1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JAMES CASEMENT, on behalf of himself No. 1:19-cv-01262-DAD-JLT and others similarly situated, 12 Plaintiff, 13 ORDER GRANTING DEFENDANT’S v. MOTION TO COMPEL ARBITRATION 14 SOLIANT HEALTH, INC., (Doc. No. 24) 15 Defendant. 16

17 18 This matter is before the court on defendant Soliant Health, Inc.’s (“Soliant”) motion to 19 compel arbitration. (Doc. No. 24.) A hearing on the motion was held on January 22, 2020. 20 Attorneys Ashkan Shakouri and Nazo Koulloukian appeared telephonically on behalf of plaintiff 21 James Casement, and attorney Elizabeth Murphy appeared telephonically on behalf of Soliant. 22 Having considered the parties’ briefs and oral arguments, and for the reasons set forth below, the 23 court will grant defendant’s motion to compel arbitration. 24 BACKGROUND 25 Plaintiff is a licensed nurse and a resident of California. (Doc. No. 27 at 3.) Soliant is an 26 employment staffing agency, incorporated in Georgia with its principal place of business in 27 Florida. (Id. at 4.) Soliant assigns healthcare professionals to work assignments throughout 28 California. (Id.) At all relevant times, plaintiff was employed by Soliant. (Id. at 4–5.) 1 In this class action, plaintiff alleges that Soliant failed to: (1) provide reporting time pay; 2 (2) pay employees for all hours worked; (3) pay overtime; (4) pay minimum wage; (5) authorize 3 or permit meal breaks; (6) authorize or permit rest breaks; and (7) furnish accurate wage 4 statements. (Id. at 15–22.) Plaintiff also asserts causes of action for waiting time penalties, 5 breach of contract, negligent misrepresentation, and unfair business practices, as well as a cause 6 of action under California’s Private Attorney General Act. (Id. at 22–27.) 7 On December 10, 2019, Soliant moved to compel arbitration on an individual basis, 8 relying on an arbitration provision (“the arbitration provision”) which appears in Section 14 of the 9 Professional Employment Agreement (“the employment agreement”) that plaintiff entered into 10 with Soliant. (Doc. No. 24 at 9.) That arbitration provision provides, in full, as follows: 11 Arbitration 12 14. Any dispute or difference between Soliant and Consultant arising out of or relating to this Agreement shall be settled by 13 arbitration in accordance with the rules of the American Arbitration Association by a single arbitrator. [] Soliant and Consultant shall 14 agree on an arbitrator. If Soliant and [] Consultant fail to agree on an arbitrator within thirty (30) days after notice of commencement of 15 arbitration, the American Arbitration Association shall, upon the request of either party, appoint the arbitrator to constitute the panel. 16 Arbitration proceedings hereunder may be initiated by either Soliant or Consultant by making a written request to the American 17 Arbitration Association, together with any appropriate filing fee, at the office of the American Arbitration Association in Jacksonville, 18 Florida. All arbitration proceedings shall be held in Jacksonville, Florida. Any order or determination of the arbitral tribunal shall be 19 final and binding upon the parties to the arbitration and may be entered in any court having jurisdiction. 20 21 (Doc. No. 24-4 at 3.) 22 On January 7, 2020, plaintiff filed his opposition to the pending motion to compel 23 arbitration, and on January 15, 2020, Soliant filed its reply. (Doc. Nos. 28, 30.) 24 LEGAL STANDARDS 25 A written provision in any contract evidencing a transaction involving commerce to settle 26 a dispute by arbitration is subject to the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”). 9 U.S.C. § 2. The 27 FAA confers on the parties involved the right to obtain an order directing that arbitration proceed 28 in the manner provided for in a contract between them. 9 U.S.C. § 4. In deciding a motion to 1 compel arbitration, the court “is limited to determining (1) whether a valid agreement to arbitrate 2 exists [within the contract] and, if it does, (2) whether the agreement encompasses the dispute at 3 issue.” Boardman v. Pacific Seafood Group, 822 F.3d 1011, 1017 (9th Cir. 2016) (citing Chiron 4 Corp. v. Ortho Diagnostic Sys., Inc., 207 F.3d 1126, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000) (brackets in original)). 5 There is an “emphatic federal policy in favor of arbitral dispute resolution.” Balen v. 6 Holland America Line Inc., 583 F.3d 647, 652 (9th Cir. 2009) (quoting Mitsubishi Motors Corp. 7 v. Soler Chrysler–Plymouth, 473 U.S. 614, 631 (1985)). As such, “‘any doubts concerning the 8 scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration, whether the problem at hand 9 is the construction of the contract language itself or an allegation of waiver, delay, or a like 10 defense to arbitrability.’” Mitsubishi Motors Corp., 473 U.S. at 626 (quoting Moses H. Cone 11 Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Const. Corp., 460 U.S. 1 at 24–25 (1983)); see also Balen, 583 F.3d at 12 652. An arbitration agreement may only “be invalidated by ‘generally applicable contract 13 defenses, such as fraud, duress, or unconscionability,’ but not by defenses that apply only to 14 arbitration or that derive their meaning from the fact that an agreement to arbitrate is at issue.” 15 AT&T Mobility LLC v. Concepcion, 563 U.S. 333, 339 (2011) (quoting Doctor’s Assocs., Inc. v. 16 Casarotto, 517 U.S. 681, 687 (1996)); see also Newirth by and through Newirth v. Aegis Senior 17 Communities, LLC, 931 F.3d 935, 940 (9th Cir. 2019). Accordingly, courts may not apply 18 traditional contractual defenses, like duress and unconscionability, in a broader or more stringent 19 manner to invalidate arbitration agreements and thereby undermine FAA’s purpose to “ensur[e] 20 that private arbitration agreements are enforced according to their terms.” Concepcion, 563 U.S. . 21 at 344 (quoting Volt Info. Scis., Inc. v. Bd. of Trs., 489 U.S. 468, 478 (1989)). 22 DISCUSSION 23 Here, Soliant contends that the court must compel arbitration because plaintiff signed the 24 employment agreement which contains an enforceable provision requiring plaintiff to 25 individually arbitrate the claims he is asserting against Soliant in this action. (Doc. No. 24 at 7.) 26 Plaintiff does not dispute that he signed the employment agreement, that it contains the arbitration 27 provision, or that the provision covers his claims and requires him to arbitrate those claims 28 individually. Plaintiff’s sole argument in opposition to the pending motion is that the 1 employment agreement is unenforceable because it is both procedurally and substantively 2 unconscionable. (Doc. No. 28 at 5–15.) 3 “[T]he party opposing arbitration bears the burden of proving any defense, such as 4 unconscionability.” Poublon v. C.H. Robinson Co., 846 F.3d 1251, 1260 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting 5 Pinnacle Museum Tower Assn. v. Pinnacle Mkt. Dev. (US), LLC, 55 Cal. 4th 223, 236 (2012)). 6 To establish unconscionability under California law,1 the party opposing arbitration must 7 demonstrate that the entire arbitration provision, or a specific clause in it, is both procedurally and 8 substantively unconscionable. Poublon, 846 F.3d at 1260 (citing Sanchez v. Valencia Holding 9 Co., 61 Cal. 4th 899, 910 (2015)). “The prevailing view is that procedural and substantive 10 unconscionability must both be present in order for a court to exercise its discretion to refuse to 11 enforce a contract or clause under the doctrine of unconscionability . . . [b]ut they need not be 12 present in the same degree.” Sanchez, 61 Cal. 4th at 910. Courts generally view procedural and 13 substantive unconscionability on a sliding scale, whereby “the more substantively oppressive the 14 contract term, the less evidence of procedural unconscionability is required to come to the 15 conclusion that the term is unenforceable, and vice versa.” Armendariz v. Found. Health 16 Psychcare Servs., Inc., 24 Cal. 4th 83, 114 (2000); see also Poublon, 846 F.3d at 1260. Overall,

17 1 “When an agreement contains a choice of law provision, California courts apply the parties’ choice of law unless the analytical approach articulated in § 187(2) of the Restatement (Second) 18 of Conflict of Laws . . . dictates a different result.” Bridge Fund Capital Corp. v. Fastbucks 19 Franchise Corp., 622 F.3d 996, 1002 (9th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Here, the employment agreement contains a choice of law provision. (See Doc. No. 20 24-4 at 4) (“[Section] 20. This Agreement is made under and shall be governed by the laws of the State of Florida.”). However, at the hearing on the pending motion, the court inquired of 21 Soliant’s counsel whether this choice of law provision is separate and distinct from Section 14 of the employment agreement (the arbitration provision), and counsel responded “[t]hat is correct,” 22 and noted that “the choice of law provision . . . [is] not a choice of law provision as to arbitration” 23 and that “[i]t governs the [employment] agreement itself.” Counsel for Soliant also noted that “if the Court is not comfortable for any reason with that [explanation],” the choice of law provision 24 “can and should be severed” from the employment agreement. The court construes Soliant’s position in this regard as a concession that the choice of law provision in plaintiff’s employment 25 agreement is unconscionable. See Wood v. Team Enterprises, LLC, No. 3:18-cv-06867-WHA, 2019 WL 1516758, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 7, 2019) (“[D]efendants essentially concede that the 26 choice-of-law provision is unconscionable by . . . arguing that the choice of law provision should 27 be severed.”). Moreover, in their briefing, the parties apply California law and neither party cites to nor has asked the court to apply Florida law. The court is therefore satisfied that it can and 28 should apply California law to determine whether the arbitration provision is unenforceable. 1 “unconscionability requires a substantial degree of unfairness beyond a simple old-fashioned bad 2 bargain,” such as when a contract is “so one-sided as to ‘shock the conscience.’” Mohamed v. 3 Uber Techs., Inc., 848 F.3d 1201, 1210 (9th Cir. 2016) (quoting Baltazar v. Forever 21, Inc., 62 4 Cal. 4th 1237, 1245 (2016)). Finally, “when parties commit to arbitrate contractual disputes, it is 5 a mainstay of the [FAA’s] substantive law that attacks on the validity of the contract, as distinct 6 from attacks on the validity of the arbitration clause itself, are to be resolved by the arbitrator in 7 the first instance, not by a federal or state court.” Nitro-Lift Tech., L.L.C. v. Howard, 568 U.S 17, 8 20–21 (2012) (quotation marks and citation omitted); see also Buckeye Check Cashing, Inc. v. 9 Cardegna, 546 U.S. 440, 448–49 (2006) (“a challenge to the validity of the contract as a whole, 10 and not specifically to the arbitration clause, must go to the arbitrator”). Accordingly, “an 11 arbitration provision is severable from the remainder of the contract . . . and its validity is subject 12 to initial court determination; but the validity of the remainder of the contract (if the arbitration 13 provision is valid) is for the arbitrator to decide.”2 Nitro-Lift Tech., L.L.C., 568 U.S at 21 14 (quotation marks and citation omitted). 15 2 Soliant invites the court to circumvent plaintiff’s unconscionability defenses, contending that 16 “because the FAA preempts state law, the Court need not decide whether the arbitration agreement here complies with the California Supreme Court’s decision in Armendariz.” (Doc. 17 No. 24 at 7.) The court declines the invitation. In Armendariz, the California Supreme Court “consider[ed] a number of issues related to the validity of a mandatory employment arbitration 18 agreement,” including whether claims arising under a California statute can be arbitrable and the 19 standards for determining whether an arbitration provision is unconscionable. See generally 24 Cal. 4th at 90. Here, Soliant does not identify which part of the Armendariz opinion it asserts that 20 this court need not consider under the FAA, much less why. To the extent that Soliant’s position is that the FAA preempts all state law, that position is incorrect as a matter of law. As discussed 21 above, the Supreme Court in Concepcion held that an arbitration agreement may only “be invalidated by ‘generally applicable contract defenses, such as fraud, duress, or 22 unconscionability,’ but not by defenses that apply only to arbitration or that derive their meaning 23 from the fact that an agreement to arbitrate is at issue.” 563 U.S. at 339 (quoting Casarotto, 517 U.S. at 687); Kilgore v. KeyBank, Nat. Ass’n, 718 F.3d 1052, 1058 (9th Cir. 2013) (“[The FAA] 24 preserves generally applicable contract defenses[.]”) (internal quotation marks omitted). Soliant does not contend that the unconscionability defenses plaintiff asserts in this action are not 25 generally applicable contract defenses and, of course, they are. Indeed, since the Supreme Court’s decision in Concepcion, federal and state courts in California, including this one, have 26 continued to apply the California Supreme Court’s decision in Armendariz when determining 27 whether an arbitration agreement is enforceable. See, e.g., Martinez v. Vision Precision Holdings, LLC, No. 1:19-cv-01002-DAD-JLT, 2019 WL 7290492, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 30, 2019); McGill 28 v. Citibank, N.A., 2 Cal. 5th 945, 962–63 (2017). 1 A. Whether the Arbitration Provision is Procedurally Unconscionable 2 “The procedural element of unconscionability focuses on ‘oppression or surprise due to 3 unequal bargaining power.’” Poublon, 846 F.3d at 1260 (quoting Pinnacle Museum Tower Ass’n, 4 55 Cal. 4th at 246)); see also Chavarria v. Ralphs Grocery Co., 733 F.3d 916, 922 (9th Cir. 2013) 5 (“Procedural unconscionability concerns the manner in which the contract was negotiated and the 6 respective circumstances of the parties at that time, focusing on the level of oppression and 7 surprise involved in the agreement.”). “Oppression addresses the weaker party’s absence of 8 choice and unequal bargaining power that results in no real negotiation,” while “[s]urprise 9 involves the extent to which the contract clearly discloses its terms as well as the reasonable 10 expectations of the weaker party.” Chavarria, 733 F.3d at 922 (internal quotation marks and 11 citation omitted); see also Mohamed v. Uber Technologies, 848 F.3d 1201, 1210 (9th Cir. 2016). 12 Here, plaintiff argues that the arbitration provision of his employment agreement is 13 procedurally unconscionable because: (1) it is part of a contract of adhesion; (2) Soliant 14 employed oppressive methods to obtain his assent to it; and (3) Soliant failed to provide him with 15 a copy of the American Arbitration Association’s rules (“the AAA rules”). (Doc. No. 28 at 16– 16 18.) 17 1. Contract of Adhesion 18 The term “contract of adhesion” “signifies a standardized contract, which, imposed and 19 drafted by the party of superior bargaining strength, relegates to the subscribing party only the 20 opportunity to adhere to the contract or reject it.” Armendariz, 24 Cal. 4th at 113 (citation 21 omitted). Courts have recognized that such contracts are “procedurally unconscionable under 22 California law[.]” Chavarria, 733 F.3d at 923 (citing Ting v. AT&T, 319 F.3d 1126, 1148 (9th 23 Cir. 2003)); see also Sanchez, 61 Cal. 4th at 915 (“[T]he adhesive nature of the contract is 24 sufficient to establish some degree of procedural unconscionability.”). 25 Here, the court concludes that the arbitration provision is at least somewhat adhesive 26 because defendant drafted the boilerplate employment agreement that it is a part of and plaintiff 27 could only adhere to the employment agreement or reject it. (Doc. No. 28 at 16; see also Doc. 28 No. 28-1 at 2–3); Armendariz, 24 Cal. 4th at 115 (finding that an arbitration agreement was 1 adhesive because it “was imposed on employees as a condition of employment and there was no 2 opportunity to negotiate”); Chavarria, 733 F.3d at 922–23 (holding that arbitration agreements 3 are procedurally unconscionable when imposed on employees on a take-it-or-leave-it basis). 4 However, “the adhesive nature of a contract, without more, . . . give[s] rise to a low degree of 5 procedural unconscionability at most.” Poublon, 846 F.3d at 1261–62; see also Gutierrez v. 6 FriendFinder Networks Inc., No. 18-cv-05918-BLF, 2019 WL 1974900, at *10 (N.D. Cal. May 3, 7 2019) (collecting cases). The court therefore finds that this employment agreement’s adhesive 8 nature demonstrates only a minor degree of procedural unconscionability. 9 2. Oppressive Methods 10 Under California law, oppression “can be established by the totality of the circumstances 11 surrounding the negotiation and formation of the contract.” Grand Prospect Partners, L.P. v. 12 Ross Dress for Less, Inc., 232 Cal. App. 4th 1332, 1348 (2015), as modified on denial of reh’g 13 (Feb. 9, 2015); see also Poublon, 846 F.3d at 1260. “The circumstances relevant to establishing 14 oppression include . . . the amount of time the party is given to consider the proposed contract . . . 15 [and] the amount and type of pressure exerted on the party to sign the proposed contract[.]” 16 Grand Prospect Partners, L.P., 232 Cal. App. 4th at 1348. 17 In his declaration, plaintiff avers that Soliant’s recruiter “emailed [him] 14 separate 18 documents, including the Professional Employment Agreement” and told him that he had to sign 19 the employment agreement on the same day that he received it in order to not lose out on his 20 promised work assignment. (Doc. No. 28-1 at 2.) Plaintiff declares that he “fe[lt] pressure to 21 obtain other work since [his] other assignment was going to end soon.” (Id. at 2–3.) In his own 22 declaration, however, Soliant’s recruiter denies plaintiff’s averments. (Doc. No. 30-1 at 2–4.) 23 The recruiter declares that, when he first began speaking to plaintiff about working at Soliant in 24 2016, he provided “Mr. Casement with [his] work telephone number, cell phone number, and 25 email address” in order to “have an open dialogue about available opportunities going forward,” 26 and that he and plaintiff “spoke about numerous positions at different healthcare facilities . . . 27 nearly every other day.” (Id. at 3.) The recruiter states that, based on his “prior relationship” 28 with plaintiff, plaintiff “could have asked for additional time to consider the terms of the 1 assignment” he accepted in 2017 (and which give rise to plaintiff’s claims in this action), but that 2 plaintiff “never asked [him] any questions about the Employment Agreement, its terms, including 3 the Arbitration Agreement, or any of the other onboarding paperwork.” (Id. at 4.) The recruiter 4 declares that he “never pressured Mr. Casement to sign the Employment Agreement” and that 5 plaintiff “never indicated to [him] in any way that [plaintiff] did not understand any portion of the 6 Employment Agreement, including the Arbitration Agreement.” (Id.) 7 The court concludes that plaintiff has not carried his burden of establishing that the 8 circumstances surrounding his assent to the arbitration provision were oppressive. Ulbrich v. 9 Overstock.Com, Inc., 887 F. Supp. 2d 924, 932 (N.D. Cal. 2012) (“Ulbrich declares that he felt 10 ‘compelled’ to sign the agreement, but offers no facts to support that bald assertion, nor does the 11 totality of the facts here lend it any credibility.”). 12 3. Surprise 13 Under California law, “[s]urprise involves the extent to which the contract clearly 14 discloses its terms as well as the reasonable expectations of the weaker party.” Chavarria, 733 15 F.3d at 922 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Plaintiff argues that the arbitration 16 provision here is procedurally unconscionable due to surprise because defendant failed to provide 17 him with a copy of the American Arbitration Association Rules for the Resolution of 18 Employment Disputes (“AAA Rules”) referenced in the arbitration provision of the agreement. 19 Some courts have held that failure to provide the AAA Rules referenced in an arbitration 20 provision is procedurally unconscionable. See, e.g., Grabowski v. Robinson, 817 F. Supp. 2d 21 1159, 1172 (S.D. Cal. 2011) (failure to provide plaintiff with the arbitration procedures 22 referenced in the arbitration agreement “adds an element of surprise, and therefore procedural 23 unconscionability”); Harper v. Ultimo, 113 Cal. App. 4th 1402, 1406–07 (2003) (finding 24 procedural unconscionability because defendant failed to attach a copy of the relevant arbitration 25 rules to the agreement); see also CarMax Auto Superstores California LLC v. Hernandez, 94 F. 26 Supp. 3d 1078, 1113 (C.D. Cal. 2015) (collecting cases without deciding the issue). But many 27 other courts have held otherwise. See, e.g., Serafin v. Balco Props. Ltd., LLC, 235 Cal. App. 4th 28 165, 172-73 (2015) (“Cases that have found the failure to attach the applicable AAA rules alone 1 did not render the agreement procedurally unconscionable.”); Lane v. Francis Capital Mgmt. 2 LLC, 224 Cal. App. 4th 676, 691–92 (2014) (‘[T]he failure to attach a copy of the AAA rules did 3 not render the agreement procedurally unconscionable. There could be no surprise, as the 4 arbitration rules referenced in the agreement were easily accessible to the parties—the AAA rules 5 are available on the Internet.”); Stover-Davis v. Aetna Life Ins. Co., No. 1:15-cv-1938-BAM, 6 2016 WL 2756848, at *7 (E.D. Cal. May 12, 2016) (collecting cases). 7 More importantly, plaintiff’s unconscionability defense in this case does not in any way 8 rely on the substantive terms of the AAA Rules. The California Supreme Court’s decision in 9 Baltazar and the Ninth Circuit’s ruling in Poublon are instructive on this point. In Baltazar, an 10 employee challenged an arbitration agreement based on her employer’s failure to provide her with 11 a copy of the relevant arbitration rules. 62 Cal. 4th at 1246. The California Supreme Court 12 rejected the employee’s argument because “her challenge to the enforcement of the agreement has 13 nothing to do with the AAA rules; her challenge concerns only matters that were clearly 14 delineated in the agreement she signed.” Id. The court noted that her argument might have had 15 “force if her conscionability challenge concerned some element of the AAA rules of which she 16 had been unaware when she signed the arbitration agreement.” Id. 17 The Ninth Circuit in Poublon concurred with the California Supreme Court’s conclusion 18 in a similar case, adding, “[w]hile courts will more closely scrutinize the substantive 19 unconscionability of terms that were artfully hidden by the simple expedient of incorporating 20 them by reference rather than including them in or attaching them to the arbitration agreement, 21 incorporation by reference, without more, does not affect the finding of procedural 22 unconscionability.” 846 F.3d at 1262 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Following 23 the reasoning of the decisions in Baltazar and Poublon, this court concludes that defendant’s 24 failure to provide plaintiff with a copy of the AAA Rules is not an instance of surprise. 25 Next, plaintiff argues that two provisions of the employment agreement are materially 26 inconsistent with the AAA rules and that some “[c]ourts have held that the failure to provide 27 arbitration rules plus inconsistency between those rules and the arbitration agreement further 28 enhances unconscionability.” (Doc. No. 28 at 18–19.) First, plaintiff misinterprets the two cases 1 he cites to in support of this argument. Contrary to plaintiff’s assertion, in Harper v. Ultimo, 113 2 Cal. App. 4th 1402 (2003), the state appellate court did not “refuse[] to enforce the [arbitration] 3 provision because a consumer would be unfairly surprised by the discrepancy between the 4 arbitration agreement and the unattached [Better Business Bureau] arbitration rules.” (Doc. No. 5 28 at 18.) Rather, the court in Harper noted that because “[t]he inability to receive full relief is 6 artfully hidden by merely referencing the Better Business Bureau arbitration rules, [] not 7 attaching those rules to the contract for the customer to review” was oppressive. 113 Cal. App. 8 4th at 1406. Harper is not applicable here, since plaintiff does not contend that AAA rules limit 9 his ability to receive full relief. 10 Plaintiff’s reliance on Fitz v. NCR Corporation, 118 Cal. App. 4th 702 (2004), is similarly 11 misplaced. In Fitz, the court found procedurally unconscionable the employer-defendant’s 12 practice of incorporating by reference arbitration rules limiting the rights afforded to the 13 employee-plaintiff under the AAA rules. Cal. App. 4th at 721. Specifically, the court noted: 14 “NCR deliberately replaced the AAA’s discovery provision with a more restrictive one, and in so 15 doing failed to ensure that employees are entitled to discovery sufficient to adequately arbitrate 16 their claims.” Id. Plaintiff argues that here Soliant has included two restrictive provisions in his 17 employment agreement that are materially inconsistent with the AAA rules. In so arguing, 18 however, he misinterprets both provisions. Relying on Section 16 of his employment agreement, 19 plaintiff first contends that “the Agreement only allows Defendant to recover its attorneys’ fees 20 and costs in a dispute,” contravening AAA rules that call for the arbitrator to grant any remedy, 21 including attorneys’ fees, that would have been available to the parties had the matter been 22 brought before a court. (Doc. No. 28 at 18; see also id. at 11 (“Here, only Defendant can recover 23 its attorney fees and costs if it prevails.”).) But Section 16 of the plaintiff’s employment 24 agreement does not bar his recovery of attorneys’ fees and costs. Rather, that provision states: 25 ///// 26 ///// 27 ///// 28 ///// 1 I Af gS ro eeli man et n tp r ie nv a ai nls ain rb a itn ry a tia oc nti o pn r oto ce e en df io nr gc e p uan rsy u ap nro t v ti os io Sn e( cs t) i oi nn t 1h 3is3

2 above or in a court of competent jurisdiction and secures any relief, Consultant shall pay to Soliant all costs and expenses Soliant incurs 3 in enforcing this Agreement, including Soliant’s court costs and attorney’s fees. 4 5 (Doc. No. 24-4 at 3.) In other words, Section 16 is an agreement between the parties that if 6 Soliant prevails in enforcing any part of the employment agreement, whether in arbitration or in 7 court, plaintiff agrees to pay the attorneys’ fees and costs that Soliant incurs in that enforcement 8 action. Section 16 of the parties’ agreement does not even mention plaintiff’s right to recover 9 fees and costs, let alone limit the extent of his recovery in that regard. 10 Relying on Section 15 of his employment agreement, plaintiff next contends that “the 11 Agreement does not allow [him] to challenge Defendant’s claim for injunctive relief,” in 12 contravention of AAA rules that call for “all parties to be heard.” (Doc. No. 28 at 18; see also id. 13 at 15 (“Not only does this provision tilt in favor of Defendant, it prohibits Plaintiff from even 14 challenging its request for injunctive relief in arbitration.”).) Section 15 of the parties’ agreement, 15 however, does not prohibit plaintiff from challenging a claim for injunctive relief were Soliant to 16 assert one. Instead, that provision states only that, “in addition to any other remedy which may be 17 available to Soliant, if Consultant breaches a restrictive covenant in this Agreement, the parties 18 acknowledge that injunctive relief in favor of Soliant is proper.” (Doc. No. 24-4 at 3.) The AAA 19 rule that plaintiff relies upon in advancing this argument provides that an emergency arbitrator 20 shall, as soon as possible, establish a schedule for consideration of the application for emergency 21 relief and that schedule shall provide a reasonable opportunity for all parties to be heard, but may 22 provide for proceeding by telephone conference or on written submissions as alternatives to a 23 formal hearing. (Doc. No. 24-2 at 53.) First, it is far from clear that any request for injunctive 24 relief Soliant might assert under Section 15 of the parties’ employment agreement is a request for 25

3 Plaintiff argues that “Section 16’s reference to Section 13—the Non-Solicitation Covenants 26 clause—is likely a typographical error meant to reference section 14, the Arbitration clause.” 27 (Doc. No. 28 at 13 n.3.) Soliant disagrees with plaintiff’s assertion that Section 16’s reference to Section 13 is a typographical error. (Doc. No. 30 at 14 n.3.) The court need not resolve this 28 dispute as its outcome does not affect the analysis undertaken in this order. 1 emergency relief falling within the AAA rule. Moreover, nothing in Section 15 of the parties’ 2 employment agreement prevents plaintiff from arguing to the arbitrator that he did not violate a 3 restrictive covenant or that a restrictive covenant is unlawful and thus in this way plaintiff may 4 still be “heard.” (See Doc. No. 24-4 at 3) (“[I]f Consultant breaches a restrictive covenant in this 5 Agreement, the parties acknowledge that injunctive relief in favor of Soliant is proper.”) 6 (emphasis added). Thus, the court concludes that Section 15 of the parties’ employment contract 7 does not prohibit plaintiff from being heard before an arbitrator with regard to any claim for 8 injunctive relief that Soliant might assert. 9 The court concludes that sections 15 and 16 of the employment agreement are not 10 materially inconsistent with the AAA Rules. 11 4. Conclusion 12 On balance, the undersigned concludes that plaintiff has demonstrated only that the 13 arbitration provision of his employment agreement has a slight degree of procedural 14 unconscionability due to its adhesive nature. Because “the procedural unconscionability of the 15 agreement [is] minimal[,] the agreement [] must reflect a high degree of substantive 16 unconscionability for the agreement to be unenforceable.” Anderson v. Safe Streets USA LLC, 17 No. 2:18-cv-00323-KJM, 2018 WL 4106135, at *9 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 29, 2018) (citing Poublon, 18 846 F.3d 1251 at 1263); see also Dotson v. Amgen, Inc., 181 Cal. App. 4th 975, 982 (2010); Lang 19 v. Skytap, Inc., 347 F. Supp. 3d 420, 427 (N.D. Cal. 2018). 20 B. Whether the Arbitration Provision is Substantively Unconscionable 21 “The substantive element of unconscionability pertains to the fairness of an agreement’s 22 actual terms and to assessments of whether they are overly harsh or one-sided.” Carbajal v. 23 CWPSC, Inc., 245 Cal. App. 4th 227, 247 (2016) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted); 24 see also Pokorny v. Quitar, Inc., 601 F.3d 987, 997 (9th Cir. 2010). California courts have 25 applied various tests to determine whether an agreement is substantively unconscionable. These 26 include inquiring whether the terms are “overly harsh,” “unduly oppressive,” or “so one-sided as 27 to shock the conscience.” See Sonic-Calabasas A, Inc. v. Moreno, 57 Cal. 4th 1109, 1145 (2013) 28 (collecting cases). The California Supreme Court recently clarified, however, that “these 1 formulations, used throughout our case law, all mean the same thing:” an agreement is 2 substantively unconscionable where its enforcement would work “a substantial degree of 3 unfairness beyond a simple old-fashioned bad bargain.” Sanchez, 61 Cal. 4th at 911; see also 4 Serpa, 215 Cal. App. 4th at 703 (noting that substantive unconscionability may exist where 5 “contractual provisions reallocate risks in an objectively unreasonable or unexpected manner”); 6 Mohamed, 848 F.3d at 1210. Thus, “[m]utuality is the ‘paramount’ consideration when assessing 7 substantive unconscionability.” Pokorny, 601 F.3d at 997 (quoting Abramson v. Juniper 8 Networks, Inc., 115 Cal. App. 4th 638, 657 (2004)). In the employment context, substantive 9 unconscionability can be found “when the arbitration agreement is one-sided in favor of the 10 employer without sufficient justification, for example, when the employee’s claims against the 11 employer, but not the employer’s claims against the employee, are subject to arbitration.” Serafin 12 v. Balco Props. Ltd., 235 Cal. App. 4th 165, 177–78 (2015) (citations and internal quotation 13 marks omitted); see also Poublon, 846 F.3d at 1261. 14 Plaintiff argues that five provisions appearing in his employment agreement with 15 defendant are substantively unconscionable. However, plaintiff’s challenges to three of those 16 provisions—(1) the non-solicitation covenants from Section 13; (2) the attorneys’ fees provision 17 from Section 16 discussed above; and (3) the severance provision from Section 17—are attacks 18 on the validity of the employment agreement as a whole, as opposed to attacks on the validity of 19 the arbitration provision itself. Indeed, in raising these arguments in his opposition to the pending 20 motion to compel arbitration, plaintiff concedes that “[t]he Agreement”—as opposed to the 21 arbitration provision contained in it—“contains three . . . unilateral clauses all favoring 22 defendant.” (Doc. No. 28 at 6.) The court makes no determination as to whether these three 23 provisions do in fact favor defendant because, as discussed above, “attacks on the validity of the 24 contract are to be resolved by the arbitrator in the first instance, not by a federal or state court.” 25 Nitro-Lift Tech., 568 U.S at 20–21 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 26 Plaintiff’s remaining attacks appropriately focus on the validity of the arbitration 27 provision of the agreement, specifically: (1) the forum selection clause and (2) the choice of law 28 provision appearing in Section 20, both of which are “subject to initial court determination.” Id. 1 at 21. Plaintiff contends that these provisions “require[] [him]—a California resident who 2 worked for Defendant in California—to litigate his California claim[s] with Defendant in Florida 3 under Florida law.” (Doc. No. 28 at 10.) Accordingly, plaintiff argues that these provisions 4 violate California Labor Code § 925, which provides that: 5 (a) An employer shall not require an employee who primarily resides and works in California, as a condition of employment, to agree 6 to a provision that would . . .: 7 (1) Require the employee to adjudicate outside of California a claim arising in California. 8 (2) Deprive the employee of the substantive protection of 9 California law with respect to a controversy arising in California. 10 (b) Any provision of a contract that violates subdivision (a) is 11 voidable by the employee, and if a provision is rendered void at the request of the employee, the matter shall be adjudicated in 12 California and California law shall govern the dispute. 13 The court concludes that the arbitration provision’s forum selection clause is substantively 14 unconscionable because it requires plaintiff, a resident of California, to adjudicate his claims in 15 Jacksonville, Florida, thousands of miles away from California where those claims arose. See, 16 e.g., Capili v. Finish Line, Inc., 116 F. Supp. 3d 1000, 1007 (N.D. Cal. 2015) (“Forcing a retail 17 shoe store employee to initiate an arbitration and/or challenge an arbitration agreement thousands 18 of miles away from her place of work erects a substantial barrier to the vindication of the 19 statutory [] claims at issue in this case.”), aff’d, 699 F. App’x 620 (9th Cir. 2017); see also Magno 20 v. The College Network, Inc., 1 Cal. App. 5th 277, 288–89 (2016) (“Arbitration in Indiana would 21 not have been in [the California] Plaintiffs’ reasonable expectations, and the forum selection 22 provision renders the agreement to arbitrate substantively unconscionable.”). 23 With respect to Section 20’s choice of law provision, at the hearing on the pending 24 motion, Soliant’s counsel argued that the reference to Florida law was in a different section of 25 plaintiff’s employment agreement than the arbitration provision and that it was therefore Soliant’s 26 position that the choice of law provision did not apply to arbitration but rather only applied to the 27 employment agreement itself. Soliant’s position in this regard is confusing; the arbitration 28 provision is a part of the employment agreement, which means that if the choice of law provision 1 governs the employment agreement, then it necessarily governs the arbitration provision. 2 However, Soliant, both in its moving papers and at the January 22, 2020 hearing, asserted that the 3 choice of law provision can be severed from the employment agreement. (See, e.g., Doc. No. 24 4 at 20.) As discussed in footnote 1 above, the court construes Soliant’s position as a concession 5 that the choice of law provision of plaintiff’s employment agreement is unconscionable. See 6 Wood, 2019 WL 1516758, at *2 (“[D]efendants essentially concede that the choice-of-law 7 provision is unconscionable by . . . arguing that the choice of law provision should be severed.”). 8 Accordingly, the court concludes that both the arbitration provision’s forum selection 9 clause and Section 20’s choice of law provision appearing within plaintiff’s employment 10 agreement are substantively unconscionable. 11 C. Severability 12 Soliant contends that the court should sever the substantively unconscionable choice of 13 law and forum selection clauses from the agreement and compel plaintiff to arbitrate his claims. 14 Plaintiff contends that the arbitration agreement is so permeated with unconscionability that it is 15 unenforceable in its entirety. (Doc. No. 28 at 19–20.) 16 There is a “strong legislative and judicial preference [for severing] offending term[s] and 17 enforce[ing] the balance of the agreement.” Dotson v. Amgen, Inc., 181 Cal. App. 4th 975, 986 18 (2010); see also Cal. Civ. Code §§ 1670.5(a) (“If the court as a matter of law finds the contract or 19 any clause of the contract to have been unconscionable at the time it was made the court may . . . 20 enforce the remainder of the contract without the unconscionable clause, or it may so limit the 21 application of any unconscionable clause as to avoid any unconscionable result.”) and 1599 22 (“Where a contract has several distinct objects, of which one at least is lawful, and one at least is 23 unlawful, in whole or in part, the contract is void as to the latter and valid as to the rest.”); 24 McLaurin v. Russel Sigler, Inc., 155 F. Supp. 3d 1042, 1047 (C.D. Cal. 2016). California courts, 25 in particular, “take a very liberal view of severability, enforcing valid parts of an apparently 26 indivisible contract where the interests of justice or the policy of the law would be furthered.” 27 Koenig v. Warner Unified Sch. Dist., 41 Cal. App. 5th 43, 56 (2019) (citation omitted). However, 28 “[w]hen an arbitration agreement contains multiple unconscionable provisions, [s]uch multiple 1 defects indicate a systematic effort to impose arbitration on an employee not simply as an 2 alternative to litigation, but as an inferior forum that works to the employer’s advantage.” 3 Carmona v. Lincoln Millennium Car Wash, Inc., 226 Cal. App. 4th 74, 90 (2014) (internal 4 quotation marks and citation omitted). 5 Plaintiff argues that, “[w]ith a total of five substantively unconscionable provisions, 6 enforcing the Agreement would require plenty of ink.” (Doc. No. 28 at 19.) In support of this 7 argument, plaintiff points the court to opinions of courts that have found arbitration provisions to 8 be so permeated with unconscionability that severance was not appropriate. (Id. at 19–20.)4 The 9 present case, however, is readily distinguishable. First, the court has found minimal procedural 10 unconscionability and only two substantively unconscionable clauses in the arbitration provision 11 of plaintiff’s employment agreement, both of which can be severed pursuant to California Labor 12 Code § 925 and California Civil Code §§ 1670.5(a) and 1599. Second, in most cases rejecting 13 severance, the court, in addition to finding that the arbitration provisions at issue contained an 14 unconscionable choice of law clause and/or forum selection clause, also found several other 15 unconscionable clauses in the arbitration provisions. See, e.g., Bridge Fund Capital Corp., 622 16 F.3d at 1006 (finding that the district court did not abuse its discretion in finding that an 17 arbitration provision was permeated with unconscionability where it contained: a forum selection 18 clause; class action and injunctive relief waivers; a one-year statute of limitations for all claims; 19 and a limitation on punitive and consequential damages); Wood, 2019 WL 1516758, at *2 20 (finding that an arbitration clause “was permeated with unconscionability” where it (1) contained 21 an attorneys’ fees provision that advantaged the employer; (2) applied a one-year statute of 22 limitations period for claims asserted in arbitration; and(3) contained a choice-of-law provision); 23 Capili, 116 F. Supp. 3d at 1008–09 (“Finish Line has cited no case where a court has enforced an 24 arbitration agreement after severing unconscionable forum selection, cost sharing, and mutuality 25 ///// 26 4 Thus, the Ninth Circuit has concluded that severance is inappropriate and a finding of 27 unenforceability to be supported where “the major part of [an] arbitration provision [is] substantively unconscionable” to the extent that severing “the offending provisions would have 28 left almost nothing to the arbitration clause[s].” Bridge Fund Capital Corp., 622 F.3d at 1006. 1 provisions. In short, the unconscionable provisions included in the Arbitration Agreement are 2 simply too numerous and too important to be severed from the whole.”). 3 Given the minimal degree of procedural unconscionability here, plaintiff bears “the 4 burden of making a strong showing of substantive unconscionability.” Pinela v. Neiman Marcus 5 Grp., Inc., 238 Cal. App. 4th 227, 255 (2015); see also Serafin, 235 Cal. App. 4th at 181. The 6 two substantively objectionable clauses—the forum selection and choice of law clauses—do not 7 provide a sufficient basis for the court to find the entire arbitration provision unenforceable 8 because both of these clauses are severable given California’s “strong legislative and judicial 9 preference [for severing] offending term[s] and enforce[ing] the balance of the agreement.” 10 Dotson, 181 Cal. App. 4th at 986. Thus, in this case the arbitration provision’s forum selection 11 clause and Section 20’s choice of law provision will be severed as unconscionable. Because the 12 remainder of the arbitration provision at issue here is not one-sided and does not lack mutuality, 13 the court concludes that the remainder of the arbitration provision of plaintiff’s employment 14 agreement is valid and enforceable. Pinela, 238 Cal. App. 4th at 255. 15 D. Plaintiff Must Arbitrate his Claims on an Individual Basis 16 Finally, Soliant asks this court to compel arbitration on an individual basis because the 17 parties did not agree to arbitrate on a classwide basis. The Supreme Court has held that, 18 “[b]ecause of [] crucial differences between individual and class arbitration, . . . courts may not 19 infer consent to participate in class arbitration absent an affirmative contractual basis for 20 concluding that the party agreed to do so.” Lamps Plus, Inc. v. Varela, __ U.S. __, __, 139 S. Ct. 21 1407, 1416 (2019) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). “Silence is not enough; the 22 FAA requires more.” Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 23 Here, plaintiff does not contend that the parties agreed to arbitrate on a classwide basis, 24 and the court’s review of the arbitration provision of the employment agreement indicates that it 25 is silent as to whether plaintiff may do so. Accordingly, pursuant to the decision in Lamps Plus, 26 the court concludes that plaintiff must arbitrate his claims on an individual basis under his 27 employment agreement. 28 ///// 4:40 □□ VLOVOO MARS VRP MVMVUETIOCTIL OE POC Ueto POY 40 VI LO

1 | E. Whether Dismissal of this Action is Appropriate 2 Having determined that a valid arbitration agreement exists between the parties and that 3 | plaintiff's claims are within the scope of the arbitration provision, “the Court must dismiss the 4 | action or compel the action to arbitration and stay the proceedings.” Ortiz v. Hobby Lobby Stores, 5 | Inc., 52 F. Supp. 3d 1070, 1089 (E.D. Cal. 2014). The court “‘has the discretion to either stay the 6 | case pending arbitration or to dismiss the case if all of the alleged claims are subject to 7 arbitration.”” Ortiz, 52 F. Supp. 3d at 1089 (quoting Delgadillo v. James McKaone Enters., 8 | Inc., No. 1:12-cv-1149, 2012 WL 4027019, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 12, 2012)); see also Farrow v. 9 | Fujitsu America, Inc., 37 F. Supp. 3d 1115, 1126 (N.D. Cal. 2014) (“When arbitration is 10 | mandatory, courts have discretion to stay the case under 9 U.S.C. § 3 or dismiss the litigation 11 | entirely.”) Here, the court concludes that dismissal of this action is appropriate because all of 12 | plaintiff's claims are subject to the enforceable arbitration provision of his employment 13 || agreement. 14 CONCLUSION 15 For the reasons set forth above: 16 1. Defendant’s motion to compel arbitration on an individual basis (Doc. No. 24) is 17 granted; 18 2. This action is dismissed; and 19 3. The Clerk of the Court is directed to close this case. 20 | IT IS SO ORDERED. me □ *" | Dated: _April 29, 2020 YL A Dou 22 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 23 24 25 26 27 28 18