1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 SONIA MAREE MILLER, No. 2:21-cv-0757-JAM-CKD PS 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER AND FINDINGS &

RECOMMENDATIONS ON

14 SACRAMENTO CITY UNIFIED MOTIONS TO DISMISS SCHOOL DISTRICT, et al., 15 (ECF Nos. 12, 18, 21) Defendants. 16

17 18 Presently before the court are three motions to dismiss, brought by each of the three 19 defendants in this action: Sacramento City Unified School District (“SCUSD” or “School 20 District”), Sacramento City Teachers Association (“SCTA” or “Union”), and Mr. Norman 21 Hernandez.1 (ECF Nos. 12, 18, 21.)2 Plaintiff filed a single-paragraph opposition to all three 22 motions,3 and the School District and defendant Hernandez filed replies. (ECF Nos. 25-27.) The 23 1 Because plaintiff is self-represented, all pretrial matters are referred to the undersigned pursuant 24 to Local Rule 302(c)(21) and 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1).

25 2 Defendant Hernandez re-filed his motion to dismiss (ECF No. 12) on August 6, 2021, replacing the original improperly noticed motion filed on August 5, 2021 (ECF No. 10). Defendant 26 SCUSD filed a corrected motion to dismiss (ECF No. 21) on September 1, 2021, replacing its 27 original motion filed on August 31, 2021 (ECF No. 17).

28 3 Plaintiff also included in her objections to the undersigned’s earlier findings (cont’d) 1 motions were heard remotely on October 13, 2021. (ECF No. 28.) For the following reasons, the 2 undersigned recommends GRANTING all three motions, dismissing all claims against defendants 3 Hernandez and the Union without leave to amend, and dismissing all claims against the School 4 District with leave to amend. 5 BACKGROUND 6 A. The Complaint 7 Plaintiff, who is a certificated special education teacher, filed this action on April 27, 2021 8 against her employer, SCUSD; her union, SCTA; and two administrators at a charter school 9 where she was assigned to work for several years.4 (ECF No. 1 at 2, 7-9.) The caption of the 10 complaint references at least five anti-discrimination laws: “Complaint of Discrimination (Civil 11 Rights Act of 1964) - Title VII, the Americans with Disabilities Act, the Genetic Information 12 Nondiscrimination Act, or the Age Discrimination in Employment Act and Equal Pay Act.” (Id. 13 at 7.) On the attached form complaint, plaintiff checked boxes indicating that four of these 14 provisions formed the basis for the court’s jurisdiction: (1) Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 15 1964 (“Title VII”), 42 U.S.C. § 2000e et seq.; (2) the Age Discrimination in Employment Act 16 (“ADEA”), 29 U.S.C. § 621 et seq.; (3) the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (“ADA”), 17 42 U.S.C. § 12112 et seq.; and (4) the Equal Pay Act, 29 U.S.C. § 206 et seq. (ECF No. 1 at 3.) 18 In the body of the complaint, however, plaintiff asserts just two labeled causes of action under 19 Title VII and the Equal Pay Act. (Id. at 23-24.) 20 Plaintiff’s complaint contains a 14-page disjointed statement of facts regarding a host of 21 issues she has had with the School District and the Union over her two decades of teaching in the 22 district. (Id. at 9-23.) She also attaches over 200 pages of exhibits related to these various issues. 23 (Id. at 27-254.) 24 and recommendations arguments in opposition to defendant Hernandez’s motion. (ECF No. 15 25 at 7-8.) Although that was not the proper vehicle for plaintiff’s opposition, the court has considered those arguments nonetheless, and defendant Hernandez addresses them in his reply 26 (ECF No. 27 at 2-4). 27 4 After failing to serve the second administrator, Judy Yang, plaintiff voluntarily dismissed her 28 from the action. (ECF Nos. 23, 24.) 1 Plaintiff alleges that she has worked for the School District since 2003 as a certificated 2 special education teacher. (Id. at 3, 7-8, 22, 25.) Although she was continuously employed by 3 the School District (id. at 3, 16), for the school years from 2016 to 2019 she was assigned to work 4 at two charter schools, one being Sol Aureus College Preparatory School (id. at 9, 18). Defendant 5 Hernandez is an “Administrator” at Sol Aureus,5 and the SCTA is a labor organization that 6 “represents certificated and classified employees of SCUSD,” like plaintiff. (Id. at 2, 8.) 7 Plaintiff describes an overwhelming number of issues in her complaint, alleging as 8 follows: 9 • In late spring 2019, she discovered a school website listing her as a teacher and containing 10 text in Latin that supposedly referred to plaintiff as being pregnant.6 (Id. at 10, 39-44.) 11 Her requests to take down the website and to discover who created it went unanswered, 12 causing her post-traumatic stress. (Id. at 11.) 13 • Defendant Hernandez made “negative comments” about plaintiff in publicly viewable 14 board meeting minutes, constituting “slander and public defamation”; and in September 15 2016 board minutes, he made inaccurate statements regarding the school’s special 16 education procedures. (Id. at 11-13.) She received “no response back from SCUSD or 17 SCTA” regarding her concerns with the board meeting minutes. (Id. at 12.) 18 • For most of the years she worked at the charter schools, her caseload was too high, with 19 40 students instead of the 28 she should have had. (Id. at 14.) 20 • In spring 2019, the SCTA provided plaintiff with an employment attorney at no cost, but 21 the attorney “ignored” plaintiff’s concerns about the website and board meeting notes, 22 saying she could only help plaintiff with resolving her issues with having too heavy a 23

24 5 At the hearing on the motions to dismiss, plaintiff indicated that Mr. Hernandez oversees Sol Aureus, hiring the non-SCUSD teachers who teach for that charter school, and assigning 25 classrooms and such.

26 6 Plaintiff attaches a screenshot of a Google translation of the Latin text to English, showing 27 below plaintiff’s name and title a random combination of Latin words—including the word “gravida,” meaning “pregnant”—of the sort commonly used as text placeholders in website 28 templates. (ECF No. 1 at 40-41.) 1 caseload. (Id. at 11.) Plaintiff felt that the attorney did not “pursue[] appropriate legal 2 restitution and/or resolutions for [her] employment concerns.” (Id.) 3 • She and another SCUSD, unionized teacher “did not get the same custodial services as the 4 rest of the school,” having to take out their own garbage and to contend with cramped 5 quarters, wobbly desks, and noisy surroundings. (Id. at 13.) 6 • She was “uncomfortable” with defendant Hernandez recording “the workspace” with a 7 Nest camera, which he said was for monitoring the parking lot. (Id.) 8 • “On one day,” she found an “unknown orange substance” in her purse, which she 9 interpreted as an attempt to kill her because a lab report revealed some sort of controlled 10 substance. (Id. at 13-14.) 11 • In spring 2019, she discovered “an unknown hack” of her work computers. (Id. at 17.) 12 She found an unrecognized file bearing her first name “Sonia 2017” and containing 13 hundreds of items that she could not access. The School District continually refused to 14 release the file to her, which she states is “clearly discrimination and exclusion.” (Id. 15 at 17-18.) 16 • In April 2019, she went on leave due to stress. Instead of allowing plaintiff to pick up the 17 rest of her personal belongings from Sol Aureus, defendant Hernandez “threw” her items 18 in front of the school. (Id. at 15.) A Union representative advised her that this was a 19 violation of her teacher’s contract. (Id.) 20 • She also was not allowed to remove her Apple ID and personal files from a MacBook 21 computer she had been using for several years. (Id. at 20.) The Union said this was a 22 violation of plaintiff’s privacy and she should be allowed to remove it, but the Union 23 “do[es]n’t enforce anything” and “[n]othing gets resolved appropriately.” (Id.) 24 • “There were continued issues of getting paid on time and [in] the correct amounts this 25 school year” (presumably referring to the 2020-2021 year), as there had been since 2018. 26 (Id. at 19, Exs. W & X.) 27 //// 28 1 • She received “inconsistent” W-2 tax forms for 2017 and 2018, which neither the School 2 District nor the Union would help her resolve. (Id. at 16.) Her requests for paystubs and 3 pay scales have gone ignored, or endlessly transferred across various entities. (Id.) 4 • She was not given credit for a whole year of work when she was first hired in December 5 2003 and carried a full-time caseload. (Id. at 22-23.) 6 • Her 1095-B healthcare insurance tax form for 2019 “shows fraud.” (Id. at 17.) 7 • She found incorrect information about herself and unauthorized computer profiles for 8 herself, which the School District and the Union did nothing to resolve. (Id. at 22.) 9 • She was “[d]enied employment opportunities” when she interviewed for several different 10 positions within the district but received no offers of employment. (Id.) 11 12 On the form complaint, plaintiff checked boxes asserting discrimination in the form of 13 failure to promote, failure to accommodate a disability, unequal terms and conditions of 14 employment, and retaliation, along with other acts that she listed as “public defamation, privacy 15 violations, financial fraud, nondisclosure.” (Id. at 4.) On the form, plaintiff further indicated that 16 this discrimination occurred from December 8, 2003 (her original date of hire) through the 17 present. (Id. at 4, 8.) In the fields for bases of discrimination, plaintiff indicated that the 18 discrimination was based on race (“Mixed Race: Japanese/White”); gender (“Female”); religion 19 (“Catholic”); age (born 1972); and disability or perceived disability (“ADHD”). (Id. at 4.) 20 Regarding exhaustion of administrative remedies, plaintiff stated that she filed an EEOC 21 charge online on October 23, 2020 and was issued a Notice of Right to Sue letter on January 27, 22 2021. (Id. at 5.) Plaintiff attaches a copy of the Right to Sue Letter, under an exhibit cover page 23 listing “1.) Title VII discrimination” and “2.) Equal Pay.” (Id. at 27, Ex. A.) The Right to Sue 24 Letter shows that a copy was sent to one charged party: the School District. (Id.) 25 B. Procedural History 26 The School District and the Union were granted extensions of time to respond to the 27 complaint (ECF Nos. 7-9), and on August 5, 2021, defendant Hernandez filed the instant motion 28 to dismiss (ECF No. 10) which he promptly re-noticed for hearing before the undersigned (ECF 1 No. 12). Nevertheless, on August 6, 2021, plaintiff moved for default judgment against all 2 defendants. (ECF No. 13.) On August 11, 2021, the undersigned recommended denying 3 plaintiff’s motion because no default had been entered and no defendant had yet failed to timely 4 respond to the complaint. (ECF No. 14.) Plaintiff filed timely objections to those findings and 5 recommendations, which remain pending before the assigned district judge. (ECF No. 15.) 6 Plaintiff’s objections also (improperly) contained two paragraphs of arguments in opposition to 7 defendant Hernandez’s motion to dismiss. (Id. at 7-8.) In response to plaintiff’s objections, the 8 undersigned permitted plaintiff to file a separate, more complete opposition. (ECF No. 16.) 9 On August 31, 2021, the School District and the Union filed their instant motions to 10 dismiss, with the Union’s noticed for hearing two weeks after the School District’s. (ECF 11 Nos. 17, 18.) The next day, the School District filed a corrected motion to dismiss. (ECF 12 No. 21.) In order to simultaneously hear all motions to dismiss, the court reset a hearing for the 13 latest noticed date, informing plaintiff that she could file her opposition(s) on or before 14 September 29, 2021—effectively granting her a two-week extension to prepare her opposition. 15 (ECF Nos. 19, 22.) On September 28, 2021, plaintiff filed a single-paragraph opposition. (ECF 16 No. 25.) The School District and defendant Hernandez filed replies in support of their motions to 17 dismiss. (ECF Nos. 26, 27.) 18 C. The Motions to Dismiss 19 All three defendants move to dismiss plaintiff’s complaint with prejudice, for failure to 20 state a claim under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Defendant Hernandez argues that 21 plaintiff’s employment discrimination claims cannot be brought against him, since he is not 22 alleged to be plaintiff’s employer, and in any case plaintiff did not exhaust administrative 23 remedies as to him; and any defamation claims plaintiff might be asserting against him would be 24 time-barred. (ECF No. 12 at 8-12.) The Union argues primarily that plaintiff’s few allegations 25 against it, at best, amount to claims that the Union breached its duty of fair representation, and 26 that such claims are preempted as lying solely within the jurisdiction of the California Public 27 Employee Relations Board. (ECF No. 18 at 7-11.) The Union argues, in the alternative, that 28 plaintiff fails to allege any facts to support a claim against the Union under the cited employment 1 discrimination statutes; that such claims were not administratively exhausted as to the Union; and 2 that plaintiff’s Equal Pay Act claim cannot be brought against the Union because it is not her 3 employer. (Id. at 11-13.) Finally, the School District argues that plaintiff’s “shotgun pleading” 4 fails to provide notice of what claims are being asserted, fails to allege facts to support any of the 5 discrimination claims, and that any potential discrimination claims are barred by their respective 6 statutes of limitations.7 (ECF No. 21.1 at 5-9.) 7 Plaintiff’s formal opposition states that she is “in strong opposition to all of the motions to 8 dismiss” and believes she has “provided an abundance of evidence in [her] original complaint to 9 substantiate the truth and facts regarding the discrimination and equal pay issues that [she has] 10 experienced for two decades.” (ECF No. 25.) Plaintiff’s additional arguments in opposition 11 (contained in her objections to the prior findings and recommendations) accuse defendant 12 Hernandez of engaging in “very dangerous, potentially criminal behaviors”; “speak[ing] poorly 13 about [plaintiff] and try[ing] to get [her] fired”; and mismanaging his school’s Individualized 14 Education Plans. (ECF No. 15 at 7-8.) 15 LEGAL STANDARD 16 A motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) challenges the sufficiency of the pleadings set 17 forth in the complaint. Vega v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 654 F. Supp. 2d 1104, 1109 (E.D. 18 Cal. 2009). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires only that a complaint contain a 19 “short and plain statement” of the claim showing that plaintiff is entitled to relief. Fed. R. Civ. 20 P. 8(a); Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (purpose of these pleading 21 requirements is to “give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds upon 22 which it rests” (cleaned up)). 23 “To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient factual matter, 24 accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 25

7 The School District also requests judicial notice of the complaint in this case and an EEOC 26 website description of the time limits for filing a charge of discrimination. (ECF No. 21.3.) 27 There is no need to take “judicial notice” of the very complaint before the court on these motions to dismiss, and the court relies on the relevant administrative exhaustion statutes and regulations 28 rather than the EEOC’s general summary of them. The request for judicial notice is denied. 1 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). “A claim 2 has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the 3 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. “Threadbare 4 recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements do not 5 suffice.” Id. 6 In considering a motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim, the court accepts as true all 7 facts alleged in the complaint and construes them in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. 8 Corrie v. Caterpillar, Inc., 503 F.3d 974, 977 (9th Cir. 2007). However, the court need not 9 “assume the truth of legal conclusions merely because they are cast in the form of factual 10 allegations.” Paulsen v. CNF Inc., 559 F.3d 1061, 1071 (9th Cir. 2009). 11 The court must liberally construe the pleading of a self-represented litigant to determine if 12 it states a claim and, prior to dismissal, inform the plaintiff of deficiencies in the complaint and 13 give plaintiff an opportunity to cure them if it appears at all possible to do so. See Lopez v. 14 Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130-31 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc); see also Hebbe v. Pliler, 627 F.3d 338, 15 342 n.7 (9th Cir. 2010) (stating that courts continue to construe pro se filings liberally even when 16 evaluating them under the standard announced in Iqbal). 17 In ruling on a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to dismiss, the court “may generally consider only 18 allegations contained in the pleadings, exhibits attached to the complaint, and matters properly 19 subject to judicial notice.” Outdoor Media Group, Inc. v. City of Beaumont, 506 F.3d 895, 899 20 (9th Cir. 2007) (cleaned up). Although the court may not consider a memorandum in opposition 21 to a defendant’s motion to dismiss to determine the propriety of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, see 22 Schneider v. Cal. Dep’t of Corrections, 151 F.3d 1194, 1197 n.1 (9th Cir. 1998), it may consider 23 allegations raised in opposition papers in deciding whether to grant leave to amend, see, e.g., 24 Broam v. Bogan, 320 F.3d 1023, 1026 n.2 (9th Cir. 2003). 25 DISCUSSION 26 Plaintiff’s complaint fails to sufficiently state a claim of any sort against any of the three 27 defendants. Although the complaint contains numerous factual allegations, the allegations are 28 difficult to understand and very few suggest any form of discrimination, as opposed to frustrating 1 or hurtful experiences in the workplace. Accordingly, the current complaint must be dismissed; 2 but the primary question is whether there are any claims in the complaint with which plaintiff 3 could potentially proceed so as to warrant granting leave to amend the complaint to cure the 4 current defects as to those claims. Because the answer to that question differs for each defendant, 5 the court analyzes the motions to dismiss by each defendant in turn. 6 A. Claims Against Defendant Hernandez 7 The only claims plaintiff expressly asserts against defendant Hernandez are for violations 8 of Title VII and the Equal Pay Act (“EPA”). (ECF No. 1 at 23-24.) Although plaintiff does not 9 specify which defendant(s) these claims are asserted against, they are the only two express causes 10 of action contained in the body of the complaint. Even broadly construing the complaint as 11 asserting causes of action under the other two anti-discrimination statutes as well (the ADA and 12 the ADEA),8 all such claims must be dismissed with prejudice as to defendant Hernandez because 13 none of these statutes impose liability on an individual who is not the plaintiff’s employer. 14 Further, to the extent plaintiff intended to assert a state-law defamation claim against Hernandez, 15 such a claim would be barred by the one-year statute of limitations. Accordingly, all claims 16 against defendant Hernandez should be dismissed with prejudice, and he should be dismissed 17 from this action. 18 1. Employment Discrimination Claims 19 Plaintiff’s discrimination claims against defendant Hernandez fail because he is not 20 alleged to be her employer and therefore cannot be held liable under the statutes cited in 21 plaintiff’s complaint—even leaving aside that plaintiff pleads none of the types of facts required 22 to articulate a discrimination claim. Title VII does not impose individual liability. See 42 U.S.C. 23 § 2000e–2 (placing prohibitions on “an employer,” “an employment agency,” or “a labor 24 organization”); Craig v. M & O Agencies, Inc., 496 F.3d 1047, 1058 (9th Cir. 2007) (“We have 25 long held that Title VII does not provide a separate cause of action against supervisors or co- 26

27 8 Plaintiff refers to the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act in the caption of her complaint but makes no further reference to that Act elsewhere in the complaint. (See ECF No. 1 at 7.) 28 Thus, the court does not construe the complaint as asserting a claim under that Act. 1 workers.”); Pink v. Modoc Indian Health Project, Inc., 157 F.3d 1185, 1189 (9th Cir. 1998) 2 (“[C]ivil liability for employment discrimination does not extend to individual agents of the 3 employer who committed the violations, even if that agent is a supervisory employee.”). 4 The same is true for the ADEA, which largely tracks Title VII. Miller v. Maxwell’s Int’l 5 Inc., 991 F.2d 583, 587 (9th Cir. 1993) (“The liability schemes under Title VII and the ADEA are 6 essentially the same in aspects relevant to this issue; they both limit civil liability to the 7 employer.”); see 29 U.S.C. § 626(b) (allowing actions against “[a]ny employer” by incorporating 8 procedures under 29 U.S.C. § 216(b)). 9 The Ninth Circuit also applies the same rule against individual liability for employment 10 discrimination to claims under the ADA. See Walsh v. Nevada Dep’t of Hum. Res., 471 F.3d 11 1033, 1038 (9th Cir. 2006) (“Because Title I of the ADA adopts a definition of ‘employer’ and a 12 remedial scheme that is identical to Title VII, Miller’s bar on suits against individual defendants 13 also applies to suits brought under Title I of the ADA.”). 14 And although the Ninth Circuit has not specifically addressed whether individual 15 supervisors can be liable for violations of the Equal Pay Act, the undersigned sees “no reason to 16 stretch the liability of individual employees beyond the [vicarious liability] principle intended by 17 Congress.” Miller, 991 F.2d at 588 (concluding that the Title VII bar on individual liability 18 extends to the ADEA); see 19 U.S.C. § 206(d)(1) (“No employer . . . shall . . . .”). 19 Plaintiff affirmatively alleges throughout her complaint that her employer is the School 20 District. (ECF No. 1 at 3 (listing SCUSD as her place of employment), 7 (referencing “my 21 employment at SCUSD”), 16 (“My salary and pay come from SCUSD . . . .”).) She expressly 22 disavows an employment relationship with Sol Aureus, the charter school where defendant 23 Hernandez is an administrator. (Id. at 12 (stating that “Sol Aureus College Prep is not my 24 employer”).) And she never alleges any employee-employer relationship with Hernandez, nor 25 does she suggest that Hernandez was acting as the agent of the School District. Plaintiff’s 26 arguments in opposition do not persuade the court that she has any good faith basis to allege an 27 employment relationship with defendant Hernandez. (See ECF No. 15 at 7 (contrasting her 28 employment with SCUSD against Sol Aureus’s non-unionized teachers).) Further, at the hearing 1 on the motions to dismiss, plaintiff was unable to give any reason that Hernandez could be 2 understood as her employer. Plaintiff’s repeated contention that Hernandez falls “under the 3 jurisdiction” of the SCUSD does not make him any more of an employer. 4 Because plaintiff, as a matter of law, cannot bring claims against defendant Hernandez 5 under Title VII, the ADEA, the ADA, or the EPA, all such claims should be dismissed with 6 prejudice. 7 2. Defamation Claim 8 It also appears from select portions of the complaint that plaintiff may be attempting to 9 assert a tort claim for defamation against defendant Hernandez. (See ECF No. 1 at 4, 11-12.) 10 The only allegation in support of this potential claim is that Hernandez made “negative 11 comments” about plaintiff in publicly viewable board meeting minutes for the 2018-2019 school 12 year. (Id. at 11-12, 59 (Ex. H).) 13 Under California law, defamation claims are subject to a one-year statute of limitations, 14 which begins to run upon the publication of the defamatory statement. See Cal. Civil Code 15 § 340(c); Shively v. Bozanich, 31 Cal. 4th 1230, 1246 (2003); Bailey v. Enloe Med. Ctr., 16 No. 2:18-CV-0055-KJM-DMC, 2021 WL 695102, at *11 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 23, 2021). The 17 attachments to the complaint show that plaintiff contacted Sol Aureus administrators about the 18 allegedly negative comments in May 2019, so at the very latest any defamation claim accrued by 19 that date. (ECF No. 1 at 62 (Ex. I).) The statute of limitations therefore expired by May 2020, 20 almost a year before plaintiff filed this suit on April 27, 2021. Any defamation claim plaintiff 21 might have had against defendant Hernandez is therefore time-barred and amendment to better 22 state the elements of this claim would be futile. 23 The undersigned therefore recommends dismissing with prejudice all claims against 24 defendant Hernandez.9

25 9 At the hearing on the motions to dismiss, plaintiff expressed that she included Mr. Hernandez in this suit because his actions border on criminal conduct and because he is obstructing students’ 26 individualized learning plans. Although this court does hear federal criminal cases, a civil lawsuit 27 is not the way to bring criminal charges; and more importantly, plaintiff, as a private citizen cannot prosecute criminal charges. And, as explained at the hearing, plaintiff can only sue for 28 legally recognized harms she, herself, has suffered; she lacks standing to sue regarding the rights 1 B. Claims Against the School District 2 The court liberally construes plaintiff’s complaint to assert against the School District 3 violations of the same four anti-discrimination statutes: the EPA, Title VII, the ADEA, and the 4 ADA. Unlike Mr. Hernandez, the School District is a proper defendant for such claims; but these 5 claims fail for other reasons, based on the current pleadings. First, the complaint fails to allege 6 sufficient facts to plausibly suggest that the School District discriminated against plaintiff on any 7 protected ground. Second, although plaintiff will be allowed to amend the complaint to address 8 that deficiency, it appears from the current allegations that most of her claims are barred by the 9 applicable statutes of limitations. 10 1. EPA Claims 11 The federal EPA prohibits sex discrimination in the form of different wages for equal 12 work. It provides in relevant part: 13 No employer . . . shall discriminate . . . between employees on the 14 basis of sex by paying wages to employees . . . at a rate less than the rate at which he pays wages to employees of the opposite sex . . . for 15 equal work on jobs the performance of which requires equal skill, effort, and responsibility, and which are performed under similar 16 working conditions, [except where the differential pay can be justified by one of four affirmative defenses]. 17 29 U.S.C. § 206(d)(1). Under the EPA, the plaintiff first “bears the burden to establish a prima 18 facie showing of a sex-based wage differential,” and then, “if the plaintiff is successful, the 19 burden shifts to the employer to show an affirmative defense.” Rizo v. Yovino, 950 F.3d 1217, 20 1223 (9th Cir.) (noting that EPA claims, unlike Title VII claims, do not require proof of 21 discriminatory intent), cert. denied, 141 S. Ct. 189 (2020). The plaintiff has the burden to show 22 “that employees of the opposite sex were paid different wages for equal work.” Freyd v. Univ. of 23 Oregon, 990 F.3d 1211, 1219 (9th Cir. 2021) (cleaned up). To do so, the plaintiff must identify 24 comparator jobs “substantially equal” to her own and individual job holders of the “opposite sex” 25 who are being paid more than she. Id. at 1219-20. 26 The EPA sets a three-year statute of limitations for “willful” violations, or a two-year 27

28 of her students, or anyone else. 1 statute of limitations for general violations. 29 U.S.C. § 255(a). Each discriminatory paycheck a 2 plaintiff receives “constitutes a separate violation of the EPA with a cause of action accruing (and 3 the running of the limitations period commencing) upon the receipt of the discriminatory 4 paycheck.” O’Donnell v. Vencor Inc., 466 F.3d 1104, 1113 (9th Cir. 2006). However, a plaintiff 5 may not “recover back pay for discriminatory pay periods outside the applicable statute of 6 limitations period” even when the plaintiff alleges a continuing violation. Id. 7 Under her labeled EPA cause of action, plaintiff simply incorporates by reference all 8 sixteen prior pages of her complaint and says they show a violation of her “civil rights.” (ECF 9 No. 1 at 23.) This is far too general to state a claim of any sort, and in any event the preceding 10 paragraphs of the complaint do not include facts that would support an EPA claim. Plaintiff 11 alleges “inconsistent” salary payments she received for her 2017 and 2018 school years and 12 continuing problems with getting paid on time and in the correct amounts. (ECF No. 1 at 16, 19.) 13 However, plaintiff nowhere suggests that there was ever a “sex-based wage differential.” See 14 Rizo, 950 F.3d at 1223 (emphasis added). Plaintiff, who identifies herself as a female certificated 15 special education teacher (ECF No. 1 at 4, 8), does not describe any SCUSD special education 16 teachers of a different gender who were paid more than she. Therefore, plaintiff has not carried 17 her required initial burden. 18 Plaintiff will get the chance to fix this pleading problem by amending the complaint. 19 However, in amending the complaint, plaintiff is advised that she may only bring EPA claims 20 against the School District that fall within the relevant statute of limitations. If plaintiff is 21 asserting intentional, “willful,” wage discrimination by the School District, she may only bring 22 EPA claims based on discriminatory wage payments received within three years of filing this 23 complaint—that is, on or after April 27, 2018 (unless she presents an argument for tolling—that 24 is, extending—the limitations period). See 29 U.S.C. § 255(a). If asserting non-willful wage 25 discrimination, the cut-off date (again, absent tolling) would be April 27, 2019. See id. 26 Contrary to the School District’s argument (ECF No. 21.1 at 9), the complaint can be 27 construed as attempting to allege pay discrimination continuing beyond April 2019 when plaintiff 28 went on leave. (See ECF No. 1 at 4 (indicating discrimination continuing through filing of the 1 complaint), 19 (asserting pay issues “this school year”).)10 Accordingly, amendment of the EPA 2 claims is not conclusively futile at this point. Still, unless plaintiff can show a good reason to 3 extend/toll the statute of limitations, her EPA claims stemming from paychecks received before 4 April 27, 2018 are time-barred. See O’Donnell, 466 F.3d at 1113 (plaintiffs may not “recover 5 back pay for discriminatory pay periods outside the applicable statute of limitations period” even 6 when alleging a continuing violation). 7 2. Title VII Claims 8 Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employers from discriminating against 9 employees on the basis of “race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a). 10 Because of the lack of relevant facts in the complaint, it is difficult to tell what form of 11 discrimination plaintiff is alleging, but based on the checkboxes in the form complaint, she seems 12 to assert disparate treatment. (See ECF No. 1 at 4 (asserting failure to promote, unequal 13 conditions of employment); see also id. at 22 (denial of employment opportunities).) 14 Disparate treatment occurs when an employer intentionally treats an employee less 15 favorably than other employees due to a protected characteristic. Wood v. City of San Diego, 678 16 F.3d 1075, 1081 (9th Cir. 2012). To state a prima facie case of disparate treatment discrimination 17 under Title VII, a plaintiff must show that (1) she is a member of a protected class; (2) she was 18 qualified for and was performing her job satisfactorily; (3) she experienced an adverse 19 employment action, such as demotion or denial of an available job; and (4) similarly situated 20 persons outside her protected class were treated more favorably, or other circumstances 21 surrounding the adverse employment action give rise to an inference of discrimination. Kennedy 22 v. Bremerton Sch. Dist., 991 F.3d 1004, 1021 (9th Cir. 2021). 23 Judging by the checkboxes on plaintiff’s form complaint, plaintiff seems to be asserting 24 Title VII claims against the School District for discriminating against her based on her race, sex, 25 and religion. (ECF No. 1 at 4, 23-24.) Similar to the substantive problem with her EPA claims, 26 the main problem with plaintiff’s Title VII claims is that she fails to identify similarly situated 27 10 At the hearing on the motions to dismiss, plaintiff confirmed that she took leave from April to 28 June 2019 but then resumed teaching. 1 comparators, that is, persons of a different sex/race/religion than she and who the School District 2 treated more favorably. See Beck v. United Food & Com. Workers Union, Loc. 99, 506 F.3d 3 874, 882 (9th Cir. 2007) (discrimination claims require that the plaintiff “was singled out and 4 treated less favorably than others similarly situated on account of race or any other” 5 impermissible category). Currently, the only legally recognizable adverse employment action 6 alleged in the complaint is that at various times over plaintiff’s career, she was “[d]enied 7 employment opportunities” for various positions she applied for within the district. (ECF No. 1 8 at 22.) However, plaintiff does not include allegations suggesting that she was passed over for 9 these jobs in favor of any particular similarly situated applicant with different traits than she—for 10 instance, a man, a non-Catholic person, or a person who was not part-Japanese. (Cf. id. at 4.) 11 With respect to these alleged denials of job opportunities, plaintiff also fails to describe 12 the job denials with enough detail to satisfy Rule 8. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a); Twombly, 550 U.S. 13 at 555 (pleading must “give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the grounds 14 upon which it rests” (cleaned up)). Should plaintiff amend the complaint, she must explain the 15 events leading up to and surrounding the job denials, when they occurred, who was involved, and 16 why she believes discrimination was part of the reason she was not hired. 17 The many other frustrations and difficulties plaintiff alleges experiencing with the School 18 District do not, as currently alleged, amount to adverse employment actions remediable under 19 Title VII. Title VII is not a “general civility code.” Manatt v. Bank of Am., NA, 339 F.3d 792, 20 798 (9th Cir. 2003) (quoting Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 788 (1998)). The 21 Ninth Circuit defines an adverse employment action as one that “materially affects the 22 compensation, terms, conditions, or privileges of employment.” Davis v. Team Elec. Co., 520 23 F.3d 1080, 1089 (9th Cir. 2008) (cleaned up). Thus, for instance, it is not clear how the School 24 District’s refusal to release unrecognized computer files to plaintiff constitutes an adverse 25 employment action—even assuming plaintiff had included facts showing such refusal to be 26 motivated by discrimination. (See ECF No. 1 at 17-18.) Similarly, although regrettable, 27 plaintiff’s experiences of rudeness and social slights by her co-workers neither constitute an 28 adverse employment action, nor is there any indication they were based on impermissible 1 discrimination. Notably, at the hearing on the motions to dismiss, the only form of discrimination 2 plaintiff could identify is that she and another unionized SCUSD teacher working at Sol Aureus 3 were treated less favorably than those employed directly by Sol Aureus. Unionization status is 4 not a protected category under Title VII, which (again) applies only to discrimination based on 5 “race, color, religion, sex, or national origin.” 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(a). Thus, should plaintiff 6 amend her complaint and continue to pursue a Title VII claim, she must allege facts suggesting 7 discrimination based on one of these protected categories. 8 As with the EPA claims, plaintiff will get the chance to fix these pleading problems by 9 amending the complaint. However, in amending the complaint, plaintiff is similarly advised that 10 she may only bring Title VII claims against the School District that fall within the statute of 11 limitations. 12 Title VII’s statute of limitations requires a claimant to exhaust her administrative remedies 13 by filing a charge of discrimination with the EEOC within specific deadlines—as applicable here, 14 within 300 days of each alleged discriminatory act. See 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(e)(1); Amtrak v. 15 Morgan, 536 U.S. 101, 110, 119 (2002). Plaintiff alleges that she filed her EEOC charge on 16 October 23, 2020. (ECF No. 1 at 5.) Thus, the only timely Title VII claims plaintiff can assert 17 are for conduct that occurred on or after December 28, 2019—which was 300 days before the 18 filing of the EEOC charge. 19 Although the form complaint checkboxes indicate that whatever discrimination plaintiff 20 alleges is ongoing, the complaint also suggests that most of the conduct at issue here ended at the 21 close of the 2019 school year. Absent a compelling tolling argument, Title VII claims regarding 22 conduct before December 28, 2019 are time-barred.11 See Morgan, 536 U.S. at 112 (discrete acts 23 that fall within the statutory time period do not make timely acts that fall outside the time 24 period”); id. at 121 (filing period subject to equitable tolling). 25

11 Plaintiff includes few dates regarding the positions she was denied. However, one of the 26 exhibits attached to the complaint indicates that at least one of plaintiff’s failure-to-hire claims is 27 time-barred because she applied around September 2016, and presumably the contested rejection followed shortly thereafter. (ECF No. 1 at 246 (recommendation letter dated September 7, 2016 28 for plaintiff’s application for program specialist position).) 1 3. ADEA Claims 2 While not explicitly asserted in the body of the complaint, plaintiff may also be attempting 3 to sue the School District for violation of the Age Discrimination in Employment Act (“ADEA”). 4 (ECF No. 1 at 3, 7.) 5 The ADEA makes it unlawful for an employer to fail to hire someone—or to deprive them 6 of employment opportunities, or otherwise adversely affect their employment status—because 7 they are over 40 years old. 29 U.S.C. § 623(a)(1)-(2). To prevail on an ADEA claim, a plaintiff 8 must ultimately prove that age was the “but-for” cause of the employer’s adverse action. Gross v. 9 FBL Financial Services, Inc., 557 U.S. 167, 176 (2009). 10 To state a prima facie case for age discrimination under the ADEA, a plaintiff must 11 plausibly allege that she was (1) at least forty years old, (2) performing her job satisfactorily, 12 (3) subject to an adverse employment action, and (4) was replaced by or treated less favorably 13 than a substantially younger employee with equal or inferior qualifications. Diaz v. Eagle 14 Produce Ltd. P’ship, 521 F.3d 1201, 1207-08 (9th Cir. 2008). 15 Although plaintiff alleges that she was over 40 at the time of at least some of the incidents 16 at issue, her ADEA claims suffer from the same defects as her Title VII claims. First, she does 17 not allege more favorable treatment of any other employee, much less one who is similarly 18 situated to her and substantially younger. And second, she does not adequately describe an 19 adverse employment action. 20 Like Title VII, the ADEA also requires a claimant to exhaust her administrative remedies 21 by filing an EEOC charge within specific deadlines—as applicable here, within 300 days of each 22 alleged discriminatory act. 29 U.S.C. § 626(d)(1)(B); see Callahan v. Washoe Cty. Sch. Dist., 23 692 F. App’x 885, 886 (9th Cir. 2017) (affirming dismissal of ADEA claim as time-barred for 24 failure to file EEOC charge within 300 days of occurrence of discrimination). For the same 25 reasons discussed for the Title VII claims, the only timely ADEA claims plaintiff can assert are 26 for conduct that occurred on or after December 28, 2019. 27 4. ADA Claims 28 Lastly, plaintiff may also be attempting to sue the School District for violation of the 1 Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”). (ECF No. 1 at 3, 7.) 2 The ADA provides that “[n]o covered entity shall discriminate against a qualified 3 individual on the basis of disability in regard to job application procedures, the hiring, 4 advancement, or discharge of employees, employee compensation, job training, and other terms, 5 conditions, and privileges of employment.” 42 U.S.C. § 12112(a); Gribben v. UPS, 528 F.3d 6 1166, 1169 (9th Cir. 2008). Under the statute, the term “covered entity” means an employer, 7 employment agency, labor organization, or joint labor-management committee. 42 U.S.C. 8 § 12111. To state a prima facie case for failure to accommodate under the ADA, a plaintiff must 9 show that (1) she is disabled within the meaning of the ADA; (2) she is a qualified individual able 10 to perform the essential functions of the job with reasonable accommodation; and (3) she suffered 11 an adverse employment action because of her disability. Samper v. Providence St. Vincent Med. 12 Ctr., 675 F.3d 1233, 1237 (9th Cir. 2012). 13 Here, plaintiff indicates—without any explanation—that she was discriminated against 14 for her “ADHD” disability (or perceived disability). (ECF No. 1 at 4.) Even assuming this 15 qualifies as a disability under the ADA, this claim suffers from the same defects as her Title VII 16 and ADEA claims. First, plaintiff does not allege more favorable treatment of any other 17 employee, much less one who is not living with a disability. And second, she does not adequately 18 describe an adverse employment action. 19 In amending the complaint, plaintiff is advised that the ADA incorporates the procedural 20 requirements of Title VII, including its statute of limitations requiring an EEOC charge to be filed 21 within 300 days of the discriminatory conduct (again, subject to equitable tolling). 42 U.S.C. 22 § 12117(a) (adopting Title VII enforcement procedures, including 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5); Santa 23 Maria v. Pac. Bell, 202 F.3d 1170, 1176 (9th Cir. 2000), overruled on other grounds by Socop- 24 Gonzalez v. INS, 272 F.3d 1176, 1194-96 (9th Cir. 2001) (en banc). Therefore, as with the 25 Title VII and ADEA claims, any ADA claims regarding conduct before December 28, 2019 are 26 time-barred, absent a compelling tolling argument. 27 5. Conclusion 28 For the above reasons, the undersigned recommends dismissing all claims against the 1 School District for failure to state a claim, but permitting plaintiff to amend the above-referenced 2 claims against the School District as to any conduct that is not time-barred. Unless plaintiff 3 presents a good faith basis for tolling the applicable statutes of limitations, that means plaintiff 4 may amend to assert claims based on conduct occurring on or after April 27, 2018 for any EPA 5 claims, and conduct occurring on or after December 28, 2019 for any Title VII, ADEA, or ADA 6 claims. 7 C. Claims Against the Union 8 As to the final defendant, the SCTA/Union, the most generous reading of the complaint is 9 that it asserts against the Union violations of the EPA, Title VII, the ADEA, and the ADA—along 10 with a claim that the Union breached its duty of fair representation (“DFR”). The four anti- 11 discrimination claims fail for reasons similar to those addressed with the prior two defendants, 12 and any DFR claim is barred in this court because such claims belong to a specifically assigned 13 state agency.12 14 1. EPA Claims 15 Assuming plaintiff intended to bring an Equal Pay Act claim against the Union, such 16 claim should be dismissed with prejudice because the EPA does not apply to labor 17 organizations—except when they are acting as an employer. See 29 U.S.C. § 203(d) 18 (“‘Employer’ includes any person acting directly or indirectly in the interest of an employer in 19 relation to an employee and includes a public agency, but does not include any labor organization 20 (other than when acting as an employer) or anyone acting in the capacity of officer or agent of 21 such labor organization.” (emphasis added)). As discussed with regard to defendant Hernandez, 22 the complaint clearly identifies the School District as plaintiff’s employer—not the Union. 23 2. Title VII, ADEA, and ADA Claims 24 Assuming plaintiff intended to bring claims under the other three anti-discrimination laws 25 against the Union, those claims should be dismissed with prejudice for failure to exhaust 26

27 12 Although the Union argues that the complaint should be construed as asserting only DFR claims—due to the lack of allegations of discrimination directed at the Union—the court opts to 28 treat the complaint as asserting both anti-discrimination and DFR claims in light of the ambiguity. 1 plaintiff’s administrative remedies as to the Union. 2 Initially, the anti-discrimination protections of these laws do extend to non-employer labor 3 organizations like the SCTA. See, e.g., 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2(c); Beck, 506 F.3d at 882. 4 However, plaintiff alleges no facts suggesting that the Union discriminated against her, either in 5 failing to resolve her various grievances with the School District, or otherwise. Dismissal would 6 be warranted on this ground alone, although this problem could conceivably be addressed through 7 amendment of the complaint. Still, another obstacle prevents plaintiff from proceeding with 8 Title VII, ADEA, or ADA claims against the Union at this point. 9 As discussed regarding the statute-of-limitations issues above, these laws require a 10 plaintiff to first file a charge of discrimination with the EEOC before filing suit in court. See 11 29 U.S.C. § 626(d)(1) (ADEA); 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-5(b), (e)(1) (Title VII); 42 U.S.C. § 12117(a) 12 (ADA); Fed. Exp. Corp. v. Holowecki, 552 U.S. 389, 395 (2008) (ADEA); Jasch v. Potter, 302 13 F.3d 1092, 1094 (9th Cir. 2002) (Title VII); Santa Maria, 202 F.3d at 1176 (ADA). The purpose 14 of the exhaustion rule is to ensure that a party has an opportunity to respond to the charges against 15 it before the EEOC. Ranza v. Nike, Inc., 793 F.3d 1059, 1076 (9th Cir. 2015). 16 Generally, therefore, “failure to timely name a party in an EEOC filing deprives [the 17 court] of jurisdiction over that party.” Id. There are exceptions, however, when an unnamed 18 party either (a) was “involved in the acts giving rise to the E.E.O.C. claims,” Sosa v. Hiraoka, 920 19 F.2d 1451, 1459 (9th Cir. 1990), or (b) “was on notice of the filing and should have anticipated 20 that the claimant would name the party” in a forthcoming suit, Ranza, 793 F.3d at 1076 (cleaned 21 up), among others. 22 Attached to the instant complaint is a copy of the Right to Sue Letter that the EEOC 23 issued to plaintiff. (ECF No. 1 at 27.) Although a copy of the submitted charge is not attached, 24 the Right to Sue Letter itself reflects that only one party was formally named in the charge— 25 listing only SCUSD in the “CC” field. (Id.) Plaintiff confirmed at the hearing on the motions to 26 dismiss that the only party she named in the EEOC charge was SCUSD. The court sees no reason 27 to infer from the current complaint that the Union was involved in the complained-of conduct by 28 the School District; rather, it seems plaintiff turned to the Union to resolve her issues with the 1 School District. Accordingly, the Union was neither given an opportunity to respond to the 2 EEOC regarding whatever charges of discrimination plaintiff might be asserting against the 3 Union—nor could it anticipate that it would be sued for that discrimination. Accordingly, even if 4 plaintiff is asserting claims under Title VII, the ADEA, or the ADA against the Union, the court 5 would not have subject matter jurisdiction over such claims (for failure to exhaust them as to the 6 Union)—and they should be dismissed without leave to amend. 7 3. DFR Claims 8 Although the complaint does not expressly assert a “duty of fair representation” claim 9 against the Union, that is the claim that the few substantive allegations directed toward the Union 10 come closest to asserting. (See ECF No. 1 at 11 (SCTA-provided attorney did not adequately 11 pursue resolution of concerns), 12 (receiving no response from SCTA regarding certain 12 concerns), 16 (same), 20 (the Union “do[es]n’t enforce anything”).) So construing the complaint, 13 the undersigned concludes that this claim cannot proceed in this court because such disputes lie 14 within the exclusive jurisdiction of the California Public Employment Relations Board (“PERB”). 15 As explained by one sister district court: 16 The California Education Employment Relations Act (“EERA”) “governs employer-employee relations within public school 17 systems.” Pers. Comm’n. v. Barstow Unified Sch. Dist., 43 Cal. App. 4th 871, 885 (1996). As part of the EERA, the Legislature 18 established the PERB, which “provides an administrative remedy for unfair practices and violation[s] of [the EERA]” and “has certain 19 rights, powers, duties and responsibilities, including . . . investigating unfair practice charges, holding hearings, subpoenaing witnesses, 20 administering oaths, taking testimony . . . and bringing an action in a court of competent jurisdiction to enforce any of its orders, decisions 21 or rulings.” Cal. Teachers’ Ass’n. v. Livingston Union Sch. Dist., 219 Cal. App. 3d 1503, 1509 (1990) (quotations omitted) (citing Cal. 22 Gov. Code § 3541.3); Wygant v. Victor Valley Joint High Sch. Dist., 168 Cal. App. 3d 319, 322 (1985) (citing Cal. Gov. Code 23 § 3451.3(i)); Anderson v. Cal. Faculty Ass’n., 25 Cal. App. 4th 207, 212 (1994) (citing Cal. Gov. Code § 3563). 24 “Where unfair practices are alleged by [a] plaintiff, ‘[t]he initial 25 determination as to whether the charges of unfair practices are justified, and, if so, what remedy is necessary . . . shall be a matter 26 within the exclusive jurisdiction of the [PERB].’” McCammon v. Los Angeles Unified Sch. Dist., 195 Cal. App. 3d 661, 664 (1987) 27 (quoting Cal. Gov. Code § 3541.5). The “PERB’s exclusive jurisdiction is not limited to cases in which it is clear that an EERA 28 violation is involved,” however. Id. “Rather, in applying section 1 3541.5 to situations dealing with employment disputes, courts have permitted [the PERB] to retain exclusive jurisdiction [over] disputes 2 which arguably could give rise to an unfair practice claim.” Pers. Comm'n. v. Barstow Unified Sch. Dist., 43 Cal. App. 4th at 885-86 3 (quotations omitted) (citing Los Angeles Council of Sch. Nurses v. Los Angeles Unified Sch. Dist., 113 Cal. App. 3d 666, 672-73 (1980) 4 (upholding dismissal of action against UTLA for breach of duty of fair representation because “the dispute alleged by the appellants 5 could have constituted unfair practices”)). This language is interpreted broadly. Id. at 886 (citations omitted). 6 Government Code sections 3543.5 and 3543.6 set forth conduct 7 constituting unfair practices by employers or employee organizations. Pers. Comm’n. v. Barstow Unified Sch. Dist., 43 Cal. 8 App. 4th at 885; Anderson v. Cal. Faculty Ass’n., 25 Cal. App. 4th at 212 (citing Cal. Gov. Code § 3563.2). A union’s breach of the duty 9 of fair representation “is listed as an unfair practice over which PERB has exclusive jurisdiction.” Anderson v. Cal. Faculty Ass’n., 25 Cal. 10 App. 4th at 212 (quoting Cal. Gov. Code §§ 3571.1(e), 3578). “Because [the] violation of the duty of fair representation is defined 11 in [ ]EERA as an unfair practice, [the] PERB has exclusive jurisdiction over any such dispute.” Id. (citing Los Angeles Council 12 of Sch. Nurses v. Los Angeles Unified Sch. Dist., 113 Cal. App. 3d at 672). 13

14 Stevenson v. Los Angeles Unified Sch. Dist., No. CV-09-6497-ODW-PLAx, 2010 WL 15 11596479, at *3-4 (C.D. Cal. June 28, 2010). 16 Because the School District is a public school employer, plaintiff is a public school 17 employee, and the Union is the exclusive representative, the EERA applies here. Plaintiff’s only 18 discernable substantive allegations against the Union concern the quality and adequacy of the 19 representation it provided regarding her employment concerns. These allegations amount to an 20 unfair practice claim that the Union breached its duty of fair representation. The PERB has 21 exclusive jurisdiction over such claims, and therefore amendment of the complaint in this court 22 would be futile. 23 Accordingly, the Union’s motion to dismiss should be granted, and all claims against the 24 Union should be dismissed without leave to amend. Such dismissal is without prejudice to 25 plaintiff bringing her DFR claims before the PERB.13 26

27 13 As a courtesy to plaintiff, counsel for the Union agreed that, if plaintiff emails him a written request for the pay stubs and pay scales she is seeking, he and the Union will work with counsel 28 for the School District to send plaintiff the requested documents. 1 D. Leave to Amend 2 When a court finds that a complaint or claim should be dismissed for failure to state a 3 claim, the court has discretion to dismiss with or without leave to amend. Leave to amend should 4 be granted if it appears possible that the defects in the complaint could be corrected, especially if 5 a plaintiff is pro se. Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130-31 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc); Cato v. 6 United States, 70 F.3d 1103, 1106 (9th Cir. 1995) (“A pro se litigant must be given leave to 7 amend his or her complaint, and some notice of its deficiencies, unless it is absolutely clear that 8 the deficiencies of the complaint could not be cured by amendment.” (citing Noll v. Carlson, 809 9 F.2d 1446, 1448 (9th Cir. 1987))). 10 If plaintiff elects to file an amended complaint, this new pleading shall be captioned as the 11 “First Amended Complaint” and shall name only the School District as a defendant, unless 12 plaintiff first obtains leave of court to name additional parties. Any First Amended Complaint 13 must set forth each of plaintiff’s claims in separate sections that clearly identify what legal cause 14 of action is being asserted. Within each claim, plaintiff must succinctly specify who did what, 15 when the events occurred, how she was treated less favorably than others similarly situated, and 16 how she was harmed by the alleged conduct. 17 Plaintiff is additionally cautioned that the court cannot refer to a prior complaint or other 18 filing in order to make an amended complaint complete. Local Rule 220 requires that an 19 amended complaint be complete in itself without reference to any prior pleading. As a general 20 rule, an amended complaint supersedes the original complaint, and once an amended complaint is 21 filed, the prior complaint no longer serves any function in the case. 22 ORDER 23 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 24 1. Within thirty (30) days of the date of the District Judge’s forthcoming order regarding 25 the enclosed findings and recommendations, plaintiff shall (A) file a First Amended 26 Complaint that complies with the above instructions, or (B) notify the court that she is 27 voluntarily dismissing this action; 28 //// 1 2. Failure to file a First Amended Complaint within this time, or to request an extension of 2 time, will result in a recommendation that this case be dismissed with prejudice for failure 3 to comply with a court order, under Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b). 4 RECOMMENDATION 5 Further, for the above reasons, it is HEREBY RECOMMENDED that: 6 1. Defendants’ motions to dismiss for failure to state a claim (ECF Nos. 12, 18, 21) should 7 be GRANTED; 8 2. All claims against defendant Hernandez should be dismissed without leave to amend, and 9 Hernandez should be dismissed from the action; 10 3. All claims against defendant Sacramento City Teachers Association should be dismissed 11 without leave to amend, and the SCTA should be dismissed from the action; 12 4. All claims against defendant Sacramento City Unified School District should be 13 dismissed, with leave to amend to state any timely claims plaintiff may have against 14 SCUSD, addressing the deficiencies identified above; and 15 5. Following the District Judge’s ruling on these findings and recommendations, the case 16 should be referred again to the undersigned for further proceedings. 17 18 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 19 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within fourteen (14) 20 days after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written 21 objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned 22 “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Any reply to the objections 23 shall be served on all parties and filed with the court within fourteen (14) days after service of the 24 objections. The parties are advised that failure to file objections within the specified time may 25 //// 26 //// 27 //// 28 //// 1 || waive the right to appeal the District Court’s order. Turner v. Duncan, 158 F.3d 449, 455 (9th 2 | Cir. 1998); Martinez v. Yist, 951 F.2d 1153, 1156-57 (9th Cir. 1991). 3 | Dated: October 14, 2021 Cad □ ht fa he 4 CAROLYNK. DELANEY 5 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 6 7 8 || 19.mill.757 9 10 1] 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 25