1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 WESTERN DIVISION

11

12 JORGE L. D., Case No. 2:22-cv-09322-BFM

13 Plaintiff, MEMORANDUM OPINION 14 v. A ND ORDER

15 KILOLO KIJAKAZI, Acting Commissioner of Social Security,

16 Defendant. 17 18

19 I. PROCEDURAL HISTORY 20 Plaintiff Jorge L. D.1 applied for Supplemental Security Income payments 21 alleging a disability that commenced on January 1, 2013.2 (Administrative 22 Record (“AR”) 15, 265-71.) Plaintiff’s application was denied at the initial level 23 24 1 In the interest of privacy, this Memorandum Opinion and Order uses only the first name and middle and last initials of the non-governmental party in this 25 case.

26 2 Plaintiff’s previous application for Supplemental Security Income 27 payments was denied in a March 31, 2020, decision by a different Administrative Law Judge who found Plaintiff not disabled from May 31, 2018, 28 the date the application was filed, through March 31, 2020. (AR 15, 44-66.) 1 2 an Administrative Law Judge. (AR 124-26.) The ALJ held a hearing at which 3 Plaintiff amended his alleged onset date to June 16, 2020, the date the 4 application was filed. (AR 15.) The ALJ heard testimony from Plaintiff and a 5 vocational expert (AR 31-50), after which the ALJ issued an unfavorable 6 decision. (AR 15-26.) The ALJ found at step two of the disability analysis3 that 7 Plaintiff has the severe impairment of schizophrenia. (AR 18.) At step three, the 8 ALJ concluded that Plaintiff’s condition does not meet or medically equal the 9 severity of any impairment contained in the regulation’s Listing of 10 Impairments—impairments that the agency has deemed so severe as to 11 preclude all substantial gainful activity and require a grant of disability 12 benefits. (AR 19); see 20 C.F.R. pt. 404, subpt. P, app. 1. 13 The ALJ then assessed Plaintiff’s residual functional capacity—the most 14 that Plaintiff can do despite his limitations. He determined that Plaintiff has 15 the residual functional capacity to perform a full range of work at all exertional 16 levels but with a number of limitations. Those limitations included, among other 17 things, an ability to work at a consistent pace throughout the workday only at 18 simple tasks, and not at a production rate pace with strict deadlines or high 19 quotas; an inability to interact with the general public; and no more than 20 occasional interaction with co-workers and supervisors. (AR 20.) The ALJ 21 credited the vocational expert’s testimony that an individual with Plaintiff’s 22 limitations, and of his age and education level, would be able to perform jobs in 23 the national economy. (AR 25.) He thus found Plaintiff to be not disabled since 24 June 16, 2020, the date his application was filed, and denied his claim. (AR 26.) 25

26 3 A five-step evaluation process governs whether a plaintiff is disabled. 20 27 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)-(g)(1), 416.920(a)-(g)(1). The ALJ, properly, conducted the full five-step analysis, but only the steps relevant to the issue raised in the 28 Complaint are discussed here. 1 2 Dissatisfied with the Agency’s resolution of his claim, Plaintiff filed a 3 Complaint in this Court. He argues that the ALJ erred when he failed to do the 4 following: (1) properly evaluate the medical opinions of record, specifically the 5 opinion of the consultative psychological examiner Amber Ruddock, Ph.D.; and 6 (2) include work-related limitations in the residual functional capacity 7 consistent with Plaintiff’s testimony regarding the nature and intensity of his 8 limitations. (Pl.’s Br. at 1.) Defendant requests that the ALJ’s decision be 9 affirmed. 10 11 II. STANDARD OF REVIEW 12 Under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), the Court reviews the Commissioner’s decision 13 to deny benefits to determine if: (1) the Commissioner’s findings are supported 14 by substantial evidence; and (2) the Commissioner used correct legal standards. 15 See Carmickle v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 533 F.3d 1155, 1159 (9th Cir. 2008); 16 Brewes v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 682 F.3d 1157, 1161 (9th Cir. 2012). 17 “Substantial evidence . . . is ‘more than a mere scintilla.’ It means—and only 18 means—‘such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate 19 to support a conclusion.’” Biestek v. Berryhill, 139 S. Ct. 1148, 1154 (2019) 20 (citations omitted); Gutierrez v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 740 F.3d 519, 522-23 (9th 21 Cir. 2014) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). To determine 22 whether substantial evidence supports a finding, the reviewing court “must 23 review the administrative record as a whole, weighing both the evidence that 24 supports and the evidence that detracts from the Commissioner’s conclusion.” 25 Reddick v. Chater, 157 F.3d 715, 710 (9th Cir. 1998). 26 27 28 1 2 Although Plaintiff raised two issues, this Order addresses only one: the 3 ALJ’s failure to properly consider the opinion of the consultative examiner Dr. 4 Ruddock. As to that issue, Plaintiff argues that the ALJ did not properly 5 consider the supportability and consistency of Dr. Ruddock’s report. 6 For the reasons set forth below, the Court determines that the ALJ’s 7 decision must be reversed on this basis, and thus declines to address Plaintiff’s 8 contention that the ALJ failed to properly consider Plaintiff’s subjective 9 symptom testimony. 10 11 A. Medical Opinions 12 1. Legal Framework 13 Under governing regulations, an ALJ is required to articulate how 14 persuasive he finds the medical opinions and the prior administrative medical 15 findings in a claimant’s record. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920c(b). In doing so, the ALJ 16 must consider both the “supportability” and the “consistency” of each opinion. 17 20 C.F.R. § 416.920c(b)(2). Supportability is the extent to which a medical 18 source, here, psychological consultative examiner Dr. Ruddock, “supports [her] 19 medical opinion by explaining the ‘relevant . . . objective medical evidence.’” 20 Woods v. Kijakazi, 32 F.4th 785, 791-92 (9th Cir. 2022) (quoting 20 C.F.R. § 21 416.920c(c)(1). Consistency asks whether the medical expert’s opinion or finding 22 is consistent with “the evidence from other medical sources and nonmedical 23 sources in the claim.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.920c(c)(2). The ALJ is required to consider 24 other factors that relate to medical opinions (such as relationship with the 25 claimant and length of the treatment relationship, among others) but the failure 26 to explain how he considered those other factors is not necessarily error. See 20 27 C.F.R. § 416.920c(b)(2). 28 1 2 inconsistent without providing an explanation supported by substantial 3 evidence. Woods, 32 F.4th at 792. Here, the ALJ’s treatment of Dr. Ruddock’s 4 opinion fails to satisfy that test. 5 2. Plaintiff’s Functional Abilities 6 On September 23, 2020, Dr. Ruddock evaluated Plaintiff in-person and 7 chronicled her observations in a written report. (AR 396-400.) She was given no 8 records to review. (AR 396.) She noted that Plaintiff reported a history of 9 psychiatric hospitalizations “in the past beginning in 2013”; experienced suicidal 10 and homicidal ideation in the past but not since 2014; and reported he currently 11 experiences auditory and visual hallucinations, as well as paranoia, constantly 12 thinking that people are following him and watching his every move. (AR 396.) 13 Plaintiff also reported to Dr. Ruddock that it was difficult for him to make friends 14 or interact with others. He stated that his symptoms have “gotten considerably 15 better with his psychiatric medication,” but “have started to emerge again.” (AR 16 397.) 17 Dr. Ruddock noted Plaintiff was cooperative but “somewhat difficult to 18 interact with as he would have periods of remaining entirely silent and not 19 responding to questions asked.” (AR 397.) She also found him to be “socially 20 reserved” with her during the examination. (AR 398-99.) She described his 21 thoughts as “poorly organized,” and noted he “engaged in odd behaviors where 22 he would have brief moments where he appeared to be in an almost catatonic- 23 like state,” and would not engage in any form of verbal communications without 24 additional prompting. (AR 398.) His “fund of knowledge was below average,” and 25 he was unable to describe simple proverbs. (AR 398.) His insight and judgment 26 were also below average. (AR 398.) 27 On the more positive side, Dr. Ruddock also noted that Plaintiff was 28 1 2 within normal limits; he was oriented to person, time, place, and purpose; his 3 mood was euthymic and his affect was congruent with his mood; his memory was 4 intact for immediate, intermediate, and remote memories; he could recall 3 out 5 of 3 words at immediate and intermediate timeframes; and his attention and 6 concentration span were “appropriate.” (AR 397-98.) 7 As relevant to Plaintiff’s mental impairment, at step four of the analysis, 8 an ALJ must consider whether a claimant’s impairments meet or exceed the 9 criteria for the “Listing” for that impairment. For mental impairments, the 10 Listing describes four areas of functional abilities on which claimants are 11 evaluated: the ability to understand, remember, or apply information; the 12 ability to interact with others; the ability to concentrate, persist, or maintain 13 pace; and the ability to adapt or manage oneself. 20 C.F.R. pt. 404, subpt. P, 14 app. 1. Applicants are scored on each area from no limitation, to mild, moderate, 15 marked, or extreme limitation. For Plaintiff’s impairment to meet the Listing 16 with respect to his mental condition, his limitations would have to result in one 17 area of “extreme” limitation or two areas of “marked” limitation. Id. 18 Dr. Ruddock opined Plaintiff would have marked difficulty in 19 understanding, remembering, and carrying out detailed and complex 20 instructions; in complying with job rules such as safety and attendance; and in 21 maintaining persistence and pace in a normal workplace setting. (AR 398.) She 22 also opined that Plaintiff would have moderate difficulty understanding, 23 remembering, and carrying out short, simplistic instructions; in making 24 simplistic work-related decisions without special supervision; and in responding 25 to change in a normal workplace setting. (AR 398.) She also believed he would 26 have moderate difficulty interacting appropriately with supervisors, coworkers, 27 and peers on a consistent basis. (AR 399.) 28 1 2 The ALJ found Dr. Ruddock’s opinions to be “minimally persuasive.” (AR 3 23.) He asserted that her conclusions were not supported by her examination, 4 which supported finding some limitations but “does not support finding 5 [Plaintiff] has a moderate limitation in his ability to perform simple tasks or 6 marked limitations in other areas.” (AR 23.) He also discounted her opinion as 7 “based on a one-time examination” that was based “at least partially on 8 [Plaintiff’s] self-reported limitations rather than her own observations, and . . . 9 inconsistent with the treatment notes as a whole.” Those treatment records 10 reflect that Plaintiff “denied having hallucinations, suicidal ideation, symptoms 11 of psychosis, and side effects from his medications,” and also reported on “several 12 occasions” he was “doing well and is stable.” (AR 23 (citing generally AR 356-95, 13 401-52, 453-76).) The ALJ concluded that the treatment record as a whole is more 14 consistent with his residual functional capacity determination that Plaintiff is 15 “capable of performing simple tasks in a setting without high quota demands and 16 with occasional interaction with coworkers and supervisors, but without 17 interaction with the general public or teamwork.” (AR 23.) 18 Considering all evidence in the record, the ALJ concluded that Plaintiff’s 19 limitation in each functional area was moderate, not marked or extreme. (AR 20 19.) 21 4. Analysis 22 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ’s reasons for discounting Dr. Ruddock’s 23 opinion are insufficient because they are “inconsistent with the very nature of 24 Plaintiff’s mental impairments and the evidence of record.” (Pl.’s Br. at 6.) The 25 Court agrees. 26 Here, the ALJ noted that Dr. Ruddock’s opinions were unsupported 27 because they were (1) “at least partially based” on Plaintiff’s self-reported 28 1 2 reasons for finding Dr. Ruddock’s opinions to be “minimally persuasive” are not 3 supported by substantial evidence. 4 The first reason—that Dr. Ruddock relied in part on Plaintiff’s own 5 description of his conditions—does not withstand scrutiny. As an initial matter, 6 courts have acknowledged a claimant’s own description of his symptoms plays a 7 necessary role in the diagnosis and treatment of mental health issues. See, e.g., 8 Sanchez v. Apfel, 85 F. Supp. 2d 986, 992 (C.D. Cal. 2000) (noting that 9 psychiatric impairment is not “readily amenable to substantiation by objective 10 laboratory testing”). And as the ALJ notes, Dr. Ruddock’s opinion was only 11 partially premised on Plaintiff’s description of his symptoms. The consultive 12 examiner here spent time with Plaintiff, conducted her own testing, and made 13 her own observations. Part of a psychological examiner’s role—and her 14 expertise—is testing a patient’s claimed symptoms against the more objective 15 signs of mental illness to see whether they align. As such, the fact that Dr. 16 Ruddock may have partially relied on Plaintiff’s own report of paranoia and 17 hallucinations is not a basis to reject her opinion. 18 But even without taking Plaintiff’s self-reported symptoms into account, 19 Dr. Ruddock’s own observations and testing reflect Plaintiff’s difficult attitude, 20 periods of silence and failure to respond to questions, poorly organized thoughts, 21 below average fund of knowledge, and below average insight and judgment. 22 Thus, Dr. Ruddock’s observations alone lend support to her opinions that 23 Plaintiff would have some degree of difficulty in several areas: understanding, 24 remembering, and carrying out short, simple instructions, maintaining 25 persistence and pace, handling detailed and complex tasks, interacting with 26 others on a consistent basis, responding to change, making simple work-related 27 decisions, maintaining attendance, and complying with job rules. The ALJ erred 28 1 2 relied on Plaintiff’s self-reporting of symptoms. 3 To the extent that the ALJ takes issue with the degree of the limitations 4 found by Dr. Ruddock, the ALJ appears to have relied primarily on his finding 5 that Dr. Ruddock’s opinions were inconsistent with the treatment records as a 6 whole. In particular, the ALJ pointed to records of Plaintiff’s monthly office 7 visits with his doctors. The ALJ notes that, in that setting, Plaintiff repeatedly 8 “denied having hallucinations, suicidal ideation, symptoms of psychosis, and 9 side effects from his medications,” and also reported “on several occasions that 10 he is doing well and is stable.” (AR 23 (citations omitted).) Plaintiff does not 11 dispute that there are such findings in his treatment records, but asserts that 12 the treatment records generally—including some of the same records containing 13 these “benign” findings—also include findings of “abnormal mood or affect, 14 impoverished thought processes, or poor insight.” (Pl.’s Br. at 8 (collecting 15 cites).) He argues that it was error for the ALJ to pick out a few isolated 16 instances of improvement and treat them as a basis for concluding Plaintiff is 17 capable of working. (Pl.’s Br. at 8-9 (citing Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 18 1017 (9th Cir. 2014).) 19 Plaintiff is right that there are a fair number of records that align with 20 the symptoms reported by Dr. Ruddock: Plaintiff had angry 21 outbursts/irritability (AR 362, 374 (no episodes reported this visit), 439, 443); 22 impoverished thought process (AR 362, 374, 383, 417, 432, 443, 461, 466); no 23 interests (AR 374); poor insight (sometimes noted with respect to his chronic 24 marijuana use) (AR 362, 374, 383); blunted mood and/or flat affect (AR 431, 442, 25 449, 459, 464); occasions of hearing voices (AR 467); paranoia (AR 467); and 26 anxiety (AR 467). 27 An ALJ is permitted—indeed required—to address discrepant medical 28 1 2 records and characterized them as saying that Plaintiff “regularly reported or 3 was observed to display behavior and temperament consistent with [a diagnosis 4 of schizophrenia], including auditory and visual hallucinations, paranoia, 5 nervousness, anxiousness, difficulty focusing and concentrating, and self- 6 isolation.” (AR 22.) 7 Thus, while it is true that Plaintiff did not report hallucinations at every 8 treatment visit and that he sometimes reported being in a stable mood, the ALJ 9 himself found that the record was significant for schizophrenia and found that 10 Plaintiff had regularly both reported and been observed displaying symptoms 11 consistent with schizophrenia. Given that finding, the ALJ’s explanation for 12 discounting Dr. Ruddock’s opinion based on its inconsistency with the treatment 13 records does not have the support of substantial evidence. 14 The ALJ noted that Dr. Ruddock’s opinion was based on a one-time 15 encounter with Plaintiff. (AR 23.) An ALJ is permitted, and indeed required, to 16 consider the length and nature of the relationship between the claimant and the 17 medical professional who offers an opinion. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920c(c)(3). But if the 18 other bases for rejecting Dr. Ruddock’s opinions are insufficient, then the one- 19 time nature of the consultative examination is an insufficient basis, standing 20 alone, to reject her opinion. Consultative examiners are experts hired by the 21 Agency itself, with instructions to offer an opinion in cases where the record is 22 insufficiently developed. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.919a(b). The regulation authorizes 23 “a physical or mental examination or test,” and thus envisions a one-time-only 24 relationship. If a consultative examiner’s report could be rejected solely because 25 it was premised on a one-time examination, then an ALJ could always disregard 26 a consultative expert’s report if he did not like its conclusions. Such a result 27 would be inconsistent with the role that consultative examiners play in the 28 1 2 which says that all medical opinions, including those offered by consultative 3 examiners, should be judged chiefly by their supportability and consistency. 4 Because the ALJ’s other reasons for disregarding Dr. Ruddock’s opinions fail, 5 the one-time nature of their relationship, standing alone, does not provide 6 substantial evidence to support the ALJ’s conclusion. 7 In defending the ALJ’s decision, Defendant notes that unlike the State 8 agency reviewers, Dr. Ruddock had no records to review and therefore “was 9 unaware of the contradiction between Plaintiff’s unremarkable treatment 10 records and his presentation at the consultative examination.” (Def’t’s Br. at 3- 11 4.) But this was not a reason that the ALJ gave for discounting Dr. Ruddock’s 12 decision4 and therefore the Court cannot affirm on that basis. Nor, as set out 13 above, does the Court agree that the treatment records are unremarkable. In 14 any event, Dr. Ruddock’s opinion either is consistent with the medical record or 15 it is not, but whether Dr. Ruddock would have opined differently if she had been 16 asked to conduct a different evaluation and was provided different information 17 is not before this Court. 18 On this record, the Court cannot find that the ALJ’s determination to 19 discount the persuasiveness of Dr. Ruddock’s opinion based either on its lack of 20 supportability or on its lack of consistency with the medical records was 21 supported by substantial evidence. 22 Remand is warranted on this issue. 23 24 25 4 He hardly could give lack of records as a reason for discounting Dr. 26 Ruddock’s opinion. The ALJ requested the consultative evaluation and could 27 have provided Plaintiff’s treatment records to Dr. Ruddock if he had wanted to do so. 28 1 2 Because remand is warranted for the above reasons, and because remand 3 will require the ALJ to reassess the medical evidence of record and Plaintiff’s 4 subjective symptom testimony, the Court declines to address Plaintiff’s 5 remaining issue. See Hiler v. Astrue, 687 F.3d 1208, 1212 (9th Cir. 2012) 6 (“Because we remand the case to the ALJ for the reasons stated, we decline to 7 reach [plaintiff’s] alternative ground[s] for remand.”). In performing the 8 required five-step analysis on remand, the ALJ must abide by all regulations 9 applicable to the consideration of, among other things, the medical evidence, 10 and Plaintiff’s subjective symptom testimony. 11 12 IV. REMAND FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS 13 Remand is appropriate, as the circumstances of this case suggest that 14 further administrative proceedings could remedy the ALJ’s errors. See 15 Dominguez v. Colvin, 808 F.3d 403, 407 (9th Cir. 2015) (“Unless the district 16 court concludes that further administrative proceedings would serve no useful 17 purpose, it may not remand with a direction to provide benefits.”); Treichler v. 18 Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 775 F.3d 1090, 1101, n.5 (9th Cir. 2014) (remand 19 for further administrative proceedings is the proper remedy “in all but the rarest 20 cases”); Harman v. Apfel, 211 F.3d 1172, 1180-81 (9th Cir. 2000) (remand for 21 further proceedings rather than for the immediate payment of benefits is 22 appropriate where there are “sufficient unanswered questions in the record”). 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 V. CONCLUSION 2 For all the foregoing reasons, IT IS ORDERED that: 8 (1) the decision of the Commissioner is REVERSED and this matter 4 REMANDED pursuant to sentence four of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) for 5 further administrative proceedings consistent with this Memorandum 6 Opinion and Order; and 7 (2) Judgment be entered in favor of Plaintiff. Ninn f 9 || DATED: September 15, 2023

BRIANNA FULLER MIRCHEFF

10 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 13