1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10

11 KEVIN H. SCOTT and JACQUIE L. SCOTT, ) Case No.: 1:19-cv-0315 JLT ) 12 Plaintiffs, ) ORDER GRANTING IN PART PLAINTIFF’S ) MOTION FOR ATTORNEY FEES AND COSTS 13 v. ) ) (Doc. 70) 14 JAYCO INC., ) 15 Defendant. ) ) 16 )

17 The Scotts are California residents who purchased a new RV in Iowa. After a short time, they 18 discovered the RV suffered from various defects and required repairs. Plaintiffs sought to hold Jayco, 19 Inc. liable for damages and injunctive relief under California’s Unfair Competition Act and Consumer 20 Legal Remedies Act, and under federal law with the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act. The parties have 21 settled the underlying claims and agreed Jayco shall pay attorney fees and costs in an amount to be 22 determined by the Court. (See Doc. 70-3.) 23 Plaintiffs now seek an award of attorney fees in the amount of $170,385.75 and costs in the 24 amount of $1,509.13. (Doc. 71 at 15.) Jayco opposes the motion, asserting the fees requested are 25 excessive. (Doc. 72.) The Court found the matter suitable for decision without oral argument, and the 26 motion was taken under submission pursuant to Local Rule 230(g). For the reasons set forth below, 27 Plaintiffs’ motion is GRANTED in part, with fees in the modified amount of $67,634.35 and costs in 28 the modified amount of $400.00. 1 I. Background 2 In December 2016, “Plaintiffs purchased a new 2017 Jayco Seneca RV” online through RV One 3 Superstores. (Doc. 1 at 4; see also Doc. 11-4 at 1-2.) On December 30, 2016, Mr. Scott travelled to 4 Des Moines, Iowa and signed the purchase contract for the RV. (See Doc 11-4 at 2, ¶ 3.) Plaintiffs 5 assert that after purchasing the RV, they discovered it suffered from numerous defects and repeatedly 6 sought repairs. (Doc. 1 at 5-13.) Plaintiffs assert the they suffered “ongoing and recurring problems 7 with fit and finish, and a myriad of mechanical issues.” (Id. at 12, ¶ 23.) According to Plaintiffs, Jayco 8 “had multiple repair attempts on the RV, through its Dealer, and … refused and or failed to remedy, fix 9 or remediate the serious issues.” (Id., ¶ 24.) 10 On June 22, 2018, Plaintiff initiated this action by filing a complaint asserting the following 11 causes of action: (1) breach of an express warranty in violation of the Song-Beverly Consumer 12 Warranty Act; (2) breach of an implied warranty in violation of the Song-Beverly Consumer Warranty 13 Act; (3) unlawful, unfair, and fraudulent business practices in violation of Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 14 17200; (4) violation of the Consumer Legal Remedies Act, Cal. Civ. Code § 1750, et seq.; and (5) 15 violation of the Magnuson-Moss Warranty Act, 15 U.S.C. § 2301. (See generally Doc. 1.) However, 16 the parties stipulated that Plaintiffs’ claims under the Song-Beverly Act be dismissed with prejudice on 17 September 10, 2021. (Doc. 10.) 18 On July 15, 2021, the parties informed the Court that they had reached a settlement in the 19 action. (Doc. 64.) They agreed on the substantive settlement terms, including that Plaintiffs would file 20 a motion for fees and costs, which they have now done (Docs. 70, 71.) 21 II. Legal Standards 22 In general, “[t]he starting point for determining a reasonable fee is the ‘lodestar’ figure, which is 23 the number of hours reasonably expended multiplied by a reasonable hourly rate.” Gates v. 24 Deukmejian, 987 F.2d 1390 (9th Cir. 1992); see also Moreno v. City of Sacramento, 534 F.3d 1106, 25 1111 (9th Cir. 2008); Laffitte v. Robert Half Int’l Inc., 1 Cal. 5th 480, 489 (2016) (a lodestar involves 26 “multiplying the number of hours reasonably expended by counsel by a reasonable hourly rate”). 27 When the parties are unable to “settle the amount of a fee,” “the fee applicant bears the burden 28 of establishing entitlement to an award and documenting the appropriate hours expended and hourly 1 rates.” Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. at 424, 437 (1983). Thus, the burden of proof is on fee 2 applicants. Id.; see also Welch v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 480 F.3d 942, 945-46 (9th Cir. 2007). Any 3 party opposing the fee request must make specific objections to the hours expended. Gates v. 4 Deukmejian, 987 F.2d 1392, 1397-98 (9th Cir. 1993); see also Premier Med. Mgmt. Sys. v. Cal. Ins. 5 Guarantee Assoc., 163 Cal. App. 4th at 550, 564 (2008) (“[g]eneral arguments that fees claimed are 6 excessive, duplicative, or unrelated do not suffice”). Thus, the burden shifts to opposing party to 7 demonstrate the hours spent are duplicative or excessive. See id.; see also Gorman v. Tassajara Dev. 8 Corp., 178 Cal. App. 4th 44, 101 (2009) (“[t]he party opposing the fee award can be expected to 9 identify the particular charges it considers objectionable”). 10 Courts are given discretion when calculating a fee award. Hensley, 416 U.S. at 437. However, 11 the Supreme Court explained “it remains important ... for the district court to provide a concise but 12 clear explanation of its reasons for the fee award.” Id. Thus, the Court should provide sufficient 13 information on how it arrived at the total of compensable hours for which fees were awarded to allow 14 for meaningful appellate review. Cunningham v. County of Los Angeles, 879 F.2d 481, 485 (9th Cir. 15 1988) (“Courts need not attempt to portray the discretionary analyses that leads to their numerical 16 conclusions as elaborate mathematical equations, but they must provide sufficient insight into their 17 exercises of discretion to enable [the appellate court] to discharge our reviewing function”). 18 III. Discussion and Analysis 19 Pursuant to the terms of the settlement agreement, “Jayco agrees to pay Plaintiff’s (sic) 20 attorney’s fees and costs in an amount to be determined by the Court, by way of noticed motion, to 21 have been reasonably incurred by Plaintiffs in the commencement and prosecution of this action.” 22 (Doc. 70-3 at 6, ¶ 1(b), emphasis omitted.) Thus, there is no dispute that Plaintiffs are entitled to fees in 23 the action. Rather, Jayco challenges the number of hours “reasonably incurred” and the hourly rates 24 sought by counsel and the administrative professionals. (See generally Doc. 72.) 25 Plaintiffs seek an award of “$106,090.55 in fees, plus an additional $7,5000 for bringing this 26 Motion, reviewing Jayco’s Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motion, drafting Plaintiffs’ Reply, preparing and 27 attending any relating hearing, preparing any needed filings to satisfy the order, for time to wrap up the 28 settlement and ultimately collect any amount awarded by this Court.” (Doc. 71 at 6.) Plaintiffs request 1 multiplier to enhance the lodestar in the amount of 1.5, for the total amount of $170,385.75. (Id. at 6, 2 15.) Finally, Plaintiffs seek costs and expenses in the amount of $1,509.13. (Id.) 3 A. Hours expended 4 A fee applicant must provide records documenting the tasks completed and the amount of time 5 spent. Hensley, 461 U.S. at 424 (1983); see also Ketchum v. Moses, 24 Cal.4th 1122, 1132 (2001) 6 (party must provide records sufficient for the court to “carefully review … [the] hours expended” to 7 determine whether the time reported was reasonable). “Where the documentation of hours in 8 inadequate, the district court may reduce hours accordingly.” Hensley, 461 U.S. at 433; see also 9 Ketchum, 24 Cal.4th at 1131-32. 10 Plaintiffs seek fees for 270.3 hours of work in the action, plus anticipated time for future work 11 on this motion.1 (Doc. 70-1 at 12-13; Doc. 71 at 7-8, 15.) This time includes work by attorneys Jon 12 Jacobs, Terry Baker, Chad David, Rene Dupart, Jon Feeley, Elana Midda, and Nicolas, Dillavou; as 13 well as paralegals Lisa Tyler, Gabriela Torres, Kimberly Riley, Kayla Goettman, Cindy Lewandowski, 14 and Shaina Cateldge. (Id.) Jayco contends the time reported reflects overstaffing of the work with 15 “transient timekeepers.” (Doc. 72 at 3, 7-9.) In addition, Jayco objects the hours reported includes 16 “numerous clerical entries, which should be considered as overhead” and “impossibly vague billing 17 entries” that should be excluded from the fee award. (Id. at 3-4, 9-12.) Finally, Jayco argues the time 18 sheets reflect overbilling with tasks that should not take six minutes to complete. (Id. at 12.) 19 1. Exhibits in opposition 20 Jayco enlisted James Schratz to “provide an audit and opinion regarding the reasonableness of 21 the attorneys’ fees requested” by Plaintiffs. (See Doc. 72-1 at 1, ¶ 1.) According to Mr. Schratz, he 22 “reviewed Plaintiffs’ Fee Motion and accompanying declarations and exhibits in support thereof, 23 including billing records covering the time period from February 9, 2018 through August 27, 2021,” as 24 well as “various pleading and written discovery provided by Jayco, Inc.’s counsel.” (Id. at 14, ¶ 46.) 25 Based upon his review, Jayco compiled billing entries that were challenged for overstaffing with 26

27 1 Although the table in the motion indicates a total of 230.7 hours, this appears to be a clerical error. (See Doc. 71 at 8.) Rather, Mr. Jacobs reports: “The Law Offices of Jon Jacobs has spent 230.7 hours on this matter.” (See Doc. 70-5 at 28 4.) In addition, Mr. Baker billed 39.6 hours prior to joining as co-counsel with the firm of Mr. Jacobs. (See id.; Doc. 70-4 1 “transient timekeepers” in “Exhibit 8,” clerical tasks in “Exhibit 11,” and vague billing entries in 2 “Exhibit 12.” 3 Significantly, whether fees should be awarded—and the reasonableness of the fees requested— 4 are matters of law for the Court to decide. See Hensley, 416 U.S. at 437. Thus, the Court declines to 5 simply adopt the opinions of Mr. Schratz related to the reasonableness of the fees requested by 6 Plaintiffs’ counsel. The Court has reviewed each exhibit, as discussed below, and used the exhibits to 7 identify the more than 400 billing entries challenged by Jayco in support of the assertion that the hours 8 billed by Plaintiffs’ counsel should be reduced for overstaffing, clerical tasks, and vagueness.2 9 2. Overstaffing 10 Jayco observes that while Plaintiffs’ counsel “professes expertise in consumer warrant law,” 11 the firm “collectively staffed this matter with 13 different timekeepers consisting of 7 attorneys and 6 12 paralegals.” (Doc. 72 at 7.) Jayco contends “at least 9 of the 13 timekeepers are transient or excessive 13 timekeepers that each billed less than 20 hours for the entire case,” for which Plaintiffs requested fees 14 in the amount of $15,569.50. (Id.) In addition, Jayco observes that six individuals “billed less than 3 15 hours, with 3 of those timekeepers billing less than a half hour total.” (Id.) Jayco compiled the 16 challenged billing entries for these individuals in “Exhibit 8.” (See id. at 8; Doc. 72-3 at 125-129.) 17 According to Jayco, “in staffing cases, counsel is required to exercise ‘billing judgment’, 18 which means exercising judgment to adjust or write down fees and/or expenses incurred when the fees 19 would be excessive, duplicative, or unnecessary.” (Doc. 72 at 8, citing Hensley v. Eckerhart, 103 20 S.Ct. 1933 (1983).) Jayco notes the Supreme Court explained: 21 Cases may be overstaffed, and the skill and experience of lawyers vary widely. Counsel for the prevailing party should make a good faith effort to exclude from a fee request 22 hours that are excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary, just as a lawyer in private practice ethically is obligated to exclude such hours from his fee submission. 23 “In the private sector, ‘billing judgment’ is an important component in fee setting. It is no less important here.” 24

25 (Id. at 8-9, quoting Hensley, 103 S.Ct. at 1939-40.) Based upon the limited tasks performed, Jayco 26

27 2 Due to the significant number of entries challenged, the Court declines to list each and every billing entry challenged by Jayco in its exhibits. However, the Court categorized the billing entries below, to identify which categories 28 of tasks were not compensable—particularly with clerical tasks— and which of the challenged entries are not stricken from 1 contends the time of attorneys Jon Jacobs, Elena Midda, Rene Dupart, Jon Feely, and Nicolas Dillavou 2 should be deducted from the fee award. (Id. at 7-8.) For the same reason, Jayco contends the Court 3 should deduct the time of the following administrative professionals: Gabriela Torres, Kimberly Riley, 4 Cindy Lewandowski, and Shaina Cateldge. (Id.) 5 Plaintiffs contend the number of timekeepers on the action “would only be relevant had the 6 billing been duplicative with multiple timekeepers performing the same task.” (Doc. 73 at 2.) 7 According to Plaintiffs, “[t]he Law Offices of Jon Jacobs was retained by Plaintiffs in March of 2018, 8 and multiple attorneys and paralegals left the law firm over the course of this case.” (Id.) Plaintiffs 9 explain: “During the pendency of the lawsuit, timekeeper Rene Dupart, Jon Feely, Shaina Catley, 10 Kimberly Riley, Gabriela Torres, and Elana Midda all left the law firm.” (Id. at 5.) Plaintiffs argue 11 that a review of the billing records indicates “it is clear that the case was primarily handled by attorneys 12 Rene Dupart and Terry Baker, then Chad David and Terry Baker upon Mr. Dupart’s departure from the 13 law firm.” (Id. at 3.) Further, Plaintiffs assert: “There was not one billing entry related to any attorney 14 catching up on the facts of the case or performing duplicative tasks.” (Id. at 2-3.) 15 Importantly, the Ninth Circuit has “recognized that ‘the participation of more than one attorney 16 does not necessarily constitute an unnecessary duplication of effort.’” McGrath v. County of Nevada, 17 67 F.3d 248, 256 (1995) (quoting Kim v. Fujikawa, 871 F.2d 1427, 1435 n.9 (9th Cir. 1989)). The 18 Ninth Circuit recently determined a district court erred in striking all hours billed by several attorneys 19 on the grounds that “the case was overstaffed.” Fernandez v. Torres, 2021 U.S. App. LEXIS 30145 at 20 *1-2, 2021 WL 4690940, at *1 (9th Cir. Oct. 7, 2021). In Fernandez, five attorneys billed for work on 21 an action, and the district court “ignored the time billed by three of Fernandez’s five attorneys.” Id. 22 The Ninth Circuit concluded “[t]he district court abused its discretion,” because the identified attorneys 23 “performed at least some necessary work, such as drafting a joint Rule 26 report and a settlement 24 agreement.” Id. (emphasis in original). The Ninth Circuit explained: “To the extent that overstaffing 25 resulted in inefficiencies, the district court should reduce the fee award in proportion to those 26 inefficiencies, rather than through a ‘shortcut’” in striking all actions. Id., citing Moreno v. City of 27 Sacramento, 534 F.3d 1106, 1113 (9th Cir. 2008). 28 As in Fernandez, the number of attorneys on the action suggests that the firm overstaffed the 1 matter. However, the Court declines to strike time billed on these grounds. See Fernandez, 2021 U.S. 2 App. LEXIS 30145 at *1-2, 2021 WL 4690940, at *1. Rather, the Court will review the challenged 3 billing records in “Exhibit 8” to determine whether “overstaffing resulted in inefficiencies,” and 4 whether unnecessary time or duplicative tasks were included in the billing records. 5 a. Time reported by Jon Jacobs 6 Notably, contrary to Plaintiffs’ assertion, challenged entries from Jon Jacobs indicate an effort 7 to “catch[] up on the facts of the case.” Mr. Jacobs was the first to review the action on March 2, 2018, 8 when he conducted an “intake review.” (Doc. 70-5 at 43.) He then billed for further review and 9 assigning the case on March 9, 2018. (Id.) Presumably, review had to occur for his law firm to 10 determine whether to take the action and identify the attorney(s) who would work on the action. Thus, 11 the Court declines to strike these hours. However, the billing records do not include any other entries 12 from Mr. Jacobs for more than three years. (See id. at 9-43.) 13 On July 14, 2021, Mr. Jacobs billed 0.4 hours for reviewing the file to determine the authorized 14 amount and determine where the sales contract was signed. (Doc. 70-5 at 9.) If Mr. Jacobs worked on 15 the action consistently, it would not be necessary to review the file to determine where the contract was 16 signed. (See Doc. 11-4 at 2; Doc. 19 at 1-2.) Further, Chad David drafted a confidential settlement 17 conference statement a week before—which was provided to the Court on July 9, 2021—and the 18 parties were already actively engaged in settlement discussions when Mr. Jacobs reviewed the file. 19 (See id. at 9-10.) Thus, Mr. Jacobs’ file review on July 14, 2021 was unnecessary to the action, and 0.4 20 hour will be deducted from his time. 21 Finally, Mr. Jacobs billed 0.2 hour for his review of the file in advance of preparing the fees 22 motion and a memo on August 16, 2021. (Doc. 70-5 at 7.) Importantly, the record indicates that Mr. 23 Jacobs was involved with the preparation of the motion for fees now pending before the Court, as he 24 executed a declaration in support of the motion. (Id. at 1-5.) Therefore, the Court is unable to find this 25 review related to the motion for fees was unnecessary, and declines to deduct this challenged time. 26 b. Time billed by Jon Feely 27 Jayco objects to the 0.2 hour billed by Jon Feely in this action. (Doc. 72 at 7.) Mr. Feely billed 28 the 0.20 hour for “Choice of Law” on May 14, 2019. (Doc. 70-5 at 32.) Curiously, this entry is the 1 only one for Mr. Feeley, and the only work entered for the entirety of the month of May 2019. (See id. 2 at 31-32.) Further, Terry Baker began to research the “choice of law” issue—or “controlling law,” as 3 counsel used the terms interchangeably in the billing records—in February 2019. (Doc. 70-4 at 7; see 4 also Doc. 70-5 at 21-24.) Mr. Baker continued to research the issue, prepared the motion to establish 5 controlling law, reviewed the opposition, prepared the reply brief, attended the hearing, and 6 communicated with the client regarding the Court’s ruling. (Doc. 70-5 at 21-24.) In total, Mr. Baker 7 billed approximately 36 hours related to that motion, through March 2020. (See id.; Doc. 70-4 at 7.) 8 Because there is no indication in the billing records that Mr. Feely offered any assistance to Mr. Baker 9 with the preparation of the motion—particularly where Mr. Baker did not bill for any work on the 10 issue between February 2019 and January 2020—it appears work by Mr. Feely was duplicative of the 11 efforts of Mr. Baker. Therefore, the 0.2 hour will be deducted from the fee award. 12 c. Time billed by Nicolas Dillavou 13 On June 22, 2021, Mr. Dillavou billed 0.3 hour for a “[p]hone call with [Chad David] re status 14 of case, settlement, and next steps.” (Doc. 70-5 at 14.) Jayco asserts this time should not be awarded, 15 noting it was the only work completed by Mr. Dillavou on the action. (Doc. 72 at 7; see also Doc. 72- 16 3 at 128.) 17 Notably, Mr. David also billed 0.3 hour for a call with Mr. Dillavou “re legal strategy” on June 18 22, 2021. (Doc. 70-5 at 14.) In general, two attorneys cannot bill for communicating with each other, 19 as such time is duplicative and unnecessary. In re Mullins, 84 F.3d 459, 467, 318 U.S. App. D.C. 19 20 (D.C. Cir. 1996); Robinson v. Plourde, 717 F. Supp. 2d 1092, 1099 (D. Haw. 2010). As this Court 21 previously observed, “many courts ... reduced fee awards for time spent in ‘interoffice conferences’ or 22 other internal communications.” Gauchat-Hargis v. Forest River, Inc., 2013 WL 4828594 at *3 (E.D. 23 Cal. Sept. 9, 2013) citing, e.g., Mogck v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am., 289 F.Supp.2d 1181, 1194 (S.D. 24 Cal. 2003); see also United States v. One 2008 Toyota Rav 4 Sports Util. Vehicle, 2012 WL 5272281 at 25 *9 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 18, 2012) (“[w]hen attorneys hold a telephone or personal conference, good ‘billing 26 judgment’ mandates that only one attorney should bill that conference to the client, not both attorneys” 27 [citation omitted]); Coles v. City of Oakland, 2007 WL 39304, at *10 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 4, 2007) 28 (observing that billing for communications between attorneys may be a sign of overstaffing, warranting 1 a reduction in hours billed). Because Mr. David has billed for the same conference, the Court finds the 2 billing by Mr. Dillavou was duplicative and unnecessary. Therefore, the 0.3 hour will be deducted 3 from the Court’s lodestar calculation. 4 d. Time billed by Elena Midda 5 On March 13, 2018, Ms. Midda billed 2.0 hours for her review of the initial file documents and 6 preparation of a notice and demand. (Doc. 70-5 at 43.) On March 21, 2018, she billed for her review 7 of Jayco’s response. (Id.) Jayco object to the entries from Ms. Midda, asserting she is a “transient 8 timekeeper” and the 2.2 hours she billed for these tasks should not be included in the fee award. (Doc. 9 72 at 7-8; Doc. 72-3 at 126.) 10 Notably, the billing records indicate that while the action was originally assigned by the firm to 11 Ms. Midda for work, the assignment changed to Rene Dupart in May 2018. (Id. at 43.) Plaintiffs also 12 report Ms. Midda left the firm during the pendency of this action, although it is unclear when her 13 departure occurred. (See Doc. 73 at 5.) Jayco does not assert the work performed by Ms. Midda prior 14 to the reassignment or her departure was not relevant or unnecessary to the matter. (See Doc. 72 at 7- 15 9.) Further, there is no indication her work was duplicative of other attorneys. Accordingly, the Court 16 declines to deduct the challenged time for Ms. Midda from the lodestar. 17 e. Time billed by Rene Dupart 18 Jayco contends Plaintiffs should not receive any fees for the time billed by Mr. Dupart. (Doc. 19 72 at 7-9.) Again, however, Jayco does not address the substance of the work performed by the 20 attorney. (Id.) Mr. Dupart billed 19.7 hours for tasks that included: communicating with Plaintiffs 21 and opposing counsel; drafting the complaint (Doc. 1) drafting the Joint Scheduling Report filed on 22 September 13, 2018 (Doc. 8); attending the conference via telephone on September 20, 2018; and 23 drafting the opposition to the motion to change venue filed October 18, 2018 (Doc. 16). (See Doc. 70- 24 5 at 35-43; see also Doc. 72-3 at 128.) It is indisputable that such tasks were necessary and relevant to 25 the litigation. Because no other attorney billed for drafting the identified pleadings, it does not appear 26 there was duplicative billing to warrant a deduction. Consequently, the Court declines Jayco’s request 27 to strike the 19.7 hours billed by Mr. Dupart from the fee award. 28 /// 1 f. Challenged time billed by paralegals 2 On the grounds that several paralegals were also “transient timekeepers,” Jayco objects to the 3 12.8 hours billed by Gabriela Torres, the 5.4 hours billed by Kimberly Riley, the 0.2 hour billed by 4 Cindy Lewandowski, and the 2.4 hours billed by Shaina Cateldge. (Doc. 72 at 7-9.) Review of the 5 records for each of the individuals does not reveal duplicative tasks. Therefore, the Court declines to 6 deduct this time based upon Jayco’s objection to “the high number” of individuals who worked on the 7 action and limited number of tasks completed. See Fernandez, 2021 U.S. App. LEXIS 30145 at *1-2, 8 2021 WL 4690940, at *1. Review of the records for each of the individuals does not reveal any 9 duplicative efforts among the paralegals. To the extent Jayco also argues to the time billed by Gabriela 10 Torres and Kimberley Riley should not be awarded because the tasks performed were clerical in nature 11 (Doc. 72 at 8), such objections are addressed below. 12 3. Clerical tasks 13 The Supreme Court determined that “purely clerical or secretarial tasks should not be billed at a 14 paralegal or [lawyer’s] rate, regardless of who performs them.” Missouri v. Jenkins, 491 U.S. 274, 288 15 n.10 (1989). As a result, courts have approved of elimination of clerical tasks from fee awards. See, 16 e.g., Nadarajah v. Holder, 569 F.3d 906, 921 (9th Cir. 2009); see also Marquez v. Harper Sch. Dist., 17 546 F. App’x 659, 660 (9th Cir. 2013) (“[t]he district court was within its discretion” when it declined 18 to award fees for clerical tasks); Harris v. L & L Wings, Inc., 132 F.3d 978, 985 (4th Cir. 1997) 19 (approving the deduction of hours spent on secretarial tasks from the lodestar calculation). Such tasks 20 may include: “creating indexes for a binder; filing emails, memoranda, and other correspondence; 21 updating the case calendar with new dates; copying, scanning, and faxing documents; and filing or 22 serving documents.” Moore v. Chase, Inc., 2016 (E.D. Cal. July 7, 2016), citing Prison Legal News v. 23 Schwarzenegger, 561 F.Supp.2d 1095, 1102 (N.D. Cal. 2008). 24 Jayco argues counsel billed more than 60 hours in “clerical tasks such as uploading and saving 25 documents, calendaring, intra-office coordinating and scheduling, and e-filing documents,” and 26 prepared “Exhibit 11” as table of 256 challenged billing entries.3 (Doc. 72 at 10; Doc. 72-3 at 153-67.) 27

28 3 Again, the Court relies on the exhibit only to determine the challenged entries, which were then identified in 1 In addition, Jayco asserts paralegals it previously identified as “transient timekeepers” performed 2 clerical tasks. (Id. at 8-9.) Specifically, Jayco contends that “Gabriel[a] Torres billed a total of 12.8 3 hours consisting of 14 entries for clerical work with the most hours billed in round numbers (2 entries 4 for 2 hours and 1 entry for 6 hours) totaling 10 hours for reviewing the file and preparing discovery 5 shells.” (Id.) Jayco also asserts, “Kimberly Riley billed a total of 5.4 hours consisting of 22 entries for 6 clerical work such as calendaring, uploading documents, and client communication.” (Id.) 7 In reply, Plaintiffs argue “many of the indicated billing entries offered by Defendant as Exhibit 8 11 of their Opposition do not fall under clerical tasks.” (Doc. 73 at 5.) According to Plaintiffs, “A 9 review of the billing entries show that many of the tasks complained of are fully recoverable.” (Id.) 10 However, Plaintiffs do not offer the Court any assistance by identifying which billed tasks they believe 11 to be “fully recoverable,” or which tasks Plaintiffs indirectly concede are not recoverable. (See id.) 12 a. Updating and reviewing the firm’s file 13 Previously, this Court determined that organizing and updating files appeared to be clerical 14 work. L.H. v. Schwarzenegger, 645 F. Supp. 2d 888, 899 (E.D. Cal. 2009). Thus, the Court declined 15 to award fees where the applicant “tendered no evidence that these are tasks that required the skill of a 16 paralegal.” Id. Approximately 30 billing entries challenged by Jayco as clerical involve updates and 17 reviews of the firm’s file by Kimberly Riley, Gabriela Torres, Lisa Tyler, and Kayla Goettman. (See, 18 e.g., Doc. 72-3 at 127-28, 157-59, 161-63, 165-66.) 19 For example, Ms. Tyler billed 0.2 hours to indicate in the system that the “attorney assignment 20 [changed]” from Rene Dupart to Elana Midda on May 25, 2018; and billed an additional 0.2 hour to 21 indicate the attorney assignment changed back to Mr. Dupart on May 31, 2018. (Doc. 70-5 at 43.) 22 Ms. Tyler billed 2.8 hours for updates to the firm’s file that included, but were not limited to: meeting 23 dates; tasks for the deadline sheet; and information concerning the parties, assigned judges, and 24 contact information of opposing counsel “for easy access.” (See id. at 8, 31.) Likewise, Ms. Goettman 25 billed 0.8 hour for updates with party information, “case details,” and “case numbers” for the Eastern 26 District of California and Northern District of Indiana. (See, e.g. id. at 33, 36, 41-42.) Ms. Goettman 27 also billed 0.8 hour for reviewing the file to confirm the “case is in [the] Eastern District,” document 28 filing, and the prior demand for a jury trial. (Id. at 20-21.) Similarly, Ms. Riley billed 0.9 hour for file 1 review in an effort to locate a letter, which she was unable to find. (Doc. 70-5 at 25.) Ms. Riley also 2 billed 0.4 hour to upload documents to the file such as an email from Plaintiffs and a “conformed copy 3 of stipulation.” (Id. at 25-26.) Ms. Torres billed 1.3 hours for file updates that were requested when 4 Mr. David and Ms. Tyler were away from the office, reviewing the file, and organizing documents. 5 (Id. at 22-23, 27-28, 31.) 6 Plaintiffs do not argue these file updates or reviews “required the skill of a paralegal,” or 7 present any evidence that would support such a conclusion. Based upon the Court’s review of the 8 challenged records, 7.8 hours will be deducted from the lodestar, which includes 3.6 hours for Lisa 9 Tyler, 1.6 hours for Kayla Goettman, 1.3 hours for Kimberly Riley, and 1.3 hours for Gabriela Torres. 10 b. Document retrieval and saving 11 Courts have declined to award fees for “retrieving electronic court documents or copying” due 12 to the clerical nature of the tasks. Jones v. Metropolitan Life Ins. Co., 845 F. Supp. 2d 1016, 1027 13 (N.D. Cal. 2012); Schmidt v. City of Modesto, 2018 WL 6593362, at *9 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 18, 2018) 14 (indicating clerical work included downloading, saving, and printing documents); T.B. v. San Diego 15 Unified Sch. Dist., 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 218434, at *97 (S.D. Cal. Oct 2, 2017) (“scanning and 16 saving” documents is clerical work). Thus, to the extent the billing records include such tasks, fees for 17 such tasks should not be awarded. 18 As Jayco argues, the billing records from Plaintiffs’ counsel include many entries related to 19 document retrieval from the docket, printing copies, and saving numerous documents to the firm’s file. 20 For example, Kayla Goettman billed 0.2 hour to “[d]ownload/retrieve Docket No. 2 [the Summons]; 21 upload to case file” and another 0.2 hour to “[d]ownload/retrieve Docket No. 3 [the New Case 22 Documents]; upload to case file” on June 22, 2018. (Doc. 70-6 at 42; Doc. 72-3 at 154.) On June 28, 23 2018, Ms. Gotteman billed 0.2 hour to scan a copy of the complaint with supporting documents and 24 “upload to the case file.” (Id. at 41.) On July 17, 2018, she billed 0.2 hour to “Retrieve Docket No. 4; 25 upload to the case file.” (Id. at 43.) Similarly, in October 2018, Lisa Tyler billed 0.4 hour to upload 26 and save Documents 14 and 15. (Id. at 37.) Ms. Tyler also billed 0.3 hour to print documents for 27 Rene Dupart and “put [them] on his chair” with a “pad, pen and business cards” prior to a hearing. 28 (Id. at 35.) Ms. Riley also billed for 0.4 saving documents to the firm’s file, such a copy of the signed 1 mediation agreement. (Id. at 27.) 2 Though these are only a handful of examples, throughout the duration of the action, paralegals 3 billed for document retrieval from the Court’s docket and save copies, with more than 30 billing 4 entries for document retrieval and uploading to the firm’s file. (See generally Doc. 70-5 at 5-43; see 5 also Doc. 72-3 at 154-167.) However, tasks such as saving, scanning, and printing documents should 6 be included in the firm’s overhead, and fees will not be awarded. Jones, 845 F. Supp. 2d at 1027. 7 Accordingly, based upon the Court’s review of the billing records, 8.4 hours will be deducted from the 8 requested fee award, which includes 4.4 hours for Lisa Tyler, 3.6 hours for Kayla Goettman, and 0.4 9 hour for Kimberly Riley. 10 c. Document finalizing and filing 11 “Finalizing” a document generally refers to the preparation of documents for filing and service 12 after an attorney has drafted the document. Courts throughout the Ninth Circuit determined the 13 “finalizing” of a document is a clerical task for which fees should not be awarded. See, e.g., Moores v. 14 Berryhill, 2017 WL 4386050, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 3, 2017) (declining to award fees for finalizing a 15 complaint as clerical work); United States v. Haw. Student Suites, 2021 WL 3134925, at *10 (D. Haw. 16 May 28, 2021) (“Finalizing a document” is a “clerical task[]” for which time is not compensable); 17 Velu v. Aristotle Air Conditioning & Heating, LLC, 2021 WL 4122297, at *2 (D. Az. Sept. 9, 2021); 18 (declining to include time billed for finalizing and filing a document in the court’s calculation of fees). 19 Further, the Ninth Circuit indicated “filing, transcript, and document organization time was 20 clerical in nature and should have been subsumed in firm overhead.” See Nadarajah, 569 F.3d at 921. 21 see also Garcia v. Colvin, 2013 WL 5347494, at *7 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 23, 2013) (observing the 22 “document emailing and e-filing constitutes clerical or secretarial work and should not be awarded as 23 these activities should be considered overhead costs,” and explaining “filing documents is a clerical 24 task, regardless of whether counsel has delegated the authority to his paralegal to access his CM/ECF 25 account”); United States v. One 2008 Toyota Rav 4 Sports Utility Vehicle, 2012 WL 5272281, at *12 26 (C.D. Cal. Oct. 18, 2012) (declining to award fees for time spent e-filing documents with the court). 27 As indicated by Jayco in “Exhibit 11,” the billing records include many entries for finalizing 28 documents and e-filing with the Court. For example, Kayla Gottman billed 0.8 hour for e-filing the 1 Summons, and finalizing and e-filing the Joint Scheduling Report. (Doc. 70-5 at 39-40; Doc. 72-3 at 2 154-55.) Lisa Tyler billed 0.9 hour to related to finalizing the complaint and coversheet, e-filing, and 3 upload the documents to the firm’s case file. (Doc. 70-5 at 42; Doc. 72-3 at 154.) Additionally, Ms. 4 Tyler billed for finalizing and e-filing other documents including, but not limited to, a stipulation to 5 dismiss, the motion regarding controlling law, and a notice of appearance. (See, e.g. Doc. 70-5 at 15, 6 38.) For example, she billed 1.1 to talk to Mr. Baker about what needed to be done to finalize the 7 documents for the motion controlling law and then “made [the documents] pretty for filing.” (Id. at 8 24.) Therefore, based upon the Court’s review of the challenged billing records and the entries for 9 “finalizing” and e-filing documents, 3.2 hours will be deducted from the lodestar calculation, which 10 includes 0.8 hour for Kayla Goettman and 2.4 hours for Lisa Tyler. 11 d. Document revision by paralegals 12 In several billing entries challenged by Jayco, Lisa Tyler billed for reviewing and revising 13 documents previously drafted by attorneys prior to saving the document to the firm’s system or e- 14 filing with the Court. For example, after attorney Rene Dupart spent 4.0 hours drafting the complaint 15 in the action, Ms. Tyler billed 0.5 hour for the following: “[r]eview revise complaint, and uploaded 16 and saved to Merus.” (Doc. 70-5 at 43; see also Doc. 72-3 at 154.) After Mr. Dupart spent 1.0 hour 17 drafting a stipulation to dismiss on September 24, 2018, Ms. Tyler billed 0.2 hour to “[r]eview revise 18 stip to dismiss” and upload the document to the system. (Id. at 38; see also Doc. 72-3 at 156.) Again, 19 in October 2018, Mr. Dupart spent 10 hours drafting the opposition to the motion to change venue 20 after which Ms. Tyler billed 0.8 hour for the following: “Review revise oppo. Review court’s website 21 for judge’s info. Prepared GOS label for delivery of judge’s copy. Uploaded and saved docs to merus. 22 Uploaded and saved conformed copy.” (Id. at 37; Doc. 72-3 at 157.) Similarly, after Mr. Baker 23 worked more than 15.00 hours on a reply to the motion to establish controlling law and supporting 24 documents, Ms. Tyler billed 1.3 hours to: “Review revise finalize Reply to oppo, TB decl and RJN. 25 Uploaded/saved docs to file. Updated calendar. Efiled with the court. Uploaded and saved conformed 26 copies to file.” (See Doc. 70-5 at 22-23; Doc 72-3 at 161.) 27 To the extent Ms. Tyler reviewed and revised documents, her work was duplicative of the 28 efforts performed by attorneys on the complaint, stipulation, opposition to the motion, and reply to the 1 motion. In addition, courts have determined proofreading is clerical when the review of work 2 completed by counsel. Further, it is indisputable that the tasks identified in the billing entries— 3 including uploading documents, preparation of mailing labels, calendaring, and e-filing— are clerical 4 tasks that should not be included in the lodestar calculation, as they do not require the skill of a 5 paralegal. See, e.g., Nadarajah, 569 F.3d at 921; Smith v. A Check Am., 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 6 143717, at *26 (C.D. Cal. July 18, 2017) (identifying “proofreading, making copies, uploading data to a 7 server, formatting documents, and managing databases” as clerical tasks); Garcia, 2013 WL 5347494, 8 at *7. Therefore, 2.8 hours will be deducted from the requested fee award for Ms. Tyler. 9 e. Calendaring 10 Repeatedly, this Court and others in the Ninth Circuit indicated calendaring deadlines is a 11 clerical task that should not being included in a fee award. See, e.g., Hill v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 428 12 F. Supp. 3d 253, 265 (E.D. Cal. 2019) (observing clerical staff could “easily” complete “calendaring of 13 court dates” and reducing the fee award); Campbell v. AMTRAK, 718 F.Supp.2d 1093, 1105 (N.D. Cal. 14 2010) (deducting calendaring as clerical work from the awarded fees); Doran v. Vicorp Rests., Inc., 407 15 F.Supp.2d 1120, 1125 (C.D. Cal. 2005) (noting “calendaring court dates” is clerical and reducing the 16 fee award); T.B., 2017 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 218434, at *97 (“calendaring [an] event is clerical”). 17 As Jayco indicated in its exhibit of challenged billing, Kayla Goettman and Lisa Tyler billed for 18 calendaring deadlines and their review of documents for calendaring. (See generally Doc. 72-3 at 154- 19 56, 158-64, 166-67.) For example, after the Court issued the new case documents on June 22, 2018 20 (Doc. 3), Ms. Goettman billed 0.3 hour to review and add the scheduling conference and joint 21 scheduling report deadlines to the firm’s calendar. (Doc. 70-5 at 42.) The following week, Ms. Tyler 22 billed 0.2 hour for calendaring the deadline for Jayco’s answer. (Id. at 41.) On August 22, 2018, Ms. 23 Goettsman billed 0.3 hour to again “Review Docket No. 3; update calendar.” (Id.) The following 24 month, she billed 0.4 hour to update the firm’s calendar with the initial disclosure due date and the 25 scheduling conference date. (Id. at 39.) On April 3, 2019, Ms. Gottesman billed 0.4 hour for 26 calendaring discovery deadlines—before the Court issued its scheduling order—and proposed dates in 27 the firm’s calendar. (Id. at 32.) Once the order was issued on April 9, 2019 (Doc. 45), Ms. Gottesman 28 billed another 1.0 hour for calendaring the deadlines ordered by the Court. (Id.) In November 2019, 1 Kimberly Riley billed for calendaring the deposition dates, and Ms. Gottesman billed for updating the 2 calendar with amended dates. (Id. at 26.) 3 In total, there are more than 35 challenged entries related to calendaring or updating dates— 4 such a discovery deadlines, the date of the vehicle inspection, deposition dates, or other unidentified 5 events—and the paralegals billed a minimum of 0.2 hour for the task each time. (See, e.g., Doc. 70-5 6 at 16-17, 22-23, 27-28, 32-33, 37-39, 42-42.) Because the tasks are clearly clerical, the time will be 7 deducted from the lodestar calculation. See Hill, 428 F.Supp.3d at 265; Campbell, 718 F.Supp.2d at 8 1105. Based upon the Court’s review of the billing entries related to calendaring, 9.2 hours will be 9 deducted from the lodestar calculation, which includes 5.1 hours for Kayla Goettman, 3.9 hours for 10 Lisa Tyler, and 0.2 Hour for Kimberly Riley. 11 f. Clerical internal communications 12 Billing entries challenged by Jayco include communications within the firm, whether to another 13 paralegal or to counsel. (See generally Doc. 72-3 at 154-167.) Courts decline to award fees for staff 14 emailing documents. See Schmidt v. City of Modesto, 2018 WL 6593362, at *9 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 18, 15 2018) (declining to award fees for emailing documents, noting emailing was a clerical task rather than a 16 paralegal task); LaToya A. v. S.F. Unified Sch. Dist., 2016 WL 344558, at *9 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 28, 2016) 17 (forwarding documents to attorneys is “purely clerical work”). In addition, courts have disapproved of 18 two individuals billing for communicating with each other, as such time is duplicative and unnecessary. 19 In re Mullins, 84 F.3d 459, 467 (D.C. Cir. 1996); Robinson v. Plourde, 717 F. Supp. 2d 1092, 1099 (D. 20 Haw. 2010). Consequently, “many courts have ... reduced fee awards for time spent in ‘interoffice 21 conferences’ or other internal communications.” Gauchat-Hargis v. Forest River, Inc., 2013 WL 22 4828594 at *3 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 9, 2013), citing Mogck v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am., 289 F.Supp.2d 23 1181, 1194 (S.D. Cal. 2003) (reducing the fee award where the attorneys “billed an inordinate amount 24 of time for interoffice conferences”). 25 In “Exhibit 8” and “Exhibit 11,” Jayco objects to more than 80 entries—each billed for a 26 minimum of 0.2 hour—related to emails, chats, and telephone conferences between the paralegals and 27 counsel. (See generally Doc. 72-3 at 154-67.) Again, though the Court declines to identify each of the 28 internal communications given the significant number, challenged entries related to forwarding emails 1 or documents to others working on the action. (See, e.g., id. at 154, 155, 157, 158, 165, 167.) For 2 example, Ms. Tyler billed for forwarding emails on April 11, 2020; September 22, 2020; November 3, 3 2020; and July 9, 2021. (See, e.g., Doc. 70-5 at 10, 18, 21.) Shaina Cateldge billed 0.2 for forwarding 4 documents to others, including Ms. Tyler. (Id. at 32.) In addition, Ms. Goettman and Ms. Tyler billed 5 for emailing documents and attachments including, but not limited to: the executed summons, a draft of 6 the initial disclosures, the joint discovery plan, the court’s conference notice, an invoice from JAMS, 7 court orders, and settlement breakdown. (See, e.g., Doc. 70-5 at 7, 19, 27, 32, 33, 41.) Likewise, Terry 8 Baker billed 0.2 hour for receiving a transcript and forwarding the document to Ms. Goettman. (Doc. 9 70-4 at 7.) Given the clerical nature of these tasks, the requested fee award will be reduced for the 10 forwarding of emails and documents. See Schmidt, 2018 WL 6593362, at *9. 11 The paralegals also repeatedly billed for communications with others working on the case, 12 including telephonic conversations, electronic chats, texting, and emailing. (See generally Doc. 70-5 at 13 7-43.) For example, Ms. Tyler and Ms. Goettman each billed 0.2 hour on April 15, 2019, for emailing 14 one another regarding completing calendaring in the firm’s system. (Doc. 70-5 at 32.) Ms. Tyler 15 regularly billed for emailing counsel reminders of upcoming deadlines and actions needed. (See, e.g., 16 id. at 7, 9-11, 13, 16, 32, 43.) Ms. Tyler also billed for communications with counsel “regarding who 17 the case is assigned to;” a hearing location; and document and task status, such as changing the attorney 18 assignment in the firm’s system, filing the summons, and “calendaring the settlement conference.” 19 (See, e.g., id. at 7, 14, 34-36, 41.) Further, Ms. Cateldge billed 0.2 hour for each of the electronic chats 20 in which she simply notified Ms. Tyler and Mr. Dupart of Plaintiffs’ phone calls. (Id. at 35-36, 39.) 21 Similarly, Ms. Goettman billed for chat and text messages that included date confirmation. (See, e.g., 22 Doc. 70-5 at 17-18.) In addition, Ms. Goettman billed 1.0 hour for communications with co-counsel, 23 such as emails with Terry Baker related to the motion to reset the scheduling conference, his pro hac 24 vice application, and forwarding documents on December 5, 2018.4 (Id. at 32.) 25 Due to the clerical nature of internal communications among those working on the action—as 26 well as the significant number of entries related to the interoffice communication by the paralegals— 27

28 4 Notably, Mr. Baker also billed for the email exchange on December 5, 2018. (Doc. 70-4 at 6.) Thus, this time 1 the requested fee award should be reduced. See In re Mullins, 84 F.3d at 467; Gauchat-Hargis, 2013 2 WL 4828594 at *3; Mogck v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of Am., 289 F.Supp.2d at 1194. Accordingly, based 3 upon the Court’s review of the challenged billing records, 19.5 hours will be deducted from the lodestar 4 calculation, which includes: 0.2 hour for Terry Baker, 11.7 hours for Lisa Tyler, 6.4 hours for Kayla 5 Goettman, 0.6 hour for Shaina Cateldge, 0.2 hour for Kimberly Riley, and 0.4 hour for Gabriela Torres. 6 g. Docket review 7 Entries to which Jayco objects include docket reviews by Lisa Tyler and Kayla Goettman. 8 (Doc. 72-3 at 157, 162.) Specifically, on October 31, 2018, Ms. Tyler billed 0.2 hour for reviewing the 9 “court website to see if any tentative issued” prior to the hearing on the motion for change of venue, 10 and noted she “didn’t see anything.” (Doc. 70-5 at 36.) Ms. Goettman also billed 0.2 hour to review 11 the docket to determine whether any hearings were continued on April 13, 2020. (Id. at 21.) Reviewing 12 the docket is a clerical task, for which this Court has declined to award fees. See, e.g., Moore v. Chase, 13 Inc., 2016 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 88293, at *12 (E.D. Cal. July 7, 2016). Therefore, 0.4 hour will be 14 deducted from the lodestar, including 0.2 hour for Lisa Tyler and 0.2 hour for Kayla Goettman. 15 h. Scheduling 16 Jayco identifies and challenges 16 billing entries related to scheduling depositions, and the 17 vehicle inspection. (See Doc. 72-3 at 160-161; Doc. 72-3 at 126.) In September 2019, Ms. Tyler billed 18 0.2 hour for contacting Plaintiffs regarding scheduling a vehicle inspection, while Ms. Torres billed 0.3 19 hour for contacting opposing counsel to confirm the vehicle inspection date. (Id. at 128, 160; Doc. 70- 20 5 at 28.) In addition, Ms. Tyler billed at total of 2.4 hours between December 2019 and March 2020 for 21 emails to Plaintiffs and opposing counsel related to scheduling Plaintiffs’ deposition dates. (Id. at 160- 22 161; see also Doc. 70-5 at 22-25.) Kimberly Riley also billed 0.4 hours related to confirming the 23 deposition dates. (Doc. 72-3 at 126; Doc. 70-5 at 26.) 24 Courts in the Ninth Circuit have repeatedly indicated that communication related to scheduling, 25 even with a client, is a non-compensable clerical task. See, e.g., Soler v. County of San Diego, 2021 26 WL 2515236, at *10 (S.D. Cal. June 18, 2021) (identifying “time spent scheduling depositions… [as] 27 clerical tasks non-compensable at any billing rate”); Brown v. Cascade Mgmt., Inc., 2018 WL 4207097, 28 at *5, 14 (D. Or. Sept. 4, 2018) (emails with the client regarding “deposition scheduling” were deduced 1 from the fee award); Schrum v. Burlington N. Santa Fe. Ry. Co., 2008 WL 2278137, at *12 (D. Az. 2 May 29, 2018) (identifying “scheduling depositions” as “tasks which the court deems clerical or 3 secretarial, and hence not compensable as part of the attorneys’ fee award”). Likewise, the Court finds 4 communications regarding scheduling a vehicle inspection are clerical in nature. Thus, given the 5 clerical nature of the challenged entries related to scheduling, the lodestar will be reduced by 2.6 hours 6 for Lisa Tyler, 0.4 hour for Kimberly Riley, and 0.3 hour for Gabriela Torres. 7 i. Communications with clients 8 “A lawyer has an ethical responsibility to communicate with a client.” Clendon v. Astrue, 570. 9 F.Supp. 2d 1164, 1667 (D. Az. 2008). Nevertheless, as one district court observed, “some client 10 communications may be considered clerical or ministerial, such as merely informing the client that a 11 document has been filed or what a hearing date is, [while] others that are more substantive are part of 12 an attorney’s duties, and therefore billable.” See James v. City & County of Honolulu, 2014 WL 13 6908313, at *10 (D.Haw. Dec. 8, 2014) (internal quotation marks omitted). 14 Billing entries challenged by Jayco include non-clerical communications with Plaintiffs, 15 related to questions or case issues. By way of example, on October 4, 2018, Ms. Tyler noted she 16 received a voicemail from Plaintiffs “regarding whether or not he should move forward with fixing the 17 damage to his unit, while at the dealership,” and billed 0.6 hour for several communications related to 18 the phone call. (Doc. 70-5 at 37.) The Court declines to deduct the challenged time for these ongoing 19 communications with Plaintiffs. Similarly, the Court declines to find communications with Plaintiffs 20 regarding discovery requests and verifications and addressing the settlement agreement were purely 21 clerical in nature. 22 On the other hand, eight challenged entries indisputably include clerical communications. (See 23 Doc. 72-3 at 127, 154, 151, 146-45.) Ms. Riley billed 0.4 hour related to forwarding a document for 24 signature and the needed signature from Plaintiff. (Doc. 70-5 at 27.) In addition, emailing Plaintiff 25 simply to “confirm[] receipt of documents” was a clerical task, and the 0.2 hour billed by Ms. Tyler 26 will be deducted. (Doc. 70-5 at 42.) Similarly, Ms. Tyler billed 0.2 hour to email Plaintiffs a 27 declaration for signature and 0.2 hour “confirming receipt” once Plaintiffs responded on January 24, 28 2020. (Id. at 23.) Ms. Tyler also billed 0.6 hour for communications with Plaintiffs regarding the 1 settlement conference date and appearances. (Id. at 11-13) Given the clerical nature of the tasks 2 related to scheduling, sending documents, and confirming receipt, the time billed should be omitted 3 from the lodestar. See, e.g. Schmidt, 2018 WL 6593362, at *9 (emailing documents is a clerical task); 4 Soler, 2021 WL 2515236, at *10 (identifying scheduling as clerical work). Thus, based upon the 5 Court’s review of the challenged billing records related to client communications, the lodestar 6 calculation will be reduced by 0.4 hour for Kimberly Riley and 1.2 hours for Lisa Tyler. 7 j. Communications with opposing counsel 8 Jayco challenges two entries in “Exhibit 8” and two billing entries in “Exhibit 11” that 9 indicate emailed communication with opposing counsel, objecting the time should not be awarded as 10 “clerical” in nature. (See Doc. 72 at 9-10; Doc. 72-3 at 128.) 11 Specifically, Kimberly Riley billed 0.4 hour for two emails attaching document production to 12 opposing counsel on October 13, 2019. (Doc. 70-5 at 27.) Chad David billed 0.2 hour to send the 13 settlement agreement to Defendant’s counsel on August 6, 2021. (Doc. 72-3 at 166.) Because 14 Plaintiffs and counsel had previously executed the agreement5, it appears Mr. David was only required 15 to forward the document to opposing counsel. As discussed above, mailing and forwarding documents 16 is deemed clerical work that is included in a firm’s overhead costs. See Schmidt, 2018 WL 6593362 at 17 *9; see also Chavez v. Stomp, 2014 WL 12796784, at *5 (N.M.D.C. Feb. 27, 2014) (delivering 18 documents to opposing counsel is a clerical task for which billing at an attorney’s rate “is not 19 consistent with the obligation to exercise billing judgment”). In addition, Mr. David billed 0.2 hour 20 for communications related to “payment instructions” for opposing counsel. (Id.) However, emailing 21 payment instructions was clerical, work as it did not require any legal work or analysis of the 22 information. Accordingly, 0.4 hour is deducted from the lodestar for Kimberley Riley and 0.4 hour is 23 deducted for Chad David. 24 k. Communications with the Court and JAMS 25 This Court and others declined to award fees for communicating with the Court—such emailing 26 or calling courtroom deputy—due to the clerical nature of the task. See, e.g., Miller v. Schmidt, 2017 27

28 5 Plaintiffs executed the settlement agreement on August 3, 2021; and Mr. David executed the agreement on 1 WL 633892, at *7 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 15, 2017) (agreeing with the party opposing the fee request that 2 “communicating with the Court staff and court reports is purely clerical work” and excluding the time 3 billed for communications with the courtroom deputies from a fee award); Robinson v. Plourde, 717 F. 4 Supp. 2d 1092, 1099-1100 (D. Haw. 2010) (“communication with court staff, scheduling, and 5 corresponding regarding deadlines, are clerical and not compensable [tasks]”); Comcast of Illinois X v. 6 Kwak, 2010 WL 3781768, at *6 (D. Nev. Sept. 20, 2010) (declining to award fees for “ministerial tasks 7 such as contacting court staff for scheduling reasons or noting due dates”). 8 Ms. Tyler billed 0.2 hour on several occasions for contacting the court, both by email or phone 9 call. For example, on September 14, 2018, Ms. Tyler billed 0.2 hour for her “[e]mail to court regarding 10 appearing telephonically” and another 0.2 hour for her “response to [the] clerk confirming Plaintiff can 11 appear telephonically.” (Doc. 70-5 at 39.) On November 21, 2018, Ms. Tyler billed 0.2 hour for 12 emailing the court clerk regarding the status of an order, and 0.2 hour for leaving a voicemail regarding 13 the status with a request for a return call. (Id. at 34.) She billed another 0.3 hour for contacting the 14 court with status requests on November 26, 2018. (Id.) Ms. Tyler billed 0.2 hour for review of “court 15 emails” on April 5, 2019. (Id. at 32.) Further, between June 30 and July 9, 2021, Ms. Tyler billed 1.9 16 for contacts regarding the conference, availability, inquiring whether only Kevin Scott could appear 17 during the conference, confirming the date, and Zoom information. (Id. at 10-13.) Given the clerical 18 nature of these communications, 3.2 hours shall be deducted from the lodestar for Ms. Tyler. See 19 Miller, 2017 WL 633892, at *7; Robinson, 717 F. Supp. 2d at 1099-1100. 20 In addition, Cindy Lewandowski billed 0.2 hour for forwarding an email from the Court that 21 informed the parties there would be no jury trials in April 2021, and asking Mr. Baker to respond as 22 soon as possible for calendaring purposes. (Doc. 70-5 at 17.) Given the communications concerned 23 scheduling, 0.2 hour will be deducted from the fee award for Ms. Lewandowski. 24 Likewise, given the quasi-judicial nature of JAMS, and communications between Plaintiffs’ 25 counsel and the mediation organization—and actions related thereto—appear clerical. Ms. Goettman 26 billed 0.2 for her review of the “mediation confirmation from JAMS and confirm[ing] details on [the] 27 calendar.” (Doc. 72-3 at 160; Doc. 70-5 at 26.) She also billed 0.2 hour to “[r]eview the JAMS deposit 28 request form” and “update [the] costs in the case file.” (Id. at 160; Doc. 70-5 at 25.) Ms. Riley billed 1 0.2 hour for her receipt of an email from JAMS and saving it to the firm’s system. (Id. at 126; Doc. 70- 2 5 at 27.) There is nothing suggesting review of the mediation confirmation, confirming the date, or 3 noting the cost in the firm’s file requires the work of a paralegal. Thus, the 0.4 hour billed by Ms. 4 Goettman and the 0.2 hour billed by Ms. Riley related to communications from JAMS will also be 5 omitted from the fee award. 6 l. Document preparation and mailing 7 On July 9, 2018, Ms. Goettman billed 0.3 hour to “[f]ill out Summons & attach proof of return 8 receipt from the certified mailing; upload to the case files.” (Doc. 72-3 at 154; Doc. 70-5 at 42.) It is 9 unclear what Ms. Goettman filled out, as the Summons was issued by the Court on June 22, 2018. 10 (Doc. 2.) Regardless, the Ninth Circuit identified “preparing and serving summons” as “purely clerical 11 tasks.” Neil v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 495 F. App’x 845, 847 (9th Cir. 2012). In addition, tasks related to 12 mailing and drafting a certificate of service are clerical. Acosta v. Martinez, 2020 WL 1026890 at *10 13 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 2, 2020) (“drafting certificates of service… and sending documents” are clerical tasks). 14 Therefore, this time billed by Ms. Goetteman will be deducted. 15 Ms. Tyler billed 0.2 hour to complete a form declining consent to magistrate judge jurisdiction 16 and e-file it on August 22, 2018. (Doc. 70-5 at 40; Doc. 72-3 at 155.) The Court’s consent form is a 17 single-page, check-the-box document could not take more than moments to complete. Previously, this 18 Court noted that “completing and filing a consent to proceed before a magistrate judge form” is work 19 that may be “completed by experienced support staff,” but allowed minimal billed time, considering the 20 documents should be review by a counsel. Kirk, 244 F.Supp.3d at 1084. On the other hand, e-filing the 21 form, as discussed above, is clerical work. Nadarajah, 569 F.3d at 921. Thus, the Court will deduct 22 0.1 for Ms. Tyler for the e-filing. See Calderon v. Astrue, 2010 WL 4295583 at *5 (E.D. Cal. Oct. 22, 23 2010) (permitting only 0.1 hour for completion of the form regarding magistrate judge jurisdiction). 24 Likewise, the Court will deduct the challenged 0.2 hour billed by Ms. Tyler to draft the certificate of 25 service for Plaintiff’s initial disclosures and 0.2 hour for generating a mailing label due to the clerical 26 nature of the work. (Doc. 72-3 at 155, 157, Doc. 70-5 at 33, 39.) 27 Conversely, the preparation of representation agreements and declarations is not purely clerical 28 work, as it is appropriate for paralegals and counsel to prepare such agreements. The Court declines to 1 deduct the challenged billed time related to preparation of these documents. Based upon the Court’s 2 review of the challenged entries related to document preparation, 0.8 hour will be deducted from the 3 lodestar calculation, which includes 0.3 hour for Kayla Goettman and 0.5 hour for Lisa Tyler. 4 m. Discovery 5 Jayco objects to the time billed by Gabriela Torres related to discovery and preparation of 6 “discovery shells,” including an entry for 6.0 hours, asserting it was clerical work. (Doc. 72 at 8.) 7 However, the Court declines to assume the identified tasks were purely clerical in nature. Indeed, the 8 challenged billing entries indicates the work completed by Ms. Torres included preparing “rough 9 responses” to the written discovery requests from Jayco, including responses interrogatories and 10 requests for production of documents. (See Doc. 70-5 at 30.) Because this work is not purely clerical, 11 the lodestar will not be reduced. See, e.g., Chloe SAS v. Sawabeh Information Servs. Co., 2015 WL 12 12763541, at *26 (C.D. Cal. June 22, 2015) (hours billed by professional staff for collecting and 13 reviewing discovery was not clerical, and were “substantive case-related tasks”); Triplett v. N.C. Dept’ 14 of Pub. Safety, 2017 WL 3840422, at *11 (W.D.N.C. Aug. 31, 2017) (declining to reduce a fee award 15 for billing entries challenged to which the defendant objected as clerical because“[t]he drafting and 16 editing of discovery requests and answers… is far from a clerical task and is a task appropriate 17 delegated to a paralegal”). 18 n. Tasks related to admission 19 Jayco objects to the time billed by Ms. Tyler for her “[r]eview [of] Indiana Northern district for 20 admission requirements,” which she then printed for Mr. Dupart. (Doc. 72-3 at 157.) In addition, 21 Jayco objects to the time billed by Mr. Baker for contacting Ohio attorney services regarding a 22 certificate of good standing as clerical. (Id. at 158.) Previously, the Ninth Circuit indicated tasks 23 related to “attorney admission” are clerical in nature. See Nadarajah, 569 F.3d at 921 (reducing the 24 requested fee award for the time award billed by a paralegal related to counsel’s admission). Based 25 upon the clerical nature of the tasks concerning Mr. Dupart’s admission to the Northern Indiana District 26 Court, the 0.2 hour billed by Lisa Tyler and 0.2 hour billed by Terry Baker will be deducted from the 27 lodestar calculation. 28 /// 1 o. Mixed entries with block-billed tasks 2 As explained by one district court, “[b]lock billing, which bundles tasks in a block of time, 3 makes it extremely difficult for a court to evaluate the reasonableness of the number of hours 4 expended.” Aranda v. Astrue, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 63667, at *13 (D. Ore. June 8, 2011); see also 5 Welch v. Metro. Life Ins. Co., 480 F.3d 942, 948 (9th Cir. 2007) (“block billing makes it more difficult 6 to determine how much time was spent on particular activities”). In addition, a court may reduce a fee 7 award when “documentation of hours is inadequate.” Hensley, 461 U.S. at 433. Accordingly, the 8 Ninth Circuit has explained that, where time is billed in “blocks,” the Court may “simply reduce[] the 9 fee to a reasonable amount.” Fischer v. SJB-P.D. Inc., 214 F.3d 1115, 1121 (9th Cir. 2000); see also 10 Welch, 480 F.3d at 948 (“We do not quarrel with the district court’s authority to reduce hours that are 11 billed in block format.”). 12 Although the Court addressed several block-billed entries above that included only clerical 13 tasks, there were also many challenged entries that involved legal research. As identified below, Ms. 14 Goettman and Ms. Tyler billed for performing legal research—including reviewing local rules and the 15 Federal Rules—which is not clerical work. See Nechitaylo v. Wedum Family Ltd. P’ship, 2015 WL 16 8479627, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 10, 2015) (finding “tasks involving legal research” were not clerical); 17 Chloe SAS, 2015 WL 12763541, at *26 (fees billed by staff who assisted counsel “performing legal 18 research” were recoverable). Thus, to the extent the billed records below involve legal research, such 19 time is compensable. 20 DATE BILLER TASK TIME 6/28/18 KG Review FRCP 4 re service of the Summons and Complaint; the rule 0.6 21 states that we can follow state rules regarding service. Print Docket No. 1-4 and give all to SJ in addition to Jayco’s registered agent 22 information for certified mailing to D today 23 9/27/18 LT Review local rule re motion deadlines and saved to Merus. 0.7 Calendared motion and deadlines. Uploaded and saved motion docs 24 to file. Print hard copy for RD, and noted d/l to file oppo on docs. Also printed rules for him, and summary of calendar of events with 25 upcoming deadlines, etc. Put on his chair for review. 4/1/21 LT Review TB’s email regarding dates for matter. Check file, and saw 1.5 26 trial date and pre-trial needed to be calendared, with related 27 deadlines. Email response to TB and updated him dates needed to be added. Review file for docs, and emails from the court, to figure out 28 dates to be calendared, and for related deadlines to be saved…. 1 Review order #45. Review local rules. Updated notes, calendar and d/l sheet, and saved notes to file. 2 6/4/21 LT Review local forms for appearance/withdrawal for eastern, and there 0.6 weren’t any. Found Central, but that won’t work. Kept trying to find 3 forms. Found general one for appearance and drafted for CD review. 4 Went ahead and revised a withdrawal on pleading, that way if CD wants to mess with language, he can. Uploaded/saved docs to file, 5 and updated chat. 6/21/21 LT Link court email and saved Doc#61 to file. Review order signed by 0.6 6 court. Review local rule re settlement conference. Review doc #45. Review dept. rules. Updated notes, calendar, and d/l sheet. 7

8 Where, as here, the billing records present time in blocks, the Court may “simply reduce[] the 9 fee to a reasonable amount.” Fischer v. SJB-P.D. Inc., 214 F.3d 1115, 1121 (9th Cir. 2000); see also 10 Welch, 480 F.3d at 948 (“We do not quarrel with the district court’s authority to reduce hours that are 11 billed in block format”). Because the firm billed in a minimum of 0.2 hour increments—as discussed 12 further below—the Court will deduct 0.2 hour from each of the above entries to reflect the inclusion of 13 clerical tasks, such as printing, uploading. and saving documents; file reviews and updates; 14 calendaring deadlines; and internal communications about clerical matters. This results in a reduction 15 of the lodestar by 0.2 hour for Ms. Goettman and 0.8 hour for Ms. Tyler. 16 4. Vague entries and overbilling 17 Jayco asserts that it “identified a number of entries in … counsel’s records that are vague and 18 lack sufficient specificity about what was done to justify the time and fees billed.” (Doc. 72 at 11.) As 19 discussed above, counsel has a burden to document the hours expended, and do so in “in a manner that 20 will enable a reviewing court to identify distinct claims.” Hensley, 461 U.S. at 437. The Court may 21 reduce hours to offset the “poorly documented” billing. Fischer v. SJN-P.D. Inc., 214 F.3d 1115, 1121 22 (9th Cir. 2000); see also Mendez v. County of San Bernardino, 540 F.3d 1109 (9th Cir. 2008) (finding 23 district courts have broad discretion to reduce the number of hours included in the fee award where the 24 billing records are vague, insufficiently descriptive, or inflated). 25 This Court and others in the Ninth Circuit have reduced fee awards where the billing entries 26 were too vague to conduct “a meaningful review” or determine whether the time expended was 27 reasonable. See, e.g., McCarthy v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 2011 WL 4928623, at *4 (E.D. Cal. 28 Oct. 17, 2011) (reducing time for a fee award where “most of the entries refer only generally to ‘legal 1 research’ and ‘conversations with [co-counsel]’ without identifying the subject of the research or 2 conversations”); Nolan v. City of Los Angeles, 2014 WL 12564127, at *7 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 10, 2014) 3 (criticizing “entries that merely indicate that an email was sent or that a phone call was made without 4 describing in any way the reason for or topic of the particular correspondence” and reducing the 5 lodestar); Davis v. Prison Health Serv., 2012 WL 4462520, at *11 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 25, 2012) 6 (concluding billing entries were “too vague to enable the Court to assess the reasonableness of the time 7 claimed” when there were “scores of time entries such as ‘review e-mail from opposing counsel,’ 8 ‘review e-mail chain,’ and ‘draft e-mail’ without any further detail provided”). 9 Jayco contends the billing records the billing records of Plaintiffs’ counsel also are vague, 10 warranting a reduction in fees. (Doc. 72 at 10-12.) Specifically, Jayco asserts: 11 Plaintiff counsel’s billing contains numerous entries that say “E-mail client”, “E-mail opc”, or “E-mail exchange with...”, without providing any details as to the substance 12 of the communication. There are also entries that are devoid of any information as to what tasks were specifically performed such as a description on 8/21/19 that is simply 13 “Scott v. Jayco” for .5 hours. The vagueness of these and other similarly deficient billing entries makes it impossible for the Court to assess whether the time claimed by 14 Plaintiffs’ counsel was reasonably expended.

15 (Id. at 12.) Jayco compiled 99 billing entries it asserts should be stricken as vague in “Exhibit 12,” 16 totaling 27.9 hours. (See id.; see also Doc. 169-71.) In addition, Jayco contends “there are numerous 17 examples of billing entries that typical would be billed at .1 even though 6 minutes is more than what 18 it would take to complete a task,” such as calling Plaintiffs and leaving voice messages and 19 calendaring deadlines. (Id. at 12.) Thus, Jayco “requests a 75% reduction due to the considerable 20 vague nature of the excessive billing entries in Exhibit 12 where the lack of specificity severely 21 interferes.” (Id.) 22 In response, Plaintiffs argue that “many of the entries are sufficiently specific” in Exhibit 12. 23 (Doc. 73 at 6.) For example, Plaintiffs observe: “Billing entries such as “Email D” or “Email OPC” 24 are well known to mean email Defendant and email Opposing Counsel.” (Id.) Plaintiffs contend: “All 25 correspondence with opposing counsel is recoverable billing. Further specificity of the entries is not 26 necessary when Defense counsel has records of the emails received that correspond to the billing 27 entries.” (Id.) Plaintiffs also assert “any further specificity on the billing entries more than ‘email 28 opc’ or ‘spoke with client’ would lead to issues concerning attorney-client privilege and the attorney 1 work product doctrine.” (Id.) Finally, Plaintiffs observe that “defense counsel makes no arguments 2 that any of the alleged vague billing entries did not in fact occur as they also have records of the 3 communications that were billed for.” (Id.) Therefore, Plaintiffs “request[] that no billing entries be 4 disallowed due to being vague.” (Id.) 5 Significantly, Jayco’s presentation of the challenged billing entries in Exhibit 12—pulling the 6 entries out of the chronological order from the original billing records and reorganizing them into 7 alphabetical order of the identified tasks—gives the appearance that the billing records are more vague 8 than, in fact, they are. Review of the challenged entries in the context of the original billing records 9 provides clarity as to many of the topics of communications with Plaintiffs and opposing counsel. For 10 example, Jayco challenges three entries that state “Email D” on September 13, 2018 as vague. (Doc. 11 72-3 at 169.) However, the billing records clearly indicate Plaintiffs’ counsel and Defendant’s counsel 12 were engaged in ongoing communications that day related to preparation of and revisions to the Joint 13 Scheduling Report (See Doc. 70-5 at 39-40.) Similarly, Jayco challenges 12 entries related to 14 communications between July 13 and July 15, 2021, including calls, voice messages, and emails to 15 Plaintiffs and opposing counsel. (Doc. 72-3 at 169-71.) Other entries with these in the billing records 16 show the challenged entries were a portion of ongoing communications regarding settlement, prior to 17 the parties notifying the Court that the action settled on July 15, 2021. (See Doc. 70-5 at 9-10; see also 18 Doc. 64 [indicating the parties informed the Court on July 15 that a settlement was reached, and 19 vacating the settlement conference for July 16].) A simple review of the original billing records also 20 easily reveals the topics of ongoing communications challenged in Exhibit 12 including, but not limited 21 to: emails with opposing counsel regarding the motion to transfer venue, discussion regarding the 22 parties’ stipulation to transfer the action back to the Eastern District, preparation prior to a settlement 23 conference, and email exchanges with Plaintiffs concerning availability. (E.g., compare Doc. 72-3 at 24 169-171 with Doc. 70-4 at 7, Doc. 70-5 at 9, 13-14, 19-20.) Consequently, the Court declines to find 25 the billing records are poorly documented or too vague to evaluate. 26 On the other hand, the Court notes that counsel and the professional staff billed a minimum of 27 0.2 hour for each task. This is comparable to the quarter-hour billing repeatedly criticized by the 28 courts, because it inflates the time billed on the matter. See e.g., Welch v. Metro Life Ins. Co., 480 F.3d 1 942, 949 (9th Cir. 2007) (affirming a reduction after finding the billing practice inflated the time 2 recorded); Robinson v. Plourde, 717 F. Supp. 2d 1092, 1100-01 (D. Haw. 2010) (applying a 20% 3 reduction for billing with a minimum of 0.25 hour); Prudential Ins. Co. v. Am. v. Remington, 2014 WL 4 294989 at *4 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 24, 2014) (also applying a 20% reduction where counsel billed a 5 minimum of 15 minutes and in 15-minute increments). 6 In Welch, the district court "imposed a 20 percent across-the-board reduction on [the] requested 7 hours" because the law firm "billed in quarter-hour increments." Welch, 480 F.3d at 948. The court 8 concluded the “practice of billing by the quarter-hour resulted in a request for excessive hours . . . 9 because counsel billed a minimum of 15 minutes for numerous phone calls and e-mails that likely took 10 a fraction of the time.” Id. The Ninth Circuit also reviewed the time sheets and noted: “Our own 11 review of the time sheet confirms that it is replete with quarter-hour or half-hour charges for the 12 drafting of letters, telephone calls and intraoffice conferences.” Id. Therefore, the Court affirmed the 13 reduction for quarter-hour billing. Id. 14 The thorough review of counsel’s billing records strongly suggests the 0.2 hour minimum 15 resulted in overbilling. Counsel and professional staff billed 12 minutes on numerous occasions for 16 voices messages, reviewing minute orders, more than 50 emails6. (See e.g., Doc. 70-5 at 6; Doc. 70-5 17 at 8-9, 13-15, 20, 22.) Notably, Plaintiffs do not disavow a practice of billing a 0.2 hour minimum or 18 otherwise address Jayco’s arguments concerning how the practice results in overbilling in the reply. 19 In Remington, this Court observe that “15-minute billing for reading the three-sentence Minute Order, 20 which should have been read in 30 seconds or less time, obviously inflated the time spent performing 21 that task, and causes concern that other unverifiable tasks likely took a fraction of the time billed to 22 complete.” Remington, 2014 WL 294989 at *4. Similarly, billing 12 minutes for noting a minute 23 order to the file (see, e.g. Doc. 70-5 at 36) suggests the reported time was inflated significantly by the 24 0.2 hour billing minimum on other tasks such as reviewing emails, leaving a telephone message, and 25 telephone conferences with Plaintiffs and co-counsel. See id; Welch, 480 F.3d at 948-49. Therefore, 26 the remaining time reported by counsel is reduced by 15% for purposes of the lodestar calculation. 27 28 6 1 5. Unsupported and “anticipated” time 2 Plaintiffs contend, “It is well established that Plaintiffs are entitled to fees for bringing in this 3 motion to enforce their right to attorney fees.” (Doc. 71 at 14, citing Serrano v. Unruh, 32 Cal.3d 621, 4 637-639 (1982); State v. Mayer, 174 Cal.App.3d 1061, 1075 (1986).) Therefore, Plaintiffs seek “an 5 additional $7,500 for bringing [the] Motion, reviewing Jayco’s Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motion, 6 drafting Plaintiffs’ Reply, preparing and attending any related hearing, preparing any needed filings to 7 satisfy the order, for time to wrap up the settlement and ultimately collect any amount awarded by this 8 Court.” (Id. at 6.) 9 Importantly, Plaintiffs failed to provide any evidence with the Reply related to the time 10 actually spent preparing the motion, reviewing the opposition, and drafting the brief. In addition, the 11 motion was taken under submission without oral arguments. (Doc. 74.) The Court declines to 12 speculate as to the actual time spent by counsel in preparation of the instant motion and the reply, as it 13 is the fee applicant’s burden to present evidence to support the fee request. See Hensley, 461 U.S. at 14 424; Welch, 480 F.3d at 945-46. Accordingly, the Court declines to bolster the lodestar with the 15 monetary amount requested. 16 B. Hourly rates 17 The Supreme Court determined attorney fees are to be calculated with “the prevailing market 18 rates in the relevant community.” Blum v. Stenson, 465 U.S. 886, 895 n.11 (1984); see also PLCM 19 Group, Inc. v. Drexler, 22 Cal.4th 1084, 1096 (2000) (“[t]he reasonable hourly rate is that prevailing 20 in the community for similar work”). The fee applicant has the burden to establish the rates are 21 reasonable within the community, and meets this burden by “produc[ing] satisfactory evidence—in 22 addition to counsel’s own declarations—that the requested rates are in line with those prevailing in the 23 community for similar services by lawyers of reasonably comparable skill, experience and reputation.” 24 Blum, 465 U.S. at 896 n.11. For example, the Court may refer to “[a]ffidavits of the plaintiffs’ 25 attorney and other attorneys regarding fees in the community” and rates paid in other cases. United 26 Steelworkers of Am. v. Phelps Dodge Corp., 896 F.2d 403, 407 (9th Cir. 1990). 27 In general, the “relevant community” for purposes of determining the prevailing market rate is 28 the “forum in which the district court sits.” Camacho v. Bridgeport Fin., Inc., 523 F.3d 973, 979 (9th 1 Cir. 2008). Thus, when a case is filed in this Court, the Eastern District of California “is the 2 appropriate forum to establish the lodestar hourly rate.” See Jadwin v. County of Kern, 767 F.Supp.2d 3 1069, 1129 (E.D. Cal. 2011); see also Gordillo v. Ford Motor Co., 2014 WL 2801243 (E.D. Cal. June 4 19, 2014). The court may apply “rates from outside the forum… ‘if local counsel was unavailable, 5 either because they are unwilling or unable to perform because they lack the degree of experience, 6 expertise, or specialization required to handle properly the case.’” Barjon v. Dalton, 132 F.3d 496 (9th 7 Cir. 1997) (quoting Gates v. Deukmejian, 987 F.2d 1392, 1405 (9th Cir. 1992)). 8 1. Rates for counsel 9 Although the Law Offices of Jon Jacobs is currently located in Temecula, California—which is 10 within the Central District of California—the law office was headquartered near Sacramento when the 11 complaint was filed. (See Doc. 1 at 1; Doc. 73 at 4.) Thus, the Court finds, for purposes of this motion, 12 that counsel were “local” to the Eastern District, such that the Court need not determine whether rates 13 outside the form are applicable. Rather, the Court must evaluate whether the hourly rates requested are 14 reasonable for the Eastern District of California.7 15 The attorneys on this action seek hourly rates ranging from $350 to $650. (Doc. 71 at 7-8.) 16 Specifically, Mr. Jacobs seeks the hourly rate of $495 for the 2.2 hours of work he completed in 2018 17 and the rate of $550 for his 0.6 hour of work in 2021. (See Doc. 71 at 8; Doc. 70-4 at 7, 9, 43.) Mr. 18 Baker reports his “hourly rate started at $525, and increased to $650 per hour…[i]n March of 2020.” 19 (Doc. 70-4 at 3, Baker Decl. ¶ 12.) In addition, Plaintiffs seek $495 per hour for work completed by 20 Rene Dupart, who was admitted to the California State Bar in 2013, and Elana Midda, who was 21 admitted to the bar in December 2004.8 (Doc. 70-5 at 4, Jacobs Decl. ¶ 19.) In addition, they seek 22 $175 per hour for work completed by Chad David while he was a law clerk, and $350 per hour for 23 work completed after his admission to the Bar in November 2019. (Doc. 70-3 at 2, David Decl. ¶¶ 7- 24 25 7 With the Eastern District, the Sacramento Division and Fresno Division award comparable rates. See Fitzgerald 26 v. Law Office of Curtis O. Barnes, 2013 WL 1627740, n.5 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 15, 2013) (observing that “[c]ases from this Court's Sacramento Division largely mirror the rate determinations from the Fresno Division”). 27 8 Plaintiff did not provide any information regarding when Elana Midda began practicing law. However, the Court “may take judicial notice of the State Bar of California’s website regarding attorneys’ dates of admission to the Bar.” Davis 28 v. Hollins Law, 25 F.Supp.3d 1292, 1298 n. 5 (2014). Thus, the Court takes judicial notice of the admission date of Elana 1 8; Doc. 71 at 7-8.) 2 Jayco objects to the hourly rates sought by Plaintiffs’ counsel “are unreasonable compared to 3 what small litigation firms bill and should be adjusted accordingly.” (Doc. 72 at 4.) According to 4 Jayco, “there is no indication in any of the moving papers that the rates being sought here by 5 Plaintiffs’ counsel are their usual and customary rates and that their clients routinely pay these rates or 6 that any court has awarded them these rates.” (Id., emphasis omitted.) Jayco observes: “Mr. Jacob’s 7 Declaration and Mr. Baker’s Declaration both lack any sort of information to identify which cases, if 8 any, they have been awarded the requested hourly rates or the outcome of court rulings on prior fee 9 motions.” (Id. at 5.) Further, Jayco notes that in Flores v. FCA US LLC, “this Court granted in part an 10 attorneys’ fees motion and reduced a fee request,” finding reasonable hourly rates for “in the Eastern 11 District of California’s Fresno Division … generally rang[e] from $250 to $400 for attorneys.” (Id. at 12 5-6, citing Flores, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 203497 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 19, 2019).) 13 In reply, Plaintiffs’ contend “the Flores case is readily distinguishable to the case at hand both 14 factually and in regards to the basis of the attorney fees sought.” (Doc. 73 at 4.) Plaintiffs observe: 15 “Flores involved a Dodge RAM passenger vehicle that was purchased in California and contained a 16 known defect,” and “[f]rom all records available, it appears Flores was a ‘simple’ lemon law case.” 17 (Id., citing Flores, 2019 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 203597, at *4.) In addition, Plaintiffs contend, “[i]n August 18 of 2020, the Eastern District of California found that Mr. Jacobs’ and Mr. Baker’s hourly rate for 19 lodestar purposes to be $505 per hour.” (Id. at 3, citing Seebach v. BMW of N. Am., LLC, 2020 U.S. 20 Dist. LEXIS 152330 at *9, 2020 WL 4923664 at *3 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 21, 2020).) Plaintiffs assert, “In 21 Seebach, the Court also confirmed the rates of attorney Ryan Gomez of $300 and $350 per hour who 22 has the same level of experience as attorney Chad David at the time.” (Id. at 3-4.) 23 Previously, the Court observed: “A recent comprehensive analysis of attorney’s fees in this 24 district found the following hourly rates to be reasonable: $450 for partners with at least 20 years of 25 experience; $400 for partners with between 10 and 20 years of experience; and $250 for associates with 26 between four and 10 years of experience.” Price Simms Holdings v. Candle3, 2021 WL 1884995, at *2 27 (E.D. Cal. May 11, 2021), citing Firstsource Sols. USA, LLC v. Tulare Reg’l Med. Ctr., 2019 WL 28 2725336, at *8 (E.D. Cal. June 28, 2019); but see Acosta v. Perez, 2021 WL 3910543, at *12 (E.D. Cal. 1 Sept. 1, 2021) (“District Judge Anthony W. Ishii … surveyed prevailing rates in this district and found 2 that reasonable hourly rates … are between $175 and $380, depending on the attorney’s experience and 3 expertise, with $300 being the upper range for attorneys with 10 years or less experience”). However, 4 as Plaintiffs assert, this Court recently awarded higher hourly rates to counsel in Seebach. 5 In Seebach, the plaintiffs were also represented by Jon Jacobs and Terry Baker in a lemon law 6 action filed originally in December 2017. See id., 2020 WL 4923664 at *2-3. The parties reached a 7 settlement, but “could not agree on a reasonable attorneys’ fee amount” and filed a motion for fees. 8 Id. at *1. Counsel requested hourly “rates ranging from $350 to $650 per hour for work performed on 9 the case,” including $650 per hour for Mr. Baker and $550 per hour for Mr. Jacobs, $400 for an 10 attorney “with roughly one year of experience,” and $300 to $350 per hour for an attorney “with 11 roughly 4 years of experience.” Id. at *3. The Court noted opined the “requested rates [were] not 12 reasonable for lodestar purposes.” Id. Given the experience of Mr. Jacobs and Mr. Baker—which 13 each had “roughly 20 years of experience”—the Court reduced their hourly rate to $505, noting it was 14 taking into account state court judgments cited by Mr. Baker in which he was awarded $475 to $505 15 per hour in similar actions. Id. In addition, the Court reduced the hourly rate of Mr. Walker to $200 to 16 reflect that he had “one year and two months of experience litigating.” Id. 17 Based upon the Court’s prior surveys of hourly rates awarded in this district, Plaintiffs fail to 18 demonstrate the reasonableness of the rates requested by counsel, and the hourly rates must be 19 adjusted to rates that are reasonable in this forum to calculate the lodestar. See Seebach, 2020 WL 20 4923664, at *3. John Jacobs seeks the rate of $495 per hour for his work completed in 2018, and $550 21 for his work completed in 2021. (See Doc. 71 at 8.) As previously noted, Mr. Jacobs has practiced 22 law for more than 20 years. This Court found the reasonable rate for attorneys in the Eastern Division 23 was “$450 for partners with at least 20 years of experience.” See Price Simms Holdings, 2021 WL 24 1884995 at *2, citing Firstsource Sols. USA, LLC, 2019 WL 2725336 at *8 (E.D. Cal. June 28, 2019); 25 see also Eagle Sys. & Servs. v. Int'l Assoc. of Machinists, 2017 WL 1213373 at *3 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 31, 26 2017) (finding the rate of $450 was acceptable in this district “for partners with 20 to 35 years of 27 experience”). Therefore, the hourly rate for work completed by Mr. Jacobs in 2018 will be reduced to 28 the rate of $450. In addition, his hourly rate for work completed in 2021 will be reduced to $505, to 1 align with the hourly rate previously approved as reasonable for Mr. Jacobs by this Court. See 2 Seebach, 2020 WL 4923664, at *3. Likewise, the hourly rates requested by Mr. Baker will be reduced 3 to $505 to mirror the fees awarded in Seebach and the state court judgments previously reviewed by 4 the Court. See id. 5 The requested hourly rate of $495 for Elana Midda and Rene Dupart must also be reduced to be 6 reasonable for this forum. The rate for Ms. Midda, who was admitted to practice in 2004 and had 7 approximately 14 years of experience when she worked on the action, will be reduced to $350 per hour. 8 See In re Taco Bell Wage & Hour Actions, 222 F. Supp. 3d 813, 839 (E.D. Cal. 2016) (noting courts in 9 the Eastern District have awarded attorneys “with less than fifteen years of experience … $250.00 to 10 $350.00 per hour”); see also Estrada v. iYogi, Inc., 2016 WL 310279, at *6 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 26, 2016) 11 (approving $400 requested rate for attorneys with as much as 19 years of experience). Similarly, the 12 hourly rate will be reduced to $250 for Mr. Dupart, who had been admitted to the bar for approximately 13 five years when he worked on the action in 2018. See Perkins v. City of Modesto, 2020 WL 4547325, 14 at *2 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 5, 2020) (finding “$250 per hour to be a reasonable rate” for an attorney who 15 “had been licensed for fewer than seven years” when the fees were incurred); Lowery v. Account 16 Outsourcing Group, LLC, 2018 WL 3769430 at *2 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 9, 2018) (finding the requested rate 17 of $250 was appropriate for a lawyer who had been “a consumer protection attorney” for three years); 18 Mike Murphy’s Enters., v. Fineline Indus, 2018 WL 1871412, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 19, 2018) (case 19 awarding the hourly rate of $250 for an attorney who had been practicing for seven years); see also 20 Seebach, 2020 WL 4923664, at *3 (noting that for an attorney with 4 years of experience, $300 was 21 “within the reasonable range for the Sacramento market,” though it is unclear what year(s) these fees 22 were incurred). 23 Finally, the hourly rates for Chad David, who was admitted to the bar in November 2019 exceed 24 those awarded in this forum. When Mr. David began working on the action, he was a law clerk with 25 the firm. Although the Court approved the requested rate of $175 in Seebach, the Court noted this rate 26 was “for a certified law clerk.” Seebach, 2020 WL 4923664 at *3 (emphasis added). Here, there is no 27 evidence that Mr. David completed the process to become a certified law clerk with the California bar. 28 Thus, the Court finds the hourly rate should be reduced to $125 for his work prior to admission to the 1 bar. Compare Lowery v. Account Outsourcing Group, LLC, 2018 WL 3769430 at *2 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 2 9, 2018) (awarding the hourly rate of $125 to a law clerk) with Seebach, 2020 WL 4923664 at *3 3 (awarding the rate of $175 for a certified law clerk). Further, as of the filing of the reply to this motion, 4 Mr. David had been practicing law for only two years. The requested hourly rate for Mr. David once 5 he was admitted to the bar is reduced to $200, to be within the reasonable range for the Eastern District. 6 See Seebach, 2020 WL 4923664, at *3 (reducing the requested hourly rate of $400 to $200 for an 7 attorney who had less than two years of practicing law). 8 2. Paralegals 9 Plaintiffs seek an hourly rate of $150 for each of the paralegals on the action. (Doc. 71 at 7-8.) 10 Mr. Baker reports that he has “charged $150 per hour for paralegal time for at least seven years” and 11 “received that amount in nearly every settlement with every major vehicle, motor home, RV, and boat 12 manufacturer.” (Doc. 70-5 at 3, Jacobs Decl. ¶ 12.) In addition, Mr. Baker stated he “obtained that 13 rate in a fee motion in Sacramento County.” (Id., citing Brown v. FCA US LLC, Case No. 34-2016- 14 00202429.) Jayco objects to the rate and requests it be reduced to $115. (Doc. 72 at 6.) 15 Notably, Plaintiffs’ counsel report—without identifying any supporting evidence or 16 documentation—“the contingency fee agreement signed by the Plaintiffs specifically provides for the 17 billing of paralegal time at $150.00 an hour.” (Doc. 71 at 13.) However, Mr. Scott reports that the 18 “Letter of Engagement” he signed with the Law Offices of Jon Jacobs made it “clear” that Plaintiff 19 “would not pay a penny out of [his] pocket for their legal services or costs.” (Doc. 71-1 at 1-2, ¶ 5.) 20 Thus, it is not clear whether Plaintiffs agreed they would pay $150 per hour for paralegals’ work on 21 the action, or if they simply acknowledged this was the hourly rate typically billed by the firm. 22 Regardless, any agreement between Plaintiffs and counsel is not dispositive of the issue of whether 23 fees requested are reasonable. Instead, the Court has an obligation to determine whether a proposed 24 hourly rate is reasonable for the forum. See Gates, 987 F.2d 1390; Moreno v, 534 F.3d at 1111. 25 Paralegal rates within the Eastern District range between $75 to approximately $150.00, 26 depending on experience. Schmidt v. City of Modesto, 2018 WL 6593362, at *6 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 14, 27 2018) (“the reasonable rate of compensation for a paralegal would be between $75.00 to $150.00 per 28 hour depending on experience”); see also Phillips 66 Co. v. Cal. Pride, 2017 WL 2875736, at *15 1 (E.D. Cal. July 6, 2017) (identifying the same range of hourly rates); Trujillo v. Singh, 2017 WL 2 1831941 at *3 (E.D. Cal. May 8, 2017) (finding requested hourly rates of $95-115 were reasonable 3 within the Eastern District). Although the requested rate is within the range approved by this district, 4 Plaintiffs’ counsel fails to provide any information regarding the levels of education or experience for 5 the paralegals. The Court is unable to assume, as counsel would have it, that the hourly rate awarded 6 in prior actions was to the same paralegals, or to individuals with the same level of experience. 7 Without such information, Plaintiffs fail to show an hourly rate at the highest end of the spectrum is 8 appropriate. See, e.g,, Freshko Produce Servs. v. ILA Prods, 2021 WL 4033176, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 9 2, 2021) (approving $150 per hour as reasonable “for a paralegal with more than 30 years of 10 experience” for purposes of calculating the lodestar). 11 When counsel has failed to provide information related to the experience of paralegals, the 12 Court has reduced the requested fee award to the lower end of the hourly rate range. See, e.g., Englert 13 v. City of Merced, 2020 WL 2215749, at *13 (E.D. Cal. May 7, 2020) (rejecting the requested rate of 14 $125 to $150 per hour for the paralegals and reducing them to $75 when the plaintiffs “provided no 15 information on the experience of the paralegals”); Freshko Produce Servs. v. Write on Mktg., 2019 16 WL 3798491 at *3 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 13, 2019) (finding the proposed hourly rate of $150 was not 17 reasonable because counsel “fail[ed] to identify the education and experience of [the] paralegal to 18 justify the upper rate of $150,” and adjusting the hourly rate to $100); Mora v. Cal W. Ag Servs., Inc., 19 2019 WL 2084725, at *9 (E.D. Cal. May 13, 2019) (applying adjusted rate for paralegals of $100 per 20 hour where counsel failed to identify the experience of the paralegals). Because counsel has not 21 provided any information regarding the education and experience of any of the paralegals who worked 22 on this action, the hourly rate for each paralegal will be reduced to $100. See Freshko Produce, 2019 23 WL 3798491 at *3; Mora, 2019 WL 2084725, at *9. 24 Based upon the Court's prior surveys of the attorney fees awarded in the Eastern District and 25 the Court’s own knowledge, these hourly rates are reasonable for the tasks completed by counsel and 26 the professional staff in this action. See Roach, 2017 WL 5070264 at *9; Ingram v. Oroudjian, 647 27 F.3d 925, 928 (9th Cir. 2011) (concluding “the district court did not abuse its discretion either by 28 relying, in part, on its own knowledge and experience” to determine reasonable hourly rates). 1 C. Lodestar Calculation 2 The lodestar method calculates attorney fees by “by multiplying the number of hours reasonably 3 expended by counsel on the particular matter times a reasonable hourly rate.” Florida , 915 F.2d at 545 4 n. 3 (citing Hensley, 461 U.S. at 433); see also Laffitte v. Robert Half Int’l, 1 Cal. 5th 480, 489 (2016). 5 With the time and rate adjustments set forth above, the lodestar in this action is $67,634.35: 6 LEGAL PROFESSSIONAL HOURS RATE LODESTAR Jon Jacobs (2018) 1.87 $450 $841.50 7 Jon Jacobs (2021) 0.17 $505 $85.85 Terry Baker 109.10 $505 $55,095.50 8 Chad David (as a law clerk) 0.34 $125 $42.50 9 Chad David (after admission) 21.34 $200 $4,268.00 Rene Dupart 16.75 $250 $4,187.50 10 Jon Feely 0 N/A N/A Elana Midda 1.87 $350 $654.50 11 Nicolas Dillavou 0 N/A N/A 12 Lisa Tyler 7.65 $100 $765.00 Gabriela Torres 9.18 $100 $918.00 13 Kimberly Riley 1.81 $100 $181.00 Kayla Goettman 3.91 $100 $391.00 14 Cindy Lewandowski 0 N/A N/A Shaina Cateldge 2.04 $100 $204.00 15

16 TOTAL $67,634.35

17 D. Application of a multiplier 18 Plaintiffs request that the lodestar figure be enhanced by a multiplier of 1.5. (Doc. 71 at 9.) 19 Once a court has calculated the lodestar, “it may increase or decrease that amount by applying a 20 positive or negative ‘multiplier’ to take into account a variety of other factors, including the quality of 21 the representation, the novelty and complexity of the issues, the results obtained, and the contingent 22 risk presented.” Laffitte, 1 Cal.5th at 504 (citation omitted); see also Ketchum v. Moses, 24 Cal.4th 23 1122, 1132 (2001) (indicating the court may adjust the fee award considering “the following factors: 24 (1) the novelty and difficulty of the questions involved, (2) the skill displayed in presenting them, (3) 25 the extent to which the nature of the litigation precluded other employment by the attorneys, (4) the 26 contingent nature of the fee award”). The party seeking a lodestar enhancement bears a “heavy” 27 burden to overcome the “strong presumption” that the lodestar is reasonable. Stewart v. Gates, 987 28 F.2d 1450, 1453 (9th Cir. 1993). 1 Plaintiffs contend, “This case calls for a multiplier to enhance the lodestar fee amount.” (Doc. 2 71 at 9.) According to Plaintiffs, “Lemon Law litigation is a specialized field that involves complex 3 interplay between state and federal consumer statutes and the Uniform Commercial Code as interpreted 4 by state and federal courts.” (Id.) In addition, Plaintiffs assert this case was “especially complex” with 5 novel issues raised “at multiple times during the lawsuit.” (Id. at 10.) Plaintiffs observe: 6 [T]he facts of this case involve a motor home purchased in Iowa by residents of California with a warranty provision that litigation be prosecuted in Indiana. As 7 evidenced by this Court’s ruling on Plaintiff’s Motion for Order Establishing the Controlling Law, complex issues of law arose with little case precedent to guide 8 Plaintiffs’ claims. Specifically, here, this case was transferred to the Northern District of Indiana and subsequently transferred back to this venue upon discovery 9 of Defendants utilizing improper evidence to support their transfer of venue. Attorney Terry Baker was required to be admitted pro hac vice to prosecute this 10 case in Indiana.

11 (Id.) As a result, Plaintiffs contend they “had to overcome procedural hurdles prior to litigating this 12 case on the merits.” (Id.) 13 Further, Plaintiffs argue the skill counsel displayed also supports application of a multiplier. 14 (Doc. 71 at 10.) They contend counsel’s “overall skill … is evidenced by the claim’s survival through 15 litigation and the outcome achieved in Plaintiffs.” (Id.) Plaintiffs report: 16 In over 20 years of practicing exclusively in the field of Lemon Law, Jon Jacobs has handled approximately 2,000 Lemon Law cases. Last year alone, the Law 17 Offices of Jon Jacobs handled over 300 Lemon Law cases. Jacobs Decl. ¶ 4. Similarly, Terry Baker has over 20 years of litigation and trial experience 18 working for multiple law firms specializing in consumer warranty protection. He alone has successfully taken over 25 cases to trial and has handled over 100 Lemon 19 Law cases during the pendency of this current action. Baker Decl.

20 (Id.) Plaintiffs assert “they spent more than 200 hours on this matter, with an additional 25 hours 21 anticipated to close out this case,” and that “[u]ntil this case is fully resolved, Plaintiffs’ counsel is 22 unable to allow another case to take its’ (sic) place.” (Id. at 11.) 23 Finally, Plaintiffs argue the contingency fee contract between Plaintiffs and counsel supports 24 the application of a multiplier. (Doc. 71 at 11-12.) Plaintiffs assert, “counsel prosecuted this case on a 25 contingency fee basis and advanced all of the costs of litigation.” (Id. at 11, emphasis in original.) 26 According to Plaintiffs, the application of a fee multiplier also “encourage[s] competent counsel to 27 protect consumers on a contingency fee basis.” (Id. at 12, emphasis omitted.) Plaintiffs assert, 28 “[w]ithout full compensation for successful cases, experienced and competent counsel will be deterred 1 from accepting consumer cases.” (Id.) 2 Jayco opposes the request for a multiplier, asserting that “Plaintiff’s counsel lists the factors that 3 support such a determination, but fails to demonstrate why such an entitlement is justified on the instant 4 facts.” (Doc. 72 at 13.) Jayco contends that while “Plaintiffs’ counsel repeatedly refers to the excellent 5 result achieved …, Plaintiffs settled their claims for a diminished value payment of $42,500.00 – not a 6 repurchase or replacement of their motor home.” (Id.) According to Jayco, it “always argued that 7 Plaintiffs’ damages must only be calculated as a ‘diminished value’ recovery,” while Plaintiffs “refused 8 to acknowledge that Song-Beverly repurchase remedies were unavailable until the eve of trial.” (Id.) In 9 addition, Jayco contends “Plaintiffs’ Counsel were clearly not precluded from taking on any work as a 10 consequence of their work in this case,” as a review of the hours billed reveals that “Counsel billed less 11 than 10 hours per month in this matter for 27 of the 40 months of the litigation between February 2018 12 and August 2021.” (Id. at 14.) Jayco observes that “[t]he most hours billed for any month was 21 13 hours in February 2020.” (Id.) Thus, Jayco contends “Counsel could have accepted other cases, 14 assuming such cases were available.” (Id.) 15 Significantly, it does not appear counsel faced truly novel and complex issues of law in this 16 action, contrary to their assertions. Indeed, the only substantive motions filed with the Court related to 17 a motion to change venue and motion to resolve the parties’ dispute related to the controlling law. (See 18 Docs. 11, 49.) Despite the representations of counsel, the level of skill and experience of Mr. Jacobs 19 and Mr. Baker were not particularly reflected in the prosecution of this action. Counsel was not 20 required to face significant factual disputes or dispositive motions in this action, such as a motion to 21 dismiss, motion to strike, or motion for summary judgment. Indeed, of the 230.7 hours originally billed 22 by the Law Offices of Jon Jacobs, approximately 40% of the hours were billed by paralegals and 10% 23 by an attorney who was licensed to practice during the pendency of this action. (See Doc. 71 at 7-8.) 24 Thus, the Court finds the issues presented and skill required do not support the application of a 25 multiplier. See, e.g., Steel v. GMC, 912 F. Supp. 724, 746 (N.J. Dist. 1995) (“the issues in lemon law 26 litigation are not complex and do not require a significant amount of legal analysis or novel pleading”); 27 Ketchum, 24 Cal. 4th at 1138 (explaining that “[a] more difficult legal question typically requires more 28 attorney hours”). 1 Furthermore, there is no evidence that the nature of the litigation precluded other employment 2 by counsel. To the contrary, Plaintiffs’ counsel expended a total of fewer than 275 hours of work on 3 this action over the course of three years. Indeed, Plaintiffs’ counsel admits that “[l]ast year alone, the 4 Law Offices of Jon Jacobs handled over 300 Lemon Law cases” and Mr. Baker “handled over 100 5 [other] Lemon Law cases during the pendency of this current action.” (Doc. 71 at 10.) Finally, the 6 Court finds the contingent nature of the fee award is outweighed by the other factors, particularly in this 7 action where the disputed facts and issues were minimal. See Amaral v. Cintas Corp. No. 2, 163 8 Cal.App.4th 1157, 1217 (2008) (enhancement for contingent risk is appropriate where “[t]he claims and 9 defenses . . . raised a significant number of complex legal issues of first impression, and class counsel 10 took a substantial risk that it would not prevail on these issues and thus would not recover a full fee”). 11 Accordingly, the Court finds the lodestar amount of $67,634.35 is reasonable for the work completed 12 and results achieved, and declines to award a multiplier. 13 E. Costs to be Awarded 14 Plaintiff requests costs and expenses in the amount of $1,509.13, as reflected in their “Bill of 15 Costs.” (Doc. 71 at 6; Doc. 70-5 at 106-08.) In general, an award of costs in federal district court is 16 governed by Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 54(d) and not applicable state law. See Champion 17 Produce, Inc. v. Ruby Robinson Co., Inc., 342 F.3d 1016, 1022 (9th Cir. 2003) (citing In re Merrill 18 Lynch Relocation Mgmt., Inc., 812 F.2d 1116, 1120 n. 2 (9th Cir. 1987)). This is because “federal 19 courts sitting in diversity apply state substantive law and federal procedural law.” Feldman v. Allstate 20 Ins. Co., 322 F.3d 660, 666 (9th Cir. 2003) (citing Erie R.R. v. Tompkins, 304 U.S. 64, 78 (1938)). 21 Thus, federal procedural law governs a request for an award of costs. 22 Rule 54 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that costs “should be allowed to the 23 prevailing party.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 54(d)(1). This “creates a presumption in favor of awarding costs to 24 the prevailing party, but the district court may refuse to award costs within its discretion.” Champion 25 Produce, 342 F.3d at 1022. “[A] district court need not give affirmative reasons for awarding costs; 26 instead, it need only find that the reasons for denying costs are not sufficiently persuasive to overcome 27 the presumption in favor of an award.” Save Our Valley v. Sound Transit, 335 F.3d 932, 945 (9th Cir. 28 2003). For example, costs may be declined in light of “a losing party’s limited financial resources” or 1 where there has been “misconduct by the prevailing party.” Champion Produce, 342 F.3d at 1022. 2 The Supreme Court explained that 28 U.S.C. § 1920 “defines the term ‘costs’ as used in Rule 3 54(d).” Crawford Fitting Co. v. J.T. Gibbons, Inc., 482 U.S. 437, 441 (1987). Costs that may be taxed 4 under 28 U.S.C. § 1920 include: 5 (1) Fees of the clerk and marshal; (2) Fees for printed or electronically recorded transcripts necessarily obtained for 6 use in the case; (3) Fees and disbursements for printing and witnesses; 7 (4) Fees for exemplification and the costs of making copies of any materials where the copies are necessarily obtained for use in the case; 8 (5) Docket fees under section 1923 of this title; (6) Compensation of court appointed experts, compensation of interpreters, and 9 salaries, fees, expenses, and costs of special interpretation services under section 1828 of this title. 10

11 Section 1920 imposes “rigid controls on cost-shifting in federal courts,” and “federal courts are bound 12 by the limitations set out in.” Crawford Fitting Co. v. J.T. Gibbons, Inc., 482 U.S. 437, 444-45 (1987). 13 Generally, the court may not award costs under Rule 54(d) not authorized by statute or court rule. 14 Arlington Cent. School Dist. Bd. of Educ. v. Murphy, 548 U.S. 291, 301 (2006). Thus, “costs almost 15 always amount to less than the successful litigant’s total expenses in connection with a lawsuit.” 16 Taniguchi v. Kan Pac. Saipan, Ltd., 566 U.S. 560, 573 (2012) (citation omitted). 17 1. Filing fee 18 Section 1920 specifically provides that a prevailing party may recover costs for fees to the 19 court clerk. 28 U.S.C. § 1920(1). See also Carr v. Tadin, Inc., 51 F.Supp.3d 970, 985 (S.D. Cal. 2014) 20 (“the filing fee is recoverable as a fee of the clerk”). Therefore, Plaintiffs are entitled to recover the 21 $400 filing fee. 22 2. Mediation fees 23 Plaintiffs seeks $987.50 for “[m]ediation fees paid to JAMS.” (Doc. 70-5 at 108.) However, 24 “nothing in 28 U.S.C. § 1920 provides for the costs of a mediator.” Sea Coast Foods, Inc. v. Lu-Mar 25 Lobster & Shrimp, Inc. 260 F.3d 1054, 1061 (9th Cir. 2001); see also Cook Children’s Med. Ctr. v. 26 New England PPO Plan of Gen. Consol. Mgmt., Inc., 491 F.3d 266, 277 (5th Cir. 2007) (mediation 27 fees are not taxable costs because Section 1920 does not expressly permit their recovery). Plaintiffs are 28 therefore not entitled to recover mediation fees pursuant to Section 1920. 1 3. Certificate of good standing 2 Finally, Plaintiffs seek $121.63 for obtaining a certificate of good standing from the State Bar 3 of California. (Doc. 70-5 at 108.) However, courts have determined costs related to a pro hac vice 4 application are not recoverable under Section 1920. See Kalitta Air L.L.C. v. Central Texas Airborne 5 System, Inc., 741 F.3d 955 (9th Cir. 2013) (finding Section 1920 does not provide for recovery of costs 6 expended on pro hac vice applications); see also Eagle Ins. Co. v. Johnson, 982 F. Supp. 1456, 1459 7 (M.D. Ala. 1997), aff’d, 162 F.3d 98 (11th Cir. 1998) (finding no statute authorizes compensation for 8 certificate of good standing or pro hac vice filing fees). 9 IV. Conclusion and Order 10 Based upon the foregoing, the Court ORDERS: 11 1. Plaintiff’s motion for fees is GRANTED in the modified amount of $67,634.35; and 12 2. Plaintiff’s motion for costs is GRANTED in the amount of $400.00. 13 14 IT IS SO ORDERED.

15 Dated: December 18, 2021 _ /s/ Jennifer L. Thurston 16 CHIEF UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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