For all these reasons, the ALJ erred in discounting Dr. Uy’s opinion that 25 plaintiff required a walker to ambulate. Given the importance this error and the 26 27 3 The court does not opine as to whether plaintiff’s walker was medically 28 necessary. The ALJ should make this determination on remand. 19 Case 8:20-cv-02321-SP Document 24 Filed 09/27/22 Page 20 of 21 Page ID #:1845

1 others recounted above had on the formulation of plaintiff’s RFC, which in turn 2 directly affected the testimony of the vocational expert, the court does not reach the 3 final issue raised by plaintiff, that the vocational evidence was incomplete and 4 contradictory. 5 V. 6 REMAND IS APPROPRIATE 7 The decision whether to remand for further proceedings or reverse and 8 award benefits is within the discretion of the district court. McAllister v. Sullivan, 9 888 F.2d 599, 603 (9th Cir. 1989). Typically, in accordance with the “ordinary 10 remand rule,” the reviewing court will remand to the Commissioner for additional 11 investigation or explanation upon finding error by the ALJ. Treichler v. Comm’r, 12 775 F.3d 1090, 1099 (9th Cir. 2014). Nonetheless, it is appropriate for the court to 13 exercise its discretion to direct an immediate award of benefits where: “(1) the 14 record has been fully developed and further administrative proceedings would 15 serve no useful purpose; (2) the ALJ has failed to provide legally sufficient reasons 16 for rejecting evidence, whether claimant testimony or medical opinions; and (3) if 17 the improperly discredited evidence were credited as true, the ALJ would be 18 required to find the claimant disabled on remand.” Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 19 995, 1020 (9th Cir. 2014) (setting forth three-part credit-as-true standard for 20 remanding with instructions to calculate and award benefits). But where there are 21 outstanding issues that must be resolved before a determination can be made, or it 22 is not clear from the record that the ALJ would be required to find a plaintiff 23 disabled if all the evidence were properly evaluated, remand for further 24 proceedings is appropriate. Benecke v. Barnhart, 379 F.3d 587, 595-96 (9th Cir. 25 2004); Harman v. Apfel, 211 F.3d 1172, 1179-80 (9th Cir. 2000). In addition, the 26 court must “remand for further proceedings when, even though all conditions of 27 the credit-as-true rule are satisfied, an evaluation of the record as a whole creates 28 20 Case 8:20-cv-02321-SP Document 24 Filed 09/27/22 Page 21 of 21 Page ID #:1846

1 | serious doubt that a claimant is, in fact, disabled.” Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1021. 2 Here, remand is required because the ALJ failed to properly consider 3 | plaintiff's symptom testimony, the similar testimony of third-party witnesses, and 4 || one aspect of Dr. Uy’s medical opinion, and the ALJ must do so before a 5 || determination can be reached as to whether plaintiff is disabled. On remand, the 6 || ALJ shall reconsider plaintiff's subjective complaints and either credit her 7 || testimony or provide clear and convincing reasons supported by substantial 8 || evidence for rejecting it, and shall likewise reconsider the testimony of the lay 9 || witnesses and either credit it or provide a germane reason to reject it. The ALJ 10 || shall also reconsider Dr. Uy’s opinion, and either accept all of the opined 11 }| limitations or provide specific and legitimate reasons supported by substantial 12 || evidence for rejecting them. The ALJ shall then proceed through steps two, three, 13 || four, and five, reassessing plaintiff's RFC between steps three and four, to 14 || determine what work, if any, plaintiff was capable of performing. 15 VI. 16 CONCLUSION 17 IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED that Judgment shall be entered 18 || REVERSING the decision of the Commissioner denying benefits, and 19 | REMANDING the matter to the Commissioner for further administrative action 20 || consistent with this decision. 21 22 || DATED: September 27, 2022 RP 23 24 Cinited States Magistrate Judge 25 26 27 28 21