Osegueda

background in its order granting plaintiff’s unopposed motion for preliminary approval of the class action settlement. (See Order Granting Preliminary Approval at 2-4 (Docket No. 25).) 28 of the settlement. See Diaz v. Tr. Territory of Pac. Islands, 876 F.2d 1401, 1408 (9th Cir. 1989). A. Class Certification A class action will be certified only if it meets the requirements of Rule 23(a)’s four prerequisites and fits within one of Rule 23(b)’s three subdivisions. Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(a)- (b). Although a district court has discretion in determining whether the moving party has satisfied each Rule 23 requirement, the court must conduct a rigorous inquiry before certifying a class. See Califano v. Yamasaki, 442 U.S. 682, 701 (1979); Gen. Tel. Co. of Sw. v. Falcon, 457 U.S. 147, 161 (1982). 1. Rule 23(a)

Rule 23(a) restricts class actions to cases where: (1) the class is so numerous that joinder of all 14 members is impracticable; (2) there are questions of law or fact common to the class; (3) the claims or defenses of the representative parties are typical of the…