I. BACKGROUND

27 On September 20, 2022, Plaintiff filed in the Los Angeles County Superior Court a 28 form complaint (“Complaint”) against Alliance Fabrication & Piping LLC (“Alliance”), a 1 “business entity form unknown,” and Lonnie Gene III Hinson (“Hinson”) (collectively, 2 “Defendants”). (ECF No. 1-1 at 2 (“Compl.”)). The Complaint alleges two causes of 3 action labeled “Motor Vehicle” and “General Negligence,” respectively. (Id. at 4). As to 4 the first cause of action, the Complaint alleges that, on September 25, 2022, on Interstate 5 605 near State Route 60 and in the City of Industry, California, Defendants committed 6 negligent acts, and the acts were the legal and proximate cause of injuries and damages to 7 Plaintiff. See (Id. at 5). As to Plaintiff’s second cause of action, the Complaint alleges on 8 the same date and in the same location, “Defendants, and each of them, so carelessly and 9 negligently owned, operated, maintained, drove, controlled, and entrusted their motor 10 vehicle causing bodily injury and other damages to Plaintiff.” (Id. at 5–6). The Complaint 11 does not state Defendants’ citizenship or an amount-in-controversy. See (id.). 12 On February 2, 2023, Plaintiff served Defendant Alliance in Grand Saline, Texas. 13 (ECF Nos. 22-5 ¶ 5; 22-7, Ex. B at 2). On February 4, 2023, Plaintiff served Defendant 14 Hinson in Breckenridge, Texas. (ECF Nos. 22-5 ¶ 4; 22-6, Ex. A at 2). That same day, 15 Plaintiff filed a Statement of Damages in the Los Angeles County Superior Court, which 16 revealed that the amount-in-controversy was approximately $3,120,000.00. (ECF No. 1 17 (“Notice of Removal”) ¶ 5; ECF Nos. 1-3; 22-5 ¶ 6; 22-8 Ex. C at 8–9). 18 On March 3, 2023, Defendants removed the case to this Court based on diversity 19 jurisdiction. (Notice of Removal). The Notice of Removal asserts that the amount-in- 20 controversy requirement is satisfied based on Plaintiff’s Statement of Damages. (Notice 21 of Removal ¶ 5). The Notice of Removal also asserts that the requirement of complete 22 diversity is satisfied because Plaintiff is a citizen of California, Defendant Hinson is a 23 citizen of Texas, and Defendant Alliance is a limited liability company organized under 24 the laws of the State of Texas with all four of its members – Caleb Collins Jackson, Katrina 25 Jackson, Kayden Jackson, and Carol Kuh – being residents of Texas. (Id. ¶ 6). The Notice 26 of Removal did not attach evidence for these assertions. 27 On March 27, 2023, Plaintiff filed a motion to remand. (ECF No. 6). On March 28, 28 2023, the Court issued an Order Re Deficiency stating that “Plaintiff’s Motion for Remand 1 filed at (Dkt. No. 6) fails to comply with Rules 6-1, 7 and 52-4.1,” and struck the motion. 2 (ECF No. 11). Plaintiff then immediately filed the instant Motion. (Mot.). On April 26, 3 2023, Defendants filed an opposition to the Motion. (ECF No. 22 (“Opp.”)). Plaintiff did 4 not file a reply to the opposition. 5 II. LEGAL STANDARD 6 Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction, with subject-matter jurisdiction only 7 over matters authorized by the Constitution and Congress. See U.S. Const. art. III, § 2, cl. 8 1; Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). A suit filed in 9 state court may be removed to federal court if the federal court would have had original 10 jurisdiction over the suit. 28 U.S.C. § 1441(a). Federal courts have original jurisdiction 11 where an action presents a federal question under 28 U.S.C. § 1331 or there is diversity 12 jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332. Courts have diversity jurisdiction over cases where 13 there is complete diversity of parties and the amount “in controversy exceeds the sum or 14 value of $75,000, exclusive of interest and costs. . . .” 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a). 15 A defendant may remove an action to federal court based on diversity jurisdiction 16 “provided that no defendant ‘is a citizen of the State in which such action is brought.’” 17 Caterpillar Inc. v. Lewis, 519 U.S. 61, 68 (1996) (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1441(b)); see also 18 Abrego Abrego v. The Dow Chemical Co., 443 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 2006) (the presence 19 “of a single plaintiff from the same State as a single defendant deprives the district court 20 of original diversity jurisdiction over the entire action.” (citations omitted)). An individual 21 is a citizen of the state where he or she is domiciled, meaning the state where the individual 22 resides and intends to remain or to which the individual intends to return. Kanter v. 23 Warner-Lambert Co., 265 F.3d 853, 857 (9th Cir. 2001). A limited liability corporation or 24 “LLC is a citizen of every state of which its owners/members are citizens.”1 Johnson v. 25 Columbia Properties Anchorage, LP, 437 F.3d 894, 899 (9th Cir. 2006); 28 U.S.C. § 26 1332(c)(1). 27 28 1 According to Royal, it has one managing member: Royal Holdings, Inc., a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in South Bend, Indiana. (Compl. at 3 ¶ 13). 1 The removal statute is strictly construed against removal jurisdiction. See Shamrock 2 Oil & Gas Corp. v. Sheets, 313 U.S. 100, 108–09 (1941). There is a “strong presumption” 3 against removal, and “[f]ederal jurisdiction must be rejected if there is any doubt as to the 4 right of removal in the first instance.” Gaus v. Miles, Inc., 980 F.2d 564, 566 (9th Cir.1992) 5 (citation omitted). “The presumption against removal means that ‘the defendant always 6 has the burden of establishing that removal is proper.’” Moore-Thomas v. Alaska Airlines, 7 Inc., 553 F.3d 1241, 1244 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting Gaus, 980 F.2d at 566). Courts resolve 8 any doubt about the right of removal in favor of remand. Grancare, LLC v. Thrower by & 9 through Mills, 889 F.3d 543, 550 (9th Cir. 2018). 10 III. DISCUSSION 11 Plaintiff argues that the case should be remanded because the Complaint does not 12 allege the Defendants’ citizenship, and the Notice of Removal fails to provide sufficient 13 evidence regarding the Defendants’ citizenship. (Mot. at 3–5). Plaintiff also requests an 14 award of Plaintiff’s “just costs and expenses incurred in connection with Defendant’s 15 attempted removal . . . .” (Id. at 5). 16 Defendants respond that the Motion should be denied because Plaintiff did not meet 17 and confer prior to filing his Motion. (Opp. at 16–17). Citing Dart Cherokee Basin 18 Operating Co. v. Owens, 574 U.S. 81 (2014), Defendants also argue that they were not 19 required to attach to the Notice of Removal evidence showing Defendants’ citizenship. (Id. 20 at 9–12). Additionally, Defendants’ argue that removal is nevertheless proper under 28 21 U.S.C. § 1441(b) based on the evidence attached to their opposition to the Motion, see (id. 22 at 12–15), and, as such, Plaintiff is not entitled to sanctions. See (id. at 17–18). The Court 23 addresses each argument in turn. 24 A. Plaintiff Failed to Comply with Local Rule 7-3 25 As threshold issue, Defendants assert that Plaintiff failed to meet and confer prior to 26 filing the instant Motion, as is required by Local Rule 7-3. (Opp. at 16–17). Defense 27 counsel also has filed a declaration in support of Defendants’ opposition, which represents 28 that Plaintiff did not meet and confer prior to filing the instant Motion. (ECF Nos. 22-5 ¶ 1 3). Attached to the declaration is a letter dated April 10, 2023, in which defense counsel 2 requested Plaintiff withdraw the Motion and reminded Plaintiff of the obligation under 3 Local Rule 7-3. (ECF Nos. 22-5 ¶ 8;2 22-10, Ex. E at 2). Also attached as an exhibit to 4 defense counsel’s declaration are emails between defense counsel and Plaintiff’s counsel 5 in which defense counsel repeatedly reminded Plaintiff’s counsel of the obligation to meet 6 and confer and one email in which Plaintiff counsel denied he had an obligation to meet 7 and confer with defense counsel before filing the Motion. (ECF Nos. 22-5 ¶ 7, 22-11, Ex. 8 F at 2 (wherein Plaintiff’s counsel wrote, “I don’t recall the court ever being notified [sic] 9 of me of my obligation to meet and confer. Nor do I recall authority compelling such an 10 obligation.”)). Defense counsel is correct that an obligation exists to meet and confer, and 11 that Plaintiff’s counsel has failed to comply with that obligation. 12 Local Rule 7-3 explicitly instructs that “counsel contemplating the filing of any 13 motion must first contact opposing counsel to discuss thoroughly, preferably in person, the 14 substance of the contemplated motion and any potential resolution.” C.D. Cal. L.R. 7-3. 15 This rule is to be taken seriously, as courts have denied motions based on a party’s failure 16 to comply with Local Rule 7-3. See Mejia De Leon v. Subaru of Am., Inc., CV 22-9454- 17 GW-JCx, 2023 WL 2663264, at *1 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 1, 2023) (listing cases). 18 The Court reminded Plaintiff’s counsel of the obligation to comply with the meet 19 and confer requirement when it issued its Order Re Deficiency, which stated that Plaintiff 20 had failed to follow several Local Rules. See (ECF Nos. 6, 11). Once again, the Court 21 reminds counsels that all litigants are required to comply with all appliable rules, including 22 the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Federal Rules of Evidence, and Local Rules when 23 practicing before this Court. Further, based on the circumstances of this Motion, Plaintiff’s 24 counsel is cautioned that any further evidence that any of these rules has been intentionally 25 disregarded could result in appropriate sanctions being imposed. The Court, however, 26

27 2 The letter is referenced in a paragraph labeled “6” in the declaration, but because the 28 declaration inadvertently repeats numbers 6 and 7, the reference is actually contained in the eighth numbered paragraph of the declaration. 1 exercises its discretion to consider the Motion and, for the reasons discussed below, denies 2 Plaintiff’s Motion. 3 B. Defendants’ Proffer Of Citizenship Evidence in Opposition to the Motion 4 is Permissible 5 To remove a case to federal court, a removing defendant is only obligated to file a 6 notice of removal “containing a short and plain statement of the grounds for removal.” 28 7 U.S.C. § 1446(a). “Congress, by borrowing the familiar short and plain statement standard 8 from Rule 8(a), intended to simplify the pleading requirements for removal and clarify that 9 courts should apply the same liberal rules [to removal allegations] that are applied to other 10 matters of pleading.” Dart Cherokee, 574 U.S. at 87 (internal quotations and citations 11 omitted). Thus, a removing defendant’s allegations of citizenship in the notice of removal 12 may be based on “information and belief,” and “need not contain evidentiary submissions.” 13 Ehrman v. Cox Commc’ns, Inc., 932 F.3d 1223, 1227 (9th Cir. 2019) (citations and internal 14 quotations omitted); see also Kanter v. Warner-Lambert Co., 265 F.3d 853, 857 (9th Cir. 15 2001) (when removing a case, defendants are “merely required to allege (not prove)” the 16 citizenship of the parties). 17 However, if the plaintiff disputes in a motion to remand the defendant’s allegations 18 as to complete diversity contained in the notice of removal, the defendant may then “submit 19 evidence of the parties’ citizenship in an opposition to [the] motion to remand and satisfy 20 its burden.” Murrieta v. Alvarado v. FCA US LLC, EDCV 17-505 JGB (DTBx), 2017 WL 21 2495495, at *5 n.5 (C.D. Cal. June 8, 2017) (citing Waller v. Hewlett-Packard Co., 22 11CV0454-LAB RBB, 2011 WL 8601207, at *2 (S.D. Cal. May 10, 2011)); Dejong v. 23 Prod. Assocs., CASE NO. CV 14-02357 MMM (DTBx), 2015 WL 1285282, at *3 (C.D. 24 Cal. Mar. 19, 2015) (“[T]he fact that [defendant] proffers evidence regarding the parties’ 25 citizenship for the first time in its opposition to the remand motion does not compel the 26 court to return the action to state court.”). 27 Here, Plaintiff’s claims arise under state law and, as Plaintiff acknowledges, the 28 Complaint does not contain allegations regarding the Defendants’ citizenship. See (Mot at 1 4 (“Plaintiff’s pleadings provides no basis for removable [sic] as to ALLIANCE 2 FABRICATION & PROCESS PIPING LLC, a business entity form unknown, and LONNIE GENE 3 III HINSON . . . .”). And although Defendants’ Notice of Removal alleges that removal is 4 based, in part, on complete diversity of citizenship, see (Notice of Removal at 3), no 5 supporting evidence is attached showing Defendants’ citizenship. Nevertheless, based on 6 Dart Cherokee and its progeny, Defendants did not need to attach evidence demonstrating 7 complete diversity to their Notice of Removal. See also Ehrman v. Cox Commc’ns, Inc., 8 932 F.3d at 1227. Instead, that obligation was only triggered after plaintiff disputed 9 Defendants’ assertions. It thus is permissible for Defendants to provide evidentiary support 10 on the issue of their citizenship for the first time in opposition to the Motion and for the 11 Court to consider that evidence. 12 C. Defendants’ Citizenship Evidence is Sufficient 13 Defendants argue that, through the evidence attached to their opposition, they have 14 shown complete diversity. See (Opp. at 12–15). The Court agrees. For diversity 15 jurisdiction, a person is a citizen of his or her state of domicile, which is determined at the 16 time the lawsuit is filed. See Adams v. West Marine Prods., 958 F.3d 1216, 1221 (9th Cir. 17 2020) (citing Kanter v. Warner-Lambert Co., 265 F.3d 853, 857 (9th Cir. 2001)). A 18 person’s “domicile” is her “permanent home” – that is, “where (i) she resides, (ii) with the 19 intention to remain or to which she intends to return.” Id. (internal quotations and citation 20 omitted). The citizenship of a business entity, on the other hand, is determined by its 21 organizational structure. If the business is a corporation, it is a citizen of the state where it 22 is incorporated and the state where its principal place of business is located. 28 U.S.C. § 23 1332(c)(1). While a limited liability company (“LLC”) “is a citizen of every state of which 24 its owners/members are citizens.” Johnson v. Columbia Props. Anchorage, LP, 437 F.3d 25 894, 899 (9th Cir. 2006). 26 Per the Notice of Removal, Defendants assert that Plaintiff is domiciled in 27 California. (Notice of Removal ¶ 6). Plaintiff does not dispute this assertion. See (Mot.). 28 Defendants also assert that Defendant Hinson is domiciled in Texas. (Notice of Removal 1 ¶ 6). In support, Defendants attach the declaration of Defendant Hinson to their opposition. 2 (ECF No. 22-2). Defendant Hinson declares that he is a citizen of the United States and is 3 a permanent resident of Breckenridge, Texas. (Id. ¶¶ 3–4). Defendant Hinson also declares 4 that he intends to live in Texas indefinitely, receives his mail in Texas, and is registered to 5 vote there. (Id. ¶ 4). Additionally, Defendant Hinson declares that he does not maintain a 6 home in California, and he is not a resident of California. (Id. ¶ 5). The Court finds this 7 sufficient to demonstrate Defendant Hinson is domiciled in Texas. See, e.g., Conca v. RJ 8 Lee Grp., Inc., No.4:15-CV-5017-EFS, 2015 WL 1534050, at *3 (E.D. Wash. Apr. 6, 2015) 9 (finding defendant showed diverse citizenship for each individual defendant based on 10 declarations attached to the opposition to the motion to remand). 11 Finally, Defendants argue that Defendant Alliance is organized as an LLC, and all 12 four of its members – Caleb Collins Jackson, Katrina Jackson, Kayden Jackson, and Carol 13 Kuh – are domiciled in Texas. (Notice of Removal ¶ 6). In Support of this assertion, 14 Defendants attach declarations from Caleb Jackson, Katrina Jackson, and Carol Kuh. (ECF 15 Nos. 22-1; 22-3; 22-4). Caleb Jackson declares that Defendant Alliance is an LLC, is 16 headquartered in Texas, and that its members consist of himself, his wife (Katrina Jackson), 17 his minor son (Kayden Jackson), and his mother-in-law (Carol Kuh). (Id. 22-1 ¶¶ 2–4). 18 Caleb Jackson also declares that all four members are citizens of the United States, 19 permanent residents of Grand Saline, Texas, and all intend to live in Texas “indefinitely.” 20 (Id. ¶ 6). Additionally, Caleb Jackson declares that he lives with Katrina Jackson and 21 Kayden Jackson in Grand Saline, Texas, and that Carol Kuh also lives in Texas. (Id. ¶ 5). 22 Finally, Caleb Jackson declares that none of the four members maintains a home in 23 California, and none are residents of California. (Id. ¶ 7). Caleb Jackson’s assertions are 24 supported by the declarations of both Katrina Jackson and Carol Kuh. (ECF Nos. 22-3 ¶¶ 25 2–7; 22-4 ¶¶ 2–7). The Court finds these declarations sufficient to demonstrate Defendant 26 Alliance is domiciled in Texas because all four members are domiciled in Texas. 27 28 Thus, Defendants have demonstrated that complete diversity exists. Moreover, 2 || because the amount-in-controversy exceeds $75,000, the Court’s exercise of subject matter 3 || jurisdiction based on diversity of citizenship is appropriate.” 4 CONCLUSION 5 For the foregoing reasons, Plaintiff's Motion is DENIED. 6 7 || IT IS SO ORDERED. 8 Os 9 || Dated: May 16, 2023 10 HON. SHERILYN PEACE GARNETT 1 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

57 3 Because removal was appropriate, the Court also finds that Plainuff is not entitled to the award of its costs and expenses. Plaintiff's request is therefore denied. 28