1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 MICHAEL RHAMBO, Case No. 2:23-cv-04382-WLH-ASx 11 Plaintiff, ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE WHY 12 THE COURT SHOULD EXERCISE 13 v. S OU VP EP RL TE HM EE N STT AA TL E J U LR AI WSD CI LC AT II MON S 14 ARCHIMEDE PIZZO FAMILY

PARTNERS, L.P. ET AL,]

15 Defendant. 16

17 The Complaint filed in this action asserts a claim for injunctive relief arising out 18 of an alleged violation of the Americans with Disabilities Act (the “ADA”) and a 19 claim for damages pursuant to California’s Unruh Civil Rights Act (the “Unruh Act”), 20 Cal. Civ. Code §§ 51-53. In the Complaint, Plaintiff requests the court exercise 21 supplemental jurisdiction over the Unruh Act claim pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367. 22 The United States Supreme Court has recognized supplemental jurisdiction “is 23 a doctrine of discretion, not of plaintiff’s right, and that district courts can decline to 24 exercise jurisdiction over pendent claims for a number of valid reasons.” City of Chi. 25 v. Int’l Coll. of Surgeons, 522 U.S. 156, 172 (1997) (internal quotation marks and 26 citations omitted). 27 The supplemental jurisdiction statute codifies these principles. After 28 1 establishing that supplemental jurisdiction encompasses “other claims” in the same 2 case or controversy as a claim within the district courts’ original jurisdiction, 3 § 1367(a), the statute confirms the discretionary nature of supplemental jurisdiction by 4 enumerating the circumstances in which district courts can refuse its exercise: 5 (c) The district courts may decline to exercise supplemental 6 jurisdiction over a claim under subsection (a) if -- 7 (1) the claim raises a novel or complex issue of State law, 8 (2) the claim substantially predominates over the claim or claims 9 over which the district court has original jurisdiction, 10 (3) the district court has dismissed all claims over which it has 11 original jurisdiction, or 12 (4) in exceptional circumstances, there are other compelling 13 reasons for declining jurisdiction. 14 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c). 15 Depending on a host of factors, then -- including the circumstances of the 16 particular case, the nature of the state law claims, the character of the governing 17 state law, and the relationship between the state and federal claims -- district 18 courts may decline to exercise jurisdiction over supplemental state law claims. 19 The statute thereby reflects the understanding that, when deciding whether to 20 exercise supplemental jurisdiction, “a federal court should consider and weigh 21 in each case, and at every stage of the litigation, the values of judicial economy, 22 convenience, fairness, and comity.” Id. at 173 (quoting Carnegie-Mellon Univ. 23 v. Cohill, 484 U.S. 343, 350 (1988)); see also Acri v. Varian Assocs., 114 F.3d 24 999, 1000 (9th Cir. 1997) (recognizing district courts have discretion to decline 25 to exercise supplemental jurisdiction under § 1367(c)). 26 In 2012, California adopted a heightened pleading standard for lawsuits brought 27 under the Unruh Act to combat the influx of baseless claims and vexatious litigation 28 in the disability access litigation sphere. Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 425.50. The stricter 1 pleading standard requires a plaintiff bringing construction-access claims1 to file a 2 verified complaint alleging specific facts concerning the plaintiff’s claim, including 3 the specific barriers encountered or how the plaintiff was deterred and each date on 4 which the plaintiff encountered each barrier or was deterred. See id. § 425.50(a). 5 California also imposed a “high-frequency litigant fee” in 2015 in response to the 6 “special and unique circumstances” presented by certain plaintiffs and law firms filing 7 an outsized number of Unruh Act lawsuits. Cal. Gov’t Code § 70616.5. 8 In recognition of California’s efforts to reduce the abuse of California’s 9 disability access laws, district courts within the state have determined that the interests 10 of fairness and comity counsel against exercising supplemental jurisdiction over 11 construction-access claims brought under the Unruh Act. See, e.g., Schutza v. 12 Cuddeback, 262 F. Supp. 3d 1025, 1031 (S.D. Cal. 2017) (“[T]he Court finds it would 13 be improper to allow Plaintiff [a high frequency litigant] to use federal court as an 14 end-around to California’s pleading requirements. Therefore, as a matter of comity, 15 and in deference to California’s substantial interest in discouraging unverified 16 disability discrimination claims, the Court declines supplemental jurisdiction over 17 Plaintiff’s Unruh Act claim.”). 18 In light of the foregoing, the Court ORDERS Plaintiff to show cause in writing 19 why the court should exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the Unruh Act claim and 20 1 “‘Construction-related accessibility claim’ means any civil claim in a civil action 21 with respect to a place of public accommodation, including, but not limited to, a claim brought under [Cal. Civ. Code] Section 51, 54, 54.1, or 55, based wholly or in part on 22 an alleged violation of any construction-related accessibility standard, as defined in 23 paragraph (6).” Cal. Civ. Code § 55.52(a)(1). “‘Construction-related accessibility standard’ means a provision, standard, or regulation under state or federal law 24 requiring compliance with standards for making new construction and existing facilities accessible to persons with disabilities, including, but not limited to, any 25 provision, standard, or regulation set forth in Section 51, 54, 54.1, or 55 of this code, Section 19955.5 of the Health and Safety Code, the California Building Standards 26 Code (Title 24 of the California Code of Regulations), the federal Americans with 27 Disabilities Act of 1990 (Public Law 101-336; 42 U.S.C. Sec. 12101 et seq.), and the federal Americans with Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (Appendix A to Part 28 36, of Title 28, of the Code of Federal Regulations).” Cal. Civ. Code § 55.52(a)(6). 1 | any related state law claims. See 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c). In responding to this Order to 2 | Show Cause, Plaintiff shall identify the amount of statutory damages Plaintiff seeks to 3 | recover. Plaintiff and his or her counsel also shall support their responses to the Order 4 | to Show Cause with declarations, signed under penalty of perjury, providing all facts 5 || necessary for the court to determine if they satisfy the definition of a “high-frequency 6 | litigant” as provided by Cal. Code Civ. Proc. § 425.55(b)(1) & (2). 7 Plaintiff shall file a Response to this Order to Show Cause within fourteen (14) 8 || days of this Order. Failure to timely or adequately respond to this Order to Show 9 | Cause may result in the court declining to exercise supplemental jurisdiction over the 10 | Unruh Act claim and any related state law claims and dismissing such claim or claims 11 | without further notice, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c). The Court may set a hearing 12 | on the Order to Show Cause after reviewing the parties’ responses, if necessary. 13 14 IT IS SO ORDERED. 15 16 | Dated: July 12, 2023 La Lk- -—_— 17 HON. WESLEY L. HSU 18 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28