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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

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EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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LORI ARVIZU,

Case No. 1:19-cv-00128-SKO 11 Plaintiff,

12 v. ORDER ON PLAINTIFF’S SOCIAL 13 SECURITY COMPLAINT

ANDREW SAUL,

14 Commissioner of Social Security,1 15 Defendant. (Doc. 1)

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17 _____________________________________/ 18

19 20 I. INTRODUCTION 21 On January 29, 2019, Plaintiff Lori Arvizu (“Plaintiff”) filed a complaint under 42 U.S.C. 22 § 405(g) seeking judicial review of a final decision of the Commissioner of Social Security (the 23 “Commissioner” or “Defendant”) denying her application for disability insurance benefits 24 (“DIB”) under the Social Security Act (the “Act”). (Doc. 1.) The matter is currently before the 25 Court on the parties’ briefs, which were submitted, without oral argument, to the Honorable Sheila 26 1 On June 17, 2019, Andrew Saul became the Commissioner of the Social Security Administration. See 27 https://www.ssa.gov/agency/commissioner.html (last visited by the court on September 12, 2019). He is therefore substituted as the defendant in this action. See 42 U.S.C. § 405(g) (referring to the “Commissioner’s Answer”); 20 28 C.F.R. § 422.210(d) (“the person holding the Office of the Commissioner shall, in his official capacity, be the proper 1 K. Oberto, United States Magistrate Judge.2 2 II. BACKGROUND 3 On March 16, 2015, Plaintiff protectively applied for DIB, alleging disability beginning on 4 June 24, 2014, due to injuries to her heels, feet, knees, hips, and due to bone spurs. (Administrative 5 Record (“AR”) 18, 67–68, 81–82, 207, 217, 226, 257.) Plaintiff was born on April 22, 1961 and 6 was 53 years old on the alleged disability onset date. (AR 38, 67, 81, 207, 226, 257.) Plaintiff has 7 a high school education and can communicate in English. (AR 39, 216, 218.) 8 A. Relevant Medical Evidence3 9 1. Kaiser Permanente 10 Plaintiff presented with bilateral foot pain on August 15, 2014, following surgery. (AR 11 1049–62.) Her physical examination showed post-operative scars on her feet, with no swelling. 12 (AR 1056.) Plaintiff was noted to have tenderness in her fore foot and arches. (AR 1056.) She 13 was assessed with bilateral planta fasciitis and prescribed medication. (AR 1056.) 14 2. John Santaniello, M.D. 15 On December 3, 2014, Plaintiff underwent a qualified medical evaluation and examination 16 by Dr. Santaniello. (AR 535–51.) She reported that she has daily pain in both knees and in both 17 feet, which is aggravated by walking, standing more than 15 minutes, sitting, kneeling, and 18 climbing. (AR 537.) Plaintiff also reported stiffness, weakness, and swelling in her knees and 19 numbness and tingling in both feet. (AR 537.) 20 On examination, no effusions or atrophy was noted. (AR 546.) Dr. Santaniello observed 21 tenderness both over the medial and lateral joint line and over the medial patella bilaterally. (AR 22 546.) Plaintiff had a positive “McMurray test” over her lateral meniscus bilaterally. (AR 546.) 23 Dr. Santaniello found that the patellofemoral compression test caused Plaintiff pain but there is no 24 crepitation bilaterally. (AR 547.) Ligamentous testing revealed good stability anteriorly 25 posteriorly medially and laterally in Plaintiff’s bilateral knees. (AR 547.) 26 Dr. Santaniello assessed plantar fasciitis and heel spur in both feet; status post plantar 27 2 The parties consented to the jurisdiction of a U.S. Magistrate Judge. (Docs. 6, 8.) 28 3 Because the parties are familiar with the medical evidence, it is summarized here only to the extent relevant to the 1 fasciotomy and excision of bone spur in both feet; knee tear of lateral meniscus and chondromalacia 2 of the patella in both knees; and rule out neuropathy in both feet. (AR 548.) He recommended that 3 Plaintiff undergo electrodiagnostic studies of the bilateral lower extremities and MRI studies of the 4 bilateral feet and noted that Plaintiff is a candidate for arthroscopic surgery and should be referred 5 to an orthopedic surgeon for further evaluation and treatment. (AR 548.) 6 Dr. Santaniello opined that Plaintiff would have a work restriction of “semisedentary work” 7 where she has ability to sit and stand at will, but would not be able to kneel, squat, crawl, or do any 8 “heavy lifting” over 15 pounds. (AR 549.) 9 3. Trevor Scott, M.D. 10 On July 25, 2015, Plaintiff presented to Dr. Scott for a “complete orthopedic evaluation.” 11 (AR 480–88.) She complained of bilateral knee, ankle, and foot pain. (AR 480.) According to 12 Plaintiff, her pain is attributed to accumulative trauma from working as a pharmacy technician, 13 although there was no acute injury. (AR 480.) She indicated the pain is in her left hip, bilateral 14 knees, ankles, and feet, and is worse with activity but also present at rest. (AR 480.) 15 On examination, Plaintiff was able to get on and off the examination table without 16 difficulty. (AR 481.) She ambulated without difficulty or use of an assistive device, was able to 17 “toe walk” and “heel walk,” and was able to squat fully and return to a standing position without 18 help or support. (AR 482.) She had tenderness in her left hip, but no swelling and full range of 19 motion. (AR 485.) Plaintiff’s knees showed no deformity, scars, or masses. (AR 485.) Dr. Scott 20 noted that there was tenderness to palpation on the medial, lateral, and patellofemoral joint line, 21 bilaterally. (AR 485.) Her knees were stable with normal range of motion, but her “McMurray’s 22 test” was “irritable.” (AR 485.) 23 Plaintiff’s ankles had no deformity, scars, masses, or swelling. (AR 485.) Dr. Scott noted 24 tenderness to palpation at the tibiofibular joint, bilaterally, and pain with forced extension. (AR 25 485.) He also found edema over the left aspect of Plaintiff’s ankle. (AR 485.) Plaintiff’s ankles 26 were noted to be stable with normal range of motion. (AR 486.) Dr. Scott found Plaintiff’s feet 27 had no gross deformity or masses. (AR 486.) He noted “well-healed surgical scars” and “palpable 28 scar tissue over the plantar fascia from prior plantar fascial releases, bilaterally.” (AR 486.) Range 1 of motion in Plaintiff’s feet was normal. (AR 486.) Her straight-leg raising tests were normal, and 2 no muscle weakness was noted. (AR 486–87.) 3 Dr. Scott’s impression was that his findings were consistent with bilateral knee 4 osteoarthritis, likely ankle osteoarthritis, and bilateral recalcitrant plantar fasciitis. (AR 487.) He 5 opined that Plaintiff can lift or carry 20 pounds occasionally and 10 pounds frequently. (AR 487.) 6 Plaintiff can stand and walk up to 6 hours out of an 8-hour workday, without the need for assistive 7 devices. (AR 487–88.) Dr. Scott opined that Plaintiff can bend, crouch, and perform other postural 8 activities occasionally. (AR 488.) She has no manipulative or workplace environmental 9 limitations. (AR 488.) 10 4. Birgit Siekerkotte, M.D. 11 Plaintiff underwent a comprehensive internal medicine evaluation by Dr. Siekerkotte on 12 January 20, 2016. (AR 495–98.) Plaintiff complained that she has bilateral meniscus tear, 13 degenerative joint disease of the knees, plantar fasciitis with persistent pains despite surgery, and 14 heel spurs. (AR 495.) She reported that she takes care of her personal needs and is able to do 15 sweeping, mopping, vacuuming, dishes, laundry, shopping, and cooking. (AR 495.) Dr. 16 Siekerkotte noted Plaintiff walked with “a minimal slight limp, otherwise normal.” (AR 497.) 17 Plaintiff’s muscle strength was normal (5/5) with no sensory deficits or asymmetries. (AR 498.) 18 Dr. Siekerkotte found Plaintiff had “bilateral patellar motion tenderness on the right side,” and that 19 her “patella [] also hurts when touched lightly.” (AR 498.) 20 Dr. Siekerkotte opined that Plaintiff could stand up to six hours with rests/breaks and 21 change of position and had no sitting limitations. (AR 498.) She could lift/carry 50 pounds 22 occasionally and 25 pounds frequently based on her knee tenderness and the patella motion 23 tenderness. (AR 498.) Plaintiff could occasionally climb stairs and ladders, crouch, and kneel. 24 (AR 498.) Dr. Siekerkotte found Plaintiff could frequently stoop but should avoid crawling. 25 Plaintiff had no limitations for reaching, handling, fingering, or feeling, especially from a seated 26 position, but should limit working around heavy machinery based on her “exquisite patella 27 tenderness on the right and bilateral patella motion tenderness.” (AR 498.) 28 /// 1 5. Marshall S. Lewis, M.D. 2 On March 28, 2016, Plaintiff presented for a “initial comprehensive orthopedic evaluation” 3 by Dr. Lewis, her treating physician. (AR 510–30.) She complained of pain in her bilateral feet 4 and bilateral knees. (AR 510.) Plaintiff reported that, over time while working, she sustained 5 injuries on a day to day basis and developed cumulative trauma due to repetitive movements that 6 were part of her job duties. (AR 511–12.) She stated she has difficulties with prolonged standing, 7 walking, sitting, bending, stooping, kneeling, squatting, pushing, pulling, lifting, and carrying. (AR 8 515.) 9 Dr. Lewis indicated he had reviewed Dr. Santaniello’s examination report. (AR 520–21.) 10 Upon visual inspection of Plaintiff’s bilateral knees, Dr. Lewis noted that there are no obvious 11 scars, deformity, atrophy, or edema. (AR 521.) Plaintiff had a “positive McMurrays test, a positive 12 Thessalys test, and a positive Patellar Grind test bilaterally.” (AR 522.) Plaintiff’s anterior and 13 posterior “Drawer tests were negative and there was no increased laxity observed as Valgus and 14 Varus stress test was applied.” (AR 522.) Dr. Lewis noted Plaintiff was significantly tender to 15 palpation over both the medial and lateral tibiofemoral joint spaces bilaterally. (AR 522.) Her 16 bilateral strength rating was “at 4/5 upon flexion and extension at the knees against resistance.” 17 (AR 522.) 18 Upon visual inspection of Plaintiff’s bilateral foot and ankle revealed “several well healed 19 surgical scars present from [Plaintiff’s] previous surgical interventions.” (AR 522.) No other 20 obvious scars, deformity, atrophy, or edema were noted by Dr. Lewis. (AR 522.) Plaintiff 21 maintained “full active and passive range of motion over the bilateral ankles,” but reported “some 22 tightness at the end points in range of motion movement.” (AR 522.) Dr. Lewis observed Plaintiff 23 was “significantly tender to palpation over both the origin and insertion of the plantar fascia 24 bilaterally and significantly tender to palpation over the calcaneal tuberosity bilaterally.” (AR 522.) 25 No “gross instability” was observed. (AR 522.) Plaintiff’s anterior “Drawer test,” “Squeeze test,” 26 “Talar tilt test,” and “lateral metatarsal compression test” were all negative. (AR 522.) Dr. Lewis 27 observed Plaintiff walked with a “non-antalgic gait without the use of a cane or any other assisting 28 devices.” (AR 522.) 1 Dr. Lewis diagnosed Plaintiff with a “[l]ateral meniscus tear of the anterior horn”; “[l]ateral 2 meniscus tear at the junction anterior horn mid-body extension of the superior articular surface of 3 the right knee”; “[s]tatus post plantar fasciotomy bilaterally with recurrent persistent symptoms of 4 plantar fasciitis per clinical examination”; and “[b]ilateral knee and foot pain.” (AR 523.) He 5 opined that Plaintiff could return to work, with the restrictions of “semi-sedentary work where she 6 has the ability to sit and stand at will; she should not be able to kneel, squat, crawl, or do any heavy 7 lifting over 15 pounds, per Dr. Santaniello.” (AR 526.) 8 Plaintiff presented for another “comprehensive orthopedic evaluation” with Dr. Lewis on 9 October 5, 2016, regarding pain in her knees and feet. (AR 1775–82.) Plaintiff indicated that she 10 underwent a right knee arthroscopy in June 2016, but that her condition had not improved. (AR 11 1776.) Plaintiff reported that her activities of daily living had improved, including cleaning house, 12 grooming, dressing, and preparing meals. (AR 1776.) 13 On examination of her right knee, Plaintiff reported considerable pain with palpation over 14 the media tibiofemoral joint line. (AR 1777.) Dr. Lewis noted no gross instability and her valgus 15 and Varus stress tests were negative. (AR 1777.) Plaintiff’s strength rating was found to be 16 diminished at 4/5 in the right lower extremity. (AR 1777.) Dr. Lewis diagnosed Plaintiff with 17 “[l]ateral meniscus tear at the junction of the anterior horn and mid body with extension into the 18 superior articular surface right knee”; “[m]ild to moderate chondromalacia patellae at the lateral 19 patellar facet right knee”; “[l]ateral patellar subluxation, 20 mm, right knee”; “[r]ight knee pain.”; 20 and “[s]tatus-post right knee arthroscopy, June 27, 2016.” (AR 1777.) He recommended injections 21 and therapy. (AR 1778.) 22 Dr. Lewis conducted another “comprehensive orthopedic evaluation” of Plaintiff on March 23 8, 2017, to “follow up” on injuries sustained in the workplace to her feet and knees. (AR 1797– 24 1802.) Visual inspection of Plaintiff’s right knee revealed well healed post-operative scars, with 25 no other deformities, masses, atrophy, or edema. (AR 1798.) Dr. Lewis noted an “increase in 26 varicosities over the lower extremities.” (AR 1798.) He also noted Plaintiff “continue[d] to 27 demonstrate losses in active range of motion over the right knee.” (AR 1798.) 28 1 Following his examination, Dr. Lewis performed a “corticosteroid injection into the lateral 2 tibiofemoral joint line” of Plaintiff’s right knee. (AR 1798.) He opined that Plaintiff could return 3 to work with no kneeling or squatting, “per Dr. Nijjar.” (AR 1799.) 4 Plaintiff presented for another “comprehensive orthopedic evaluation” by Dr. Lewis on 5 September 12, 2017. (AR 1825–30.) He noted that with medications, Plaintiff is more capable of 6 performing activities of daily living. (AR 1825–26.) He also observed that authorization for right 7 knee surgery had been requested but not yet approved. (AR 1826.) On examination of Plaintiff’s 8 knees, Dr. Lewis observed that she has “full flexion and extension of the left knee,” but limited 9 extension in her right knee. (AR 1826.) Plaintiff reported “tenderness to palpation over the 10 bilateral tibiofemoral joint spaces both medially and laterally.” (AR 1826.) Dr. Lewis found “no 11 gross instability” as “Varus/Valgus stress tests” and “[a]nterior drawer and posterior drawer tests” 12 were both negative. (AR 1826.) Plaintiff was noted to ambulate without the use of a cane or any 13 other assisted devices. (AR 1826.) Dr. Lewis noted that her “[s]trength rating still appears to be 14 deficient at 4/5 on knee flexion and extension against resistance.” (AR 1826.) 15 Dr. Lewis diagnosed Plaintiff with “[l]arge displaced tear anterior horn of the right lateral 16 meniscus, per MRI of 12/15/2016”; “[t]ricompartmental chondromalacia right knee with large joint 17 effusion and contrast-imbibing Bakers cyst, per MRI of 12/15/2016; “[s]tatus post right knee 18 arthroscopy, per Dr. Marshall Lewis on 06/27/2016”; and “[d]isplaced fragment of lateral meniscus 19 migrating to the anterolateral joint line, i.e. Loose body per MRI arthrogram, December 15 2016.” 20 (AR 1826.) Dr. Lewis recommended that Plaintiff pursue a consultation for additional surgery and 21 that she avoids kneeling and squatting, per Dr. Nijjar’s December 2016 assessment. (AR 1827.) 22 6. Mohinder Nijjar, M.D. 23 Plaintiff underwent a “agreed medical evaluation” by Dr. Nijjar on May 16, 2016. (AR 24 1703–18.) She complained of pain in her feet, knees, and left hip. (AR 1705.) Dr. Nijjar noted 25 Plaintiff ambulated with no limp. (AR 1714.) Dr. Nijjar’s examination of Plaintiff’s hips was 26 normal. (AR 1714.) Plaintiff’s left knee had no deformity, effusion, retinacular laxity, instability, 27 or tenderness. (AR 1714.) Her “[a]nterior drawer sign,” “posterior drawer sign,” and “Lachman’s” 28 were negative. (AR 1714.) Dr. Nijjar noted Plaintiff’s “McMurray and Apley grinding tests [were] 1 negative.” (AR 1714.) 2 Plaintiff’s right knee had no deformity, effusion, retinacular laxity, instability, or 3 tenderness. (AR 1714.) Her “[a]nterior drawer sign,” “posterior drawer sign,” and “Lachman’s” 4 were negative. (AR 1714.) Dr. Nijjar noted Plaintiff’s “McMurray and Apley grinding tests [were] 5 negative.” (AR 1714.) “Mild coarse crepitus” was present in the knee joint. (AR 1714.) Dr. Nijjar 6 noted that the range of motion in both of Plaintiff’s knees was normal. (AR 1714.) 7 Dr. Nijjar examined Plaintiff’s ankles, and found normal range of motion, with no 8 deformity, localized tenderness, fusion, thickening, crepitus, or Varus or valgus deformity. (AR 9 1714–15.) Her “[a]nterior drawer sign” was negative, and the “peroneal tendons and posterior 10 tibial tendons show[ed] no localized tenderness.” (AR 1714.) Examination of Plaintiff’s feet 11 showed “well-healed surgical scars from the plantar fasciotomy and excision of fibromatosis.” (AR 12 1715.) Dr. Nijjar noted her scar is “[n]on-hypertrophic” and “non-tender.” (AR 1715.) Plaintiff 13 had no instability or deformity and her “Windlass test” was negative. (AR 1715.) Her “[d]orsalis 14 pedis, posterior tibial, and popliteal pulses [were] palpable and with good volume.” (AR 1715.) 15 The neurologic examination of Plaintiff’s bilateral extremity was normal. (AR 1715.) 16 Dr. Nijjar diagnosed Plaintiff with bilateral plantar fasciitis, status post-surgical 17 decompression and excision calcaneal spur; “[m]ild chondromalacia patella bilateral knee with 18 degenerative patterns identified on MRI scan in the lateral meniscus”; and left hip pain. (AR 1715.) 19 He opined that she could “return to regular work using special shoes with orthosis.” (AR 1716.) 20 Dr. Nijjar re-examined Plaintiff on December 12, 2016. (AR 1721–37.) Plaintiff 21 complained of pain in the right knee that increased with prolonged standing, walking, kneeling, 22 and squatting. (AR 1722.) She also stated her knee swells and that she has limited range of motion. 23 (AR 1722.) Dr. Nijjar observed that Plaintiff was ambulating with minimal limp in the right lower 24 extremity. (AR 1734.) On examination, Plaintiff had some mild effusion in the knee joint and 25 showed “some signs of magnification when attempting patellofemoral joint evaluation.” (AR 26 1735.) She has mild crepitus in the patellofemoral area. (AR 1735.) She had no signs of patellar 27 tendonitis and no medial or lateral instability or tenderness. (AR 1735.). Plaintiff’s “[a]nterior 28 drawer sign,” “posterior drawer sign,” “Lachman’s sign,” and “McMurray and Apley grinding 1 tests” were all negative. (AR 1735.) 2 Dr. Nijjar assessed Plaintiff with “[d]egenerative lateral meniscal changes right knee, status 3 post-surgical partial lateral meniscectomy and debridement of the knee, including the excision of 4 loose body with lateral release.” (AR 1735.) He opined that Plaintiff could return to modified 5 work while avoiding prolonged repetitive kneeling and squatting, with no limitations on standing 6 or walking. (AR 1736.) 7 Plaintiff presented with another re-evaluation by Dr. Nijjar on September 18, 2017. (AR 8 1834–42.) Dr. Nijjar noted that since her prior examination, Plaintiff underwent physical therapy 9 and had a repeat MRI scan done for the right knee, which “showed minor fragments of the area of 10 the surgical partial meniscectomy but no significant displaced fragments were identified.” (AR 11 1835.) Plaintiff complained of constant right knee pain and occasional-to-constant left knee pain. 12 (AR 1835.) She also complained of pain and swelling in her feet and ankles. (AR 1835.) Her 13 activities of daily living were noted to be minimally-to-not-affected by the alleged impairments. 14 (AR 1835.) 15 The examination of Plaintiff’s hips was normal. (AR 1839.) Examination of Plaintiff’s 16 right knee showed “a surgical scar, well-healed, non-hypertrophic, non-tender” and with no 17 effusion present. (AR 1839.) Dr. Nijjar noted the presence of “[m]ild coarse crepitus is present.” 18 (AR 1839.) There was no “subluxation of the retinacula around the knee” and no “significant 19 Varus or valgus deformity.” (AR 1839.) Plaintiff’s knee had good stability, and her “[a]nterior 20 drawer sign,” “posterior drawer sign,” “Lachman’s sign,” and “McMurray and Apley grinding 21 tests” were all negative. (AR 1839.) Plaintiff’s left knee had no crepitus or effusion. (AR 1839.) 22 Her alignment, stability, and range of motion were good, and her “[a]nterior drawer sign,” 23 “posterior drawer sign,” “Lachman’s sign,” and “McMurray and Apley grinding tests” in this knee 24 were also all negative. (AR 1839.) Dr. Nijjar also found Plaintiff’s neurological examination to 25 be normal. (AR 1839.) 26 Dr. Nijjar’s examination of Plaintiff’s ankles showed no deformity, tenderness or effusion, 27 with normal stability. (AR 1840.) Her “[a]nterior drawer sign” was negative, and “[n]o synovial 28 hypertrophy” could be palpated. (AR 1840.) The examination of Plaintiff’s feet showed no 1 tenderness or deformity, and her “[s]tress test,” “Windlass test,” and “Crowding test” were all 2 negative. (AR 1840.) Dr. Nijjar noted a “[s]light prominence” at the base of the right metatarsal 3 phalangeal joint of Plaintiff’s little toe. (AR 1840.) He diagnosed her with “[r]ight knee mild 4 degenerative arthritis with partial lateral meniscectomy, 06/27/2016”: “[b]ilateral plantar 5 fasciotomy 06/2013, and 10/2013, right and left foot”; and “[p]ain in the ankle and feet with 6 radiation towards the left hip.” (AR 1840.) 7 Dr. Nijjar opined that Plaintiff 8 can return to regular work avoiding standing more than one hour at a time. She can work eight hours with no lifting, pushing, pulling, [or] carrying over thirty pounds. 9 As her job does not require this, she can return to regular work. 10 (AR 1841.) Dr. Nijjar recommended that Plaintiff continue using occasional over-the-counter non- 11 narcotic medication for pain as necessary and did not believe she required further surgical 12 intervention. (AR 1842.) 13 B. Administrative Proceedings 14 The Commissioner denied Plaintiff’s application for benefits initially on September 22, 15 2015, and again on reconsideration on March 15, 2016. (AR 100–105, 109–14.) Consequently, 16 Plaintiff requested a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”). (AR 117–35.) 17 On November 7, 2017, Plaintiff appeared with counsel and testified before an ALJ as to her 18 alleged disabling conditions. (AR 38–56.) Plaintiff testified that had four surgeries to her feet, but 19 her pain symptoms are not relieved. (AR 45.) She also testified that she suffers from pain and 20 swelling in her knees. (AR 46–47, 54.) She can only stand for five minutes without pain in her 21 feet and knees and can walk no more than a block. (AR 53, 54.) 22 A Vocational Expert (“VE”) also testified at the hearing. (AR 56–64.) She testified that 23 Plaintiff had past relevant work as a pharmacy technician, Dictionary of Operational Titles 24 (“DOT”) code 074.382-010, which was semi-skilled and light exertional work—medium as 25 performed—with a specific vocational preparation (SVP)4 of 3. (AR 57.) The ALJ asked the VE 26 4 Specific vocational preparation, as defined in DOT, App. C, is the amount of lapsed time required by a typical worker 27 to learn the techniques, acquire the information, and develop the facility needed for average performance in a specific job-worker situation. DOT, Appendix C – Components of the Definition Trailer, 1991 WL 688702 (1991). Jobs in 28 the DOT are assigned SVP levels ranging from 1 (the lowest level – “short demonstration only”) to 9 (the highest level 1 a hypothetical question, in which the VE was to consider a person of Plaintiff’s age, education, and 2 work experience, who was capable of medium work, with occasional climbing, kneeling, 3 crouching, and crawling; frequent balancing and stooping; and avoidance of concentrated 4 exposures. (AR 57–58.) The VE testified that such a person could perform Plaintiff’s past relevant 5 work, both per the DOT and as performed. (AR 58.) The ALJ asked a follow up question regarding 6 a second hypothetical worker who could perform light work, with occasional bending, crouching, 7 and other postural activities; no climbing ladders, ropes, and scaffolds; and avoidance of 8 concentrated exposure to unprotected heights and hazardous machinery. (AR 58.) The VE testified 9 that such a person could perform Plaintiff’s past work, per the DOT. (AR 58–59.) The ALJ then 10 posed to the VE a third hypothetical person who had the same limitations as the second except for 11 no kneeling or squatting. (AR 59.) The VE testified that such a person could perform Plaintiff’s 12 past work, per the DOT. (AR 59.) 13 Plaintiff’s attorney posed a fourth hypothetical to the VE of a person “limited to a sit and 14 stand at will [and] should not kneel, squat, crawl, or do any lifting over 15 pounds.” (AR 59.) The 15 VE testified that such a person could not perform Plaintiff’s past work, but could perform other, 16 unskilled positions under the DOT in the national economy, such as booth cashier, DOT code 17 211.462-010 and SVP 2; ticket seller, DOT code 211.467-030 and SVP 2; and textile assembler, 18 DOT Code 780.687-046 and SVP 1. (AR 59–60.) 19 Plaintiff asked the VE to consider a fifth hypothetical person who could not kneel, squat, 20 crawl, bend, stoop; was limited to no prolonged standing, no excessive walking or any walking on 21 rough or uneven surfaces; and could not lift more than 15 pounds. (AR 62.) The VE testified that 22 such a person could not perform Plaintiff’s past relevant work, but could perform the jobs 23 previously identified, except for textile assembler. (AR 63.) The VE testified that the fifth 24 hypothetical person could perform the light job of seam presser, DOT code 789.687-166 and SVP 25 1. (AR 63.) Finally, for a sixth hypothetical, Plaintiff’s attorney asked the VE to consider the same 26 person as in the fifth hypothetical but with the lifting restriction changed to 10 pounds or less. (AR 27 64.) The VE testified Plaintiff could not perform her past work, or any other jobs, as such 28 hypothetical would be at the sedentary level and there are no transferrable skills to that work. (AR 1 64.) 2 C. The ALJ’s Decision 3 In a decision dated March 7, 2018, the ALJ found that Plaintiff was not disabled, as defined 4 by the Act. (AR 18–27.) The ALJ conducted the five-step disability analysis set forth in 20 C.F.R. 5 § 404.1520. (AR 20–26.) The ALJ decided that Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful 6 activity since her alleged onset date of June 24, 2014 (step one). (AR 20.) At step two, the ALJ 7 found Plaintiff’s following impairments to be severe: osteoarthritis of the knee and ankle, 8 recalcitrant plantar fasciitis, and obesity. (AR 20.) Plaintiff did not have an impairment or 9 combination of impairments that met or medically equaled one of the listed impairments in 20 10 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1 (“the Listings”) (step three). (AR 21–22.) 11 The ALJ then assessed Plaintiff’s residual functional capacity (RFC)5 and applied the RFC 12 assessment at steps four and five. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4) (“Before we go from step three 13 to step four, we assess your residual functional capacity . . . . We use this residual functional 14 capacity assessment at both step four and step five when we evaluate your claim at these steps.”). 15 The ALJ determined that Plaintiff had the RFC: 16 to perform less than the full range of light work as defined in 20 CFR [§] 404.1567(b). Specifically, [Plaintiff] is limited to the following: occasional 17 climbing ramps/stairs, balancing, stooping, crouching and crawling, no climbing 18 ladders, ropes, or scaffolds, no kneeling or squatting, and avoid concentrated exposure to unprotected heights and hazardous machinery. 19 20 (AR 22–23.) Although the ALJ recognized that Plaintiff’s impairments “could reasonably be 21 expected to cause the alleged symptoms[,]” she rejected Plaintiff’s subjective testimony as “not 22 entirely consistent with the medical evidence and other evidence in the record.” (AR 22.) The 23 24

25 5 RFC is an assessment of an individual’s ability to do sustained work-related physical and mental activities in a work setting on a regular and continuing basis of 8 hours a day, for 5 days a week, or an equivalent work schedule. TITLES 26 II & XVI: ASSESSING RESIDUAL FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY IN INITIAL CLAIMS, Social Security Ruling (“SSR”) 96-8P (S.S.A. July 2, 1996). The RFC assessment considers only functional limitations and restrictions that result from an 27 individual’s medically determinable impairment or combination of impairments. Id. “In determining a claimant’s RFC, an ALJ must consider all relevant evidence in the record including, inter alia, medical records, lay evidence, and 28 ‘the effects of symptoms, including pain, that are reasonably attributed to a medically determinable impairment.’” 1 ALJ found that, based on the RFC assessment, Plaintiff retained the capacity to perform her past 2 relevant work as a pharmacy technician (step four). (AR 26.) 3 Plaintiff sought review of this decision before the Appeals Council, which denied review 4 on December 3, 2018. (AR 1–6.) Therefore, the ALJ’s decision became the final decision of the 5 Commissioner. 20 C.F.R. § 404.981. 6 III. LEGAL STANDARD 7 A. Applicable Law 8 An individual is considered “disabled” for purposes of disability benefits if he or she is 9 unable “to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable 10 physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can 11 be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.” 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A). 12 However, “[a]n individual shall be determined to be under a disability only if [her] physical or 13 mental impairment or impairments are of such severity that [s]he is not only unable to do [her] 14 previous work but cannot, considering [her] age, education, and work experience, engage in any 15 other kind of substantial gainful work which exists in the national economy.” Id. § 423(d)(2)(A). 16 “The Social Security Regulations set out a five-step sequential process for determining 17 whether a claimant is disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act.” Tackett v. Apfel, 18 180 F.3d 1094, 1098 (9th Cir. 1999) (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520). The Ninth Circuit has provided 19 the following description of the sequential evaluation analysis: 20 In step one, the ALJ determines whether a claimant is currently engaged in substantial gainful activity. If so, the claimant is not disabled. If not, the ALJ 21 proceeds to step two and evaluates whether the claimant has a medically severe 22 impairment or combination of impairments. If not, the claimant is not disabled. If so, the ALJ proceeds to step three and considers whether the impairment or 23 combination of impairments meets or equals a listed impairment under 20 C.F.R. pt. 404, subpt. P, [a]pp. 1. If so, the claimant is automatically presumed disabled. If 24 not, the ALJ proceeds to step four and assesses whether the claimant is capable of 25 performing her past relevant work. If so, the claimant is not disabled. If not, the ALJ proceeds to step five and examines whether the claimant has the [RFC] . . . to 26 perform any other substantial gainful activity in the national economy. If so, the claimant is not disabled. If not, the claimant is disabled. 27 28 Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 2005). “If a claimant is found to be ‘disabled’ or 1 ‘not disabled’ at any step in the sequence, there is no need to consider subsequent steps.” Tackett, 2 180 F.3d at 1098 (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520). 3 “The claimant carries the initial burden of proving a disability in steps one through four of 4 the analysis.” Burch, 400 F.3d at 679 (citing Swenson v. Sullivan, 876 F.2d 683, 687 (9th Cir. 5 1989)). “However, if a claimant establishes an inability to continue her past work, the burden shifts 6 to the Commissioner in step five to show that the claimant can perform other substantial gainful 7 work.” Id. (citing Swenson, 876 F.2d at 687). 8 B. Scope of Review 9 “This court may set aside the Commissioner’s denial of [social security] benefits [only] 10 when the ALJ’s findings are based on legal error or are not supported by substantial evidence in 11 the record as a whole.” Tackett, 180 F.3d at 1097 (citation omitted). “Substantial evidence” means 12 “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” 13 Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971) (quoting Consol. Edison Co. of N.Y. v. NLRB, 14 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938)). “Substantial evidence is more than a mere scintilla but less than a 15 preponderance.” Ryan v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 528 F.3d 1194, 1198 (9th Cir. 2008). The Court 16 “must consider the entire record as a whole, weighing both the evidence that supports and the 17 evidence that detracts from the Commissioner’s conclusion, and may not affirm simply by isolating 18 a specific quantum of supporting evidence.” Lingenfelter v. Astrue, 504 F.3d 1028, 1035 (9th Cir. 19 2007) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). 20 “This is a highly deferential standard of review . . . .” Valentine v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. 21 Admin., 574 F.3d 685, 690 (9th Cir. 2009). The ALJ’s decision denying benefits “will be disturbed 22 only if that decision is not supported by substantial evidence or it is based upon legal error.” 23 Tidwell v. Apfel, 161 F.3d 599, 601 (9th Cir. 1999). Additionally, “[t]he court will uphold the 24 ALJ’s conclusion when the evidence is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation.” Id.; 25 see, e.g., Edlund, 253 F.3d at 1156 (“If the evidence is susceptible to more than one rational 26 interpretation, the court may not substitute its judgment for that of the Commissioner.” (citations 27 omitted)). 28 In reviewing the Commissioner’s decision, the Court may not substitute its judgment for 1 that of the Commissioner. Macri v. Chater, 93 F.3d 540, 543 (9th Cir. 1996). Instead, the Court 2 must determine whether the Commissioner applied the proper legal standards and whether 3 substantial evidence exists in the record to support the Commissioner’s findings. See Lewis v. 4 Astrue, 498 F.3d 909, 911 (9th Cir. 2007). Nonetheless, “the Commissioner’s decision ‘cannot be 5 affirmed simply by isolating a specific quantum of supporting evidence.’” Tackett, 180 F.3d at 6 1098 (quoting Sousa v. Callahan, 143 F.3d 1240, 1243 (9th Cir. 1998)). “Rather, a court must 7 ‘consider the record as a whole, weighing both evidence that supports and evidence that detracts 8 from the [Commissioner’s] conclusion.’” Id. (quoting Penny v. Sullivan, 2 F.3d 953, 956 (9th Cir. 9 1993)). 10 IV. DISCUSSION 11 Plaintiff contends that the ALJ erred in assessing the opinions of treating physician Dr. 12 Lewis and examining physician Dr. Santaniello. (See Doc. 13.) The Commissioner counters that 13 the ALJ properly evaluated the medical opinion evidence. (See Doc. 16.) The Court agrees with 14 the Commissioner. 15 A. Legal Standard 16 The medical opinions of three types of medical sources are recognized in Social Security 17 cases: “(1) those who treat the claimant (treating physicians); (2) those who examine but do not 18 treat the claimant (examining physicians); and (3) those who neither examine nor treat the claimant 19 (nonexamining physicians).” Lester v. Chater, 81 F.3d 821, 830 (9th Cir. 1995). Ordinarily, more 20 weight is given to the opinion of a treating professional, who has a greater opportunity to know and 21 observe the patient as an individual. Id.; Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1285 (9th Cir. 1996). 22 “To evaluate whether an ALJ properly rejected a medical opinion, in addition to considering its 23 source, the court considers whether (1) contradictory opinions are in the record; and (2) clinical 24 findings support the opinions.” Cooper v. Astrue, No. CIV S–08–1859 KJM, 2010 WL 1286729, 25 at *2 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 29, 2010). An ALJ may reject an uncontradicted opinion of a treating or 26 examining medical professional only for “clear and convincing” reasons. Lester, 81 F.3d at 830. 27 In contrast, a contradicted opinion of a treating or examining professional may be rejected for 28 “specific and legitimate reasons that are supported by substantial evidence.” Trevizo v. Berryhill, 1 871 F.3d 664, 675 (9th Cir. 2017) (citing Ryan, 528 F.3d at 1198); see also Lester, 81 F.3d at 830. 2 “An ALJ can satisfy the ‘substantial evidence’ requirement by ‘setting out a detailed and thorough 3 summary of the facts and conflicting clinical evidence, stating [her] interpretation thereof, and 4 making findings.’” Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1012 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Reddick v. 5 Chater, 157 F.3d 715, 725 (9th Cir. 1998)). “The ALJ must do more than state conclusions. [She] 6 must set forth [her] own interpretations and explain why they, rather than the doctors’, are correct.” 7 Id. (citation omitted). 8 “[E]ven when contradicted, a treating or examining physician’s opinion is still owed 9 deference and will often be ‘entitled to the greatest weight . . . even if it does not meet the test for 10 controlling weight.’” Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1012 (quoting Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 633 (9th 11 Cir. 2007)). The regulations require the ALJ to weigh the contradicted treating physician opinion, 12 Edlund v. Massanari, 253 F.3d 1152, 1157 (9th Cir. 2001)6, except that the ALJ in any event need 13 not give it any weight if it is conclusory and supported by minimal clinical findings. Meanel v. 14 Apfel, 172 F.3d 1111, 1114 (9th Cir. 1999) (treating physician’s conclusory, minimally supported 15 opinion rejected); see also Magallanes v. Bowen, 881 F.2d 747, 751 (9th Cir. 1989). The opinion 16 of a non-examining professional, by itself, is insufficient to reject the opinion of a treating or 17 examining professional. Lester, 81 F.3d at 831. 18 B. Analysis 19 It is uncontested that Dr. Lewis treated Plaintiff, and is considered a treating physician. He 20 opined in March 2016 that Plaintiff can perform “semi-sedentary work where she has the ability to 21 sit and stand at will” and she should not “kneel, squat, crawl, or do any heavy lifting over 15 22 pounds.” (AR 526.). In rendering his opinion, Dr. Lewis referenced the December 2014 opinion 23 of examining physician Dr. Santaniello, who gave the same work restrictions. (See AR 549.) 24 Although not specifically identified by the ALJ as a basis for its rejection, Drs. Santaniello’s 25 and Lewis’s opinion is contradicted by the opinions of examining physicians Drs. Scott and Nijjar. 26 (AR 487–88 (Dr. Scott); AR 1841 (Dr. Nijjar).) Dr. Scott opined in July 2015 that Plaintiff was 27 6 The factors include: (1) length of the treatment relationship; (2) frequency of examination; (3) nature and extent of 28 the treatment relationship; (4) supportability of diagnosis; (5) consistency; and (6) specialization. 20 C.F.R. § 1 capable of light work with occasional postural activities (AR 487–88), and Dr. Nijjar opined in 2 September 2017 that Plaintiff could return to her regular work, given that it did not require her to 3 stand more than one hour at a time and lift, push, pull, or carry over thirty pounds (AR 1841).7 4 Thus, the ALJ was required to state a “specific and legitimate reason,” supported by substantial 5 evidence, for rejecting the opinion of Drs. Santaniello and Lewis. Trevizo, 871 F.3d at 675. 6 In reviewing the medical evidence and giving “little weight” to the opinion, the ALJ stated 7 that it is “inconsistent with the record as a whole.” (AR 25.) An ALJ may properly discount a 8 treating (or an examining) physician’s opinion that is not supported by the medical record, 9 including their own treatment notes. See Valentine, 574 F.3d at 692–93 (contradiction between 10 physician’s opinion and his treatment notes constitutes specific and legitimate reason for rejecting 11 opinion); Bayliss, 427 F.3d at 1216 (same); Batson v. Comm’r of Social Sec. Admin., 359 F.3d 12 1190, 1195 (9th Cir. 2004); Thomas v. Barnhart, 278 F.3d 947, 957 (9th Cir. 2002) (“The ALJ 13 need not accept the opinion of any physician, including a treating physician, if that opinion is brief, 14 conclusory, and inadequately supported by clinical findings.”); Khounesavatdy v. Astrue, 549 F. 15 Supp. 2d 1218, 1229 (E.D. Cal. 2008) (“[I]t is established that it is appropriate for an ALJ to 16 consider the absence of supporting findings, and the inconsistency of conclusions with the 17 physician’s own findings, in rejecting a physician’s opinion.”). 18 Here, the ALJ rejected Dr. Santaniello’s December 2014 and Dr. Lewis’s March 2016 19 assessments of Plaintiff because she properly found they are not supported by the objective medical 20 evidence and other evidence, particularly Plaintiff’s normal physical examination findings from 21 the time period both before and after those assessment.8 As the ALJ noted (AR 24), Plaintiff’s 22 physical examination in August 2014 showed post-operative scars on her feet, with no swelling. 23 (AR 1056.) Following Dr. Santaniello’s examination in December 2014, Plaintiff was noted in 24 7 The ALJ accorded “great weight” and “significant weight” to the opinions of Drs. Lewis and Nijjar, respectively. 25 (AR 25–26.) 8 Some of the evidence relied on by the ALJ in rejecting the medical opinion evidence of Dr. Santaniello and Lewis 26 predated Plaintiff’s alleged onset date of June 24, 2014. (See, e.g., AR 24.) As Plaintiff correctly points out, treatment records that predate the alleged onset date “are not probative evidence of [the] plaintiff’s functional impairments at the 27 time [the plaintiff] allegedly became disabled.” Thomas v. Colvin, No. 2:14-cv-1878-EFB, 2016 WL 1267935, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 30, 2016) (citing Carmickle v. Comm'r Soc. Sec. Admin., 533 F.3d 1155, 1164-65 (9th Cir. 2008) and 28 Burkhart v. Bowen, 856 F.2d 1335, 1340 n.1 (9th Cir. 1988)). The Court therefore does not consider this evidence in 1 July 2015 to be able to get on and off the examination table, squat fully, and ambulate without 2 difficulty. (AR 481.) Her left hip had no swelling and full range of motion. (AR 24, 485.) 3 Plaintiff’s knees and ankles showed no deformity, scars, or masses, and were stable with normal 4 range of motion. (AR 24, 485.) Her straight-leg raising tests were normal, and no muscle weakness 5 was noted. (AR 486–87.) 6 The ALJ observed (AR 24) that in January 2016, Plaintiff’s muscle strength was normal 7 (5/5) with no sensory deficits or asymmetries. (AR 498.) Plaintiff ambulated with no limp at her 8 evaluation in May 2016 showed normal results in her hips. (AR 24, 1714.) Her knees had no 9 deformity, effusion, retinacular laxity, instability, or tenderness, and her “McMurray and Apley 10 grinding tests [were] negative.” (AR 24, 1714.) Plaintiff ankles showed normal range of motion, 11 with no deformity, localized tenderness, fusion, thickening, crepitus, or Varus or valgus deformity. 12 (AR 1714–15.) Plaintiff’s “peroneal tendons and posterior tibial tendons show[ed] no localized 13 tenderness.” (AR 1714.) Her feet also had no instability or deformity. (AR 1715.) 14 As the ALJ noted, several months after Dr. Lewis’s assessment, in December 2016, Plaintiff 15 had no signs of patellar tendonitis and no medial or lateral instability or tenderness. (AR 1735.). 16 Her “McMurray and Apley grinding tests” were negative. (AR 1735.) Plaintiff’s examination of 17 her hips in September 2017 were normal, her right knee had good stability, and her “McMurray 18 and Apley grinding tests” in this knee were negative. (AR 24, 1839.) Plaintiff’s left knee had no 19 crepitus or effusion. (AR 24, 1839.) Her alignment, stability, and range of motion were good, and 20 her “McMurray and Apley grinding tests” in her left knee were also negative. (AR 24, 1839.) 21 Plaintiff’s neurological examination was normal. (AR 1839.) Plaintiff’s ankles and feet showed 22 no deformity, tenderness or effusion, with normal stability. (AR 24, 1840.) 23 Dr. Santaniello’s examination and Dr. Lewis’s own treatment notes also fail to support their 24 opinion. As observed by the ALJ (AR 24), Plaintiff’s examination by Dr. Santaniello showed no 25 effusions or atrophy and no crepitation in her knees. (AR 24, 547.) Ligamentous testing revealed 26 good stability. (AR 24, 547.) Dr. Lewis’s examination in March 2016—the same day he rendered 27 his opinion—found no obvious scars, deformity, atrophy, or edema in Plaintiff’s knees, ankles, or 28 feet. (AR 24, 521–22.) She maintained “full active and passive range of motion over the bilateral 1 ankles,” but reported “some tightness at the end points in range of motion movement.” (AR 24, 2 522.) No “gross instability” was noted. (AR 24, 522.) Dr. Lewis observed Plaintiff walk with a 3 “non-antalgic gait without the use of a cane or any other assisting devices.” (AR 24, 522.) Later, 4 in March 2017, Dr. Lewis conducted a visual inspection of Plaintiff’s right knee that revealed well 5 healed post-operative scars, with no other deformities, masses, atrophy, or edema. (AR 24, 1798.) 6 On examination of Plaintiff’s knees in September 2017, Dr. Lewis observed that Plaintiff had “full 7 flexion and extension of the left knee,” but limited extension in her right knee. (AR 24, 1826.) 8 Plaintiff was noted to ambulate without the use of a cane or any other assisted devices. (AR 9 241826.) 10 In addition, Plaintiff’s “reported daily activities and exertional capacities” set forth in the 11 record are not consistent with Drs. Santaniello’s and Lewis’s opinion that Plaintiff must be able to 12 sit and stand and cannot kneel, squat, crawl, or lift anything over 15 pounds. (AR 24, 25.) The 13 ALJ found, and Plaintiff does not dispute,9 that “[d]espite her subjective complaints and 14 difficulties, [Plaintiff] takes care of personal needs, does household chores including sweeping, 15 mopping, vacuuming, washing dishes, and laundry, shops, cooks, drives, walks, rides with others, 16 handles finances, reads, watches TV, bakes, does crafts, and socializes.” (AR 24. See also AR 17 495.) Indeed, the record shows Plaintiff reported to Dr. Lewis in October 2016 that her activities 18 of daily living had improved, including cleaning house, grooming, dressing, and preparing meals. 19 (AR 24, 1776.) Dr. Lewis himself noted in March 2017 that with medications, Plaintiff is more 20 capable of performing activities of daily living. (AR 24, 1825–26.) Plaintiff reported in September 21 2017—well after Drs. Santaniello and Lewis rendered their opinion—that her activities of daily 22 living were, at most, “minimally affected” by her alleged impairments. (AR 24, 1835.) 23 To the extent that Plaintiff relies on Embrey v. Bowen, 849 F.2d 418 (9th Cir. 1988), for the 24 proposition that the ALJ must discuss the evidence supporting a conclusion with enough 25 specificity, see Doc. 13 at 8, Embrey is distinguishable. In Embrey, the court held that an ALJ’s 26

27 9 Plaintiff has not challenged the sufficiency of the evidence supporting the ALJ’s adverse credibility finding in this case or the adequacy of the ALJ’s reasons to explain this finding. Therefore, the Court considers the ALJ’s 28 unchallenged credibility finding to be binding. See, e.g., Stanley v. Astrue, No. 1:09–cv–1743 SKO, 2010 WL 1 determination that objective findings do not support a treating physician's opinion is not, without 2 more, a sufficiently specific reason to reject that opinion. 849 F.2d at 421–22. Here, as detailed 3 above, the ALJ set forth in her opinion the objective medical evidence and Plaintiff’s own reported 4 daily activities showing that, contrary to Dr. Santaniello’s and Lewis’s assessment, Plaintiff can 5 perform modified light work. 6 In sum, the ALJ identified ample objective medical evidence and other evidence in the 7 record that undermines Drs. Santaniello’s and Lewis’s opinion that Plaintiff is capable of only 8 “semi-sedentary” work. (AR 24, 25, 526, 549.) This is a specific, legitimate reason supported by 9 substantial evidence for discounting this opinion. See Magallanes, 881 F.2d at 751; see also 10 Batson, 359 F.3d at 1195; Thomas, 278 F.3d at 957. As the Court may neither reweigh the evidence 11 nor substitute its judgment for that of the Commissioner, it will not disturb the ALJ’s finding on 12 this basis, even if, as Plaintiff points out (see Doc. 13 at 12), some of the above-described evidence 13 could be construed more favorably to her. See Robbins, 466 F.3d at 882; Thomas, 278 F.3d at 954 14 (Where the evidence is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation, it is the Commissioner’s 15 conclusion that must be upheld.); Batson, 359 F.3d at 1196 (“When evidence reasonably supports 16 either confirming or reversing the ALJ’s decision, we may not substitute our judgment for that of 17 the ALJ.”). 18 V. CONCLUSION AND ORDER 19 After consideration of Plaintiff’s and the Commissioner’s briefs and a thorough review of 20 the record, the Court finds that the ALJ’s decision is supported by substantial evidence and is 21 therefore AFFIRMED. The Clerk of this Court is DIRECTED to enter judgment in favor of 22 Defendant Andrew Saul, Commissioner of Social Security, and against Plaintiff. 23

IT IS SO ORDERED.

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Sheila K. Oberto 25 Dated: June 26, 2020 /s/ .

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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