1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 WILLIAM ALBRO, No. 1:18-cv-01156-DAD-JLT 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S

MOTION TO DISMISS PLAINTIFF’S FIRST

14 THOMAS B. MODLY, Acting Secretary AMENDED COMPLAINT of the United States Department of the 15 Navy, (Doc. No. 32) 16 Defendant. 17 18 This matter came before the court on October 16, 2019 for a hearing on defendant Thomas 19 B. Modly’s motion to dismiss plaintiff’s first amended complaint.1 (Doc. No. 32.) Attorney John 20 T. Harrington appeared on behalf of plaintiff William Albro. Assistant United States Attorney 21 Joseph Frueh appeared on behalf of defendant. The court has considered the parties’ briefs and 22 oral arguments, and for the reasons set forth below, will grant defendant’s motion to dismiss. 23 BACKGROUND 24 Plaintiff is an employee of the Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division 25 (“NAWCWD”) in China Lake, California. He brings this action under Title VII of the Civil 26 1 The motion to dismiss plaintiff’s original complaint was brought by defendant Richard V. 27 Spencer, Secretary of the United States Department of the Navy. (Doc. No. 20.) Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 25(d), defendant Spencer’s successor Thomas B. Modly, Acting 28 Secretary of the United States Navy, is automatically substituted as the defendant in this action. 1 Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. § 2000e, et seq., claiming that he experienced disparate treatment 2 at NAWCWD based on his non-affiliation with the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 3 (“LDS Church”), and that he experienced retaliation when he complained of such discrimination. 4 In his first amended complaint (“FAC”) plaintiff alleges as follows. Plaintiff holds a 5 bachelor’s degree in Chemistry, as well as a master’s degree and Ph.D. in Physical Chemistry. 6 (Doc. No. 28 at ¶ 8.) In November 2006, plaintiff began working NAWCWD. (Id. at ¶¶ 9, 14.) 7 He performed his job duties well and advanced to the position of Firing Officer, where he had 8 authority to carry out tests using explosives. (Id. at ¶ 36.) As part of his duties, he received 9 sponsorships from other agencies to fund and carry out testing for projects and research, and he 10 had custody of and responsibility for approximately $10 million worth of laboratory equipment. 11 (Id. at ¶¶ 38, 42.) 12 Shortly after plaintiff started working at NAWCWD, his co-worker Ephraim Washburn— 13 a widely-known devout member of the LDS Church, who served as the High Priest and displayed 14 the Book of Mormon at work—began pressuring plaintiff and plaintiff’s wife to join the local 15 LDS Church. (Id. at ¶¶ 14, 16.) Beginning in late 2006, Washburn continuously attempted to 16 recruit plaintiff to join the LDS Church while at work, including by inviting plaintiff to church 17 activities, such as the baptism of Washburn’s son. (Id. at ¶¶ 21, 22.) Other members of the LDS 18 Church who worked at NAWCWD assisted Washburn with his efforts by visiting plaintiff’s 19 home, offering favors and assistance, soliciting plaintiff at work to join the LDS Church, and 20 offering promises to plaintiff that he would receive better treatment at work if he joined the LDS 21 Church. (Id. at ¶ 15.) NAWCWD employees who are members of the LDS Church “worship and 22 socialize together, and provide support, benefits, and advantages at work to their fellow LDS 23 Church members.” (Id. at ¶ 10.) Plaintiff asserts that these employees are often able to influence, 24 negatively or positively, the relationship between employees and their agency sponsors, who 25 make funding decisions that affect the work being done by NAWCWD employees. (Id. at ¶ 11.) 26 Plaintiff also asserts that these employees are “able to direct and influence other actions that 27 affect the terms and conditions of employment for [NAWCWD] employees based on their 28 membership, or non-membership, in the LDS Church.” (Id. at ¶ 12.) 1 Plaintiff’s wife reluctantly joined the LDS church and was baptized by Washburn, who 2 proclaimed that he “got Rick’s wife,” and LDS Church members often said that a husband would 3 typically join within two years after his wife joined. (Id. at ¶¶ 17–20.) Plaintiff clearly and 4 repeatedly told Washburn that he did not want to join the LDS Church, but Washburn ignored 5 him, and other LDS Church members continued recruiting efforts even after plaintiff’s wife 6 disassociated from the LDS Church in 2010. (Id. at ¶¶ 30–35.)2 7 Plaintiff and Washburn had a collegial work relationship as co-workers until plaintiff’s 8 wife disassociated from the LDS Church. (Id. at ¶¶ 28, 29.) Hostility toward plaintiff in the 9 workplace began almost immediately after Washburn became Branch Head in late 2012 and thus 10 assumed a position as plaintiff’s direct supervisor, which “was the first time that Washburn was 11 in a position at [NAWCWD] to impact [plaintiff’s] position.” (Id. at ¶¶ 48, 49.) Although 12 plaintiff had applied and interviewed for that Branch Head position, he claims that he was not 13 bitter or resentful that Washburn was selected, but was concerned about being under Washburn’s 14 supervision given his resistance to Washburn’s LDS-recruiting efforts. (Id. at ¶¶ 43–45.) 15 In early 2013, Washburn gave plaintiff’s cubicle to another employee and responded to 16 plaintiff’s concern that some of his personal property items were missing by commenting 17 “[t]ough[,] [d]eal with it”—which plaintiff alleges was a dismissive response due to plaintiff’s 18 refusal to join the LDS Church. (Id. at ¶¶ 50–52.) Washburn also placed LDS Church member 19 and Brent Headman’s son Trevor Headman on plaintiff’s team, even though plaintiff was 20 supposed to have autonomy in choosing his team, and Trevor continuously attempted to recruit 21 plaintiff while at work and frequently quoted from the Book of Mormon while working with 22 plaintiff. (Id. at ¶¶ 46, 47.) In September 2013, Washburn improperly provided secret 23 ///// 24 2 Plaintiff does not allege specific recruiting efforts by Washburn after his wife’s disassociation 25 in 2010. Rather, he alleges that in 2011, Brent Headman, a Division Head at NAWCWD and LDS Church member, approached plaintiff at work, asked plaintiff to join the LDS Church, and 26 told plaintiff that he could help plaintiff with his work at NAWCWD if he joined. (Id. at ¶¶ 32, 27 33.) A few months later, Headman came to plaintiff’s home to discuss an LDS Church matter with his wife (even though she had disassociated and had repeatedly expressed her wish to be left 28 alone) and again told plaintiff that he should join the LDS Church. (Id. at ¶¶ 34, 35.) 1 information about a patent that plaintiff was working on to an LDS Church member at Purdue 2 University “due to [plaintiff’s] refusal to join the LDS Church.” (Id. at ¶¶ 53, 55.) 3 In June 2014, plaintiff was the most qualified candidate who interviewed for a Division 4 Head position but was not selected because he was purportedly “too valuable to lose,” though 5 plaintiff alleges that “[i]n fact, [he] did not receive the position because of the negative influence 6 of Washburn and other LDS Church members at [NAWCWD], who were displeased by 7 [plaintiff’s] refusal to join the LDS Church.” (Id. at ¶¶ 56–58.) In July 2014, Washburn 8 knowingly allowed plaintiff to use a fume hood that had failed a safety inspection and ignored the 9 dangers to plaintiff and others who may have used the hood, “because of [plaintiff’s] refusal to 10 join the LDS Church.” (Id. at ¶¶ 59–61.) 11 Since becoming Branch Head, Washburn has interfered with plaintiff’s relationships with 12 sponsors, making it more difficult to obtain funding, and instructed potential sponsors and 13 NAWCWD employees not to work with plaintiff and to deny plaintiff adequate facilities to 14 continue his research. (Id. at ¶¶ 62–63.) Between November 2014 and January 2015, plaintiff 15 reported the troubles he faced completing work for agency sponsors because of interference from 16 Washburn and Washburn’s subordinates to his third-level supervisor, Greg Wheelock, who had 17 expressed interest in plaintiff’s projects and research. (Id. at ¶¶ 64–65.) 18 In January 2015, plaintiff had a performance review meeting with Washburn, who told 19 him that “it will be political from here on out,” and plaintiff found himself defending against false 20 allegations of wrongdoing roughly every other week following that meeting. (Id. at ¶¶ 66, 67.) 21 When someone tried multiple times to access plaintiff’s explosives safe, causing a lock-out, 22 someone else contacted 911 because of the potential security risk, and Washburn and 23 management accused plaintiff of having caused unnecessary panic by alerting 911 and 24 mismanaging the situation, even though he was not the person who called 911. (Id. at ¶ 68, 69.) 25 Plaintiff alleges that Washburn made this false accusation “because of [plaintiff’s] refusal to join 26 the LDS Church.” (Id. at ¶ 70.) Then, in February 2015, NAWCWD management ordered a 27 mediation between plaintiff and Washburn, and the conclusion of that mediation was a conclusion 28 that there was a “lack of trust” between them. (Id. at ¶ 71.) In March 2015, plaintiff saw the 1 words “TO BE FIRED” next to his name on a board at the office, which was visible to a number 2 of people, and plaintiff alleges this too was done “because of his refusal to join the LDS Church.” 3 (Id. at ¶ 72.) 4 Also in March 2015, plaintiff met with Human Resources Specialist Christine Farris and 5 Division Head of the Energetics Division Jeff Davis, plaintiff’s second level supervisor, and 6 reported to them that he did not believe having Washburn as his supervisor was appropriate 7 because Washburn had baptized his wife into the LDS Church and had tried to recruit plaintiff to 8 join the LDS Church. (Id. at ¶¶ 73, 74.) At that meeting, plaintiff also reported his belief that 9 NAWCWD employees who were LDS Church members were treated more favorably than him. 10 (Id. at ¶ 75.) There was no investigation into his complaint that “he was being treated unfairly 11 due to his refusal to join the LDS Church.” (Id. at ¶ 76.) Later that month, plaintiff learned that a 12 co-worker had falsely charged hours of work to his funding account and had been incentivized by 13 Washburn to sabotage plaintiff’s funds in exchange for a promotion. (Id. at ¶¶ 77, 78.) 14 In April 2015, a physicist who worked in an office that plaintiff had vacated two years 15 earlier discovered a gun on a top shelf, and though it was a tranquilizer gun of unknown origin, 16 Washburn falsely accused plaintiff of having an unauthorized gun because of his refusal to join 17 the LDS Church. (Id. at ¶¶ 79, 81–82.) Later that month, plaintiff learned that he had not been 18 receiving emails about upcoming inspections because Washburn directed plaintiff’s name be 19 removed from the email list or that his email address be altered to prevent delivery “due to his 20 refusal to join the LDS Church.” (Id. at ¶¶ 85–87.) Then in May 2015, Washburn directed the 21 same co-worker who sabotaged plaintiff’s accounts to try to gain access to plaintiff’s explosives 22 safes “because of [plaintiff’s] refusal to join the LDS Church.” (Id. at ¶¶ 83, 84.) 23 In June 2015, plaintiff had a second meeting with HR Specialist Christine Farris and 24 Division Head Jeff Davis, which was also attended by Darlene Soto.3 (Id. at ¶ 88.) At that 25 second meeting, Davis said he had conducted a managerial investigation and concluded that 26 3 Plaintiff does not explain in the allegations of his complaint who Darlene Soto is, what her role 27 was at NAWCWD, or why she attended the meeting. Plaintiff alleges only that she took detailed notes during the meeting and that her records were taken by NAWCWD upon her retirement. (Id. 28 at ¶¶ 88, 92.) 1 plaintiff was “the problem,” and he refused to accept the documents that plaintiff brought with 2 him to corroborate his claims that Washburn and others targeted him “due to his refusal to join 3 the LDS Church.” (Id. at ¶¶ 89–91.) Davis and Farris also told plaintiff that he would not be 4 permitted to bring representatives to any future meetings. (Id. at ¶ 93.) Davis informed 5 Wheelock that plaintiff had been offered disciplinary measures and refused them; however, 6 plaintiff was never offered any such measures. (Id. at ¶¶ 94, 95.) Later that month, plaintiff 7 learned that, at Washburn’s direction, management planned to reassign plaintiff to work under 8 Martin Minthorn, which would require plaintiff to leave his lab and equipment behind, “because 9 of [plaintiff’s] refusal to join the LDS Church.” (Id. at ¶¶ 96–98.) Washburn and Davis 10 confronted plaintiff and ordered him to cut the locks of the secure area in his lab and threatened to 11 escort plaintiff to base counseling when he expressed concern about that plan. (Id. at ¶¶ 99–102.) 12 Again, according to plaintiff, Washburn directed these actions “because of [plaintiff’s] refusal to 13 join the LDS Church.” (Id. at ¶ 103.) 14 In July 2015, plaintiff learned from Davis that there had been a recommendation to 15 remove plaintiff’s security clearance. (Id. at ¶ 104.) Around the same time, Washburn directed 16 NAWCWD management to require plaintiff to undergo a psychological exam by the base 17 psychologist, who found no psychological issues with plaintiff. (Id. at ¶¶ 105, 106.) Later that 18 month, the NAWCWD security team told plaintiff the investigation into his security clearance 19 had been adjudicated in his favor. (Id. at ¶ 107.) Shortly thereafter, “HR and management, as a 20 result of Washburn’s influence and direction, ordered an inquiry of [plaintiff] by [Division Head] 21 Robert Long.” (Id. at ¶ 108.) Long was argumentative in interviews with plaintiff and refused to 22 accept documents plaintiff offered in his defense. (Id. at ¶ 109.) On or about October 8, 2015, 23 Long issued the report of his investigation, which found a number of instances of purported 24 wrongdoing by plaintiff. (Id. at ¶ 112.) Plaintiff denied the allegations contained in the report, 25 which he contends were not true or were grossly distorted, though he had difficulty responding 26 fully because the report he received was heavily redacted. (Id. at ¶¶ 113, 114.) 27 On or about December 9, 2015, plaintiff met with Farris and Wheelock, who informed 28 him that Wheelock had proposed suspending plaintiff for seven days and told him to “resign or 1 face the consequences.” (Id. at ¶ 115.) The Notice of Proposed Suspension (the “Notice”) was 2 based primarily on allegations mirroring those in Long’s report. (Id. at ¶ 116.) To respond to the 3 Notice, plaintiff requested an unredacted copy of the report from Charles Bechtel, who refused 4 plaintiff’s request.4 (Id. at ¶¶ 117, 118.) Plaintiff also requested the identities of the witnesses 5 relied upon for Long’s report, but management did not provide this information or copies of the 6 written notes underlying the report. (Id. at ¶ 119.) On January 11, 2016, plaintiff submitted a 7 234-page response to the Notice denying the allegations. (Id. at ¶ 120.) Despite this lengthy and 8 detailed response, Bechtel upheld the Notice on February 16, 2016, and told plaintiff that if 9 plaintiff did not do what Washburn wanted, he would be fired. (Id. at ¶¶ 121, 122.) Plaintiff 10 alleges that Long’s report, the Notice, and the suspension all “resulted from the influence and 11 interference of Washburn and other LDS Church members at [NAWCWD] who were displeased 12 by [plaintiff’s] refusal to join the LDS Church. (Id. at ¶ 123.) 13 On February 23, 2016, Wheelock assigned plaintiff to work under Minthorn. (Id. at 14 ¶ 124.) Under this arrangement, plaintiff’s lab and equipment were turned over to Washburn, and 15 plaintiff “was also subjected to undefined ‘constraints’ and threatened with additional discipline if 16 he violated any of [them].” (Id.) Plaintiff was barred from owning future equipment and was 17 subjected to petty administrative harassment. (Id. at ¶¶ 125, 126.) “Wheelock took this action 18 because of the influence and interference of Washburn and other LDC Church members at 19 [NAWCWD] and the suspension that resulted from their influence and interference.” (Id. at 20 ¶ 127.) Plaintiff reached out to management for assistance in locating a facility to perform testing 21 but was unable to secure facilities, as a result of which he lost some of his funding and was 22 pressured to turn over funding he had received to Washburn. (Id. at ¶¶ 125, 126.) 23 After receiving the Notice on or about December 9, 2015, plaintiff contacted the Equal 24 Employment Opportunity (“EEO”) Office and made an informal complaint, and he amended his 25 EEO informal complaint on or about February 16, 2016 to include the upholding of his 26 4 Plaintiff does not explain who Charles Bechtel is in the allegations of his FAC. However, the 27 Notice states that Charles Bechtel is the Technical Director for the Weapons and Energetics Department and that he “will make the final decision on the proposed suspension action . . ..” 28 (See Doc. No. 20-5 at 9–10.) 1 suspension.5 (Id. at ¶¶ 128, 129.) Plaintiff filed a formal EEO complaint on or about April 18, 2 2016. (Id. at ¶ 130.) 3 On August 24, 2018, plaintiff initiated this civil action against the Secretary of the United 4 States Department of the Navy asserting three claims under Title VII: (1) discrimination based on 5 his non-affiliation with the LDS Church; (2) a hostile work environment based on his non- 6 affiliation with the LDS Church; and (3) retaliation for engaging in EEO activity. (Doc. No. 1.) 7 On March 29, 2019, defendant filed a motion to dismiss, which the court granted in part. (Doc. 8 Nos. 20, 27.)6 9 Plaintiff filed his FAC on July 17, 2019, alleging a Title VII claim for discrimination 10 based on his non-affiliation with the LDS Church and a Title VII claim for retaliation based on 11 his engaging in the protected activity of complaining about that discrimination. (Doc. No. 28.) 12 Defendant filed the pending motion to dismiss on August 7, 2019. (Doc. No. 32.) Plaintiff filed 13 his opposition on September 3, 2019, and defendant filed its reply on October 1, 2019. (Doc. No. 14 36.) 15 LEGAL STANDARD 16 The purpose of a motion to dismiss pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) 17 is to test the legal sufficiency of the complaint. Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 18 2001). A dismissal may be warranted where there is “the lack of a cognizable legal theory or the 19 absence of sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory.” Balistreri v. Pacifica Police 20 Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990). A plaintiff must allege “enough facts to state a claim to 21 relief that is plausible on its face.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007). A 22 claim is plausible on its face “when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to 23 5 Plaintiff alleges that he contacted the EEO Office on December 9, 2015 (Doc. No. 28 at ¶ 156), 24 but his formal EEO complaint form reflects that his initial contact with an EEO counselor was on January 19, 2016. (Doc. No. 20-7 at 3.) 25

6 The court’s order dismissed plaintiff’s hostile work environment claim with prejudice as 26 untimely and dismissed his retaliation claim with leave to amend. (Doc. No. 27 at 18–19.) The 27 court also dismissed plaintiff’s disparate treatment claim with prejudice to the extent it was based on unexhausted or untimely incidents. (Id. at 9, 18.) Plaintiff’s disparate treatment claim was 28 otherwise dismissed with leave to amend. (Id.) 1 draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Ashcroft v. 2 Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). 3 In determining whether a complaint states a claim on which relief may be granted, the 4 court accepts as true the allegations in the complaint and construes the allegations in the light 5 most favorable to the plaintiff. Hishon v. King & Spalding, 467 U.S. 69, 73 (1984); Love v. 6 United States, 915 F.2d 1242, 1245 (9th Cir. 1989). However, the court need not assume the truth 7 of legal conclusions cast in the form of factual allegations. U.S. ex rel. Chunie v. Ringrose, 788 8 F.2d 638, 643 n.2 (9th Cir. 1986). While Rule 8(a) does not require detailed factual allegations, 9 “it demands more than an unadorned, the defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Iqbal, 10 556 U.S. at 678. A pleading is insufficient if it offers mere “labels and conclusions” or “a 11 formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555; see also 12 Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676 (“Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by 13 mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.”). Moreover, it is inappropriate to assume that the 14 plaintiff “can prove facts which it has not alleged or that the defendants have violated the . . . laws 15 in ways that have not been alleged.” Associated Gen. Contractors of Cal., Inc. v. Cal. State 16 Council of Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519, 526 (1983). 17 In ruling on such a motion, the court may consider material that is properly submitted as 18 part of the complaint, documents that are not physically attached to the complaint if their 19 authenticity is not contested and the plaintiff’s complaint necessarily relies on them, and matters 20 of public record. Lee v. City of Los Angeles, 250 F.3d 668, 688–89 (9th Cir. 2001). 21 ANALYSIS 22 Defendant moves to dismiss plaintiff’s FAC in its entirety, arguing that plaintiff has not 23 stated plausible claims for disparate treatment based on his non-affiliation with the LDS Church 24 or for retaliation for complaining about such treatment. (Doc. No 32-1.) Below, the court 25 addresses both of those claims. 26 A. Disparate Treatment Claim 27 Defendant contends that plaintiff’s disparate treatment claim must fail because there are 28 no specific facts alleged in the FAC giving rise to a plausible inference that any of the adverse 1 employment actions that plaintiff suffered—proposed suspension, adoption of the suspension, and 2 reassignment—were based on plaintiff’s non-affiliation with the LDS Church. (Doc. No. 32 at 3 2.) 4 Title VII makes it unlawful for an employer to discriminate against an employee because 5 of race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a)(1). In this context, 6 religion includes “all aspects of religious observance and practice, as well as belief,” including an 7 employee’s non-religious affiliation. Id. § 2000e(j); Noyes v. Kelly Servs., 488 F.3d 1163, 1168– 8 69 (9th Cir. 2007) (recognizing that Title VII discrimination claim may be based on an 9 employee’s lack of adherence to religious beliefs promoted by the employer). A plaintiff alleging 10 discrimination under Title VII may proceed under two theories: disparate treatment or disparate 11 impact. Watson v. Fort Worth Bank & Trust, 487 U.S. 977, 986–87 (1988). Here, plaintiff 12 asserts his discrimination claim based on a theory of disparate treatment. (Doc. No. 34 at 7.) 13 A plaintiff in a disparate treatment case bears the burden of alleging and proving that the 14 defendant employer intentionally discriminated against him. Tex. Dep’t of Cmty. Affairs v. 15 Burdine, 450 U.S. 248, 253 (1981); see also Int’l Bhd. of Teamsters v. United States, 431 U.S. 16 324, 335 n.15 (1977) (noting “[p]roof of discriminatory motive is critical” in disparate treatment 17 claims); McGinest v. GTE Serv. Corp., 360 F.3d 1103, 1122 (9th Cir. 2004) (a plaintiff “must 18 show the employer’s intent to discriminate, but intent may be inferred from circumstantial 19 evidence”). A plaintiff may prove intent through either “direct or circumstantial evidence 20 demonstrating that a discriminatory reason more likely than not motivated the employer.” 21 Metoyer v. Chassman, 504 F.3d 919, 930 (9th Cir. 2007). 22 To demonstrate discriminatory intent, a plaintiff may rely on the familiar burden shifting 23 framework under McDonnell Douglas Corp. v. Green, 411 U.S. 792, 802 (1973). See Reynaga v. 24 Roseburg Forest Prods., 847 F.3d 678, 691 (9th Cir. 2017). Under the McDonnell Douglas 25 framework, a plaintiff can establish an inference of discrimination by satisfying the prima facie 26 elements: “(1) the plaintiff belongs to a protected class, (2) he was performing according to his 27 employer’s legitimate expectations, (3) he suffered an adverse employment action, and 28 (4) similarly situated employees were treated more favorably, or other circumstances surrounding 1 the adverse employment action give rise to an inference of discrimination.” Reynaga, 847 F.3d at 2 691. Once plaintiff establishes a prima facie case of discrimination, the burden shifts to the 3 defendant to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the adverse employment action. 4 See McDonnell Douglas, 411 U.S. at 802–03; Diaz v. Eagle Produce Ltd. P’ship, 521 F.3d 1201, 5 1207 (9th Cir. 2008). If the defendant meets its burden in this regard, the burden shifts back to 6 plaintiff to establish that defendant’s proffered reason was a pretext for discrimination. St. 7 Mary’s Honor Ctr. v. Hicks, 509 U.S. 502, 507 (1993); Diaz, 521 F.3d at 1207.7 8 Here, the parties focus their arguments on the fourth element of plaintiff’s prima facie 9 case, and in particular, whether he has sufficiently alleged that “other circumstances surrounding 10 the adverse employment action give rise to an inference of discrimination.” (Doc. Nos. 32-1 at 9– 11 10; 34 at 8 (plaintiff stating that defendant “does not challenge that [he] is a member of a 12 protected class, that he was qualified for his position[,] or that he experienced an adverse 13 employment action,” and “[b]ecause they are uncontested, [he] does not address those elements 14 here”); 36 at 5.) Thus, the court will address whether plaintiff’s allegations of “other 15 circumstances surrounding” the specific adverse employment actions he suffered—the December 16 9, 2015 notice of proposed suspension, the February 16, 2016 decision to uphold the suspension, 17 and the February 23, 2016 reassignment—give rise to an inference of discrimination. 18 Plaintiff contends that his FAC cures the deficiencies this court identified in its previous 19 order addressing defendant’s motion to dismiss plaintiff’s original complaint, including that 20 plaintiff’s citation to Magden v. Easterday Farms, No. 2:16-cv-00068-JLQ, 2017 WL 1731705 21 (E.D. Wash. May 3, 2017), was unavailing because his original complaint did not contain 22 allegations comparable to those in Magden. (Doc. Nos. 34 at 8–9; 27 at 11.) In Magden, a 23 plaintiff avoided summary judgment on his claim for discrimination based on his non-Mormon 24 7 Although at the pleading stage a plaintiff need not satisfy all elements of his prima facie case to 25 survive a motion to dismiss, rather he must plead only sufficient nonconclusory allegations that give rise to a plausible claim for relief. See Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N. A., 534 U.S. 506, 510–511 26 (2002) (stating “[t]his Court has never indicated that the requirements for establishing a prima 27 facie case under McDonnell Douglas also apply to the pleading standard that plaintiffs must satisfy in order to survive a motion to dismiss.”); see also Austin v. University of Oregon, 925 28 F.3d 1133, 1137 (9th Cir. 2019) (affirming the Court’s reasoning in Swierkiewicz after Iqbal). 1 affiliation where he alleged and submitted evidence to prove that: his supervisor gave him a 2 Mormon bible while they were at work and asked him approximately every two weeks whether 3 he had read selected verses; he complained about his supervisor’s proselytizing but his complaint 4 was ignored and no investigation was conducted; his supervisor confronted him about his 5 complaint, and he told his supervisor that he “only wanted to talk about work, and not personal 6 matters”; and his supervisor accused him of being “defiant” and terminated plaintiff later that 7 same day purportedly “due to poor communication.” Id. 8 Plaintiff contends that his FAC includes allegations that closely align with the facts 9 presented in Magden. Specifically, plaintiff points to his new allegations that Washburn, a 10 widely-known, devout member of the LDS Church: (i) displayed a Book of Mormon at work; (ii) 11 proclaimed that he “got [plaintiff’s] wife” after her baptism in 2006; (iii) pressured plaintiff to 12 join the LDS Church by inviting plaintiff to church activities, like his son’s baptism; (iv) 13 continued recruitment efforts despite plaintiff repeatedly telling him that he did not want to join 14 the LDS Church; and (v) placed an LDS Church member on plaintiff’s team who continuously 15 attempted to recruit plaintiff while at work and frequently quoted the Book or Mormon while 16 working with plaintiff. (See Doc. No. 34 at 8–9.) In addition, plaintiff contends that like the 17 plaintiff in Magden, he complained about the discrimination he was experiencing when he met 18 with Christine Farris and Jeff Davis in March 2015 and reported that he believed NAWCWD 19 employees who were members of the LDS Church were treated more favorably than him, and that 20 it was inappropriate for plaintiff to be supervised by Washburn, who baptized his wife into the 21 LDS Church and tried to recruit him to join that church. (Id. at 9.) Plaintiff further alleges in his 22 FAC that his complaint was ignored, and no investigation conducted, also like the plaintiff in 23 Magden. (Id. at 9.) 24 However, as defendant points out in his reply, plaintiff alleges that Davis told plaintiff at 25 their second meeting in June 2015 that Davis had conducted a managerial investigation and had 26 concluded that plaintiff was “the problem.” (Doc. No. 36 at 6.) Thus, plaintiff’s allegations are 27 themselves inconsistent and support neither a conclusion that no investigation occurred nor an 28 inference of discrimination, particularly where plaintiff does not allege that Farris and Davis are 1 members of the LDS Church. Unlike the proselytizing supervisor in Magden, who confronted 2 that plaintiff about his discrimination complaints and terminated his employment later that day, 3 Washburn was not involved in the three adverse employment actions that plaintiff suffered in late 4 2015 and early 2016, and Washburn’s direct recruitment efforts of plaintiff allegedly began 5 nearly a decade before those actions were taken and appeared to have stopped in 2010 when 6 plaintiff’s wife disassociated from the LDS Church, if not sooner.8 7 In addition, plaintiff cannot avoid dismissal of his discrimination claim merely by 8 appending the phrase “due to [plaintiff’s] refusal to join the LDS Church” or “because of 9 [plaintiff’s] refusal to join the LDS Church” at the end of each of his allegations about incidents 10 that occurred after Washburn became his supervisor in late 2012—incidents that were alleged in 11 his original complaint and that the court found insufficient to support an inference of 12 discrimination. (See Doc. No. 28 at ¶ 52 (cubicle reassignment), ¶ 55 (secret patent information), 13 ¶ 58 (not selected for promotion), ¶ 61 (ignoring fume hood risks), ¶ 70 (mismanagement of lock- 14 out), ¶ 72 (“to be fired” on whiteboard), ¶ 81 (tranquilizer gun incident), ¶ 84 (explosives safe 15 access), ¶ 87 (inspection emails), ¶ 98 (reassignment under Minthorn), ¶ 103 (cutting locks to lab 16 area).) Plaintiff characterizes these allegations as Washburn “[taking] a series of discriminatory 17 actions against him, culminating in his suspension . . .” and argues that these allegations “provide 18 the required ‘some additional evidence to support the inference that the employment actions were 19 taken because of a discriminatory motive based upon the employee’s failure to hold or follow his 20 or her employer’s religious beliefs.’” (Doc. No. 34 at 9–10 (no citation provided though the 21 internal quotation appears to be from Magden).) The court is not persuaded by plaintiff’s 22 conclusory argument in this regard. 23 First, merely adding “due to [plaintiff’s] refusal to join the LDS Church” to his allegations 24 regarding those incidents does not provide the kind of “factual enhancement” that Iqbal requires. 25

8 Although plaintiff alleges two incidents of other LDS Church members attempting to recruit 26 him while at work in 2011 and early 2013, plaintiff does not allege that they did so at Washburn’s 27 direction. Even if Washburn had directed their recruitment efforts, plaintiff does not allege that those two individuals were involved in the three adverse employment actions that he suffered at 28 the end of 2015 and early 2016. 1 See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 (a complaint does not suffice it if tenders naked assertions devoid of 2 further factual enhancement) (internal quotation marks omitted). Second, even if the court 3 accepts as true plaintiff’s bare assertion that those alleged incidents occurred because he refused 4 to join the LDS Church, those incidents are not the adverse employment actions on which 5 plaintiff’s discrimination claim is based. (See Doc. No. 34 at 3 (stating “[t]he discriminatory 6 actions alleged by [plaintiff] prior to the issuance of the Notice of Proposed Suspension to him on 7 December 9, 2015 are properly alleged as background evidence of the Navy’s discriminatory 8 animus, not as separately actionable claims.”).) Third, plaintiff merely states in conclusory 9 fashion that these incidents “culminated” in his suspension, without alleging how these incidents 10 are supposedly related to Wheelock’s decision to propose a suspension or to Bechtel’s decision to 11 uphold plaintiff’s suspension. At best, plaintiff’s only allegations that could be construed as 12 connecting the adverse employment actions alleged to his refusal to join the LDS Church are that: 13 (i) the Notice of Proposed Suspension was primarily based on Long’s report, and Long’s inquiry 14 into plaintiff had been ordered by human resources and management “as a result of Washburn’s 15 influence and direction” (Doc. No. 28 at ¶ 108); (ii) Bechtel upheld the suspension and “told 16 [plaintiff] that if [plaintiff] did not do what Washburn wanted, [plaintiff] would be fired” (id. at ¶ 17 122); and (iii) Wheelock reassigned plaintiff “because of the influence and interference of 18 Washburn and other LDS Church members at [NAWCWD]” (id. at ¶ 127). Defendant 19 persuasively contends that plaintiff has not adequately alleged “facts supporting the conclusory 20 allegation that the ‘influence’ and ‘interference’ of Washburn or unspecified ‘LDS Church 21 Members’ brought about the discrete employment decisions at issue in this case—i.e., 22 Wheelock’s proposed suspension, Bechtel’s adoption of the suspension, and Plaintiff’s ensuing 23 reassignment.” (Doc. No. 36 at 6.) Plaintiff’s allegations in this regard are similarly conclusory 24 and lack supporting allegations providing the sort of factual enhancement that could give rise to 25 an inference of discrimination. As noted, plaintiff has also not alleged that Wheelock or Bechtel 26 are members of the LDS Church nor has he alleged any other facts from which it could be 27 inferred that they had a motive to discriminate against plaintiff based on his non-affiliation with 28 ///// 1 the LDS Church. Merely asserting in conclusory fashion that Washburn influenced their actions 2 is not sufficient. 3 Accordingly, the court finds that plaintiff has not sufficiently alleged facts that give rise to 4 an inference of discrimination and will dismiss plaintiff’s disparate treatment cause of action for 5 failure to state a claim. Plaintiff has already had an opportunity to amend his complaint and to do 6 so with the guidance of the court’s prior dismissal order, which discussed deficiencies in his 7 original complaint. Moreover, plaintiff did not request leave to amend his FAC or proffer any 8 additional facts that he could allege in a second amended complaint if the court were to find that 9 his FAC failed to state a cognizable claim. Rather, plaintiff maintained in his opposition brief 10 and at the hearing on the pending motion to dismiss that he had sufficiently alleged his claims. 11 Under these circumstances, the court concludes that the granting of further leave to amend would 12 be futile and will therefore dismiss plaintiff’s disparate treatment claim with prejudice. See 13 Ecological Rights Found. v. Pac. Gas & Elec. Co., 713 F.3d 502, 520 (9th Cir. 2013) (“Although 14 a district court ‘should freely give leave [to amend] when justice so requires,’ Fed. R. Civ. P. 15 15(a)(2), the court’s discretion to deny such leave is ‘particularly broad’ where the plaintiff has 16 previously amended its complaint.”) (quoting Miller v. Yokohama Tire Corp., 358 F.3d 616, 622 17 (9th Cir. 2004)); see also Cooper v. Cate, No. 1:10-cv-899-AWI-DLB, 2012 WL 1669353, at *13 18 (E.D. Cal. May 11, 2012) (dismissing Title VII retaliation and disparate treatment claims without 19 leave to amend, noting that the plaintiff’s additional allegations in her third amended complaint 20 did not address the problems discussed in the court’s prior order dismissing those claims with 21 leave to amend, which indicated that she was unwilling or unable to cure the repeated 22 deficiencies, and the fact that she had not requested leave to amend again indicated that her “TAC 23 represents the best allegations that can be made consistent with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 24 11”). 25 B. Retaliation Claim 26 Defendant also moves to dismiss plaintiff’s second cause of action for retaliation. Title 27 VII prohibits retaliation by an employer “against an employee for making a charge or otherwise 28 ///// 1 participating in a Title VII proceeding.” Nilsson v. City of Mesa, 503 F.3d 947, 953 (9th Cir. 2 2007). Under § 704 of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, it is unlawful: 3 for an employer to discriminate against any of his employees . . . because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment 4 practice by [Title VII], or because he has made a charge, testified, assisted, or participated in any manner in an investigation, 5 proceeding, or hearing under [Title VII]. 6 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-3 (2000). To make out a prima facie case of retaliation under Title VII, a 7 plaintiff must allege facts demonstrating that “(1) [he] engaged in a protected activity, (2) [he] 8 suffered an adverse employment action, and (3) there was a causal link between [his] activity and 9 the employment decision.” Stegall v. Citadel Broad. Co., 350 F.3d 1061, 1065–66 (9th Cir. 10 2003) (quoting Raad v. Fairbanks N. Star Borough Sch. Dist., 323 F.3d 1185, 1196–97 (9th Cir. 11 2003)); see also Poland v. Chertoff, 494 F.3d 1174, 1179–80 (9th Cir. 2007). 12 1. Whether Plaintiff Alleged that He Engaged in Protected Activity 13 A plaintiff can satisfy the first element of a Title VII retaliation claim, participation in a 14 protected activity, by alleging that he filed a formal or informal complaint regarding unlawful 15 employment practices. See Passantino v. Johnson & Johnson Consumer Prods., Inc., 212 F.3d 16 493, 506 (9th Cir. 2000). The disputed employment practices need not have been actually 17 unlawful; plaintiff need only show that his belief that an unlawful employment practice occurred 18 was “reasonable.” Id. 19 Here, plaintiff alleges that he engaged in protected activity under Title VII when he 20 complained to Farris and Davis in March and June 2015 that he believed NAWCWD employees 21 who were members of the LDS Church were treated more favorably than him, and that it was 22 inappropriate for him to be supervised by Washburn, who baptized his wife and tried to recruit 23 him to join the LDS Church. (Doc. No. 28 at ¶ 155.) Plaintiff also alleges that he engaged in 24 protected activity “when he contacted the EEO Office on December 9, 2015, amended his 25 informal complaint in February 2016, filed a formal EEO complaint in April 2016, and requested 26 an EEOC Hearing in November 2016.” (Id. at ¶ 156.) Defendant does not dispute that these are 27 allegations of engagement in protected activity. 28 ///// 1 The court therefore finds that plaintiff has sufficiently alleged the first element of his Title 2 VII retaliation claim—that he engaged in protected activity.9 See Raad, 323 F.3d at 1197 3 (“Protected activity includes the filing of a charge or a complaint, or providing testimony 4 regarding an employer’s alleged unlawful practices, as well as engaging in other activity intended 5 to oppose an employer’s discriminatory practices.”) (internal quotations and brackets removed); 6 see also Finley v. United Parcel Serv. Inc., No. 2:16-cv-00055-ROS, 2018 WL 6422082, at *12 7 (D. Ariz. Mar. 30, 2018) (noting that protected activity “must plausibly bear some relation to 8 discrimination on the basis of a protected characteristic” and that “general complaints about the 9 workplace or unfairness are not sufficient”). 10 2. Whether Plaintiff Alleged that He Suffered Adverse Employment Actions 11 As to the second element of a retaliation claim, a challenged action must be “materially 12 adverse,” meaning that it would dissuade a reasonable worker from exercising protected rights. 13 See Burlington N. & Santa Fe Ry. Co. v. White, 548 U.S. 53, 68 (2006); Ellins v. City of Sierra 14 Madre, 710 F.3d 1049, 1062 (9th Cir. 2013); Ray v. Henderson, 217 F.3d 1234, 1242–43 (9th 15 Cir. 2000) (describing an adverse employment action as “any adverse treatment that is based on a 16 retaliatory motive and is reasonably likely to deter the charging party or others from engaging in 17 protected activity”). 18 Plaintiff alleges that he suffered the following adverse employment actions: (i) 19 “[defendant] imposed the proposed suspension against [plaintiff] in February 2016”; (ii) “on 20 February 23, 2016, [defendant] removed [plaintiff] from his laboratory and forced him to turn 21 over custody of his equipment to Washburn”; (iii) “on February 23, 2016, [defendant] began 22 requiring [plaintiff] to report to Martin Minthorn and demoted [plaintiff]” and “subjected [him] to 23 undefined ‘constraints’ and threatened [him] with discipline if he violated any of the undefined 24 ‘constraints’”; and (iv) “from 2016 through 2017, [defendant] refused to provide [plaintiff] with 25

9 In plaintiff’s original complaint, he had described his protected activity in March and June 2015 26 as meeting with Farris and Davis to complain that “he worked in an unsupportive work 27 environment.” (Doc. No. 27 at 16.) In ruling on the motion to dismiss plaintiff’s original complaint, the court determined that complaining about an unsupportive work environment did 28 not constitute protected activity under Title VII. (Id.) 1 adequate facilities to conduct his research and projects, which resulted in some of the funding 2 being lost.” (Doc. No. 28 at ¶¶ 157–161; see also Doc. No. 34 at 12–13 (arguing that “all of these 3 actions are likely to dissuade an employee from complaining about discrimination” and thus, 4 constitute protected activity under Title VII).)10 Defendant does not contend that these alleged 5 actions do not constitute adverse employment actions; rather, defendant argues that plaintiff has 6 failed to allege a causal link between those actions and his engagement in protected activity. 7 (Doc. No. 32-1 at 12–14.) In response to defendant’s causation arguments, plaintiff wholly 8 ignores those adverse actions he has relied upon and instead contends—for the first time—that 9 “he has sufficiently pled a causal link between his protected activity” in March and June 2015 and 10 the following other actions: 11 On or about June 16, 2015 (six days after [plaintiff] complained to management), [he] learned that the Navy planned to transfer him. On 12 or about July 7, 2015 (twenty-seven days after [he] complained to management), [he] learned that a recommendation was made to 13 remove his security clearance. And on or about July 27, 2015 (forty- seven days after [he] complained to management), the Navy ordered 14 an inquiry into [him]. 15 (Doc. No. 34 at 15 (internal citations omitted).) But, these actions taken in June and July 2015 16 were not alleged in plaintiff’s FAC as forming the basis for his retaliation claim and were not 17 mentioned in the “adverse actions” section of his brief in opposition to the pending motion. 18 Moreover, plaintiff explicitly stated in his FAC that “he cites the earlier actions against him as 19 evidence of the discriminatory motivation of the actions that occurred on or after December 20 2015.” (Doc. No. 28 at ¶ 148.) In addition, this court has already determined that plaintiff’s Title 21 VII claims cannot be predicated on unexhausted and untimely incidents; that is, adverse 22 employment actions that occurred on or before December 9, 2015, because plaintiff initially 23 sought EEO counseling on January 19, 2016. (Doc. No. 27 at 7–8) (citing 29 C.F.R. § 24 1614.105(a)(1)); see also Nguyen v. Dep’t of Navy, 412 F. App’x 926, 928 (9th Cir. 2011) (“[T]o 25 support her discrimination and retaliation claims[,] Nguyen cannot rely on incidents prior to . . . 26

27 10 Unlike his discrimination claim, plaintiff does not allege that the Notice of Proposed Suspension dated December 9, 2015 was an adverse employment action with respect to his 28 retaliation claim. 1 forty-five days before she initiated contact with an EEO counselor.”).11 Accordingly, the 2 incidents that occurred in June and July 2015 cannot support plaintiff’s Title VII retaliation claim. 3 The court therefore finds that plaintiff has sufficiently alleged that he suffered adverse 4 employment actions beginning with his suspension in early February 2016 and no earlier. 5 3. Whether Plaintiff Alleged a Causal Link 6 Plaintiff alleges that each of the adverse employment actions beginning with his 7 suspension in February 2016 was taken “in part because [he] had previously complained that he 8 was being treated unfairly because of his refusal to join the LDS Church.” (Doc. No. 28 at ¶¶ 9 157, 158, 160, 161.) Defendant argues that plaintiff has not sufficiently alleged a causal link 10 because: (1) he failed to allege the requisite but-for causation in that he asserts that the adverse 11 actions were taken in part because of his protected activity; (2) he did not allege that Bechtel or 12 Wheelock were aware of his complaints to Farris and Davis; (3) the eight- to eleven-month gap 13 between his complaints to Farris and Davis and the adverse actions precludes an inference of 14 causation based on temporal proximity; and (4) an inference of causation based on temporal 15 proximity does not arise because his allegations suggest an “obvious alternative explanation.” 16 (Doc. No. 32-1 at 11–14.) 17 a. But-For Causation 18 The Supreme Court has clarified that “Title VII retaliation claims require proof that the 19 desire to retaliate was the but-for cause of the challenged employment action.” Univ. of Texas 20 Sw. Med. Ctr. v. Nassar, 570 U.S. 338, 339 (2013). “Title VII retaliation claims must be proved 21 according to traditional principles of but-for causation, not the lessened [motivating factor] 22 causation test stated in [42 U.S.C.] § 2000e–2(m).” Id. at 360. But-for causation “requires proof 23 that the unlawful retaliation would not have occurred in the absence of the alleged protected 24 activity of the employee, activity which includes opposition to employment discrimination, and 25 submitting or supporting a complaint about employment discrimination.” Goins v. Cty. of 26 Merced, No. 1:13-cv-01245-AWI-SK, 2014 WL 3362254, at *5 (E.D. Cal. July 9, 2014) 27 11 Citation to this unpublished Ninth Circuit opinion is appropriate pursuant to Ninth Circuit Rule 28 36-3(b). 1 (concluding that even though plaintiffs’ complaint did “not actually use the phrase ‘but-for,’ they 2 adequately pled but-for causation by alleging their supervisor’s retaliatory conduct started after he 3 learned that plaintiffs had filed administrative complaints against him for harassment”). 4 Defendant argues that by alleging the adverse actions were taken “in part” because of his 5 protected activity, plaintiff has failed to allege but-for causation. (Doc. No. 32-1 at 12.) Plaintiff 6 contends that defendant misstates “but-for” causation as a “sole” or “exclusive” cause standard, 7 and that one bringing such a claim is not required to allege that “his complaint to HR of his 8 discriminatory treatment were the sole cause of the adverse actions he suffered.” (Doc. No. 34 at 9 13, 14.) 10 While plaintiff was not required to use the phrase “but-for” as magic words, by using the 11 phrase “in part,” plaintiff essentially alleges that his protected activity played a role, played a 12 part, and was a cause—he has not alleged that his protected activity was the but-for cause. See 13 Diorio v. Cty. of Kern, No. 1:11-cv-01569-LJO, 2013 WL 1127687, at *9 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 18, 14 2013) (finding the plaintiff failed to show a causal link with respect to her Title VII retaliation 15 claim where her statement that she was terminated “in part due to her insubordination issues with 16 each of her three supervisors actually detracts from her effort to show that her [] complaint [about 17 a hostile work environment] was a but-for cause of her termination”); see also Arnold v. Research 18 Found. for State Univ. of N.Y., 216 F. Supp. 3d 275, 288–89 (E.D.N.Y. 2016) (finding the 19 plaintiff failed “to allege that her age was a but for cause of her termination” because she “admits 20 that her termination was motivated ‘at least in part’ by her age,” which is “insufficient because 21 [she] must allege that age was more than a mere motivating factor; [she] must show that her age 22 was a but for cause”); Mazur v. N.Y. City Dep’t of Educ., 53 F. Supp. 3d 618, 638 (S.D.N.Y. 23 2014), aff’d, 621 F. App’x 88 (2d Cir. 2015) (applying Supreme Court’s decision in Nassar and 24 concluding that “it is not enough for a defendant’s adverse employment action to be based in part 25 on the plaintiff engaging in a protected activity”); Silva v. City of Hidalgo, Tex., 575 F. App’x 26 419, 426 (5th Cir. 2014) (“[plaintiff’s] own allegation is fatal to her claim because she asserts 27 only that ‘she was terminated in part because she rejected the sexual advances [] and because she 28 made [] reports []”). 1 Critically, plaintiff here fails to allege that the adverse actions “would not have occurred 2 in the absence of—that is, but for—” his protected activity. Nassar, 570 U.S. at 346–47. In 3 Nassar, the Supreme Court clarified that the heightened standard of but-for causation applies to 4 Title VII retaliation claims, not the lesser “motivating factor” standard, which applies to status- 5 based discrimination claims. Nassar, 570 U.S. at 360. But even under that lesser standard, a 6 plaintiff must allege that the discrimination was “a motivating factor for any employment 7 practice, even though other factors also motivated the practice.” Nassar, 570 U.S. at 348–49. By 8 merely alleging that his protected activity was a factor, plaintiff Albro has not even satisfied the 9 lesser standard of alleging his protected activity was a “motivating factor” for the adverse action. 10 It follows that plaintiff’s allegations do not satisfy the heightened but-for causation standard as 11 required for Title VII retaliation claims pursuant to the decision in Nassar. 12 b. Inference of Causation Based on Temporal Proximity 13 A plaintiff may establish a causal link between the protected activity engaged in and the 14 adverse action taken by circumstantial evidence, including the employer’s knowledge of the 15 protected activity and the proximity in time between the protected action and the adverse 16 employment act. Jordan v. Clark, 847 F.2d 1368, 1376 (9th Cir. 1988); see also Van Asdale v. 17 Int’l Game Tech., 577 F.3d 989, 1003 (9th Cir. 2009) (“[C]ausation can be inferred from timing 18 alone where an adverse employment action follows on the heels of protected activity.”) (quoting 19 Villiarimo v. Aloha Island Air, Inc., 281 F.3d 1054, 1065 (9th Cir. 2002)); Passantino, 212 F.3d 20 at 507 (“[W]hen adverse employment decisions are taken within a reasonable period of time after 21 complaints of discrimination have been made, retaliatory intent may be inferred”). 22 Here, the length of time between plaintiff’s complaints in March and June 2015 and 23 Bechtel’s decision in February 2016 to uphold Wheelock’s proposed suspension of plaintiff—a 24 span of eight to eleven months—does not suggest that the February 2016 actions “follow[ed] on 25 the heels of [plaintiff’s] protected activity” under the circumstances in this case. See Villiarimo, 26 281 F.3d at 1065. As the Ninth Circuit has explained, “a rule that any period over a certain time 27 is per se too long (or, conversely, a rule that any period under a certain time is per se short 28 enough) would be unrealistically simplistic.” Coszalter v. City of Salem, 320 F.3d 968, 978 (9th 1 Cir. 2003); see also Howard v. City of Coos Bay, 871 F.3d 1032, 1046 (9th Cir. 2017). Under 2 some circumstances an eight-month gap in time may be too great to allow the inference of a 3 causal link. See Cornwell v. Electra, 439 F.3d 1018, 1035–36 (9th Cir. 2006) (gap of eight 4 months was too great to support an inference that a complaint was related to the termination); see 5 also Manatt v. Bank of Am., NA, 339 F.3d 792, 802 (9th Cir. 2003) (nine-month lapse between 6 protected activity and alleged retaliatory employment decision was too long to infer causation). 7 Under other circumstances, however, even a gap of eleven months may not be too great to allow 8 for such an inference. See Allen v. Iranon, 283 F.3d 1070, 1078 (9th Cir. 2002) (“[A]n eleven- 9 month gap in time is within the range that has been found to support an inference that an 10 employment decision was retaliatory.”).12 11 Moreover, to support an inference of causation based on temporal proximity, a plaintiff 12 must show that the particular decision makers involved in the adverse employment action knew 13 of plaintiff’s protected activity. See Reed v. Avis Budget Grp., Inc., 472 F. App’x 525, 526 (9th 14 Cir. 2012) (citing Cohen v. Fred Meyer, Inc., 686 F.2d 793, 796 (9th Cir. 1982) (“Essential to a 15 causal link is evidence that the employer was aware that the plaintiff had engaged in the protected 16 activity.”)).13 Here, plaintiff does not respond to defendant’s argument that he has failed to allege 17 that the decision makers in his adverse employment actions—Bechtel (who upheld plaintiff’s 18 suspension in February 2016) and Wheelock (who reassigned plaintiff in February 2016)—were 19 aware that plaintiff had complained to Farris and Davis in March and June of 2015. Thus, the 20 court is not inclined to infer causation under these circumstances. See Cooper v. Cate, No. 1:10- 21 cv-899-AWI-DLB, 2012 WL 1669353, at *9 (E.D. Cal. May 11, 2012) (dismissing retaliation 22 claim where there were “no allegations that the specific individuals who inflicted the particular 23 12 However, the court in Allen clarified that in that case, “an inference from temporal proximity 24 would have been stronger had the gap in time been smaller,” and that its ultimate finding that defendants retaliated against the plaintiff was based on the defendants’ misrepresentations of the 25 events leading up to the adverse action and the defendants’ knowledge of the plaintiff’s protected activity; the court did not rely on temporal proximity. Allen, 283 F.3d at 1078. 26

27 13 Citation to this unpublished Ninth Circuit opinion is appropriate pursuant to Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3(b). 28 1 adverse employment actions on [plaintiff] had actual knowledge of [his] protected activities” 2 explaining that “[w]ithout actual knowledge of protected activity by the individual who causes an 3 adverse employment action to occur, there can be no retaliation”).14 4 In sum, the court finds that plaintiff has not sufficiently alleged a causal link between his 5 protected activity and the adverse employment actions that he suffered. He did not allege but-for 6 causation, and the eight- to eleven-month gap between his protected activity and the adverse 7 actions does not support an inference of causation based on temporal proximity alone because he 8 did not allege that the decision-makers were aware of his protected activity. 9 Thus, the court will dismiss plaintiff’s retaliation claim. As noted above, plaintiff has 10 already had an opportunity to amend his complaint and has failed to correct the previously noted 11 deficiencies. Moreover, and as noted above with respect to his disparate treatment claim, plaintiff 12 has not requested leave to amend his FAC as to either claim. Rather, plaintiff’s counsel has 13 simply argued that the allegations of the FAC are sufficient to state cognizable claims. Under 14 these circumstances the court concludes that the granting of further leave to amend would be 15 futile with respect to plaintiff’s retaliation claim as well. See Ecological Rights Found., 713 F.3d 16 at 520; see also Cooper, 2012 WL 1669353, at *13. 17 ///// 18 ///// 19 14 Plaintiff also does not respond to defendant’s argument that an inference of causation based on 20 temporal proximity does not arise here because plaintiff’s allegations suggest an “obvious alternative explanation.” (Doc. No. 32-1 at 14.) Specifically, defendant argues that Bechtel’s and 21 Wheelock’s actions in February 2016 “merely implemented” the proposed suspension, which flowed from Long’s report finding a number of instances of purported wrongdoing by plaintiff. 22 (Id.) It is true that “[w]hen considering plausibility, courts must also consider an ‘obvious 23 alternative explanation’ for defendant’s behavior.” Eclectic Props. E., LLC v. Marcus & Millichap Co., 751 F.3d 990, 996 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 682) (quoting 24 Twombly, 550 U.S. at 567); see also Capp v. Cty. of San Diego, 940 F.3d 1046, 1055 (9th Cir. 2019) (noting the Supreme Court’s “admonition that an allegation is not plausible where there is 25 an ‘obvious alternative explanation’ for alleged misconduct”) (quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 682). Nonetheless, the court is not persuaded by defendant’s argument in this regard here. Defendant’s 26 logic is based on the fact that the Long report and notice of proposed suspension occurred before 27 plaintiff engaged in the EEO process and thus provide an obvious alternative explanation for the adverse actions. But defendant’s logic does not hold true for the protected activity that occurred 28 in March and June 2015, before the Long report and proposed suspension. 4:40 EEUU MARS VR MMVUEEPOCTIC St POO Tee er PAY OT VE et

1 CONCLUSION 2 For the reasons set forth above, defendant’s motion to dismiss (Doc. No. 32) is granted 3 | without further leave to amend and the Clerk of the Court is directed to close this case. 4 | IT IS SO ORDERED. a " 5 /}/ fP A; Dated: _ April 21, 2020 wee TE OO oF 6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 24