I. INTRODUCTION

18 Plaintiffs RODE Microphones, LLC and Freedman Electronics Pty. Ltd. bring 19 this action for trademark infringement, false advertising, and unfair competition 20 against Defendant FEAM GMBH. (Compl. ¶¶ 79–164, ECF No. 1.) FEAM moves to 21 dismiss or transfer the case for lack of personal jurisdiction and pursuant to the 22 first-to-file rule. (Mot. Dismiss or Transfer (“Mot.”), ECF No. 21.) For the reasons 23 discussed below, the Court GRANTS the Motion IN PART and TRANSFERS the 24 case to the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey. (ECF No. 21.)1 25 Accordingly, the Court denies as moot FEAM’s request for dismissal, (ECF No. 21), 26 and denies as moot Plaintiffs’ Motion for a Preliminary Injunction, (ECF No. 18). 27

28 1 Having carefully considered the papers filed in connection with the Motion, the Court deemed the matter appropriate for decision without oral argument. Fed. R. Civ. P. 78; C.D. Cal. L.R. 7-15. 1 II. BACKGROUND 2 As alleged in the Complaint, RODE is a leading global manufacturer of audio 3 technology. (Compl. ¶ 7.) Resellers of RODE products must be members of RODE’s 4 “Authorised Dealer Network,” which RODE created to ensure quality control. (Id. 5 ¶¶ 36–37.) FEAM is not a member of the RODE Authorised Dealer Network, and is 6 therefore not authorized to sell RODE products. (Id. ¶ 49.) However, FEAM has sold 7 RODE products through its Amazon.com storefront since at least 2018. (Id. ¶ 47.) 8 On January 21, 2023, RODE and its parent company, Freedman, reported 9 FEAM to Amazon for selling counterfeit RODE products. (Id. ¶¶ 65–66.) FEAM 10 demanded that RODE retract the reports, but RODE refused. (Mot. 3; Decl. Luca 11 Mastrogiuseppe Ex. A (“D.N.J. Compl.”) ¶¶ 62–65, ECF No. 21-3.) 12 On February 8, 2023, FEAM initiated a lawsuit against RODE, Freedman, and 13 a RODE employee in a New Jersey federal court, seeking a declaratory judgment of 14 non-infringement and raising additional claims based on RODE’s reports that FEAM 15 was selling counterfeit RODE products. See FEAM GmbH v. Freedman Elecs. Pty 16 Ltd, No. 2:23-cv-00747 (D.N.J. filed Feb. 8, 2023) (“New Jersey Action”). Five days 17 later, on February 13, 2023, RODE and Freedman (“Plaintiffs”) initiated this action in 18 the Central District of California against FEAM, asserting causes of action for 19 trademark infringement and unfair competition based on FEAM’s resale of counterfeit 20 RODE products. (Compl. ¶¶ 79–164.) 21 FEAM now moves to dismiss or transfer this action to the United States District 22 Court for the District of New Jersey under the “first-to-file” rule.2 (Mot. 1.) The 23 Motion is fully briefed. (See Opp’n, ECF No. 30; Reply, ECF No. 32.) 24 25

26 2 FEAM also argues this Court lacks personal jurisdiction over it, but that it is subject to personal jurisdiction in New Jersey where it filed the New Jersey Action. (Mot. 1–2, 16.) In light of the 27 Court’s conclusion that the first-to-file rule applies and transfer of this case to the District Court for 28 the District of New Jersey is appropriate, the Court does not reach FEAM’s alternative argument that this case should be dismissed for lack of personal jurisdiction. 1 III. LEGAL STANDARD 2 Under the “first-to-file” rule, or comity doctrine, a district court may “decline 3 jurisdiction over an action when a complaint involving the same parties and issues has 4 already been filed in another district.” Pacesetter Sys., Inc. v. Medtronic, Inc., 5 678 F.2d 93, 94–95 (9th Cir. 1982). This doctrine seeks to conserve limited judicial 6 resources and avoid duplicate or inconsistent judgments on similar issues. See Kohn 7 Law Grp. v. Auto Parts Mfg. Miss., Inc., 787 F.3d 1237, 1240 (9th Cir. 2015); see 8 Treasure Garden, Inc. v. Red Star Traders, LLC, No. 12-cv-08577-SJO (JEMx), 9 2013 WL 12121989, at *5 (C.D. Cal. Apr. 1, 2013) (observing that “[e]fficiency is 10 lost, and judicial resources are wasted, where multiple actions,” with substantially 11 similar claims and parties, “continue simultaneously”). In determining whether to 12 apply the first-to-file rule, courts must consider the (1) chronology of the two actions; 13 (2) similarity of the parties; and (3) similarity of the issues. See Kohn Law Grp., 14 787 F.3d at 1240 (citing Alltrade, Inc. v. Uniweld Prods., Inc., 946 F.2d 622, 625 15 (9th Cir. 1991)). If a later-filed action meets the first-to-file rule requirements, the 16 second court may transfer, stay, or dismiss the case. Alltrade, 946 F.2d at 623. 17 IV. DISCUSSION 18 FEAM asserts that this action triggers the first-to-file rule, and the Court should 19 dismiss or transfer this case in favor of the New Jersey Action. (Mot. 1–2.) 20 A. Chronology of the Actions 21 The Court “start[s] by analyzing which lawsuit was filed first.” Kohn Law 22 Grp., 787 F.3d at 1240. It is undisputed that FEAM filed the New Jersey Action first, 23 on February 8, 2023, (see D.N.J. Compl.), and that Plaintiffs initiated this action five 24 days later, on February 13, 2023, (see Compl.). Accordingly, the New Jersey Action 25 was filed first. 26 B. Similarity of Parties 27 The second requirement is that the parties be similar. Alltrade, 946 F.2d at 625. 28 The first-to-file rule requires only that the parties be substantially similar; they need 1 not be identical. Kohn Law Grp., 787 F.3d at 1240. The rule is satisfied if some 2 parties in one matter are also in the other, “regardless of whether there are additional 3 unmatched parties in one or both matters.” Intersearch Worldwide, Ltd. v. Intersearch 4 Grp., 544 F. Supp. 2d 949, 959 n.6 (N.D. Cal. 2008). Here, Plaintiffs do not dispute 5 that the parties here and in the New Jersey Action are substantially similar. (See 6 generally Opp’n.) Indeed, FEAM, RODE, and Freedman are parties in both suits. 7 (Compl.; D.N.J. Compl.) That FEAM additionally named a RODE employee as a 8 defendant in the New Jersey Action does not change this conclusion. (D.N.J. Compl. 9 ¶ 7); see Intersearch, 544 F. Supp. 2d at 959. Accordingly, the parties here are 10 “substantially similar” to the parties in the New Jersey Action. 11 C. Similarity of Issues 12 The final requirement is that the issues be “substantially similar.” Kohn Law 13 Grp., 787 F.3d at 1240. This factor does not require total uniformity of claims but 14 rather focuses on the underlying factual allegations. Red v. Unilever U.S., Inc., 15 No. 2:09-cv-07855-MMM (AGRx), 2010 WL 11515197, at *5–6 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 25, 16 2010). If the issues presented in the two suits “substantial[ly] overlap,” the first-to- 17 file rule may apply even if the later-filed action includes additional claims. See Kohn 18 Law Grp., 787 F.3d at 1241; Red, 2010 WL 11515197, at *5 (noting it is not 19 necessary that “exactly parallel causes of action be alleged”). 20 Although the parties raise different causes of action in each case, the underlying 21 factual allegations giving rise to those causes of action are the same. (Compare 22 Compl. ¶¶ 7–78, with D.N.J. Compl. ¶¶ 7–77.) Both lawsuits arise from the same 23 activity: FEAM’s resale of RODE products on Amazon.com and RODE’s report to 24 Amazon that FEAM’s RODE-branded products were counterfeit. (Compl. ¶¶ 51–71; 25 D.N.J. Compl. ¶¶ 36–60.) The RODE trademark at issue is the same in both cases. 26 (Compl. ¶ 18; D.N.J. Compl. ¶ 16.) Moreover, the lawsuits are mirrored in that the 27 parties seek opposing legal findings based on the same set of facts. In the New Jersey 28 Action, FEAM seeks a “declaratory judgment that it has not violated [RODE’s] 1 trademark rights or other rights, whether under Federal or State law.” (D.N.J. Compl. 2 ¶ 88.) In this action, Plaintiffs allege that FEAM has infringed RODE’s trademarks 3 and competed unfairly in the marketplace by misrepresenting that FEAM’s 4 RODE-branded products are genuine. (Compl. ¶¶ 79–164.) Thus, the evidence and 5 discovery in both cases will significantly overlap and the court overseeing these 6 actions will be called on to resolve similar legal and factual issues. Accordingly, the 7 issues presented in the two actions substantially overlap. 8 D. Exceptions 9 Having determined that this case meets the three requirements for application of 10 the first-to-file rule, the question becomes whether any exceptions weigh against it. 11 The court has discretion to consider several equitable exceptions to the first-to file 12 rule, Alltrade, 946 F.2d at 628, including where circumstances indicate bad faith or an 13 anticipatory suit filed for the purpose of forum shopping, and where the balance of 14 convenience favors the later-filed action, Guthy-Renker Fitness, L.L.C. v. Icon Health 15 & Fitness, Inc., 179 F.R.D. 264, 270 (C.D. Cal. 1998). Plaintiffs argue that these 16 exceptions apply because FEAM acted inequitably by filing in New Jersey. 17 (Opp’n 13.) The Court is not persuaded. 18 Plaintiffs argue that “[a]ny claims that FEAM wishes to assert can be asserted 19 in” a responsive pleading in this action. (Opp’n 14.) But this reasoning applies 20 equally to Plaintiffs, who could as easily assert the claims they raise here as 21 counterclaims in the New Jersey Action. (See Reply 9–10.) Next, Plaintiffs assert 22 that FEAM filed the New Jersey action as an “anticipatory suit” for the purpose of 23 forum shopping. (Opp’n 14.) However, “[f]rom the outset,” FEAM informed 24 Plaintiffs that FEAM would file suit in New Jersey unless Plaintiffs retracted “their 25 false ‘counterfeit’ reports to Amazon.” (Reply 2). Further, the record does not reflect 26 evidence of “specific, concrete indications” that Plaintiffs intended to file suit against 27 FEAM such that FEAM’s filing in New Jersey could be considered “anticipatory.” 28 See Z-Line Designs, Inc. v. Bell’O Int’l, LLC, 218 F.R.D. 663, 665 (N.D. Cal. 2003) 1 || (‘A suit is anticipatory when the plaintiff filed [a lawsuit] upon receipt of specific, 2 | concrete indications that a suit by defendant was imminent.”). Finally, to the extent 3 | Plaintiffs argue that balance of convenience favors litigation here in California, the 4|| Court finds that such arguments “should be addressed to the court in the first-filed 5 || action,” the District Court in New Jersey. See Alltrade, 946 F.2d at 628 (quoting 6 || Pacesetter, 678 F.2d at 96). 7 All three requirements for the first-to-file rule are met and, upon weighing the 8 | relevant considerations, the Court remains unpersuaded that any equitable exceptions 9 || are warranted. In addition, judicial economy and consistency weigh in favor of 10 | applying the first-to-file rule to keep these mirrored actions together. Accordingly, the 11 || Court finds it appropriate to apply the first-to-file rule and transfer this action to the 12 || District of New Jersey. 13 Vv. CONCLUSION 14 For the reasons discussed above, the Court GRANTS IN PART Defendant’s 15 || Motion. The Court grants Defendant’s request to transfer the case and denies 16 || Defendant’s request for dismissal as moot. (ECF No. 21.) 17 In light of this disposition, the Court DENIES AS MOOT Plaintiffs’ Motion 18 | for a Preliminary Injunction, without prejudice to Plaintiffs’ refiling in the transferee 19 | court. (Mot. Prelim. Inj., ECF No. 18.) 20 The Clerk of the Court shall transfer this case to the United States District Court 21 || for the District of New Jersey, 50 Walnut Street, Newark, NJ 07102. 22 23 IT IS SO ORDERED. 24 25 July 31, 2023 ee 26 YE: □ iy biped eat 28 OTIS D. SHISTRIG II

UNITED STATESDISTRICT JUDGE