1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 CHRISTOPHER LULL, CONOR No. 2:17-cv-2216-KJM-EFB PS

BUGBEE, KEVIN BURRAGE,

12 KALEIGH BURRAGE, 13 Plaintiffs, ORDER AND FINDINGS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

14 v. 15 COUNTY OF PLACER, TIMOTHY

WEGNER, STEVE PEDRETTI, JOSEPH

16 ZANARINI, STEVEN SOLOMON, 17 Defendants. 18 19 This case was before the court on February 12, 2019, for hearing on defendants’ motion to 20 dismiss plaintiffs’ first amended complaint for lack of subject matter jurisdiction and failure to 21 state a claim pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 12(b)(1) and Rule 12(b)(6) 22 (ECF No. 21), and the court’s February 6, 2019 order directing defendants to show cause why 23 sanctions should not be imposed for their failure to appear at the initial hearing on their motion, 24 which was on February 6, 2019 (ECF No. 29). Attorney Gregory Warner appeared on behalf of 25 the defendants. Plaintiff Christopher Lull appeared pro se, and the remaining plaintiffs failed to 26 appear. Also pending is the court’s January 7, 2019 order directing plaintiffs Conor Bugbee, 27 Kevin Burrage, and Kaleigh Burrage to show cause why sanctions should not be imposed for 28 ///// 1 failure to timely respond to defendants’ motion (ECF No. 29), and plaintiff Lull’s motion to 2 amend the complaint (ECF No. 35).1 3 For the following reasons, the orders to show cause are discharged and it is recommended 4 defendants’ motion to dismiss be granted and Lull’s motion to amend be denied. 5 I. Orders to Show Cause 6 Defendants’ motion to dismiss was originally noticed for hearing on January 9, 2019. In 7 violation of Local Rule 230(c), plaintiffs Conor Bugbee, Kevin Burrage, and Kaleigh Burrage 8 failed to timely file either an opposition or statements of non-opposition to defendants’ motion. 9 Accordingly, the hearing on the motion was continued to February 6, 2019, and these plaintiffs 10 were ordered to show cause why sanctions should not be imposed for their failure to comply with 11 Local Rule 230(c). ECF No. 26. Defendants, however, failed to appear at the February 6, 2019 12 hearing. Accordingly, the hearing was again continued, and defendants were ordered to show 13 cause why sanctions should not be imposed for their failure to appear. ECF Nos. 29, 31. 14 In response to the first order to show cause, plaintiffs Conor Bugbee, Kevin Burrage, and 15 Kaleigh Burrage filed a statement of non-opposition, which explains that their claims are now 16 moot due to a recent amendment to the county ordinance that is challenged in this action. ECF 17 No. 27. They further state that they were not aware they needed to file a statement of non- 18 opposition if they did not oppose defendants’ motion. Id. at 2. In light of those representations, 19 the order to show cause is discharged and no sanctions are imposed. Additionally, it is 20 recommended that plaintiffs Conor Bugbee, Kevin Burrage, and Kaleigh Burrage’s claims be 21 dismissed as moot. 22 As for defendants’ failure to appear at the February 6 hearing, defendants’ counsel 23 apologized for the error and stated that he missed the hearing due to “a good faith mistake when 24 reviewing his weekly calendar.” ECF No. 30. While counsel’s error does not constitute good 25 ///// 26 1 Lull’s motion for leave to amend the complaint was filed after the February 22, 2019 27 hearing. ECF No. 35. Because the court determined that oral argument would not be of material assistance in resolving that motion, it was submitted without appearance and without argument 28 pursuant to Eastern District of California Local Rule 230(g). ECF No. 39. 1 cause for his absence, the court reluctantly discharges the order to show cause and imposes no 2 sanctions. 3 II. Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss 4 A. Background 5 Plaintiffs bring this action against the County of Placer and four of its employees, 6 challenging the constitutionality of Placer County Ordinance 5851-B (the “Ordinance”) 7 pertaining to the cultivation of cannabis. The court previously granted defendants’ motion to 8 dismiss the prior complaint for lack of standing because plaintiffs failed to allege that defendants 9 had enforced the Ordinance against them or that enforcement was imminent. ECF No. 17 at 4; 10 ECF No. 18. Plaintiffs were granted leave to file an amended complaint, which they have since 11 filed. 12 The first amended complaint consists largely of legal conclusions, with only minimal 13 factual allegations. See generally ECF No. 19. According to the amended complaint, Lull owns 14 real property located in Auburn, California, and that the other plaintiffs lease the property from 15 Lull. Id. at 2-3. Defendants Wegner, Pedretti, Zanarini, and Solomon are employed by the 16 County of Placer and authorized to enforce county zoning and building regulations. Id. at 2. In 17 December 2016, defendant County of Placer (“County”) adopted the Ordinance, which imposes 18 “sanctions per marijuana plant or per square footage and not per violation of ordinance as 19 proscribed by enabling statutes.”2 Id. at 3-4. 20 The complaint further alleges that “Defendants are imposing excessive fines not 21 authorized by enabling statutes and not for violating an ordinance. This is effectively a 22 progressive fine schedule for severity of offense as Defendants only charge or allege a singular 23 2 Placer County Ordinance 5851-B is codified as Placer County Code §§ 8.10 et seq. The 24 ordinance limits the cultivation of cannabis to “six plants on no more than fifty (50) square feet in total . . . for . . . cultivation of non-medical cannabis per parcel with a private residence. 25 Medicinal cannabis plants may be cultivated on no more than fifty (50) square feet in total per 26 private residence, regardless of the number of authorized growers, qualified patients or primary caregivers residing in said private residence.” Placer County Code §§ 8.10.040(A)(1), 27 8.10.05(A)(4). Violation of the ordinance is considered a misdemeanor and a public nuisance and subject to enforcement by abatement and administrative penalties, including abatement and 28 administrative costs. Placer County Code § 8.10.100. 1 offense and increase the sanction by plant count.” Id. at 4. Lull further alleges that the 2 “Ordinance subjected property owners to punitive sanctions regardless of their culpability and the 3 Amendment fails to draw a distinction of imposing the sanctions upon culpable person and not 4 the Property owner.” Id. at 5. Defendants allegedly have imposed over $7,000 in fees for a 5 hearing and a $32,000 punitive sanction against plaintiff Lull. Id. at 8. 6 Based on these allegations, the complaint alleges claims styled as (1) declaratory relief, 7 (2) substantive due process, (3) procedural due process, and (4) injunctive relief. Defendants 8 move to dismiss the complaint for lack of standing and failure to state a claim. ECF No. 21-1. 9 B. Legal Standards 10 1. Rule 12(b)(1) 11 A federal court is a court of limited jurisdiction, and may adjudicate only those cases 12 authorized by the Constitution and by Congress. Kokkonen v. Guardian Life Ins. Co., 511 U.S. 13 375, 377 (1994). The basic federal jurisdiction statutes, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 & 1332, confer 14 “federal question” and “diversity” jurisdiction, respectively. Federal question jurisdiction requires 15 that the complaint (1) arise under a federal law or the U. S. Constitution, (2) allege a “case or 16 controversy” within the meaning of Article III, § 2 of the U. S. Constitution, or (3) be authorized 17 by a federal statute that both regulates a specific subject matter and confers federal jurisdiction. 18 Baker v. Carr, 369 U.S. 186, 198 (1962). To invoke the court’s diversity jurisdiction, a plaintiff 19 must specifically allege the diverse citizenship of all parties, and that the matter in controversy 20 exceeds $75,000. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a); Bautista v. Pan American World Airlines, Inc., 828 F.2d 21 546, 552 (9th Cir. 1987). A case presumably lies outside the jurisdiction of the federal courts 22 unless demonstrated otherwise. Kokkonen, 511 U.S. at 376-78. Lack of subject matter 23 jurisdiction may be raised at any time by either party or by the court. Attorneys Trust v. 24 Videotape Computer Products, Inc., 93 F.3d 593, 594-95 (9th Cir. 1996). 25 A motion to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) seeks dismissal for lack of subject matter 26 jurisdiction. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1). On such a motion the plaintiff bears the burden of 27 establishing that jurisdiction exists. See, e.g., Sopcak v. Northern Mountain Helicopter Serv., 52 28 F.3d 817, 818 (9th Cir. 1995); Thornhill Pub. Co. v. General Tel. & Electronics Corp., 594 F.2d 1 730, 733 (9th Cir. 1979). Different procedures apply to a 12(b)(1) motion, depending on the 2 manner in which it is made. See, e.g., Crisp v. United States, 966 F. Supp. 970, 971-72 (E.D. Cal. 3 1997). “A Rule 12(b)(1) jurisdictional attack may be facial or factual.” Safe Air For Everyone v. 4 Meyer, 373 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 2004). A facial attack “asserts that the lack of subject 5 matter jurisdiction is apparent from the face of the complaint.” Id. If the motion presents a facial 6 attack, the court considers the complaint’s allegations to be true, and plaintiff enjoys “safeguards 7 akin to those applied when a Rule 12(b)(6) motion is made.” Doe v. Schachter, 804 F. Supp. 53, 8 56 (N.D. Cal. 1992). 9 Conversely, a factual attack, often referred to as a “speaking motion,” challenges the truth 10 of the allegations in the complaint that give rise to federal jurisdiction and the court does not 11 presume those factual allegations to be true. Thornhill, 594 F.2d at 733. Although the court may 12 consider evidence such as declarations or testimony to resolve factual disputes, id.; McCarthy v. 13 United States, 850 F.2d 558, 560 (9th Cir. 1988), genuine disputes over facts material to 14 jurisdiction must be addressed under Rule 56 standards. “[W]hen ruling on a jurisdictional 15 motion involving factual issues which also go to the merits, the trial court should employ the 16 standard applicable to a motion for summary judgment. Under this standard, the moving party 17 should prevail only if the material jurisdictional facts are not in dispute and the moving party is 18 entitled to prevail as a matter of law.” Trentacosta v. Frontier Pacific Aircraft Industries, Inc., 19 813 F.2d 1553, 1558 (9th Cir. 1987) (quotations and citations omitted) (emphasis added). 20 Here, defendants advance a facial attack, arguing that the complaint’s allegations fail to 21 demonstrate that Lull has Article III standing. 22 2. Rule 12(b)(6) 23 A complaint may be dismissed for “failure to state a claim upon which relief may be 24 granted.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). To survive a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, a 25 plaintiff must allege “enough facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell 26 Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A claim has “facial plausibility when the 27 plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the 28 defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) 1 (citing Twombly, 550 U.S. at 556). The plausibility standard is not akin to a “probability 2 requirement,” but it requires more than a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully. 3 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 4 Dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) may be based on either: (1) lack of a cognizable legal 5 theory, or (2) insufficient facts under a cognizable legal theory. Chubb Custom Ins. Co., 710 F.3d 6 at 956. Dismissal also is appropriate if the complaint alleges a fact that necessarily defeats the 7 claim. Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1228-1229 (9th Cir. 1984). 8 Pro se pleadings are held to a less-stringent standard than those drafted by lawyers. 9 Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007) (per curiam). However, the Court need not accept as 10 true unreasonable inferences or conclusory legal allegations cast in the form of factual 11 allegations. See Ileto v. Glock Inc., 349 F.3d 1191, 1200 (9th Cir. 2003) (citing Western Mining 12 Council v. Watt, 643 F.2d 618, 624 (9th Cir. 1981)). 13 For purposes of dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6), the court generally considers only 14 allegations contained in the pleadings, exhibits attached to the complaint, and matters properly 15 subject to judicial notice, and construes all well-pleaded material factual allegations in the light 16 most favorable to the nonmoving party. Chubb Custom Ins. Co. v. Space Sys./Loral, Inc., 710 17 F.3d 946, 956 (9th Cir. 2013); Akhtar v. Mesa, 698 F.3d 1202, 1212 (9th Cir. 2012). 18 C. Discussion 19 1. Standing 20 Defendants argue that Lull lacks standing to challenge the Ordinance because he does not 21 allege an invasion of a federally-protected interest or that defendants have or imminently will 22 enforce the Ordinance against him. ECF No. 21-1 at 5. 23 Standing is an element of subject matter jurisdiction. Warren v. Fox Family Worldwide, 24 Inc., 328 F.3d 1136, 1140 (9th Cir. 2003). The requirement that a party have “standing” to bring 25 an action is part of the case-or-controversy provision of Article III of the Constitution. Lujan v. 26 Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 560 (1992). To have standing, three elements must be 27 satisfied: 28 ///// 1 First, the plaintiff must have suffered an injury in fact—an invasion of a legally protected interest which is (a) concrete and particularized 2 and (b) actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical. Second, there must be a causal connection between the injury and the conduct 3 complained of—the injury has to be fairly . . . trace[able] to the challenged action of the defendant, and not . . . th[e] result [of] 4 independent action of some third party not before the court. Third it must be likely as opposed to merely speculative that the injury will 5 be redressed by a favorable decision. 6 7 Id. at 560-61 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). To establish standing to obtain 8 injunctive relief, “the plaintiff must demonstrate a real or immediate threat of an irreparable 9 injury.” Clark v. City of Lakewood, 259 F.3d 996, 1007 (9th Cir. 2001); Culinary Workers 10 Union, Local 226 v. Del Papa, 200 F.3d 614, 617 (9th Cir 1999). 11 “A plaintiff who challenges a statute must demonstrate a realistic danger of sustaining a 12 direct injury as a result of the statute’s operation or enforcement. But one does not have to await 13 the consummation of threatened injury to obtain preventive relief. If the injury is certainly 14 impending, that is enough.” Babbitt v. United Farm Workers Nat’l Union, 442 U.S. 289, 298 15 (1979) (alteration in original) (quotation marks and citations omitted); see also San Diego Cnty. 16 Gun Rights Comm. v. Reno, 98 F.3d 1121, 1126 (9th Cir. 1996) (to establish an injury in fact for a 17 pre-enforcement challenge to a statute, the plaintiff “must show a genuine threat of imminent 18 prosecution.”). 19 Liberally construed, the complaint sufficiently alleges an injury stemming from the 20 enforcement of the challenged ordinance. The complaint specifically alleges that defendants 21 fined Lull $32,000 and imposed over $7,000 in illegal abatement fees. ECF No. 19 at 1, 7. Lull 22 further alleges that defendants “have not alleged that [he] is a culpable person or that [he] himself 23 violated an ordinance. Defendants merely allege Lull is responsible for the punitive sanction due 24 to his real property ownership and that he knew of the activity at his property.” Id. at 5. 25 These allegations, if taken as true, show that defendants have enforced the Ordinance 26 against Lull, which resulted in the imposition of arbitrary sanctions. Accordingly, the complaint 27 adequately alleges a concrete injury traceable to defendants’ conduct. 28 ///// 1 2. Failure to State a Claim 2 Defendants also move to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), arguing that the complaint fails to 3 allege facts sufficient to state a claim for relief. ECF No. 21-1 at 4. 4 a. Substantive Due Process 5 Lull claims that defendants violated his substantive due process rights by imposing 6 sanctions under the Ordinance without a rational basis. ECF No. 19 at 6-7. The substantive 7 component of the Fourteen Amendment’s due process clause “guards against arbitrary and 8 capricious government action . . . . ” Halverson v. Skagit Cnty., 42 F.3d 1257, 1261 (9th Cir. 9 1994). Thus, to establish a violation of substantive due process, plaintiff must show that the 10 County’s ordinance “was ‘clearly arbitrary and unreasonable, having no substantial relation to the 11 public health, safety, morals or general welfare.’” Kawaoka v. City of Arroyo Grande, 17 F.3d 12 1227, 1234 (9th Cir. 1994) (quoting Sinaloa Lake Owners Ass’n v. City of Simi Valley, 882 F.2d 13 1398, 1407 (9th Cir. 1989). 14 The complaint alleges that defendants are “currently enforcing the Ordinance and 15 Amendment subjecting Plaintiffs to arbitrary Property impositions and punitive sanctions without 16 a rational basis.” Id. at 6. It further alleges that the “Ordinance effectively imposes a punitive 17 sanction upon land owners despite culpability.” Id. at 7. These conclusory allegations are 18 insufficient to provide defendants with fair notice of the basis of Lull’s challenge to the 19 Ordinance. See Twombly, 550 U.S. at 545. Indeed, the complaint does not identify the specific 20 provision of the Ordinance Lull believes to be unconstitutional, nor does it allege how the 21 ordinance was arbitrarily enforced against him. Accordingly, the complaint fails to state a 22 substantive due process claim. 23 b. Procedural Due Process 24 Lull also claims that defendants violated his right to procedural due process. ECF No. 19 25 at 7. To state a procedural due process claim, a plaintiff must allege facts showing: “(1) a 26 deprivation of a constitutionally protected liberty or property interest, and (2) a denial of adequate 27 procedural protections.” Kildare v. Saenz, 325 F.3d 1078, 1085 (9th Cir. 2003). At a minimum, 28 the procedural safeguards must include “an opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a 1 meaningful manner.” Brewster v. Bd. of Edu. of Lynwood Unified Sch. Dist., 149 F.3d 971, 984 2 (9th Cir. 1998). 3 Lull alleges that he was not afforded a “pre-order hearing to dispute the findings and 4 determinations of Defendants. Instead, Defendants presuppose their findings are axiomatic and 5 proceed with a nuisance abatement hearing in order to impose punitive sanctions.” ECF No. 19 at 6 7-8. He also alleges that “Defendants only provide one hearing for one allegation . . . .” Id. at 4. 7 These vague allegations fail to demonstrate that plaintiff was not provided notice of the 8 abatement proceedings and a meaningful opportunity to be heard. To the contrary, Lull’s own 9 allegations suggest that he received a hearing prior to the imposition of the fines and 10 administrative fees. Accordingly, Lull also fails to state a procedural due process claim. 11 c. Declaratory & Injunctive Relief 12 The complaint also purports to assert claims styled as declaratory and injunctive relief. 13 ECF No. 19 at 6, 8. As a threshold matter, neither are independent causes of action. Rather, they 14 are simply remedies that turn on the validity of the substantive claims addressed above. Further, 15 Lull seeks a declaration that the ordinance is “preempted by State Law and the Supremacy Clause 16 of the U.S. Constitution,” id., but he does not identify any specific federal law that allegedly 17 preempts the County’s Ordinance. Although he does allege that the fines authorized by the 18 Ordinance violate California Government Code § 25132, he fails to establish a basis for the 19 court’s jurisdiction over his state law claim. Id. at 4. The complaint demonstrates that the 20 parties’ citizenship is not diverse. See 28 U.S.C. § 1332; Bautista v. Pan American World 21 Airlines, Inc., 828 F.2d 546, 552 (9th Cir. 1987) (to establish diversity jurisdiction, a plaintiff 22 must specifically allege the diverse citizenship of all parties, and that the matter in controversy 23 exceeds $75,000). And as explained above, the complaint fails to state a federal claim that could 24 support supplemental jurisdiction over a state law claim. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1331 (“The district 25 courts shall have original jurisdiction of all civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or 26 treaties of the United States), 1367(a) (where the district court has original jurisdiction, it “shall 27 have supplemental jurisdiction over all other claims that are so related to claims in the action 28 within such original jurisdiction . . . .”). 1 Lull’s remaining claim for injunctive relief requests that the court enjoin “Defendants 2 impending civil rights infringement.” ECF No. 19 at 8. Injunctive relief “is a remedy and not, in 3 itself, a claim, and a claim must exist before injunctive relief may be granted.” Loder v. World 4 Savings Bank, N.A., 2011 WL 1884733, at *8 (N.D. Cal. May 18 2011). Because the complaint 5 fails to state a claim, Lull is not entitled to injunctive relief. 6 Accordingly, the first amended complaint must be dismissed for failure to state a claim. 7 The dismissal should be without leave to amend. See Noll v. Carlson, 809 F.2d 1446, 1448 (9th 8 Cir. 1987) (while the court ordinarily would permit a pro se plaintiff to amend, leave to amend 9 should not be granted where it appears amendment would be futile); California Architectural 10 Bldg. Prod. V. Franciscan Ceramics, 818 F.2d 1466, 1472 (9th Cir. 1988) (“Valid reasons for 11 denying leave to amend include undue delay, bad faith, prejudice, and futility.”). Lull has been 12 previously granted leave to amend the complaint, but he failed to cure the deficiencies that 13 resulted in dismissal of the original complaint. Like the original complaint, the first amended 14 complaint relies almost exclusively on legal conclusions with only nominal factual allegations. 15 Lull has also filed a proposed second amended complaint that, as discussed further below, also 16 fails to state a claim for relief. 17 III. Plaintiff Lull’s Motion to Amend 18 Lull seeks leave to file a second amended complaint. ECF No. 35. The proposed 19 amended complaint drops Lull’s claims against defendant Joseph Zanarini but seeks to add ten 20 new defendants and four additional claims. ECF Nos. 36. Defendants oppose the motion and 21 argue that leave to amend should be denied due to Lull’s undue delay and bad faith. They further 22 argue that they would be prejudiced by allowing leave to amend at this juncture. ECF No. 38. 23 A. Legal Standards 24 Because the motion to amend was filed more than 21 days after defendants moved to 25 dismiss, plaintiff may only amend his complaint with defendants’ consent or leave of court. Fed. 26 R. Civ. P. 15(a). Rule 15(a)(2) provides that “[t]he court should freely give leave when justice so 27 requires,” and the Ninth Circuit has directed courts to apply this policy with “extreme liberality.” 28 DCD Programs, Ltd. v. Leighton, 833 F.2d 183, 186 (9th Cir. 1987). When determining whether 1 to grant leave to amend under Rule 15(a)(2), a court should consider the following factors: (1) 2 undue delay, (2) bad faith, (3) futility of amendment, and (4) prejudice to the opposing party. 3 Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962). According to the Ninth Circuit, “the crucial factor is 4 the resulting prejudice to the opposing party,” and the burden of showing that prejudice is on the 5 party opposing amendment. Howey v. United States, 481 F.2d 1187, 1190 (9th Cir. 1973); 6 Eminence Capital, LLC v. Aspeon, Inc., 316 F.3d 1048, 1052 (9th Cir. 2003); DCD Programs, 7 833 F.2d at 187. Granting or denying leave to amend rests in the sound discretion of the trial 8 court, and will be reversed only for abuse of discretion. Swanson v. U.S. Forest Serv., 87 F.3d 9 339, 343 (9th Cir. 1996). 10 B. Discussion 11 Review of Lull’s proposed amended complaint reflects that granting him leave to amend 12 would be futile. The proposed second amended complaint advances a different legal theory for 13 liability than the earlier complaints. The two prior complaints both challenged the adoption and 14 enforcement of Placer County Ordinance 5851-B, which governs the cultivation of marijuana. 15 The original complaint alleged that the Ordinance violated plaintiffs’ substantive due process 16 rights and was preempted by California law. ECF No. 1. The first amended complaint also 17 alleged a substantive due process claim but added a procedural due process claim challenging the 18 impositions of fines and fees under the Ordinance. 19 The proposed second amended complaint continues to assert substantive and procedural 20 due process claims based largely on the same defectively vague and conclusory allegations 21 contained in the prior complaints. The proposed complaint also seeks to assert a Fourth 22 Amendment unreasonable seizure claim, a Fourteenth Amendment equal protection claim, a First 23 Amendment retaliation claim, and a claim for violation of California’s Bane Act. ECF No. 36 at 24 13-17. Lull now claims that the defendants retaliated against him for criticizing the County’s 25 decision to adopt “enforcement measures . . . [that] included arbitrary punitive sanctions.” Id. at 26 4. He also alleges that the County routinely performs nuisance abatement proceedings, but it 27 “does not routinely impose punitive sanctions upon similarly situated persons as a result of 28 nuisance abatement proceedings.” Id. ¶ 36. As for his unreasonable seizure claim, Lull alleges 1 that he was improperly detained by Placer County Sherriff Deputies Harris and Blair for the 2 purpose of giving him a citation for driving with a suspended license. 3 Although he seeks to add these new claims, the proposed amended complaint--like his two 4 prior complaints, also relies heavily on conclusory and vague allegations that fail to state a claim 5 upon which relief may be granted. Lull continues to claim that his right to procedural due process 6 was violated because defendants imposed “punitive sanctions” without providing him notice and 7 an opportunity to be heard. ECF No. 36 ¶ 57. But that conclusory statement is contradicted by 8 other allegations in the complaint showing that he did receive notice and a hearing. Specifically, 9 Lull alleges that a notice that “threatened punitive sanctions” was posted on the access road to his 10 property. Id. ¶ 20. A week later a “Notice of Abatement Hearing” was posted at his property. Id. 11 ¶ 25. Lull also alleges that he attended an abatement hearing on November 8, 2017, and that the 12 hearing officer issued an “order to abate a nuisance” and imposed $32,000 in “punitive 13 sanctions.” Id. ¶¶ 28-31. Thus, plaintiff specifically alleges that he received notice and an 14 opportunity to be heard. Significantly, the proposed complaint is devoid of any allegations 15 suggesting that the notice and hearing were inadequate. 16 The proposed amended complaint also alleges a substantive due process claim. But Lull 17 again relies only on vague and conclusory allegations. He alleges that the abatement hearing 18 officer “imposed punitive sanctions without allegations, culpability, or statutory authority (id. 19 ¶ 66); that defendants imposed a special assessment on his property “without a legitimate physical 20 abatement cost incurred” (id. ¶ 67); and that the Ordinance is arbitrary because it allows the 21 County to recover law enforcement and court fees as a “cost of abatement” (id. ¶ 70). Again, 22 such conclusory allegations fail to provide defendants with notice as to the factual basis for Lull’s 23 challenge to the Ordinance. 24 Lull also claims that defendants violated his right to equal protection because they 25 imposed sanctions against Lull and “would not have taken [the same] action against other 26 similarly situated people.” Id. ¶ 90. Again, Lull has offered only legal conclusions. He does not 27 allege any facts demonstrating that the defendants have failed to enforce the Ordinance against 28 ///// 1 other similarly situated individuals in the same manner it was enforced against Lull. Nor does he 2 allege any facts suggesting he was singled out. 3 The proposed complaint’s First Amendment retaliation claim is equally deficient. Lull 4 claims that defendants violated his First Amendment rights because their “actions were 5 maliciously intended to detour Plaintiffs [sic] exercise of his rights and chill his efforts.” Id. 6 ¶¶ 98-99. Such conclusory allegations are insufficient to state a First Amendment retaliation 7 claim. See Chubb Custom Ins. Co. v. Space Systems/Loral, Inc., 710 F.3d 946, 956 (9th Cir. 8 2013) (“Dismissal is proper when the complaint . . . does not allege sufficient facts to support a 9 cognizable legal theory.”). 10 Lull’s remaining federal claim alleges that Deputy Sheriffs Dan Blair and Brian Harris 11 violated his Fourth Amendment right by detaining him without probable cause. ECF No. 36 at 12 ¶¶ 79-86. The factual predicate for this claim has no relation to the challenged ordinance or the 13 imposition of fines and fees. Moreover, the claim is brought only against Dan Blair and Brian 14 Harris, neither of whom are currently parties to this action. Consequently, the claim may not be 15 properly joined in this action. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 20(a)(2).3 Similarly, plaintiff’s Bane Act claim 16 is brought only against Brian Harris and is based on the same facts as Lull’s Fourth Amendment 17 claim. Accordingly, there is also no basis for permitting Lull to proceed with this unrelated 18 claim. 19 IV. Conclusion 20 Accordingly, it is hereby ORDERED that the January 7 and February 6, 2019 orders to 21 show cause are discharged and no sanctions are imposed. 22 Further, it is hereby RECOMMENDED that: 23 1. Plaintiffs Conor Bugbee, Kevin Burrage, and Kaleigh Burrage’s claims be dismissed as 24 moot; 25

26 3 Allowing Lull to proceed with his claims against the two deputies while dismissing the remaining claims presents other problems. Not only would it delay the entry of judgment for the 27 defendants who have appeared and defended against Lull’s claims so that Lull can proceed on unrelated claims, it would effectively allow Lull to litigate an unrelated case without paying the 28 required filing fee. 1 2. Defendants’ motion to dismiss the first amended complaint (ECF No. 21) be granted; 2 3. Plaintiff Lull’s motion to amend the first amended complaint (ECF No. 35) be denied; 3 4. Plaintiff Lull’s claims be dismissed without leave to amend for failure to state a claim; 4 | and 5 5. The Clerk be directed to close the case. 6 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 7 || assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within fourteen days 8 || after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written 9 | objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned 10 | “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Failure to file objections 11 || within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court’s order. Turner v. 12 || Duncan, 158 F.3d 449, 455 (9th Cir. 1998); Martinez v. YIst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 13 | DATED: September 11, 2019. 14 tid, PDEA

EDMUND F. BRENNAN

15 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 14