Case 2:21-cv-05837-ODW-MRW Document 63 Filed 03/27/23 Page 1 of 14 Page ID #:531

O 1

2 3 4 5 6 7

8 United States District Court 9 Central District of California

10

11 CARLOS VILA, Case № 2:21-cv-05837-ODW (MRWx)

12 Plaintiff,

ORDER GRANTING PLAINTIFF’S

13 v.

MOTION FOR PARTIAL

14 DEADLY DOLL, INC., SUMMARY JUDGMENT [46]

15 Defendant,

16

17 DEADLY DOLL, INC.,

18 Counterclaimant,

19 v.

20 CARLOS VILA,

21 Counter-Defendant.

22 23 I. INTRODUCTION 24 On July 20, 2021, Plaintiff and Counter-Defendant Carlos Vila brought this 25 copyright infringement action against Defendant and Counterclaimant Deadly Doll, 26 Inc. (Compl., ECF No. 1.) On September 3, 2021, Deadly Doll counterclaimed 27 against Vila. (See Countercl., ECF No. 15.) Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil 28 Procedure (“Rule”) 56, Vila now moves for partial summary judgment as to liability □□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□□ Document 63 Filed 03/27/23 Page 2 0f14 Page ID #:532

1 || on his claim for direct copyright infringement and for summary judgment as to Deadly 2 || Doll’s counterclaims. (Mot. Summ. J. (“Mot.” or “Motion’”), ECF No. 46.) For the 3 || reasons that follow, the Court GRANTS the Motion.! 4 II. BACKGROUND 5 As it must on a motion for summary judgment, the Court sets forth the facts and 6 || draws all reasonable inferences from those facts in the light most favorable to Deadly 7 || Doll, the non-moving party. Scott v. Harris, 550 U.S. 372, 378 (2007). 8 Deadly Doll is a clothing manufacturer that incorporates artwork, song lyrics, 9 | and other graphics into its clothing. (Countercl. {/ 6.) Deadly Doll owns the copyright 10 || in an image of a cartoon-style “Pin-Up” girl (“Artwork”). (Def.’s Statement Genuine 11 || Disput 12 er alist. (PI.’s Statement 13 | Undis] a cy 7, 2020, Vila took a 14 || photos □□ ats ‘Photograph”). (SUF 9.) 15 || In the 7 pane oll pants that feature the 16 || Artwo Ee. 9h are included below: 17 on aph: 18

*° □□ 21 oe _ 22 \ 23 ay ee 24 ae wt 25 26 || (Mot. 16.) 27 28 || | Having carefully considered the papers filed in connection with the Motion, the Court deemed the matter appropriate for decision without oral argument. Fed. R. Civ. P. 78; C.D. Cal. L.R. 7-15.

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1 On February 10, 2020, Vila observed the Photograph on Deadly Doll’s 2 Instagram account, which Deadly Doll posted without Vila’s permission. (SUF 19– 3 27, 30.) 4 On March 30, 2020, Vila applied to register the Photograph with the United 5 States Copyright Office (“USCO”). (SUF 10.) In Vila’s application to register the 6 Photograph, Vila did not indicate that the Photograph was derived from or included 7 the underlying Artwork. (SGD 48.) On May 5, 2020, Vila received the copyright 8 registration for the Photograph. (SUF 11.) Vila licensed the Photograph to the Daily 9 Mail, which published the Photograph in an article. (SUF 16.) 10 On July 20, 2021, Vila initiated this action against Deadly Doll, alleging a 11 single claim for infringement of Vila’s copyright in the Photograph. (Compl.) 12 On August 26, 2021, Deadly Doll applied to register the Artwork with the 13 USCO. (SUF 36.) Deadly Doll subsequently received the copyright registration for 14 the Artwork. (SGD 38.) 15 On September 3, 2021, Deadly Doll counterclaimed, alleging that Vila 16 infringed Deadly Doll’s copyright in the Artwork and seeking damages and a judicial 17 declaration clarifying the parties’ rights and obligations in relation to the Artwork and 18 the Photograph. (See Countercl. ¶¶ 12–19.) Vila filed a motion for judgment on the 19 pleadings against Deadly Doll’s counterclaims, which the Court denied. (Order Den. 20 Mot. J. Pleadings, ECF No. 39.) Vila now moves for partial summary judgment as to 21 liability on his sole claim for copyright infringement against Deadly Doll and for 22 summary judgment on Deadly Doll’s counterclaims. (Mot.) The Motion is fully 23 briefed. (Opp’n, ECF No. 49; Reply, ECF No. 51.) 24 III. EVIDENTIARY MATTERS 25 Pursuant to Rule 37(c)(1), Deadly Doll objects to Vila’s evidence that he 26 licensed the Photograph on the basis that he did not disclose this evidence in 27 discovery. (SGD 16.) Rule 37(c)(1) provides that, “[i]f a party fails to provide 28 information or identify a witness as required by Rule 26(a) or (e), the party is not

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1 allowed to use that information or witness to supply evidence on a motion . . . unless 2 the failure was substantially justified or is harmless.” 3 At the outset, the Court notes that Deadly Doll fails to comply with the Court’s 4 Order regarding the presentation of evidentiary objections. The Court requires 5 “[e]videntiary objections [to] be addressed in a separate memorandum to be filed with 6 the opposition or reply brief of the party.” (See Scheduling & Case Management 7 Order 8, ECF No. 25.) Here, Deadly Doll simply included its objections in its 8 Statement of Genuine Disputes. (SGD 16.) This provides a sufficient basis for the 9 Court to disregard Deadly Doll’s objections. 10 Additionally, Deadly Doll’s objection to Vila’s evidence that he licensed the 11 Photograph fails on its merits. Deadly Doll served an interrogatory that asked Vila to 12 “identify all persons to whom [Vila] licensed the [Photograph].” (Decl. Mark S. Lee 13 ISO Opp’n (“Lee Decl.”) Ex. 2 (“Pl.’s Resps. Def.’s Interrogs.”), ECF No. 49-3 14 (capitalization omitted).) Vila objected to the interrogatory, in part because it required 15 the production of sensitive information and the parties had not entered into a 16 protective order. (Id.) However, Vila agreed to “respond [to the interrogatory] upon 17 the entry of a [p]rotective [o]rder.” (Id.) The parties never entered into a protective 18 order. (See Reply 6.) 19 Vila argues that Deadly Doll never sought to enter a protective order and that 20 any failure to identify the persons to whom he licensed the Photograph is justified or 21 harmless. (Id. at 6–7.) Based on Vila’s agreement to respond to the interrogatory 22 upon the entry of a protective order and the fact that the parties never entered a 23 protective order, the Court finds Vila’s failure to provide any licensing information to 24 be justified. Deadly Doll could have made efforts to enter into a protective order to 25 obtain the information it sought from Vila in discovery, but Deadly Doll does not 26 argue it made any such effort. 27 In light of Deadly Doll’s apparent failure to pursue entry of a protective order 28 and Deadly Doll’s failure to comply with the Court’s requirements regarding the

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1 presentation of evidentiary objections, the Court OVERRULES Deadly Doll’s 2 objection. 3 IV. LEGAL STANDARD 4 A court “shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no 5 genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a 6 matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The burden of establishing the absence of a 7 genuine issue of material fact lies with the moving party, see Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 8 477 U.S. 317, 322–23 (1986), and the court must view the facts and draw reasonable 9 inferences in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Scott, 550 U.S. at 378; 10 Addisu v. Fred Meyer, Inc., 198 F.3d 1130, 1134 (9th Cir. 2000). A disputed fact is 11 “material” where the resolution of that fact might affect the outcome of the suit under 12 the governing law, and the dispute is “genuine” where “the evidence is such that a 13 reasonable jury could return a verdict for the nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty 14 Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). Though the Court may not weigh conflicting 15 evidence or make credibility determinations, there must be more than a mere scintilla 16 of contradictory evidence to survive summary judgment. Addisu, 198 F.3d 1134. 17 Once the moving party satisfies its initial burden, the nonmoving party cannot 18 simply rest on the pleadings or argue that any disagreement or “metaphysical doubt” 19 about a material issue of fact precludes summary judgment. See Celotex Corp. v. 20 Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322–23 (1986); Matsushita Elec. Indus. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 21 475 U.S. 574, 586 (1986); Cal. Architectural Bldg. Prods., Inc. v. Franciscan 22 Ceramics, Inc., 818 F.2d 1466, 1468 (9th Cir. 1987). A “non-moving party must 23 show that there are ‘genuine factual issues that properly can be resolved only by a 24 finder of fact because they may reasonably be resolved in favor of either party.’” Cal. 25 Architectural Bldg. Prods., 818 F.2d at 1468 (quoting Anderson, 477 U.S. at 250). 26 “[I]f the factual context makes the non-moving party’s claim implausible, that party 27 must come forward with more persuasive evidence than would otherwise be necessary 28 to show that there is a genuine issue for trial.” Id. (citing Matsushita Elec. Indus.,

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1 475 U.S. at 586–87). The court should grant summary judgment against a party who 2 fails to demonstrate facts sufficient to establish an element essential to his case when 3 that party will ultimately bear the burden of proof at trial. See Celotex, 477 U.S. 4 at 322. 5 V. DISCUSSION 6 Vila argues that he is entitled to partial summary judgment as to liability on his 7 claim for direct copyright infringement because he is the sole author of the 8 Photograph, which Deadly Doll posted on Instagram without his permission. (Mot. 6, 9 8–10.) Vila further argues that he is entitled to summary judgment on Deadly Doll’s 10 counterclaims because, among other reasons, the Photograph is not a derivative work 11 as a matter of law. (Id. at 6, 12–15.) 12 “Because a valid copyright is a precondition for a copyright owner to bring an 13 infringement action in court, the validity of a copyright registration is a pivotal 14 threshold question that a court must resolve before reaching any other issues.” 15 Unicolors, Inc. v. H&M Hennes & Mauritz, L.P., 52 F.4th 1054, 1064 (9th Cir. 2022). 16 A. Validity of Vila’s Copyright Registration 17 Under 17 U.S.C. § 410(c), “[a] certificate of registration made before or within 18 five years of first publication is prima facie evidence of the validity of the copyright.” 19 S.O.S., Inc. v. Payday, Inc., 886 F.2d 1081, 1085 (9th Cir. 1989) (citing 17 U.S.C. 20 § 410(c)). However, “[t]he presumptive validity of the certificate may be rebutted and 21 defeated on summary judgment.” Id. at 1086. 22 Here, it is undisputed that Vila took the Photograph on February 7, 2020. 23 (SUF 9.) On May 5, 2020, the USCO issued Vila a copyright registration for the 24 Photograph. (SUF 10–11.) Moreover, in a declaration dated October 18, 2022, Vila 25 states that he licensed the Photograph to the Daily Mail, who published the 26 Photograph in an article. (SUF 16; Decl. Carlos Vila ISO Mot. (“Vila Decl.”) ¶ 16, 27 ECF No. 46-3.) Although Vila does not identify the date on which the Daily Mail 28 published the Photograph, it necessarily occurred prior to the date Vila authored a

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1 declaration about it—October 18, 2022. This is less than five years after May 5, 2020, 2 the date the USCO issued the copyright registration for the Photograph. Thus, under 3 17 U.S.C. § 410(c), Vila establishes a rebuttable presumption of the validity of his 4 copyright in the Photograph. 5 Deadly Doll challenges the validity of Vila’s copyright registration by arguing 6 Vila failed to identify the Photograph as a derivative work and to disclose the Artwork 7 as a preexisting work in his copyright application. (Opp’n 11–13.) 8 “The effect of inaccurate information in a registration application on the 9 validity of the registration is governed by the safe-harbor provision, which is codified 10 at 17 U.S.C. § 411(b)(1).” Unicolors, 52 F.4th at 1064. “[A] party seeking to 11 invalidate a copyright registration under § 411(b) must demonstrate that (1) the 12 registrant submitted a registration application containing inaccuracies, (2) the 13 registrant knew that the application failed to comply with the requisite legal 14 requirements, and (3) the inaccuracies in question were material to the registration 15 decision by the Register of Copyrights.” Id. at 1067. If a court determines that a 16 registrant had knowledge of an inaccuracy in their application, the court then makes “a 17 statutorily mandated request to “the Register of Copyrights to advise the court whether 18 the inaccurate information, if known, would have caused the Register . . . to refuse 19 registration.” Id. at 1064. 20 1. Derivative Work 21 The Court first considers whether the Photograph is a derivative work. A 22 derivative work is “a work based upon one or more preexisting works,” which 23 includes “any . . . form in which a [preexisting] work may be recast, transformed, or 24 adapted.” 17 U.S.C. § 101. Importantly here, “in order to qualify as a ‘preexisting 25 work,’ the underlying work must be copyrightable.” Ets-Hokin v. Skyy Spirits, Inc., 26 225 F.3d 1068, 1078–80 (9th Cir. 2000). 27 In Ets-Hokin, the Ninth Circuit considered whether certain photographs of a 28 vodka bottle were derivative works. In doing so, the Court held that the underlying

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1 vodka bottle in the photographs was not copyrightable because it was a “useful 2 article.” Id. at 1080–82. A useful article is “an article having an intrinsic utilitarian 3 function that is not merely to portray the appearance of the article or to convey 4 information.” 17 U.S.C. § 101. Although useful articles themselves are not 5 copyrightable, a feature incorporated into a useful article is eligible for copyright 6 protection if it: 7 (1) can be perceived as a two- or three-dimensional work of art separate from the useful article, and (2) would qualify as a protectable 8 pictorial, graphic, or sculptural work, either on its own or fixed in 9 some other tangible medium of expression, if it were imagined 10 separately from the useful article into which it is incorporated. 11 Star Athletica, L.L.C. v. Varsity Brands, Inc., 580 U.S. 405, 409 (2017). Accordingly, 12 the Ninth Circuit in Ets-Hokin recognized that, although the photographed vodka 13 bottle was itself a useful article and therefore not copyrightable, the label on the bottle 14 could potentially be copyrightable. See 225 F.3d at 1081. However, the court 15 declined to decide whether the label on the vodka bottle was copyrightable, reasoning 16 that the photographs at issue were not derivative works in the first place. Id. The 17 court explained, “[b]ecause [the photographs were] shots of the bottle as a whole—a 18 useful article not subject to copyright protection—and not shots merely, or even 19 mainly, of its label, we hold that the bottle does not qualify as a ‘preexisting work’ 20 within the meaning of the Copyright Act.” Id. Under this framework, the court held 21 “the photos . . . of the bottle cannot be derivative works.” Id. (reversing district 22 court’s conclusion on summary judgment that photos of vodka bottle were derivative 23 works). 24 Applying Ets-Hokin to the undisputed facts before the Court, the Court finds 25 that the Photograph cannot be a derivative work. It is undisputed that the Photograph 26 features a model while she is crossing the street and wearing a pair of Deadly Doll 27 pants that incorporate the Artwork. (SUF 9, 15; SGD 47.) In addition, the pants are a 28 “useful article.” See Express, LLC v. Fetish Grp., Inc., 424 F. Supp. 2d 1211, 1224

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1 (C.D. Cal. 2006) (“As a general rule, items of clothing are not entitled to copyright 2 protection. This is because items of clothing are generally considered useful 3 articles . . . .” (citations omitted)). Like the photograph of the vodka bottle in Ets- 4 Hokin, the Photograph here features the pants “as a whole” and does not “merely, or 5 even mainly” feature the Artwork. See 225 F.3d at 1081. Indeed, the Photograph 6 mainly features a model crossing the street. (See SUF 9.) Accordingly, the Court 7 concludes that the pants do “not qualify as a ‘preexisting work’ within the meaning of 8 the Copyright Act,” and that the Photograph cannot be a derivative work. See Ets- 9 Hokin, 225 F.3d at 1081. 10 The fact that Deadly Doll has a copyright in the Artwork featured on the pants, 11 (see SGD 37–38), does not change this conclusion. The court in Ets-Hokin held that, 12 even if the label on the vodka bottle was copyrightable, the photograph of the bottle 13 could not be a derivative work. See 225 F.3d at 1081. The same is true here: even if 14 the Artwork on the pants is copyrighted, a photograph featuring the pants as a whole 15 cannot be a derivative work. Id. 16 2. Failure to Disclose 17 The Court next considers whether the copyright registration for the Photograph 18 is invalid because Vila failed to identify the Photograph as a derivative work and to 19 disclose the Artwork as a preexisting work in his copyright application. (Opp’n 11– 20 13.) 21 As described above, Deadly Doll contends Vila’s copyright application was 22 factually inaccurate because Vila failed to identify the Photograph as a derivative 23 work and to disclose the Artwork as a preexisting work. (Opp’n 11–13.) In sum, Vila 24 argues that this information was required under “Space 6” of the “Form VA Copyright 25 Application.” (Id. at 11.) The instructions for Space 6, titled “Derivative Work or 26 Compilation,” require a registrant to identify “the preexisting work that has been 27 recast, transformed, or adapted.” U.S. Copyright Office, Form VA Copyright 28 Application (2022), https://www.copyright.gov/forms/formva.pdf. However, a

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1 registrant is required to fill out this section of the application only if the work at issue 2 is a “‘changed version,’ ‘compilation,’ or ‘derivative work,’ and if it incorporates one 3 or more earlier works that have already been published or registered for copyright, or 4 that have fallen into the public domain.” Id. Here, as explained above, the Court 5 finds that the Photograph features the Deadly Doll pants as a whole, which do not 6 qualify as a preexisting work, and that Vila’s Photograph is not a derivative work as a 7 matter of law. (See supra Part V.A.1.) The parties do not contend that the Photograph 8 constitutes a “changed version” or “compilation.” Thus, Vila was not required to fill 9 out “Space 6” in his application, and he did not supply the USCO with factually 10 inaccurate information by failing to do so. 11 Accordingly, Deadly Doll fails to demonstrate that Vila submitted a registration 12 application containing an inaccuracy and that Vila’s copyright registration is invalid. 13 See Unicolors, 52 F.4th at 1067. Thus, the validity of Vila’s copyright is not a bar to 14 his infringement action against Deadly Doll. See id. at 1070. 15 B. Direct Copyright Infringement 16 Vila argues he is entitled to partial summary judgment as to liability on his 17 claim for direct copyright infringement. (Mot. 6.) 18 “To prove a claim of direct copyright infringement, a plaintiff must show that 19 he owns the copyright and that the defendant himself violated one or more of the 20 plaintiff’s exclusive rights under the Copyright Act.” Ellison v. Robertson, 357 F.3d 21 1072, 1076 (9th Cir. 2004). “In addition, direct infringement requires the plaintiff to 22 show causation (also referred to as ‘volitional conduct’) by the defendant.” 23 Perfect 10, Inc. v. Giganews, Inc., 847 F.3d 657, 666 (9th Cir. 2017). In the context of 24 a direct copyright infringement claim, “the word volition . . . does not really mean an 25 act of willing or choosing or an act of deciding;” rather, “it simply stands for the 26 unremarkable proposition that proximate causation historically underlines copyright 27 infringement liability no less than other torts.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted). 28

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1 1. Ownership 2 As discussed above, Vila demonstrates a valid copyright registration, and 3 Deadly Doll fails to point to any genuine factual dispute that might disturb Vila’s 4 showing. (See supra Part V.A.) Accordingly, Vila establishes ownership of the 5 copyright in the Photograph for the purpose of summary judgment. See S.O.S., 6 886 F.2d at 1085. 7 2. Copying 8 “The word ‘copying’ is shorthand for the infringing of any of the copyright 9 owner’s five exclusive rights, described at 17 U.S.C. § 106.” Id. at 1085 n.3. Those 10 exclusive rights include the right “to display the copyrighted work publicly.” 11 17 U.S.C. § 106(5). 12 Here, there is no material dispute that Deadly Doll copied Vila’s Photograph. It 13 is undisputed that “[Deadly Doll], through its president, . . . posted the Photograph to 14 [Deadly Doll’s Instagram account]” without Vila’s permission. (SUF 18–23, 27, 30). 15 It is also undisputed that “[Deadly Doll] did not alter the Photograph . . . prior to 16 posting it to” Deadly Doll’s Instagram account. (SUF 28.) Thus, Deadly Doll 17 “display[ed] the copyrighted work publicly.” 17 U.S.C. § 106(5). Moreover, Deadly 18 Doll’s conduct—selecting and posting the Photograph to its Instagram account—is 19 undisputedly volitional. See Bell v. Wilmott Storage Servs., LLC, 12 F.4th 1065, 1081 20 (9th Cir. 2021) (holding “one who ‘exercised control’ or ‘selected any material for 21 upload, download, transmission, or storage’ has acted volitionally” (quoting VHT, Inc. 22 v. Zillow Grp., Inc., 918 F.3d 723, 731 (9th Cir. 2019))). Accordingly, the Court finds 23 that the undisputed evidence demonstrates that Deadly Doll engaged in volitional 24 copying of the Photograph. 25 Deadly Doll’s alternative arguments in opposition to Vila’s direct infringement 26 claim fail. Deadly Doll argues that, “to extent it applies in this action, [17 U.S.C.] 27 § 113(c) bars Vila’s copyright infringement claims against [Deadly Doll].” 28 (Opp’n 14–15.) Under 17 U.S.C. § 113(c), a copyright holder of a work that is

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1 reproduced on an article does not have “any right to prevent the making, distribution, 2 or display of pictures or photographs of such articles in connection with 3 advertisements or commentaries related to the distribution or display of such articles, 4 or in connection with news reports.” 17 U.S.C. § 113(c). Deadly Doll argues that this 5 provision bars an infringement claim against it for posting the Photograph “on 6 Instagram for public comment.” (Opp’n 14–15.) This argument fails because Deadly 7 Doll infringed Vila’s copyright in the Photograph, which is not a copyright for a work 8 reproduced on an article. Accordingly, 17 U.S.C. § 113(c) does not bar Vila’s 9 infringement claim. 10 In addition, in rebutting Vila’s argument that the Photograph is protected by the 11 fair use doctrine, Deadly Doll states that its own “use of Vila’s image on Instagram 12 was fair on the facts present” in this case. (Opp’n 18.) However, beyond that passing 13 statement, Deadly Doll fails to provide any further argument that its own use of the 14 Photograph is protected by the fair use doctrine. (See generally id.) Rather, Deadly 15 Doll’s analysis of the fair use doctrine is limited entirely to Vila’s use of the Artwork 16 in the Photograph. (Id. at 17–22.) The Court finds Deadly Doll’s argument that 17 posting the Photograph on Instagram was fair use to be underdeveloped and declines 18 to address it. See Ventress v. Japan Airlines, 747 F.3d 716, 723 n.8 (9th Cir. 2014) 19 (declining to address “undeveloped argument . . . not supported by citations to the 20 record, argument, or any legal authority”). 21 For these reasons, Vila is entitled to summary judgment as to liability on his 22 claim for direct copyright infringement. 23 C. Counterclaims 24 Vila also argues that he is entitled to summary judgment on Deadly Doll’s 25 Counterclaim for copyright infringement and declaratory relief. (Mot. 10–20.) 26 1. Copyright Infringement 27 Deadly Doll asserts a copyright infringement counterclaim against Vila, 28 alleging that Vila’s Photograph is an unauthorized derivative work of Deadly Doll’s

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1 copyrighted Artwork. (Countercl. ¶¶ 15–19.) This is the only theory of copyright 2 infringement Deadly Doll alleges. (Id.) However, as discussed above, Vila’s 3 Photograph is not a derivative work as a matter of law. (See supra Part V.A.1.) 4 Accordingly, Vila is entitled to summary judgment on Deadly Doll’s copyright 5 infringement counterclaim. 6 2. Declaratory Relief 7 Deadly Doll asserts a counterclaim for declaratory relief against Vila seeking 8 “[a] judicial declaration of the parties’ respective rights and obligations with regard 9 to” the disputed matters at issue in this lawsuit. (Countercl. ¶¶ 12–14; see also 10 Opp’n 3 (stating Deadly Doll seeks “declaratory relief that Vila’s alleged copyright in 11 his unauthorized derivative work is invalid”).) 12 “Declaratory relief should be denied when it will neither serve a useful purpose 13 in clarifying and settling the legal relations in issue nor terminate the proceedings and 14 afford relief from the uncertainty and controversy faced by the parties.” United States 15 v. Washington, 759 F.2d 1353, 1357 (9th Cir. 1985). Consistent with this principle, 16 “[c]ourts may choose not to permit a claim for declaratory relief when resolution of 17 other claims would sufficiently resolve the controversy.” SMSW Enters. LLC v. 18 Halberd Corp., No. 2:13-cv-01412-BRO (SPx), 2014 WL 12588682, at *9 (C.D. Cal. 19 May 30, 2014) (denying summary judgment on claim for declaratory relief where 20 claim was “resolved by its other claims for relief and is therefore super superfluous 21 and unnecessary”). 22 Here, the parties’ respective rights and obligations with regard to the disputed 23 matters at issue in this lawsuit are fully addressed by the parties’ substantive claims. 24 Deadly Doll’s declaratory relief counterclaim is thus superfluous, and the Court grants 25 summary judgment as to this counterclaim. 26 /// 27 /// 28 ///

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1 VI. CONCLUSION 2 For the reasons discussed above, the Court GRANTS Vila’s Motion for Partial 3 || Summary Judgment. (ECF No. 46.) The Court GRANTS (1) partial summary 4 || judgment in Vila’s favor as to liability on his claim for direct copyright infringement, 5 || and (2) summary judgment in Vila’s favor on Deadly Doll’s counterclaims. 7 IT IS SO ORDERED. 9 March 27, 2023 □□ 10 Gb iodt 2 OTIS D. WRIGHT, II 3 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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