I. BACKGROUND

25 A. Factual Background 26 The complaint alleges as follows: Plaintiff is a resident of Los Angeles, California. 27 (ECF No. 1 at 12 ¶ 5 (“Compl.”)). Defendant Royal Adhesives and Sealants, LLC 28 (“Royal”) is a Delaware limited liability company with its principal place of business in 1 Wilmington, California.1 (Id. at 12 ¶ 6). Defendant Maria Eichacker (“Eichacker”) is a 2 resident of Los Angeles, California. (Id. at 12 ¶ 7). The Complaint does not allege the 3 residency of DOES 1-100. See (id. at 13 ¶ 9). 4 Starting in 2020, Plaintiff worked for Defendant Royal on an agency assignment. 5 See (id. at 13-14 ¶¶ 11, 14). Plaintiff was hired to stick labels on jars filled with glue that 6 Royal manufacturers. (Id. at 13 ¶ 11). At the time, Plaintiff was the only African American 7 working on the floor; all other coworkers were Hispanic. (Id. at 15 ¶ 20). Plaintiff would 8 come to work on Saturdays to work overtime. (Id. at 14 ¶ 19). To do so, Plaintiff had to 9 call Defendant Eichacker, who plaintiff alleges was his supervisor, for permission to work 10 overtime even though the other workers were told they were free to work overtime if they 11 so-chose. (Id. at 14 ¶¶ 14, 19). While working, an employee named Ramon made the 12 remark, “Ey [Plaintiff], I didn’t know black folks like to get up early on Saturday and 13 work!” (Id. at 14 ¶ 19). Plaintiff responded: “Well this black person likes to make money 14 like you Ramon.” Ramon responded, “Let’s see how long you be here!” (Id.). Plaintiff’s 15 coworkers also got upset with Plaintiff because he did not understand work instructions 16 due to everyone speaking Spanish. (Id. at 15 ¶ 20). Plaintiff asked Eichacker to request 17 his coworkers speak to him in English so he could understand the work and know what 18 was going on. (Id.). These coworkers became upset and stopped talking to Plaintiff during 19 lunch time. (Id.). 20 On or about February 20, 2020, Plaintiff was asked to clean out a pressure pot that 21 contained glue. (Id. at 13 ¶ 12). Plaintiff received no training to do this. (Id.). While 22 working on the pressure pot, the pot exploded and propelled Plaintiff into a nearby metal 23 shelf rack. (Id. at 13-14 ¶ 13). Defendant Eichacker asked Plaintiff if he was ok. (Id. at 24 14 ¶ 14). Later, Plaintiff contacted “Horizon,” the agency who he worked for, and then 25 went to see a doctor. (Id.). On February 27, 2020, Plaintiff returned to work, where he 26

27 1 As discussed below, Royal asserts that its true principal place of business is in South 28 Bend, Indiana, and not Los Angeles, California. (Compl. at 2 ¶ 4). Plaintiff does not dispute this assertion in either the Motion or his reply. See (Mot.); (Reply). 1 was told by a work acquaintance, “Gerardo,” that Plaintiff may be getting fired because the 2 pressure pot blew up and supervisors were saying it was his fault. (Id. at 14 ¶¶ 15, 18). On 3 or about February 28, 2020, Plaintiff was informed by Horizon that his assignment at Royal 4 was “over” due to the “work getting slow.” (Id. at 14 ¶ 18). 5 Plaintiff believes he was subject to discrimination, harassment, and retaliation based 6 on his race, injury, and medical condition that occurred while Plaintiff was working for 7 Royal. (Id. at 15 ¶ 21). The Complaint specifically alleges that Plaintiff “was subjected to 8 unwanted harassing conduct as [a] result of his race” and because he “complain[ed] of 9 Defendants’ illegal acts, harassment, discrimination, and retaliation. (Id. at 18 ¶ 40). The 10 Complaint also alleges that Plaintiff “was made to perform dangerous and untrained work” 11 and was subjected to harassing conduct because of his disability and due to the fact that he 12 had suffered a workplace injury.” (Id.). As to Defendant Eichacker, the Complaint alleges 13 that she permitted this conduct to occur. (Id. at 18 ¶ 43). 14 B. Procedural History 15 On November 18, 2022, Plaintiff filed the instant Complaint in Los Angeles County 16 Superior Court against Defendants Royal, Eichacker, and DOES 1 through 100. The 17 Complaint asserts the following state causes of action: (1) Wrongful Termination, in 18 Violation of Public Policy against Royal and DOES 1-100, (id. at 15-16 ¶¶ 24-28); (2) 19 Discrimination on the Basis of Race, in Violation of California’s Fair Employment and 20 Housing Act (“FEHA”) against Royal and DOES 1-100, (id. at 16-17 ¶¶ 29-37); (3) 21 Harassment on the Basis of Race and Disability, in Violation of FEHA against all 22 Defendants, (id. at 18-19 ¶¶ 38-48); (4) Retaliation, in Violation of FEHA against Royal 23 and DOES 1-100, (id. at 19-20 ¶¶ 49-56); (5) Violation of Labor Code Section 1102.5 24 against Royal and DOES 1-100, (id. at 20-22 ¶¶ 57-63); (6) Disability Discrimination, in 25 Violation of FEHA against Royal and DOES 1-100, (id. at 22-23 ¶¶ 64-71); (7) Violation 26 of Labor Code Section 1197.5 (“Equal Pay Act”) against Royal and DOES 1-100, (id. at 27 23-24 ¶¶ 72-77); and (8) Retaliation, in Violation of the Equal Pay Act against Royal and 28 DOES 1-100, (id. at 24-25 ¶¶ 78-83). 1 On December 28, 2022, Royal removed the case to this Court based on federal 2 diversity jurisdiction. (Id. at 1 ¶ 2). Royal argues that, contrary to the allegations in the 3 Complaint, its principal place of business is in South Bend, Indiana and not Los Angeles. 4 (Id. at 2 ¶ 4). Royal also contends that it “does not have any employee named Maria 5 Eichacker, and did not employ any such person at the time of the events giving rise to the 6 Complaint. Therefore, [Royal] believes Plaintiff fraudulently joined a non-existing person 7 . . . and her citizenship must be disregarded.” (Id. at 4 ¶ 15 (citation omitted)). 8 Additionally, Royal estimates the amount in controversy in this case to be approximately 9 $188,272. (Id. at 5-7 ¶¶ 18-19). 10 On February 6, 2023, Plaintiff filed the instant Motion. (Mot.). Plaintiff does not 11 dispute that Royal’s principal place of business is outside of California. See (id.). Plaintiff 12 also does not dispute that the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. See (id.). In 13 addition, Plaintiff concedes that the Complaint “misstated the last name of Defendant 14 Maria.” (Id. at 4). Nonetheless, Plaintiff argues that “further investigation and discovery 15 will reveal the precise name and identity of the individual Defendant whose first name is 16 Maria and who exercised supervisory control over Plaintiff in the course of his duties at 17 Royal . . . .” (Id. at 4). Plaintiff also asserts that remand is proper because Royal has not 18 met its burden to show that Defendant Eichacker has been fraudulently joined. See (id. at 19 5-8). On this point, Plaintiff argues that a “possibility exists that Plaintiff may prevail 20 individually against Defendant [Eichacker] under a theory of hostile work environment” 21 because Defendant Eichacker “subjected him to hostile work environment and harassment 22 due to his disability and due to the fact that he is an African-American.” (Id. at 6-8). 23 Royal filed an opposition to the Motion on February 15, 2023. (ECF No. 17 24 (“Opp.”)). Among its arguments, Royal asserts: (1) Defendant Eichacker is a fictitious 25 defendant and thus, should not be considered when determining the propriety of diversity 26 jurisdiction, see (id. at 4-5); (2) Eichacker has been fraudulently joined as a “sham” 27 defendant because California law bars Plaintiff’s attempt to hold Eichacker liable for 28 personnel management activities performed for Royal, see (id. at 5-8); and “Plaintiff has 1 failed to exhaust his administrative remedies . . . by failing to include his intended 2 individual defendant’s name, address, and the alleged bases of liability in his administrative 3 complaint.” (Opp. at 8-11). In support of its opposition, Royal attaches a declaration from 4 Mark Farkas (“Farkas”), Plant Manager of Royal’s facility where Plaintiff worked. (ECF 5 No. 17-2 ¶ 3). Farkas declares that, based on his review of Royal’s personnel records, “no 6 individual by the name of ‘Maria Eichacker’ has been employed at the Facility between 7 2020 to present.” (Id. ¶ 6). 8 On February 22, 2023, Plaintiff filed a reply to Royal’s opposition, (ECF No. 22 9 (“Reply”)), accompanied by his own signed declaration. See (ECF No. 23). Plaintiff’s 10 declaration states in pertinent part:

11 4. During my employment at Royal . . . I suffered harassment and 12 discrimination due to my race and due to my disability, which was caused by an injury I had suffered at work. 13

14 5. My supervisor, Maria, took no action to prevent this discrimination and 15 harassment from occurring, nor did she attempt to protect me from the hostile work environment I was exposed to. 16

17 6. In addition, she treated me with hostility, and was frequently rude and bad- tempered towards me and did not take my complaints seriously. 18

19 7. To the best of my recollection, Maria was 170 pounds, medium weight, 20 with brown hair, and in her late 50s or early 60s. She typically wore pants and a shirt to work. She had long hair and brown eyes. To reiterate, Maria 21 was my supervisor and I reported to her. 22 (Id. ¶¶ 4-7). 23 II. LEGAL STANDARD 24 Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. 25 of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). Consequently, district courts are presumed to lack 26 jurisdiction unless the Constitution or a statute expressly provides otherwise. Stock West, 27 Inc. v. Confederated Tribes of Colville Rsrv., 873 F.2d 1221, 1225 (9th Cir. 1989) (citation 28 omitted). The party seeking to prove federal jurisdiction bears the burden of establishing 1 it. See, e.g., McNutt v. Gen. Motors Acceptance Corp. of Ind., 298 U.S. 178, 189 (1936) 2 (“[T]he party who seeks the exercise of jurisdiction in his favor[] . . . must allege in his 3 pleading the facts essential to show jurisdiction.”). Generally, federal subject matter 4 jurisdiction exists due to the presence of a federal question, see 28 U.S.C. § 1331, or 5 complete diversity between the parties, see id. § 1332. In cases arising out of diversity 6 jurisdiction, such as the present case, district courts have “original jurisdiction of all civil 7 actions where the matter in controversy exceeds the sum or value of $75,000, exclusive of 8 interest and costs, and is between . . . citizens of different States.” Id. § 1332(a)(1). 9 “Except as otherwise expressly provided by Act of Congress,” where a plaintiff files 10 a civil action in state court over which the district courts of the United States have original 11 jurisdiction, the defendant may remove that case “to the district court of the United States 12 for the district and division embracing the place where such action is pending.” Id. § 13 1441(a). Thus, a defendant may remove to federal court a claim filed in state court that 14 could have initially been brought in federal court. 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). However, a civil 15 action otherwise removable solely based on diversity jurisdiction under Title 28, United 16 States Code, Section 1332(a) “may not be removed if any of the parties in interest properly 17 joined and served as defendants is a citizen of the State in which such action is brought.” 18 Id. § 1441(b)(2); see also Martinez v. Omni Hotels Mgmt. Corp., 514 F. Supp. 3d 1227, 19 1232 (S.D. Cal. 2021). “In determining whether a civil action is removable on the basis of 20 the jurisdiction under section 1332(a) . . . , the citizenship of defendants sued under 21 fictitious names shall be disregarded.” 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b)(1). 22 In cases where there are “more than two defendants, complete diversity must exist, 23 meaning that all parties on opposite sides of the case must be from different states.” Grimes 24 v. A1-Auto Care, Case No.: 21cv02093-LL-BLM, 2022 WL 959273, at *8 (S.D. Cal. Mar. 25 30, 2022) (citations omitted). For diversity jurisdiction, an individual defendant is a citizen 26 of the state in which she is domiciled, that is, where she resides and intends to remain. Lew 27 v. Moss, 797, F.2d 747, 749-50 (9th Cir. 1986) (citation omitted). A limited liability 28 1 corporation or “LLC is a citizen of every state of which its owners/members are citizens.”2 2 Johnson v. Columbia Properties Anchorage, LP, 437 F.3d 894, 899 (9th Cir. 2006); 28 3 U.S.C. § 1332(c)(1). 4 Removing a case does not deprive another party “of his right to move to remand the 5 case” back to state court. 28 U.S.C. § 1448. If the district court lacks subject matter 6 jurisdiction, the plaintiff may seek to remand the case back to state court. 28 U.S.C. § 7 1447(c). Courts strictly construe the removal statute against removal jurisdiction. See 8 Grancare, LLC v. Thrower by & through Mills, 889 F.3d 543, 550 (9th Cir. 2018) (citing 9 Gaus v. Miles, Inc., 980 F.2d 564, 566 (9th Cir. 1992)). Further, “[t]he presumption against 10 removal means that ‘the defendant always has the burden of establishing that removal is 11 proper.’” Moore-Thomas v. Alaska Airlines, Inc., 553 F.3d 1241, 1244 (9th Cir. 2009) 12 (quoting Gaus, 980 F.2d at 566). Courts resolve any doubt about the right of removal in 13 favor of remand. Grancare, 889 F.3d at 550. 14 III. DISCUSSION 15 A. Whether Defendant Eichacker is a Fictitious Defendant 16 The parties only dispute whether complete diversity exists. In particular, the parties 17 dispute whether the citizenship of Defendant Eichacker can be considered for purposes of 18 this Motion. Plaintiff states that the real last name of Eichacker is currently “[u]nknown,” 19 and that the Complaint “misstated” her name. (Mot. at 3-4). For this reason, Royal argues 20 that Eichacker is a fictious defendant and thus, Eichacker cannot be considered. See (Opp. 21 at 4-5). In response, Plaintiff argues that Eichacker is “[f]ar from being a fictious or 22 imaginary individual” because the Complaint and Plaintiff’s declaration provide sufficient 23 details to identify her. See (Reply at 3-4). The parties’ arguments highlight a split among 24 the district court’s in this Circuit regarding whether the citizenship of a fictitiously named 25 defendant, whose description in a complaint suggests the defendant’s citizenship, can be 26

27 2 According to Royal, it has one managing member: Royal Holdings, Inc., a Delaware 28 corporation with its principal place of business in South Bend, Indiana. (Compl. at 3 ¶ 13). 1 considered when determining diversity jurisdiction under Title 28, United States Code, 2 section 1441(b)(1). 3 Title 28, United States Code, Section 1441 governs the rules related to the removal 4 of civil actions. Subsection (b)(1) of Section 1441 states: “In determining whether a civil 5 action is removable on the basis of [diversity jurisdiction], . . . the citizenship of defendants 6 sued under fictitious names shall be disregarded.” This language was amended into Section 7 1441 through Congress’ passage of the Judicial Improvements and Access to Justice Act 8 of 1988 (the “Act”). Johnson v. Starbucks Corp., 475 F. Supp. 3d 1080, 1083 (C.D. Cal. 9 2020) (citing Goldsmith v. CVS Pharmacy, Inc., No. CV 20-00750-AB (JCx), 2020 WL 10 1650750, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 3, 20200)). Regarding the Act, the Ninth Circuit, in Bryant 11 v. Ford Motor Co., 886 F.2d 1526, 1530 n.5 (9th Cir. 1989), stated, given Congress’ 12 enactment of the Act contemporaneously with the Supreme Court’s grant of certiorari in 13 Bryant v. Ford Motor Co., 844 F.2d 602, 603 (9th Cir. 1987) (en banc) (“Bryant II”), a 14 Ninth Circuit en banc decision involving diversity jurisdiction and the citizenship of 15 fictitiously named defendants, “it is unlikely that Congress was ignorant of [Bryant II].”). 16 Bryant v. Ford Motor Co., 886 F.2d 1526, 1530 n.5 (9th Cir. 1989). 17 The Bryant decisions involved California plaintiff Gary Bryant suing in California 18 state court Ford Motor Co., a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in 19 Michigan, along with DOES 1 through 50, for various claims related to injuries sustained 20 in an accident while Bryant was driving a Ford van for the United Parcel Service. See 21 Bryant II, 844 F.2d at 603. Ford removed the action to the United States District Court for 22 the Central District of California based on diversity of citizenship. Id. Bryant did not 23 object to removal. Id. Later, Ford moved for summary judgment against Bryant’s claims. 24 Id. at 604. In opposing Ford’s motion, Bryant noted that he planned to name DOE 25 defendants “as soon as he discovered their identities.” Id. The district court nonetheless 26 granted summary judgment in favor of Ford, concluding that there were no material facts 27 supporting Ford’s liability. Id. Bryant then moved the court to name several California 28 corporations as defendants to the action, along with a motion to remand the case to state 1 court. Id. The district court denied Bryant’s motion, finding that the presence of non- 2 diverse parties was not new evidence justifying relief from judgment under Federal Rule 3 of Civil Procedure 60(b). Id. Thereafter, Bryant appealed the grant of summary judgment 4 and the district court’s refusal to add the additional parties. See id. 5 On appeal, a panel of the Ninth Circuit held in Bryant v. Ford Motor Co., 794 F.2d 6 450, 453 (9th Cir. 1986) (“Bryant I”), that because the DOE defendants were real but 7 unidentified people or entities, the district court could not determine whether they would 8 defeat diversity jurisdiction once identified. Bryant I, 794 F.2d at 453. The panel 9 remanded the case to the district court with instructions to remand to the appropriate state 10 court. Id. After a petition for rehearing was filed, the panel requested en banc 11 consideration of the case to “clarify [DOE] defendant law in the Ninth Circuit.” See Bryant 12 II, 844 F.2d at 604; see also Bryant v. Ford Motor Co., 818 F.2d 692, 692-92 (9th Cir. 13 1987) (ordering the matter be heard en banc). 14 Sitting en banc, a divided Ninth Circuit in Bryant II, in 1987, held “that the presence 15 of [DOE] defendants under California [DOE] defendant law destroys diversity and, thus, 16 precludes removal.” Id. at 605. As Bryant II overturned the judgment entered in Ford’s 17 favor, Ford filed a petition of certiorari to the United States Supreme Court. Bryant v. Ford 18 Motor Co., 886 F.2d 1526, 1527 (9th Cir. 1989) (“Bryant III”) (citing 488 U.S. 816 (1988)). 19 Then, on November 19, 1988, the Judicial Improvements and Access to Justice Act of 1988 20 was signed into law. Id. Section 1016(a) of Title X of the Act contained the previously 21 discussed amendment to Section 1441 to Title 28. See id. On December 5, 1988, the 22 Supreme Court vacated its order granting the petition for certiorari and denied the petition. 23 Id. (citing 488 U.S. 986 (1988)). 24 Following these events, the Ninth Circuit issued a mandate pursuant to Federal Rules 25 of Appellate Procedure 41(b). Id. On December 7, 1988, Ford filed an emergency motion 26 to stay the mandate, which the en banc court granted. Id. However, Ford’s motion 27 preceded the Ninth Circuit’s receipt of the Supreme Court’s order denying certiorari. Id. 28 On December 20, 1988, Ford filed a motion to extend the stay of mandate and to vacate 1 the en banc opinion in Bryant II. Id. at 1528. On January 25, 1989, the en banc court 2 referred this motion to a three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit in the case of Bryant III. 3 Id. 4 In Bryant III, the Ninth Circuit vacated the judgment in Bryant II and affirmed the 5 district court’s entry of summary judgment in Ford’s favor. Id. at 1534. In doing so, the 6 Ninth Circuit observed that, through its passage of the amendments to Section 1441, 7 “Congress obviously reached the conclusion that [fictitious] defendants should not defeat 8 diversity jurisdiction.” Id. at 1528. The Ninth Circuit later found Bryant’s arguments, that 9 “the district court only entered judgment against Ford and that the balance of the case[] 10 against the remaining [DOE] defendants, remain[ed] alive and active in the district court,” 11 to be “unavailing under the new amendment to section 1441(a), which provides that [DOE] 12 defendants ‘shall be disregarded’” when assessing diversity jurisdiction. Id. It also noted 13 that, given the Act was enacted contemporaneously with the Supreme Court’s granting of 14 a petition for writ of certiorari in Bryant II, “it [was] unlikely that Congress was ignorant 15 of [the Ninth Circuit’s] decision” in Bryant II when it enacted the Act. Id. at 1530 n.5. 16 The Ninth Circuit reiterated these statements in Soliman v. Philip Morris Inc., 311 F.3d 17 966 (9th Cir. 2002), when it stated that “[t]he citizenship of fictitious defendants is 18 disregarded for removal purposes and becomes relevant only if and when the plaintiff seeks 19 leave to substitute a named defendant.” Soliman, 311 F.3d at 971. 20 Despite the Ninth Circuit’s unequivocal holdings in Bryant III and Soliman, some 21 district courts in the Ninth Circuit have held under Section 1441(b)(1) that “the citizenship 22 of fictitiously named defendants may be considered if the ‘description of the [fictitiously 23 named defendants] or their activities is specific enough to suggest their identity, 24 citizenship, or relationship to the action.’” Metcalf v. Walmart, Inc., CASE NO. 1:21-CV- 25 1630 AWI BAK, 2022 WL 856030, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 23, 2022) (quoting Johnson v. 26 Starbucks Corp., 475 F. Supp. 3d 1080, 1083 (C.D. Cal. 2020)); see also Tipton v. Zimmer, 27 Inc., CF 15-04171-BRO (JCx), 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 82012, at *8 (C.D. Cal. June 23, 28 2016) (“However, if the plaintiff’s complaint provides a description of a partially named 1 defendant in a manner such that his or her identity cannot be questioned, then the court 2 should consider his or her citizenship for purposes of determining diversity jurisdiction.” 3 (citing Green v. Mut. of Omaha, 550 F. Supp. 815, 818 (N.D. Cal. 1982)); Collins v. 4 Garfield Beach CVS, LLC, CV 17-3375 FMO (GJSx), 2017 WL 2734708, at *2 (C.D. Cal. 5 June 26, 2007) (“[W]hen a plaintiff’s allegations give a definite clue about the identity of 6 the fictious defendant by specifically referring to an individual who acted as a company’s 7 agent, the court should consider the citizenship of the fictious defendant.” (citation, internal 8 quotations, and emphasis omitted)); Gardiner Family, LLC v. Crimson Res. Mgmt. Corp., 9 147 F. Supp. 3d 1029, 1036 (E.D. Cal. 2015) (“[W]here, as here, the charges against the 10 [DOES] are so general that no clues exist as to their identity, citizenship, or relationship to 11 the action, the Court may disregard these fictitious defendants for jurisdictional purposes.” 12 (citation omitted)); Seanez v. Union Pac. R.R. Co., Case No. 1:21-CV-00553-AWI-HBK, 13 2021 WL 2379731, at *6 (E.D. Cal. June 10, 2021). 14 While other district courts have held that the citizenship of fictitious defendants 15 should not be considered, regardless of whether the complaint provides identifying 16 language as to the fictious defendant. See Rojas v. Sea World Parks & Entm’t, Inc., 538 F. 17 Supp. 3d 1008, 1023 (S.D. Cal. 2021) (“Thus, this Court joins the other courts within this 18 District in finding that the citizenship of [DOE] defendants, regardless of the detail or 19 specificity with which it is alleged, must be disregarded when determining whether 20 complete diversity exists on a motion to remand.” (citations omitted)); Mulalley v. 21 Starbucks Corp., No. 21-CV-0032-GPC-DEB, 2021 WL 927362, at *3 (S.D. Cal. Mar. 10, 22 2021) (“Fictitious ‘Doe’ defendants are ignored for determining diversity jurisdiction”); 23 Holt v. Noble House Hotels & Resort, Ltd., No. 17CV2246-MMA (BLM), 2018 WL 24 539176, at *3-4 (S.D. Cal. Jan. 23, 2018) (“The citizenship of unnamed class members and 25 unidentified [DOE] defendants are disregarded”); Bernier v. Travelers Prop. Cas. Ins. Co., 26 Inc., No. 11-CV-78 JLS (RBB), 2012 WL 12540930, at *1, 4 (S.D. Cal. May 21, 2012), 27 aff'd, 626 Fed. App’x 666 (9th Cir. 2015) (denying a motion to remand where the plaintiff, 28 a California citizen, sued the defendant, a Connecticut corporation, and various DOE 1 defendants but had not actually moved to amend to specify or join any of the defendants; 2 thus, the plaintiff had “not identified with specificity the name and citizenship of each party 3 to be joined and the claims against each.”). 4 The Court agrees with the latter approach. Inquiry into the meaning of a statute’s 5 text “ceases when the statutory language is unambiguous and the statutory scheme is 6 coherent and consistent,” Matal v. Tam, 137 S. Ct. 1744, 1756 (2017) (internal quotations 7 and citation omitted). The language of Title 28, United States Code, Section 1441(b)(1) is 8 unambiguous. Per its terms, fictitiously named defendants are not to be considered when 9 assessing the propriety of removal jurisdiction based on diversity. To otherwise assess the 10 citizenship of a fictitiously named defendant merely because the complaint artfully 11 describes the unknown individual runs contrary to the Act’s plain language and the Ninth 12 Circuit’s instruction that “[t]he citizenship of fictitious defendants is disregarded for 13 removal purposes and becomes relevant only if and when the plaintiff seeks to substitute a 14 named defendant.” Soliman, 311 F.3d at 966. 15 Therefore, the citizenship of Defendant Eichacker is disregarded for the assessment 16 of the present Motion.3 Without considering Eichacker, the Court finds complete diversity 17 between the plaintiffs and defendants, along with an amount in controversy that exceeds 18 $75,000. With both requirements established, the Court concludes that it may exercise 19 diversity jurisdiction in this matter. 4 20 21 3 Although Plaintiff has made some allegations in the Complaint describing who 22 “Eichacker” is and attempts in Plaintiff’s declaration filed in support of his Reply to 23 supplement those allegations with height, weight, and other physical descriptions of this individual, Defendant Eichacker is still functionally a DOE defendant because there “is no 24 basis to consider the citizenship of “Eichacker.” See Reiling v. Hobby Lobby Stores, Inc., 25 Case No. CV 22-0124-MWF (SHKx), 2022 WL 910218, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 29, 2022) 26 (citations omitted). 4 Because the Court determines denial of Plaintiff’s Motion is appropriate based on Royal’s 27 fictitiously named defendant argument, the Court declines to address Royal’s remaining 28 arguments for denial of the Motion. 1 |}IV. CONCLUSION 2 For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff's Motion is DENIED. 3 4 IT IS SO ORDERED. 5 6 || Dated: March 28, 2023 ————_ 7 HON. SHERILYN PEACE GARNETT

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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