1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 MORREY SELCK, No. 2:21–cv–1500–MCE–KJN PS 12 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING IFP REQUEST &

GRANTING LEAVE TO AMEND

13 v. (ECF Nos. 1-2) 14 VOLUNTEERS OF AMERICA, et al., 15 Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff, who is proceeding without counsel in this action, requests leave to proceed in 18 forma pauperis (“IFP”).1 (ECF No. 2.) See 28 U.S.C. § 1915 (authorizing the commencement of 19 an action “without prepayment of fees or security” by a person who is unable to pay such fees). 20 Plaintiff’s affidavit makes the required financial showing, and so plaintiff’s request is granted. 21 However, the determination that a plaintiff may proceed without payment of fees does not 22 complete the inquiry. Under the IFP statute, the court must screen the complaint and dismiss any 23 claims that are “frivolous or malicious,” fail to state a claim on which relief may be granted, or 24 seek monetary relief against an immune defendant. 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). Further, the federal 25 court has an independent duty to ensure it has subject matter jurisdiction in the case. See United 26 Investors Life Ins. Co. v. Waddell & Reed Inc., 360 F.3d 960, 967 (9th Cir. 2004). 27 1 Actions where a party proceeds without counsel are referred to a magistrate judge pursuant to 28 E.D. Cal. L.R. 302(c)(21). See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1) and Fed. R. Civ. P. 72. 1 Legal Standards 2 A complaint fails to state a claim if it either lacks a cognizable legal theory or sufficient 3 facts to allege a cognizable legal theory. Mollett v. Netflix, Inc., 795 F.3d 1062, 1065 (9th Cir. 4 2015). To avoid dismissal for failure to state a claim, a complaint must contain more than “naked 5 assertions,” “labels and conclusions,” or “a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of 6 action.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555-57 (2007). In other words, 7 “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory 8 statements do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Furthermore, relief 9 cannot be granted for a claim that lacks facial plausibility. Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A claim 10 has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the 11 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 12 678. When considering whether a complaint states a claim upon which relief can be granted, the 13 court must accept the well-pled factual allegations as true, Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 14 (2007), and construe the complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff, see Papasan v. 15 Allain, 478 U.S. 265, 283 (1986). 16 In addition, the court must dismiss a case if, at any time, it determines that it lacks subject 17 matter jurisdiction. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(h)(3). A federal district court generally has jurisdiction 18 over a civil action when (1) a federal question is presented in an action “arising under the 19 Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States” or (2) there is complete diversity of 20 citizenship between the parties and the amount in controversy exceeds $75,000. See 28 U.S.C. 21 §§ 1331, 1332(a). 22 Pleadings by self-represented litigants are liberally construed. See Haines v. Kerner, 404 23 U.S. 519, 520-21 (1972); Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1988). 24 Unless it is clear that no amendment can cure the defects of a complaint, a self-represented 25 plaintiff proceeding IFP is ordinarily entitled to notice and an opportunity to amend before 26 dismissal. See Noll v. Carlson, 809 F.2d 1446, 1448 (9th Cir. 1987), superseded on other 27 grounds by statute as stated in Lopez, 203 F.3d 1122; Franklin v. Murphy, 745 F.2d 1221, 1230 28 (9th Cir. 1984). Nevertheless, leave to amend need not be granted when further amendment 1 would be futile. See Cahill v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 80 F.3d 336, 339 (9th Cir. 1996). 2 Analysis 3 In this complaint, plaintiff seeks to hold numerous parties liable for conduct occurring 4 while he was incarcerated and on probation following a California state burglary conviction; he 5 also seeks to challenge the conviction itself and the terms of his probation. Plaintiff’s complaint 6 is difficult to understand, but the allegations can be grouped into three sets of claims—only one of 7 which this court might have jurisdiction to hear, if plaintiff were to amend the complaint to add 8 sufficient facts. The court addresses each in turn. 9 1. Claims Attacking Plaintiff’s Conviction and Terms of Probation 10 Plaintiff indicates that he is bringing this complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 in part 11 because “private entities use[d] police force and conspire[d] to incarcerate [him] maliciously for 12 financial gain.” (ECF No. 1 at 3, 5.) Plaintiff states that from 2017 until 2018 he was 13 “incarcerated unlawfully in Sacramento County Jail for Burglary and Assault.” (Id. at 6, 10.) He 14 alleges that he was released on probation into a Veterans Treatment Court program, and that he 15 was “extorted under duress” to “agree[] to remain homeless” and to allow conservatorship 16 proceedings for his mother to go forward ex parte until his treatment was completed. (Id. at 6-7; 17 see id. at 5 (alleging that he was “disallowed to make income as a broker”).) Plaintiff states that 18 he “is appealing under Rule 11 asserting that the criminal case held on probationary terms is 19 baseless, and the plea is to be withdrawn.” (Id. at 5.) In the conclusion section of the complaint, 20 plaintiff requests that “all charges be vacated . . . from County records,” and he makes a passing 21 reference to habeas corpus. (Id. at 13, 14.) Plaintiff’s IFP application indicates that at the time of 22 filing he was still on “probation under uncon[s]cionable terms.” (ECF No. 2 at 1.) 23 A section 1983 claim is not the proper vehicle for challenging plaintiff’s state court 24 conviction or the terms of his ensuing probation. A petition for habeas corpus is the sole means 25 of attacking the validity of one’s conviction or continued confinement. Preiser v. Rodriguez, 411 26 U.S. 475, 489-90 (1973); Young v. Kenny, 907 F.2d 874, 875 (9th Cir. 1990). A civil rights 27 complaint that in effect seeks habeas relief is subject to dismissal without prejudice. See Trimble 28 v. City of Santa Rosa, 49 F.3d 583, 586 (9th Cir. 1995). 1 The court notes that, on the same day plaintiff filed this complaint, he also filed a petition 2 for habeas corpus based on the same allegations asserted here, and that petition is currently 3 pending before another judge. (Selck v. County of Sacramento, No. 2:21-cv-01499-JAM-DMC 4 (E.D. Cal.), petition filed 8/20/2021.2) So long as plaintiff remains on probation, he is deemed to 5 be “in custody” for purposes of seeking habeas relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. See Jones v. 6 Cunningham, 371 U.S. 236, 242-43 (1963); Chaker v. Crogan, 428 F.3d 1215, 1219 (9th Cir. 7 2005) (probation satisfies the “in custody” requirement). If plaintiff wishes to contest his 8 conviction or terms of probation, he must do so through a habeas petition—not through this 9 separate civil rights action. 10 Plaintiff also is presently barred from seeking monetary damages for his allegedly 11 unlawful conviction and sentence in this case. Under Supreme Court precedent, “a state prisoner 12 cannot recover damages in a § 1983 suit if a judgment in favor of the plaintiff ‘would necessarily 13 imply the invalidity of his conviction or sentence . . . unless the plaintiff can demonstrate that the 14 conviction or sentence has already been invalidated.’” Guerrero v. Gates, 442 F.3d 697, 703 (9th 15 Cir. 2006) (quoting Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 487 (1994)). 16 Plaintiff repeatedly references wrongful arrest and malicious prosecution claims, both of 17 which require proving a lack of probable cause. Thus, plaintiff’s success on these section 1983 18 claims would necessarily imply the invalidity of his underlying burglary conviction. See 19 Guerrero, 442 F.3d at 703-04 (holding that claims of wrongful arrest and malicious prosecution 20 were Heck-barred). There is no suggestion that plaintiff has had his state court conviction 21 overturned or otherwise invalidated. If at some point plaintiff succeeds in having his conviction 22 invalidated or overturned, he is free to raise his constitutional claims in a new civil rights action. 23 At present, however, plaintiff cannot assert section 1983 claims for damages arising from his 24 arrest, conviction, or sentence in the state burglary matter. 25 /// 26

27 2 On October 27, 2021, the magistrate judge issued findings and recommendations to dismiss the petition, without prejudice, for provide a complete application to proceed in forma pauperis. 28 (No. 2:21-cv-01499, ECF No. 9.) 1 2. Claims Regarding Mother’s Conservatorship 2 The next set of allegations have to do with actions allegedly taken by various parties in 3 connection with conservatorship proceedings for plaintiff’s mother in Sacramento County probate 4 court. Plaintiff alleges that “County Officers in Veteran’s Court under VOA delegation[] 5 attempted to bid and purchase plaintiff’s home during probation,” “withheld [his] mother from 6 deeding property to plaintiff,” and prevented his mother from leaving a care facility. (ECF No. 1 7 at 5.) Further, plaintiff says that staff members of the Volunteers of America (“VOA”) and 8 unspecified County officers “converted real property from plaintiff’s family in probate court.” 9 (Id. at 6 (alleging sale of home at auction).) Plaintiff adds alarming allegations that his mother 10 was “unlawfully sedated” and eventually “unlawfully euthanized” while plaintiff was “detained 11 from enforcing family advanced directives to keep [his] mother alive.” (Id.) Plaintiff claims that 12 “[p]robate officers” held funeral ceremonies without plaintiff being contacted about his mother’s 13 terminal condition to “expedite death and liquidate plaintiff’s estate.” (Id.) He alleges that VOA 14 staff member defendants Kia Phillips and Karl Williams tried to “thwart [him] from retrieving 15 [the] probate estate and control of [his] mother’s conservatorship.” (Id. at 7.) As one of 16 plaintiff’s many requests for relief, he states that he is “seeking estate retrieval from VOA and 17 County Probate courts.” (Id. at 13.) 18 This complaint is the latest in a long series of plaintiff’s lawsuits regarding his mother’s 19 conservatorship, her medical treatment, and the disposition of her assets. (See Nos. 2:18-cv- 20 02447-JAM-EFB, 2:19-cv-00489-KJM-AC, 2:19-cv-00341-JAM-EFB, 2:19-cv-00935-JAM- 21 EFB; 2:19-cv-00952-JAM-EFB.) Each of these prior cases was dismissed either for failure to 22 allege sufficient facts to state a claim, or for lack of subject matter jurisdiction. This complaint 23 also fails to establish the court’s subject matter jurisdiction over these claims. 24 First, to the extent plaintiff is trying to contest the rulings of the state court in his mother’s 25 conservatorship case, the claims are barred by the Rooker-Feldman doctrine. As was explained in 26 one of plaintiff’s prior cases, this doctrine “bars jurisdiction in federal district court if the exact 27 claims raised in a state court case are raised in the subsequent federal case, or if the claims 28 presented to the district court are ‘inextricably intertwined’ with the state court’s denial of relief.” 1 Selck v. Cty. of Sacramento, No. 2:18-CV-2447-JAM-EFB-PS, 2019 WL 4259753, at *3 (E.D. 2 Cal. Sept. 6, 2019) (quoting Bianchi v. Rylaarsdam, 334 F.3d 895, 898-99 (9th Cir. 2003)), report 3 and recommendation adopted, 2019 WL 5102152, appeal dismissed as frivolous, No. 19-17237, 4 2020 WL 2126708 (9th Cir. Mar. 31, 2020). Although the probate court proceedings appear to 5 have progressed further than when plaintiff last sued, he remains equally barred from seeking to 6 modify the probate court’s rulings through a “de facto appeal” to this court. See Carmona v. 7 Carmona, 603 F.3d 1041, 1050 (9th Cir. 2010) (discussing Rooker-Feldman doctrine bar against 8 “suits brought by state-court losers complaining of injuries caused by state-court judgments 9 rendered before the district court proceedings commenced and inviting district court review and 10 rejection of those judgments”). 11 Second, even assuming plaintiff is not trying to set aside the probate court’s decisions, the 12 court at present lacks jurisdiction over any state law claims—such as conversion, wrongful death, 13 or other tort claims plaintiff might be asserting—against the named defendants because their 14 citizenships are not alleged to be diverse from plaintiff’s own. To invoke the court’s diversity 15 jurisdiction, a plaintiff must specifically allege the diverse citizenship of all parties, and that the 16 matter in controversy exceeds $75,000. 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a); Bautista v. Pan American World 17 Airlines, Inc., 828 F.2d 546, 552 (9th Cir. 1987). According to the complaint, plaintiff resides in 18 Sacramento, California, as do all of the individuals named as defendants. (ECF No. 1 at 2-3.) 19 Defendant County of Sacramento is also a California citizen for purposes of diversity jurisdiction. 20 See Moor v. Alameda County, 411 U.S. 693, 718 (1973) (“[F]or purposes of diversity of 21 citizenship, political subdivisions are citizens of their respective States.”). Accordingly, there is 22 no diversity of citizenship. 23 Thus, the only way the court could have jurisdiction over plaintiff’s purported state law 24 claims is if they are sufficiently related to a cognizable federal claim so as to be “part of the same 25 case or controversy.” 28 U.S.C. § 1367(a); Bahrampour v. Lampert, 356 F.3d 969, 978 (9th Cir. 26 2004) (supplemental jurisdiction requires that a state law claim share a “common nucleus of 27 operative fact” with federal claims). 28 In order to invoke supplemental jurisdiction here, plaintiff must first have a cognizable 1 claim for relief under federal law—something the present complaint lacks. The only cognizable 2 federal claim plaintiff identifies is under section 1983, which “creates a private right of action 3 against individuals who, acting under color of state law, violate federal constitutional or statutory 4 rights.” Devereaux v. Abbey, 263 F.3d 1070, 1074 (9th Cir. 2001). To state a claim under 5 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff must allege (1) that a right secured by the Constitution or laws of the 6 United States was violated, and (2) that the alleged violation was committed by a person acting 7 under color of state law. See West v. Atkins, 487 U.S. 42, 48 (1988). 8 As to the first element, plaintiff fails to identify what federal right of his was violated. 9 The right identified must be personal to plaintiff, as he cannot litigate the rights of other persons. 10 As to the second element, plaintiff does not clearly identify which defendants he believes 11 committed which violations of a federally protected right; however, at least some allegations are 12 directed at private parties who are not employees of the state. Conduct by private individuals or 13 entities is generally not actionable under section 1983. See Gomez v. Toledo, 446 U.S. 635, 640 14 (1980) (a private individual generally does not act under color of state law). Conduct by private 15 individuals or entities is only actionable under section 1983 if there is “such a close nexus 16 between the State and the challenged action that seemingly private behavior may be fairly treated 17 as that of the State itself.” Brentwood Academy v. Tennessee Secondary Sch. Athletic Ass’n, 531 18 U.S. 288, 295 (2001) (cleaned up). Plaintiff’s allegations against the VOA—a private non-profit 19 organization—and its staff members do not suggest that these actors’ conduct could be fairly 20 treated as conduct of the state itself. See Franklin v. Fox, 312 F.3d 423, 445 (9th Cir. 2002) 21 (outlining four potential circumstances in which private action can amount to state action for 22 purposes of § 1983). Accordingly, any section 1983 claim cannot lie against these private parties. 23 If plaintiff wishes instead to assert section 1983 claims against the County or County 24 officials, he must identify what constitutional provision has been violated and explain how each 25 government actor caused the alleged constitutional deprivation. An officer “causes” a 26 constitutional deprivation when he or she (1) “does an affirmative act, participates in another’s 27 affirmative acts, or omits to perform an act which he [or she] is legally required to do that causes 28 the deprivation”; or (2) “set[s] in motion a series of acts by others which the [defendant] knows or 1 reasonably should know would cause others to inflict the constitutional injury.” Lacey v. 2 Maricopa Cty., 693 F.3d 896, 915 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743- 3 44 (9th Cir. 1978)). The causation inquiry “must be individualized and focus on the duties and 4 responsibilities of each individual defendant whose acts or omissions are alleged to have caused a 5 constitutional deprivation.” Leer v. Murphy, 844 F.2d 628, 633 (9th Cir. 1988) (emphasis added). 6 The current complaint lacks sufficient factual detail to state a claim against any individual County 7 officials. If plaintiff elects to amend his section 1983 claims against any County officials, he 8 must state particular facts about that official’s actions and connect them to the constitutional 9 deprivation alleged (i.e., due process, illegal taking, etc.). Failure to do so will result in a 10 recommendation to dismiss the section 1983 claims, likely without further leave to amend. 11 To proceed under section 1983 against the County, itself, plaintiff must allege that his 12 constitutional injury was caused by employees acting pursuant to a County policy or custom. 13 Monell v. New York City Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 691 (1978); Villegas v. Gilroy 14 Garlic Festival Ass’n, 541 F.3d 950, 964 (9th Cir. 2008). At present, the complaint merely names 15 the County of Sacramento as a defendant in the caption of the complaint without explaining why 16 he believes the County should be liable. 17 The only other federal laws plaintiff cites are sections of the federal criminal code, found 18 in Title 18. (ECF No. 1 at 11-13.) However, plaintiff, as a private citizen, has no authority to 19 bring claims under criminal statutes. See Allen v. Gold Country Casino, 464 F.3d 1044, 1048 20 (9th Cir. 2006) (no private right of action for violation of criminal statutes). 21 3. Claims Regarding Financial Fraud and Suspension of Veteran Benefits 22 The final set of allegations relate to claims that various individuals forged checks from 23 plaintiff’s bank accounts, filed a false insurance claim, and re-routed his veterans’ benefits checks 24 while plaintiff was incarcerated and on probation. Plaintiff alleges that his personal bank 25 accounts “were in fact under the control of VOA staff while [he] was incarcerated” and that 26 “VOA staff [were] involved in forging [his] broker checks and defrauding veteran [plaintiff] from 27 benefits while on probation based on damaged credit reports caused by VOA HUD VASH Care 28 //// 1 Home contractors.”3 (ECF No. 1 at 5.) Plaintiff says that the “VOA HUD VASH care facilities 2 knowingly deposited checks from [his] commercial broker’s accounts” and personal accounts, 3 and misreported to the County VA and other government agencies that plaintiff lived at the 4 address where the checks were redirected and cashed. (Id.) The director of the HUD VASH care 5 facility at the address where the checks were re-routed is defendant Herbert Haines, who 6 defendant describes as a “VOA HUD VASH Housing Contractor.” (Id. at 3, 5, 7.) According to 7 the complaint and an attached Sacramento police report, Haines collected plaintiff’s VA disability 8 and retirement checks and conspired with others to file a false Nationwide Insurance claim. (Id. 9 at 10, 16.) 10 In a similar vein, plaintiff alleges that when he later moved to another VOA HUD VASH 11 facility, a WoodSpring Suites hotel, individuals associated with defendant VOA staff members 12 Williams and Phillips entered his room and stole money and checks from his commercial broker 13 accounts. (Id. at 7-8.) He goes on to describe various sorts of “prostitution” and “drug deals” at 14 WoodSpring Suites allegedly tangentially involving Williams and Phillips; and he complains that 15 his veteran-benefit housing voucher was suspended or revoked, based on planted evidence and 16 allegedly false statements by defendant Phillips. (Id. at 8-9, 13.) Plaintiff is now “requesting all 17 property stolen by VOA staff be returned.” (Id. at 13.) He also requests that the Department of 18 Veterans Affairs “investigate all criminal acts that led to veteran’s benefits and housing vouchers 19 to cease.” (Id.) 20 As with the conservatorship claims discussed in the previous section, whatever financial 21 fraud and theft claims plaintiff may be asserting arise purely under state law and are directed 22 solely at private individuals. Therefore, the court lacks jurisdiction over these claims unless they 23 are between completely diverse parties or are sufficiently related to a federal claim so as to fall 24 within the court’s supplemental jurisdiction. Once again, all of the defendants implicated in the 25 financial fraud claims share the same state of residency as plaintiff, so there can be no diversity 26

27 3 The HUD-Veterans Affairs Supportive Housing (HUD-VASH) program combines HUD’s Housing Choice Voucher rental assistance for homeless veterans with case management and 28 clinical services provided by the Department of Veterans Affairs. 1 jurisdiction; and plaintiff does not adequately state a cognizable federal claim to invoke 2 supplemental jurisdiction. 3 Finally, to the extent plaintiff is attempting to appeal the termination of some form of his 4 veterans’ benefits, “judicial review of claims related to the provision of veterans’ benefits” lies 5 exclusively with the United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims and then with the Court 6 of Appeals for the Federal Circuit. Veterans for Common Sense v. Shinseki, 678 F.3d 1013, 1016 7 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing 38 U.S.C. §§ 511, 7252, 7292). This court lacks jurisdiction to hear cases 8 related to the provision of VA benefits. Id. at 1023; 38 U.S.C. § 511(a) (VA Secretary’s benefits 9 decisions “may not be reviewed . . . by any court,” subject to the exception permitting appeal to 10 the Court of Veterans Claims). 11 Leave to Amend 12 In light of plaintiff’s pro se status, and because it is at least conceivable that plaintiff could 13 allege additional facts to potentially state a claim for relief against Sacramento County or its 14 officials, the court grants plaintiff an opportunity to amend the complaint. See Lopez, 203 F.3d 15 at 1130 (“leave to amend should be granted if it appears at all possible that the plaintiff can 16 correct the defect”) (cleaned up). 17 To summarize, plaintiff cannot proceed with any state law claims against the private 18 individuals currently named (because they, like plaintiff, are citizens of California), unless the 19 amended complaint shows that such claims share a common set of facts with a valid federal 20 claim. The court grants plaintiff this opportunity to amend the complaint to attempt to state a 21 valid federal claim that meets the standards described above. 22 If plaintiff elects to file an amended complaint, this new pleading shall be captioned as the 23 “First Amended Complaint” and must set forth each of plaintiff’s claims in separate sections 24 clearly identifying which defendant(s) are allegedly at fault for each claim (for example: Claim I 25 against defendants X, Y, and Z; Claim II against defendants R and S, etc.). Each claim must 26 clearly identify what legal cause of action is being asserted; and within each claim, plaintiff must 27 succinctly specify who did what, when the events occurred, and how plaintiff was harmed by the 28 alleged conduct. ] Plaintiff is informed that the court cannot refer to a prior complaint or other filing in order 2 | to make plaintiff's first amended complaint complete. Local Rule 220 requires that an amended 3 || complaint be complete in itself without reference to any prior pleading. As a general rule, an 4 || amended complaint supersedes the original complaint, and once the first amended complaint 1s 5 || filed, the original complaint no longer serves any function in the case. 6 Finally, nothing in this order requires plaintiff to file a first amended complaint. If 7 || plaintiff determines that he is unable to amend his complaint in compliance with the court’s order, 8 | he may alternatively file a notice of voluntary dismissal of his claims without prejudice pursuant 9 || to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(a)(1)(A)(). 10 ORDER 11 Accordingly, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that 12 1. Plaintiffs request to proceed in forma pauperis (ECF No. 2) is GRANTED; 13 2. Within 30 days of this order, plaintiff shall file either (a) a first amended complaint in 14 accordance with this order, or (b) a notice of voluntary dismissal of the action; and 15 3. Failure to file either a first amended complaint or a notice of voluntary dismissal by this 16 deadline may result in the imposition of sanctions, including potential dismissal of the 17 action with prejudice pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b). 18 | ITIS SO ORDERED. 19 | Dated: November 12, 2021 20 Aectl Aharon 21 KENDALL J. NE

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

22 23 sele. 1500 24 25 26 27 28 1]