1 c

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 12 DEBI MISHRA, individually and on behalf of Case No. 2:17-cv-01785-TLN-EFB all those similarly situated, 13 Plaintiff, 14 v. 15 ORDER GRANTING PROVISIONAL

COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CERTIFICATION OF CLASS ACTION;

16 U.S. CORPORATION; COGNIZANT PRELIMINARY APPROVAL OF

TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS SETTLEMENT; SETTING HEARING

17 CORPORATION, FOR FINAL APPROVAL;

ASSOCIATED APPOINTMENTS

18 Defendants.

19 20 21 The matter is before the Court on Plaintiff Debi Mishra’s (“Plaintiff”) motion for 22 preliminary approval of class action settlement reached with Defendants Cognizant Technology 23 Solutions U.S. Corporation and Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation (collectively, 24 “Defendants”). (ECF No. 20.) The motion is not opposed. After careful examination of the 25 motion, the AMENDED Settlement Agreement, AMENDED notices, and all related filings, and 26 for the reasons set forth below, the motion is hereby GRANTED. 27 /// 28 /// 1 I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND1 2 Defendants are an information technology services company providing consulting services 3 to a wide variety of businesses. One service Defendants provide is Quality Engineering & 4 Assurance (“QE&A”), which includes quality assurance testing for their clients. The employees 5 at issue in this lawsuit are or were part of Defendants’ QE&A “Testing” group. 6 a. Plaintiff’s Claims 7 During the relevant time period, Cognizant Technology Solutions U.S. Corporation 8 employed Plaintiff as a Testing Analyst performing quality assurance testing services onsite at 9 Defendants’ client, Blue Shield of California. Plaintiff worked in that capacity until he resigned 10 effective September 4, 2015. Plaintiff contends that following a 2012 reclassification, Defendants 11 allegedly underpaid overtime to Class Members by failing to include certain amounts when 12 calculating the regular rate of pay. Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that on August 16, 2012, 13 Plaintiff received a letter providing notice that the terms and conditions of his employment had 14 changed. Defendants therein informed Plaintiff that his “position has been classified as overtime- 15 eligible.” Plaintiff contends the letter went on to explain that his duties and compensation would 16 essentially remain the same, but he would now be paid based on “several components,” including 17 base pay, a cost of living adjustment, and overtime, plus a “bonus.” This bonus was referred to as 18 a “Tru Up” payment. Plaintiff’s overtime would be paid at $32.27 per hour. Plaintiff contends 19 his annual base income at 40 hours of work per week was set at $39,663.65 plus a cost of living 20 adjustment of $5,500, amounting to an annual wage of $45,163.65. At 52 weeks per year, 21 Plaintiff’s annual wage-salary was $21.71 per hour. Multiplying this by 1.5 would result in an 22 overtime rate of $32.57, which is the overtime rate Plaintiff contends is stated in Defendants’ 23 notice letter. 24 Plaintiff also alleges, however, that the letter indicated Plaintiff was guaranteed to earn 25 “no less than $62,100,” and that the bonus would be added to keep his annual income at this level. 26 Plaintiff contends — and Defendants deny — that if the total income were used to calculate the 27 1 Unless otherwise noted, the following facts are taken, often verbatim, from Plaintiff’s 28 Memorandum of Points and Authorities filed in support of the instant Motion. (ECF No. 20-1.) 1 overtime rate, as Plaintiff contends is required, then Plaintiff’s overtime rate should have been 2 $44.78. Based on this theory, Plaintiff contends that every time Plaintiff put in an hour of 3 overtime, he was allegedly underpaid by $12.21. The Tru Up program ended May 21, 2016. 4 As part of their investigations related to this action, Plaintiff’s counsel retained an expert 5 forensic economist, Jeffrey S. Petersen, Ph.D., to review and analyze Class data. (ECF No. 20-1 6 at 13.) Among other things, Plaintiff’s counsel worked with Dr. Petersen to calculate the 7 potential maximum losses under Plaintiff’s various theories of recovery. (ECF No. 20-1 at 13.) 8 The total potential damages according to calculations by Dr. Petersen is $11,219,891. (ECF No. 9 20-1 at 13.) As described in more detail below, Defendants reject this analysis, deny that Plaintiff 10 and/or the Class Members are owed any additional wages, and, among other defenses, contend 11 that Plaintiff and the Class Members did not actually work overtime hours and instead merely 12 recorded overtime as a means of obtaining faster and more evenly spread pay. (ECF No. 20-1 at 13 13–14.) 14 b. Defendants Deny Plaintiff’s Claims 15 Defendants deny Plaintiffs’ allegations and have asserted numerous defenses. Defendants 16 contend Class Members rarely, if ever, worked overtime. Defendants contend that overtime work 17 was not necessary because they had an offshore team that worked through the off hours. 18 Defendants claim that following the shift from salaried to nonexempt hourly wages plus Tru Up 19 payments, putative Class Members recorded overtime hours that they did not actually work in 20 order to receive compensation sooner and more evenly across pay periods (i.e., by earning 21 overtime that would be paid out each pay period, rather than receiving only base hourly wages in 22 one pay period followed by a Tru Up payment every four weeks). Defendants contend a 23 comparison of Class Members’ time records before and after Defendants ceased offering Tru Up 24 payments (i.e., May 21, 2016) proves this. Defendants also contend the putative Class Members 25 fell within the FLSA’s computer exemption and therefore would not be entitled to overtime 26 damages under the FLSA. 27 Further, Defendants contend that individualized issues as to both liability and damages 28 would overwhelm common questions, precluding class certification. Defendants argue this is 1 particularly true given that putative Class Members worked exclusively offsite at more than 180 2 different Cognizant clients and for more than 1,110 different client projects. 3 c. Procedural History 4 Plaintiff filed the original Complaint on August 25, 2017, asserting claims under the 5 FLSA, the California Labor Code, and California’s Unfair Competition Law (Cal. Bus. and Prof. 6 Code §17200). (ECF No. 1.) On November 3, 2017, Cognizant filed a Motion to Dismiss/Strike. 7 (ECF No. 8.) 8 On January 31, 2018, in response to the Motion, Plaintiff filed a First Amended 9 Complaint (ECF No. 14), alleging five causes of action: (1) failure to pay overtime wages under 10 the FLSA; (2) failure to pay overtime wages under the California Labor Code; (3) failure to 11 timely pay wages (California Labor Code § 204); (4) violation of California Business and 12 Professions Code § 17200 (unlawful business practices); and (5) violation of § 17200 (unfair 13 business practices). By way of the FAC, Plaintiff seeks to represent a national FLSA class and a 14 California subclass (together referred to as “the Class” or “Class Members”) of current and 15 former employees who were eligible to receive Tru Up payments, as follows: 16 • The National FLSA Class: All current and past employees of named Defendants, 17 DOES 1 to 10, and each of them who participated in or were paid income subject 18 to the Tru Up program alleged herein within the time period of the relevant 19 statute(s) of limitation. 20 • The California Class: Those class members who performed work for Defendants, 21 DOES 1 to 10, and each of them such that the sub-class members’ work was 22 regulated by the California Labor Code (e.g. resided in and worked in California, 23 or otherwise performed non-trivial amounts of work in California). 24 (ECF No. 14, ¶ 29(a)-(b).) 25 The Parties mediated the case before the Honorable William Cahill (Ret.). In advance of 26 mediation, Defendants produced Plaintiff’s personnel file and data reflecting putative Class 27 Members’ wage statements and total daily work hours recorded, a payroll legend, as well as 28 information concerning the number of putative Class Members eligible to receive Tru Up 1 payments during the relevant time period, number of workweeks, and number of putative Class 2 Members who resigned or were terminated. Plaintiff provided documents relating to his 3 employment, including annual compensation letters, wage statements, and timesheets. (ECF No. 4 20-2, Watson Decl., ¶ 9-10.) 5 On May 29, 2018, the Parties participated in a full day of private mediation before Retired 6 Judge Cahill but did not reach a resolution. Judge Cahill issued a mediator’s proposal on May 30, 7 2018. After negotiations and a series of counteroffers, the Parties reached an agreement on June 8 8, 2018. Over the next several months, the Parties extensively negotiated, drafted, and executed a 9 long-form Settlement Agreement that was put before the Court for preliminary approval. (ECF 10 No. 20-3.) 11 After a thorough review of the proposed settlement and applicable law, the Court issued a 12 Minute Order (ECF No. 25) expressing concern regarding the proposed mechanism for having 13 potential claimants opt into the FLSA components of the proposed settlement. The Court ordered 14 the Parties to submit written briefs containing legal support for their proposed opt-in process, or 15 in the alternative, invited the Parties to submit an amended settlement agreement correcting the 16 apparent deficiency. (ECF No. 25.) On May 11, 2020, the Parties filed a Response to the Court’s 17 Minute Order, attaching an Amended Settlement Agreement, amended Notices, an amended 18 FLSA opt-in form, and amended proposed orders. (ECF No. 26.) The Amended Settlement 19 Agreement is presently before the Court for preliminary approval. 20 II. SUMMARY OF PROPOSED SETTLEMENT 21 The Court has reviewed the terms of the proposed amended settlement as set forth in the 22 Amended Settlement Agreement and Stipulation.2 (ECF No. 26-1.) A summary of those terms is 23 set forth below. 24 /// 25 /// 26 2 The Court understands the Amended Settlement Agreement and Stipulation, along with 27 the amended Class Notices and any related documents, supersede the original documents submitted to the Court on December 11, 2018 (ECF No. 20.). Any reference to “the Agreement” 28 or “Notice” hereafter is to the amended documents submitted May 11, 2020 (ECF No. 26). 1 a. Material Terms of the Proposed Agreement 2 This Order incorporates by reference the definitions in the Amended Settlement 3 Agreement, and all terms defined therein shall have the same meaning as set forth therein. 4 Defendants have agreed to pay a total Maximum Settlement Amount of $5,726,000, the entire 5 sum of which will be paid by Defendants. There is no reversion of money back to Defendants 6 under any circumstance. This sum includes payments to Class Members, a Fee and Expense 7 Award, an Enhancement Payment to Plaintiff, Administration Costs, and amounts for taxes. 8 Attorney fees and expenses are to be set by the Court in a subsequent motion. There is no 9 clear sailing provision. The Agreement provides for up to a 25% Fee Award for Class Counsel, 10 and up to $45,000 in Expenses. Further, under the Agreement Plaintiff Debi Mishra will receive 11 an Enhancement Payment of up to $10,000 as approved by the Court. The Agreement also 12 proposes that ILYM Group, Inc. (“ILYM”) be appointed as Settlement Administrator. 13 The Class Members are to receive the balance of the Maximum Settlement Amount after 14 deducting Administration Costs, the Fee and Expense Award, the Enhancement Payment, and 15 taxes. The Net Settlement Amount is estimated to be roughly $4,209,500. This is 73.5% of the 16 gross recovery. The “Net Settlement Amount” will be divided among Class Members as set out 17 in the proposed Agreement. (See ECF No. 26-1, ¶ 42.) The Net Settlement Amount will be 18 allocated 97.2% to the California Class Fund and 2.8% to the FLSA Class Fund. Of the 19 California Class Fund, 69.2% is allocated to the California Award and 30.8% is allocated to the 20 FLSA Award. Each of these awards will be distributed to Settlement Class Members on a 21 proportional basis based on the number of California and/or FLSA Class Member Individual 22 Workweeks each Class Member worked. 23 The purported California Class consists of current or former employees of Defendants in 24 California who were eligible to receive Tru Up payments at any time during the California Class 25 Period. The purported FLSA Class consists of current or former employees of Defendants (either 26 in California or outside California) who were eligible to receive Tru Up payments at any time 27 during the FLSA Class Period. Members of the California Class may also be members of the 28 FLSA Class and vice versa depending on when the Class Member worked. To the degree any 1 California Class Members opt out, their California awards are not claimed and will serve to 2 increase payment to the other Class Members. For this reason, the Settlement Agreement 3 includes a provision that if 10% or more of potential California Class Members opt out, 4 Defendants may opt to back out of the Settlement prior to final approval. An analogous process 5 is applied to distribute the FLSA Fund among FLSA Class Members. Further, in any order 6 granting final approval to the Settlement, the FLSA Class Members will be narrowed to only 7 those members who timely opt into the Settlement. 8 If any funds are not distributed (for example, because a check could not be delivered after 9 multiple attempts over a period of 360 days), then the funds will be sent to the applicable state 10 unclaimed property fund unless the Class Member resides in California, in which case such funds 11 will go to the Department of Industrial Relations Unpaid Wage Fund. 12 b. Notice, Objections, and Opt-Outs 13 The Parties have agreed on the form of the Notices to be mailed to the Class Members, 14 which, with the Change of Address Form, are collectively referred to as the “Notice Packet.” 15 ILYM will provide notice to Class Members as provided in the Agreement using contact 16 information provided by Defendants and updated by the Settlement Administrator using skip 17 tracing. More specifically, Defendants will provide the Settlement Administrator with each Class 18 Member’s full name; last known mailing address and telephone number; last known e-mail 19 address (if available); beginning and ending dates of employment; Social Security number; the 20 number of California Class Individual Workweeks that each individual worked; and the number 21 of FLSA Class Member Individual Workweeks that each individual worked (the “Class Member 22 List”) within fifteen (15) business days after Preliminary Approval. The Settlement 23 Administrator shall mail a copy of the Notice Packet within ten (10) business days after receiving 24 the Class Member List spreadsheet. 25 The Notice Packets will include either the California Notice or the FLSA Notice, as well 26 as the Change of Address Form and the FLSA Claim Form. The Notices provide all necessary 27 information, including the terms of the proposed Settlement, how to opt in or out, and how to 28 object. The Notice Packet will also explain how a Class Member may dispute his or her ILYM- 1 calculated number of Individual Workweeks. Class Members may dispute their calculated 2 Individual Workweeks by sending certain documentation to the Settlement Administrator. 3 Class Members will have 30 days to object to the Settlement, measured from the date of 4 mailing the Notice Packet. Class Members may also exclude themselves from the California 5 Class by submitting an Exclusion Letter within 30 days of mailing of the Notice Packet. Class 6 Members opt into the FLSA Class by filing out an Opt In Form provided with the Notice Packet 7 and mailing it to the Claims Administrator, or by completing an online form. Potential FLSA 8 Class Members have 60 days from the mailing date of the Notice Packet to opt in. All California 9 Settlement Class Members will be entitled to their share of the California Class Fund unless they 10 affirmatively decide not to receive it by filing a timely Exclusion Letter. Class Members will 11 receive funds via check by default. They may use a website to request direct deposit instead. 12 The California subclass releases any and all claims under the wage and hour laws and 13 regulations of the state of California that were or could have been asserted based on the conduct 14 alleged in the First Amended Complaint or in any complaints in this action preceding said First 15 Amended Complaint. The FLSA Class releases any and all claims that were asserted in the First 16 Amended Complaint or that could have been asserted based on the conduct alleged in the First 17 Amended Complaint, or in any complaints in this action preceding said First Amended 18 Complaint. 19 III. PROVISIONAL CLASS CERTIFICATION 20 Traditional class action certification rules are applicable to the California Labor Code 21 claims and are set out at Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (hereafter, “Rule”) 23. More 22 specifically, for the Court to properly certify a class under Rule 23, a plaintiff must meet the 23 prerequisites of Rule 23(a) and at least one of the requirements of Rule 23(b). Fed. R. Civ. P. 23; 24 see also Valentino v. Carter-Wallace, Inc., 97 F.3d 1227, 1234 (9th Cir. 1996). Rule 23(a) 25 requires the following: 26 (1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all members is impracticable; 27 (2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class; (3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of 28 the claims or defenses of the class; and 1 (4) the representative parties will fairly and adequately protect the interests of the class. 2 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a). These factors are known as “numerosity,” “commonality,” “typicality,” 3 and “adequacy,” respectively. Rule 23(b) requires a plaintiff to establish one of the following: (1) 4 that there is a risk of substantial prejudice from separate actions; (2) that declaratory or injunctive 5 relief benefitting the class as a whole would be appropriate; or (3) that common questions of law 6 or fact predominate and the class action is superior to other available methods of adjudication. 7 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(b). Where the parties have entered into a settlement agreement before class 8 certification, district courts “must pay ‘undiluted, even heightened, attention’ to class certification 9 requirements....” Hanlon v. Chrysler Corp., 150 F.3d 1011, 1019 (9th Cir. 1998) (quoting 10 Amchem Products, Inc. v. Windsor, 521 U.S. 591, 620 (1997)). Statutory authority for 11 aggregating FLSA claims is found at 29 U.S.C. § 216(b). 12 As detailed below, the Court preliminarily and conditionally approves the following 13 classes for settlement purposes only,3 subject to a final fairness hearing and certification of the 14 settlement class, under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, laws governing aggregation of 15 FLSA claims, and related case law: 16 The National FLSA Class: All current and past employees of named Defendants, DOES 1 17 to 10, and each of them who participated in or were paid income subject to the Tru Up 18 program alleged herein within the time period of the relevant statute(s) of limitation. 19 The California Class: Those class members who performed work for Defendants, DOES 1 20 to 10, and each of them such that the sub-class members’ work was regulated by the 21 California Labor Code (e.g. resided in and worked in California, or otherwise performed 22 non-trivial amounts of work in California). 23 a. Rule 23(a) 24 First, numerosity is met where the number of claimants is so numerous that joining them 25 all would be “impracticable.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(1). Here, the combined California Class and 26

27 3 Pursuant to the Amended Settlement Agreement, Defendants have reserved their right to object to and oppose Rule 23 certification and FLSA collective action status in the event the 28 Settlement is not finally approved for any reason. 1 FLSA Class include approximately 714 current and former employees. (ECF No. 20-1 at 22.) 2 Joining all Class Members would result in unwieldy court proceedings, would cause duplication 3 in disclosures and discovery, and would complicate routine communications. Given the total 4 number of 714 Class Members, numerosity is satisfied. 5 Second, a class has sufficient commonality “if there are questions of fact and law which 6 are common to the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)(2). “The class members must share a ‘common 7 contention . . . of such a nature that it is capable of classwide resolution –– which means that 8 determination of its truth or falsity will resolve an issue that is central to the validity of each one 9 of the claims in one stroke.’” Fraser v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., No. 2:13-CV-00520-TLN-DB, 10 2016 WL 6208367, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 24, 2016) (citing Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 11 U.S. 338, 350 (2011)). “The commonality requirement is generally satisfied where ‘the lawsuit 12 challenges a system-wide practice or policy that affects all of the putative class members.’” Id., 13 (citing LaDuke v. Nelson, 762 F.2d 1318, 1332 (9th Cir. 1985)). Here, there are common 14 questions of fact and law arising from Class Members’ employment with Cognizant, such as the 15 manner in which Plaintiff and Class Members were compensated, whether Tru Up was lawful, 16 what amounts were required in calculating the regular rate of pay for purposes of overtime, 17 whether Cognizant properly calculated the regular rate of pay, whether Class Members 18 worked overtime, whether Class Members recorded all overtime worked, whether Cognizant paid 19 all overtime wages due, whether Cognizant engaged in unfair or unlawful business practices as 20 Plaintiff alleges, and whether Class Members were entitled to overtime or were exempt from 21 FLSA overtime requirements under the computer exemption. Therefore, the Court finds the 22 commonality requirement is met. 23 Third, “representative claims are ‘typical’ if they are reasonably co-extensive with those 24 of absent class members; they need not be substantially identical.” Hanlon., 150 F.3d at 1020. 25 “The typicality requirement is designed to align the interests of the class and the class 26 representatives so that the latter will work to benefit the entire class through the pursuit of their 27 own goals.” Barnes v. Am. Tobacco Co., 161 F.3d 127, 141 (3d Cir. 1998). Here, Plaintiff was a 28 non-exempt employee whose overtime hours were allegedly paid at less than 1.5 times the regular 1 rate of compensation. (ECF No. 20-1 at 23.) Plaintiff asserts the same claims on behalf of 2 himself and the Class Members. Accordingly, the Court finds Plaintiff’s claims are typical of the 3 class. 4 Fourth and finally, a named representative meets Rule 23’s adequacy requirement if he or 5 she and class counsel have no interests adverse to the interests of the proposed Class Members 6 and if they are committed to vigorously prosecuting the case on behalf of the class. Hanlon, 150 7 F.3d at 1020; Fraser, 2016 WL 6208367, at *4. Here, it appears Plaintiff and counsel have no 8 adverse interests to those of the Class Members. Indeed, Plaintiff seeks only the same relief as 9 the class — recovery of alleged underpaid overtime. Plaintiff’s counsel are experienced lawyers 10 with trial and class experience who have thus far devoted appropriate time and resources to the 11 case. (ECF No. 20-1 at 23.) The Court has no reason to believe Plaintiff and counsel will not 12 continue to devote appropriate resources to this action. Therefore, the adequacy prerequisite of 13 Rule 23(a) is met. 14 b. Rule 23(b)Predominance and Superiority 15 In addition to the Rule 23(a) requirements, certification requires that an action meet at 16 least one of the requirements set forth in Rule 23(b). Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1022. Here, the Court 17 finds Rule 23(b)(3) is satisfied because (1) questions of law and fact common to the class 18 predominate over individual determinations and (2) a class action is a superior method to other 19 forms of adjudicating the matter. 20 Predominance is similar to the prerequisite of commonality, but requires the common 21 issues to outweigh individual issues. “When common questions present a significant aspect of the 22 case and they can be resolved for all members of the class in a single adjudication, there is clear 23 justification for handling the dispute on a representative rather than on an individual basis.” 24 Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1022. Predominance tests “whether the proposed classes are sufficiently 25 cohesive to warrant adjudication by [class action] representation.” See Amchem v. Windsor, 26 521 U.S. 591, 623 (2012). 27 Here, the Class definition requires that all California Class Members were eligible to 28 receive Tru Up payments at any time during the California Class Period. (ECF No. 20-1 at 25.) 1 Plaintiff contends that all claims in this action arise from Defendants’ Tru Up compensation 2 policy under which Plaintiff alleges Defendants improperly calculated overtime compensation 3 and underpaid overtime to Plaintiff and Class Members. Because all Class Members allegedly 4 were underpaid overtime under Tru Up, the proposed Classes are sufficiently cohesive and a 5 “common nucleus of facts and potential legal remedies dominates this litigation.” Hanlon, 150 6 F.3d at 10225. As such, the first requirement of Rule 23(b)(3) is met. 7 A class action is superior to individual actions where class certification “promotes 8 consistency and efficiency of adjudication.” Fraser v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., No. 2:13-CV- 9 00520-TLN-DB, 2016 WL 6208367, at *6 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 24, 2016). Here, a single adjudication 10 provides a consistent result for all Class Members and for Defendants for a single course of 11 Defendants’ conduct. Because the central issues are similar and overlapping for each Class 12 Member, resolving them at once is far more efficient than flooding the court with 714 individual 13 lawsuits. Likewise, a class action is superior method for adjudicating the controversy, which 14 otherwise would involve relatively small individual damages claims that would be “uneconomic 15 for potential plaintiffs” since “litigation costs would dwarf potential recovery.” Hanlon, 150 F.3d 16 at 1022. Therefore, the requirements of FRCP 23(b)(3) are satisfied. 17 c. FLSA Standards for Collective Action Status 18 The FLSA allows employees to “litigate jointly if they (1) claim a violation of the FLSA, 19 (2) are ‘similarly situated,’ and (3) affirmatively opt in to the joint litigation, in writing.” 20 Campbell, et al. v. City of Los Angeles, 903 F.3d 1090, 1100 (9th Cir. 2018). The Ninth Circuit 21 has additionally provided: “Party plaintiffs are similarly situated, and may proceed in a collective, 22 to the extent they share a similar issue of law or fact material to the disposition of their FLSA 23 claims.” Id. at 1117. Determining whether putative class members are similarly situated “is 24 made using a fairly lenient standard, and typically results in ‘conditional certification’ of a 25 representative class. District courts have held that conditional certification requires only that 26 plaintiffs make substantial allegations that the putative class members were subject to a single 27 illegal policy, plan or decision.” Murillo v. Pac. Gas & Elec. Co., 266 F.R.D. 468, 471 (E.D. Cal. 28 2010) (citations omitted). 1 Here, the proposed Settlement meets the standard for approval of the collective FLSA 2 action. First, the FAC alleges that Class Members were denied overtime pay, a right which is 3 protected under the FLSA, 29 U.S.C. § 207(a)(1). Second, the Class Members were similarly 4 situated in that Plaintiff alleges the Tru Up program created a uniform and systemic manner of 5 underpayment of overtime such that all the Class Members share a similar issue of law and fact. 6 Third, the Amended Settlement provides for an appropriate opt-in process for FLSA Class 7 Members. (See Minute Order (ECF No. 25); Response to Minute Order (ECF No. 26).) 8 IV. PRELIMINARY APPROVAL OF SETTLEMENT 9 a. Rule 23(e) 10 Rule 23(e) provides that "[a] class action shall not be dismissed or compromised without 11 the approval of the court . . . ." Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e). The purpose of preliminary evaluation of 12 proposed class action settlements is to determine whether the settlement is within the "range of 13 reasonableness." 4 Newberg § 11.26. In reviewing a settlement, it is not a court's province to 14 "reach any ultimate conclusions on the contested issues of fact and law which underlie the merits 15 of the dispute. . . ." Class Plaintiffs v. City of Seattle, 955 F.2d 1268, 1291 (9th Cir. 1992). 16 Instead a court should weigh the following factors: the strength of plaintiff's case; the risk, 17 expense, complexity, and likely duration of further litigation; the stage of the proceedings; and 18 the value of the settlement offer. Collins v. Cargill Meat Solutions Corp., 274 F.R.D. 294, 301 19 (E.D. Cal. 2011). Given that some of these factors cannot be fully assessed until the court 20 conducts the final approval hearing, "a full fairness analysis is unnecessary at this stage." See 21 Tijero v. Aaron Bros., Inc., 301 F.R.D. 314, 324 (N.D. Cal. 2013) (citing Alberto v. GMRI, Inc., 22 252 F.R.D. 652, 665 (E.D. Cal. 2008)). 23 Rather, Preliminary approval of a settlement and notice to the proposed class is 24 appropriate: "[i]f [1] the proposed settlement appears to be the product of serious, informed, 25 noncollusive negotiations, [2] has no obvious deficiencies, [3] does not improperly grant 26 preferential treatment to class representatives or segments of the class, and [4] falls within the 27 range of possible approval . . . ." Collins, 274 F.R.D. at 301-02 (citing In re Tableware Antitrust 28 Litig., 484 F. Supp. 2d 1078, 1079 (N.D. Cal. 2007)); Singh v. Roadrunner Intermodal Servs., 1 LLC, No. 115-CV-01497, 2018 WL 2412325, at *4 (E.D. Cal. May 29, 2018) (“A settlement is 2 presumed fair if it ‘follow[s] sufficient discovery and genuine arms-length negotiation.’”) 3 First, the Parties here exchanged voluminous documents and information. According to 4 the Motion, in addition to providing the total number Class Members and individual workweeks, 5 Defendants produced the payroll and hours data of every Class Member both during and 6 continuing beyond the claims period. And Plaintiff produced all documentation from the named 7 Plaintiff including official company records, logs, and screenshots. Plaintiff’s counsel then 8 retained a forensic economist experienced in wage and hour disputes and had the expert review 9 and analyze the Class payroll data. The Motion provides that the full data set was ultimately 10 examined by four attorneys, two paralegals, and a forensic economist. The proposed Settlement 11 was then achieved after extensive negotiations, including a full day mediation. Following the 12 unsuccessful mediation, the mediator offered a mediator’s proposal to the Parties. Plaintiff’s 13 counsel negotiated further before accepting an offer. For purposes of preliminary approval, the 14 Court is satisfied that the Settlement was the product of informed and arm’s length negotiations. 15 Second, the Court finds the proposed Settlement does not include any of the “obvious 16 deficiencies” which would disqualify it from provisional approval. See Singh, 2018 WL 2412325 17 at *4. More specifically, as indicated in the terms summarized above, the proposed Settlement 18 contains no red flags such as an unreasonably discounted settlement amount, inflated attorney’s 19 fees, reversion of funds to Defendant, undue burden on Class Members who wish to exclude 20 themselves, release of unrelated claims, or an excessive incentive award for the Class 21 Representative. Moreover, the proposed Settlement provides for effective class administration by 22 an experienced claims administrator selected after appropriate investigation and bidding. 23 Third, there is nothing to suggest that the Settlement improperly grants preferential 24 treatment to Class Representatives or segments of the Class. To the contrary, the named Plaintiff 25 receives the same relief as all the other Class Members, aside from any enhancement payment the 26 Court may award. Moreover, all Class Members are treated identically in that they receive a pro- 27 rated share of the total California Class Fund and/or FLSA Class Fund based on their respective 28 California and/or FLSA Class Member Individual Workweeks. 1 Fourth and finally, in order to determine whether a settlement falls well within the range 2 of possible approval, a court must focus on "substantive fairness and adequacy" and "consider 3 plaintiffs' expected recovery balanced against the value of the settlement offer." Collins v. 4 Cargill Meat Solutions Corp., 274 F.R.D. 294, 302 (E.D. Cal. 2011) (citing In re Tableware 5 Antitrust Litig., 484 F. Supp. 2d 1078, 1080 (N.D. Cal. 2007)). In the instance case, Plaintiff 6 estimates that the claims present maximum damages of $11,219,891 based on the time and 7 payroll records. The proposed Settlement recovers $5,726,000, which is 51% of the estimated 8 damages for overtime hours. Defendants deny that Plaintiff and/or the Class Members are 9 entitled to any damages and have raised several defenses. There is therefore apparent risk in 10 moving forward with the litigation. Moreover, absent settlement, there is a risk the class would 11 not be a certified and that the putative Class Members would not recover anything. In balancing 12 risk versus benefit, the Court finds the Settlement provides meaningful relief within the bounds of 13 reason. 14 In sum, it appears to the Court on a preliminary basis that the proposed Amended 15 Settlement Agreement is the product of serious, informed, noncollusive negotiations; it has no 16 obvious deficiencies; it does not improperly grant preferential treatment to class representatives 17 or segments of the class; and it falls within the range of possible approval. The proposed 18 Amended Settlement Agreement is therefore preliminarily approved. 19 b. FLSA Standards 20 FLSA collective actions also require court approval for settlement. See McManus v. City 21 of Ceres, No. 117-CV-00355DADBAM, 2018 WL 4262126, at *1 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 6, 2018). 22 Approval may be granted where “the settlement is a fair and reasonable resolution of a bona fide 23 dispute.” Id. “A bona fide dispute exists when there are legitimate questions about the existence 24 and extent of Defendant’s FLSA liability.” Id. Courts typically evaluate the fairness of FLSA 25 settlements using benchmarks similar to those used in Rule 23 settlements. Id. at *2. A “district 26 court must ultimately be satisfied that the settlement’s overall effect is to vindicate, rather than 27 frustrate, the purposes of the FLSA.” Id. 28 /// 1 Here, as set forth above, the Court finds the proposed Settlement is a fair and reasonable. 2 The Parties dispute the legality of Tru Up, whether Defendants properly calculated overtime, 3 whether Defendants paid all overtime wages due to Class Members, and whether Class Members 4 worked overtime or merely over-recorded overtime to counteract the timing of pay under Tru Up. 5 (ECF No. 20-1 at 32.) Consequently, the Court finds the proposed Amended Settlement is fair 6 reasonable in light of the claims and potential risks of continuing litigation and is conditionally 7 approved. 8 V. REQUEST TO APPOINT SETTLEMENT ADMINISTRATOR 9 Plaintiff requests the Court appoint ILYM Group, Inc. as the qualified administrator. 10 Plaintiff provides that counsel reviewed and evaluated multiple firms as potential Settlement 11 Administrators in this matter, solicited bids from two firms, and accepted ILYM’s bid which was 12 the lowest. (ECF No. 20-1 at 32.) ILYM bid the administration of this Settlement for $26,510. 13 (ECF No. 20-1 at 32.) The proposed Settlement seeks administration costs not to exceed $30,000. 14 The Court orders and appoints ILYM Group, Inc. to act as Settlement Administrator in this 15 action. 16 VI. REQUEST TO APPROVE CLASS NOTICE 17 “Adequate notice is critical to court approval of a class settlement under Rule 23(e).” 18 Hanlon, 150 F.3d at 1025. Class members must be informed of the terms of the settlement. Fed. 19 R. Civ. P. 23(e). More specifically, “[a] class action settlement notice ‘is satisfactory if it 20 generally describes the terms of the settlement in sufficient detail to alert those with adverse 21 viewpoints to investigate and to come forward and be heard.” Singh, 2018 WL 2412325, at *11 22 (citing Churchill Vill., LLC v. Gen. Elec., 561 F.3d 566, 575 (9th Cir. 2004)). 23 Where, as here, certification occurs at the same time as proposed settlement, class 24 members must also be provided with notice of certification as required under Rule 23(c)(2)(B). 25 Rule 23(c)(2)(B) requires that notice be directed to class members using “the best notice that is 26 practicable under the circumstances,” and must include the following information: (1) the nature 27 of the action; (2) the definition of the class certified; (3) the class claims, issues, or defenses; (4) 28 that a class member may enter an appearance through an attorney if the member so desires; (5) 1 that the court will exclude from the class any member who requests exclusion; (6) the time and 2 manner for requesting exclusion; and (7) the binding effect of a class judgment on members under 3 Rule 23(c)(3). 4 The Court has reviewed the proposed Notices and finds both the California and FLSA 5 Notices meet each of the above requirements. More specifically, the California Notice fairly, 6 plainly and adequately advises California Class Members of (1) the terms of the Settlement; (2) 7 the automatic distribution of the California Award to California Settlement Class Members; (3) 8 how to receive payment electronically in lieu of receiving checks via U.S. Mail; (4) the amount of 9 the California Individual Settlement Payment expected to be paid (including the California Award 10 and the FLSA Award); (5) how to dispute the number of workweeks upon which their California 11 Individual Settlement Payments will be based; (6) the Released California and FLSA Claims; (7) 12 the conditional certification of the California and FLSA Classes; (8) the Preliminary Approval of 13 the Settlement; (9) the procedures for submitting a valid Exclusion Letter to opt out of the 14 California Class; (10) the procedures for objecting to the Settlement and appearing at the Final 15 Approval Hearing; (11) the procedures for submitting a timely FLSA Claim Form to opt in to 16 receive an FLSA Award; and (12) the date set for the Final Approval Hearing. The Court further 17 finds that the Notice clearly comports with all constitutional requirements, including those of due 18 process. 19 Moreover, because this is a wage and hour class/collective action, Defendants have the 20 most current contact information available for the Class Members, many of whom are still 21 employed. Mailing Class Members directly is therefore a practicable way to deliver the Notices. 22 The Settlement Administrator will perform skip tracing on returned mail and will re-mail to an 23 updated address. According to the Motion, the Settlement Administrator will also maintain a 24 website for Class Members that links to the Settlement Agreement, Notices, motions for approval, 25 fee and expense awards, and other important documents in the case. 26 The FLSA does not expressly provide any notice requirements. FLSA are opt-in claims in 27 which each plaintiff is an actual plaintiff, not a class member. See 29 U.S.C. § 216(b); Campbell, 28 2018 WL 4354379. Here, however, the FLSA Notice nonetheless satisfies the requirements of 1 Rule 23. The FLSA Notice informs the FLSA-only Class Members of (1) the terms of the 2 Settlement; (2) the procedures for submitting a timely FLSA Claim Form to receive an FLSA 3 Individual Settlement Payment; (3) how to receive payment electronically in lieu of receiving a 4 check via U.S. Mail; (4) the amount of the FLSA Individual Settlement Payment expected to be 5 paid; (5) how to dispute the number of workweeks upon which their FLSA Individual Settlement 6 Payment will be based; (6) the Released FLSA Claims; (7) the conditional certification of the 7 FLSA Class; (8) the Preliminary Approval of the Settlement; and 9) the date set for the Final 8 Approval Hearing. The Court further finds that the Notice clearly comports with all 9 constitutional requirements, including those of due process. This provides ample notice to FLSA- 10 only Class Members allowing for an informed choice. Accordingly, the Court approves both the 11 California Notice and FLSA Notice. 12 VII. REQUEST TO APPOINT CLASS COUNSEL 13 Pursuant to Rule 23(g), Plaintiff moves to appoint Joshua H. Watson and John T. Stralen 14 of Clayeo C. Arnold, APC as Class Counsel. (ECF No. 20-1 at 35–36.) Rule 23(g) focuses on 15 the qualifications of class counsel, complementing the requirement of Rule 23(a)(4) that the 16 representative parties adequately represent the interests of the Class Members. See Fed. R. Civ. 17 P. 23. While a court may consider any factor concerning the proposed class counsel’s ability to 18 “fairly and adequately represent the interest of the class,” Rule 23 specifically calls for 19 consideration of: “(i) the work counsel has done in identifying or investigating potential claims in 20 the action; (ii) counsel’s work experience in handling class actions, other complex litigation, and 21 the types of claims asserted in the action; (iii) counsel's knowledge of the applicable law; and (iv) 22 the resources that counsel will commit to representing the class.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(g)(1)(A). 23 In this matter John Stralen and Joshua Watson of Clayeo C. Arnold met with named 24 Plaintiff Mr. Mishra, investigated his claims, filed the Complaint, met and conferred with 25 Defendants regarding their motion to dismiss, filed the First Amended Complaint, obtained and 26 analyzed Class Member data, retained and consulted with a qualified expert, appeared for 27 mediation, negotiated resolution of the case, and assisted in drafting the Settlement Agreement 28 and related papers. (ECF No. 20-1 at 36.) Both John Stralen and Joshua Watson are experienced 1 in wage and hour, class action, and high value litigation. According to Plaintiff, Mr. Stralen is a 2 subject matter expert in wage and hour law, while Mr. Watson is experienced in class action 3 procedure. Counsel has committed sufficient resources to the action thus far, and the Court has 4 no reason to question counsel’s dedication, knowledge, or competency. Accordingly, the Court 5 preliminarily approves John T. Stralen and Joshua H. Watson of Clayeo C. Arnold, APC as Class 6 Counsel for the purposes of approving this Settlement. 7 VIII. REQUEST TO APPOINT CLASS REPRESENTATIVE 8 Plaintiff additionally requests that the Court appoint Plaintiff Debi Mishra as Class 9 Representative. (ECF No. 20-1 at 37.) Mr. Mishra initiated this case, and from the outset agreed 10 in writing that it would be pursued as a class action. (ECF No. 20-1 at 37.) The Court finds Mr. 11 Mishra is an adequate representatives of the settlement class. Plaintiff provides that he does not 12 have conflicts with the Class Members. Further, it appears to the Court that Plaintiff has 13 prosecuted the action vigorously up to this point and nothing indicates he will not continue to do 14 so. The Court therefore preliminarily approves Mr. Mishra as class representative for the purpose 15 of approving this Settlement. 16 IX. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE 17 With good cause shown, the Court hereby approves and orders the following 18 implementation schedule: 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1 Order Granting Preliminary Approval Court orders preliminary approval of 2 Amended Settlement and conditional 3 certification of Classes. 4 15 business days after Preliminary Deadline for Defendants to provide the 5 Approval Class Member List to Settlement 6 Administrator. 7 10 business days after receipt of Deadline for Settlement Administrator to 8 Class Member List mail Notice Packets. 9 30 days after Notice Packet mailed Last day for any California Class Member 10 to object to the Settlement or request 11

exclusion from the California Class. 12 13 60 days after Notice Packet mailed Last day for FLSA Class Members to opt

14 in. 15 16 10 days after the Exclusion Deadline Last Day for Settlement Administrator to 17 provide Plaintiffs with a complete and 18 accurate list of all California Class Members 19 who have timely requested exclusion from the 20 California Class. 21 October 6, 2020 Last Day for Class Counsel to file Motion 22 for Final Approval. 23

24 25 X. FINAL APPROVAL HEARING AND CONCLUSION 26 For the reasons set forth above, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s Unopposed Motion for 27 Provisional Certification of Class Action; Preliminary Approval of [Amended] Settlement; 28 Setting Hearing for Final Approval; and Associated Appointments (ECF No. 20). The Court 1 hereby sets a hearing for final approval of the Amended Settlement Agreement and certification 2 of the settlement class on November 12, 2020, at 2:00 p.m., with briefs and supporting 3 documentation to be filed no later than October 6, 2020. Such briefs shall include a motion 4 seeking approval of Class Counsel’s Fees and Expenses, the Enhancement Payment to Plaintiff, 5 and the Administration Costs. Class members who object in a timely manner, and in the manner 6 set forth in the Class Notice, may appear and present such objections at the fairness hearing in 7 person or by counsel. 8 Should the proposed Amended Settlement be approved, the Court shall enter judgment in 9 accordance with the Amended Settlement following the Final Approval Hearing. Such judgment 10 will adjudicate the rights of all Settlement Class Members, including the named Plaintiff. If for 11 any reason the Court does not grant final approval of the Amended Settlement Agreement, all 12 evidence and proceedings held in connection therewith shall be without prejudice to the status 13 quo and rights of the parties to the litigation. The Parties will revert to their respective positions 14 as if no settlement had been reached at all. 15 The Court further orders that pending further order of this Court, all proceedings in this 16 matter except those contemplated herein and in the Stipulation of Settlement are stayed. 17 IT IS SO ORDERED. 18 DATED: June 1, 2020 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28