1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 SARAH L. HOBBS, No. 2:20-cv-02323 AC 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER 14 KILOLO KIJAKAZI, Acting Commissioner of Social Security, 15 Defendant. 16

17 18 Plaintiff seeks judicial review of a final decision of the Commissioner of Social Security 19 (“Commissioner”), denying his application for disability insurance benefits (“DIB”) under Title II 20 of the Social Security Act (“the Act”), 42 U.S.C. §§ 401-34.1 For the reasons that follow, 21 plaintiff’s motion for summary judgment is GRANTED, defendant’s cross-motion for summary 22 judgment is DENIED, and the matter will be remanded to the Commissioner for further 23 proceedings. 24 I. PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 25 On April 16, 2002, plaintiff was found disabled based on bipolar disorder beginning 26 September 15, 2001, and eligible for Title II, Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI)

27 1 DIB is paid to disabled persons who have contributed to the Disability Insurance Program, and who suffer from a mental or physical disability. 42 U.S.C. § 423(a)(1); Bowen v. City of New 28 York, 476 U.S. 467, 470 (1986). 1 benefits. Administrative Record (“AR”) 24 (ECF No. 12-22).2 The agency then found on June 2 27, 2018, that plaintiff’s disability had ceased. Id. Plaintiff appealed that decision and 3 participated in a hearing before Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) Carol Buck on November 7, 4 2019. AR 42-66 (hearing transcript). Plaintiff, her attorney Kevin LaPorte, and vocational expert 5 Scott Neilson participated in the hearing. AR 43. By decision dated January 23, 2020, ALJ Buck 6 affirmed that plaintiff’s disability ceased on June 27, 2018. AR 21-36 (decision). Plaintiff timely 7 requested review of the ALJ’s decision by the Appeals Council, but on September 23, 2020, the 8 Appeals Council denied the request. AR 1-6. This action resulted in the ALJ’s decision 9 becoming the final order of the Commissioner. 10 Plaintiff filed this action on November 20, 2020. ECF No. 1; see 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). The 11 parties consented to the jurisdiction of the magistrate judge. ECF No. 18. The parties’ cross- 12 motions for summary judgment, based upon the Administrative Record filed by the 13 Commissioner, have been fully briefed. ECF Nos. 15 (plaintiff’s summary judgment motion), 16 14 (Commissioner’s summary judgment motion), 17 (plaintiff’s reply). 15 II. FACTUAL BACKGROUND 16 Plaintiff was born in 1970, and accordingly was, at age 49, a younger person under the 17 regulations at the time of the decision at issue.3 AR 21, 67. Plaintiff has at least a high school 18 education and can communicate in English. AR 85, 256. Plaintiff has past work as a barista, 19 electrical apprentice, elder care provider, massage therapist, admin, and university lab assistant. 20 AR 224. 21 III. LEGAL STANDARDS 22 The Commissioner’s decision that a claimant is not disabled will be upheld “if it is 23 supported by substantial evidence and if the Commissioner applied the correct legal standards.” 24 Howard ex rel. Wolff v. Barnhart, 341 F.3d 1006, 1011 (9th Cir. 2003). “‘The findings of the 25 Secretary as to any fact, if supported by substantial evidence, shall be conclusive . . ..’” Andrews 26 v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 1995) (quoting 42 U.S.C. § 405(g)).

27 2 The AR is electronically filed in OCR (searchable) format at ECF No. 12-22 and 12-23 (AR 1 to AR 2456). 28 3 See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1563(c) (“younger person”). 1 Substantial evidence is “more than a mere scintilla,” but “may be less than a 2 preponderance.” Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1111 (9th Cir. 2012). “It means such 3 evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Richardson v. 4 Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971) (internal quotation marks omitted). “While inferences from the 5 record can constitute substantial evidence, only those ‘reasonably drawn from the record’ will 6 suffice.” Widmark v. Barnhart, 454 F.3d 1063, 1066 (9th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). 7 Although this court cannot substitute its discretion for that of the Commissioner, the court 8 nonetheless must review the record as a whole, “weighing both the evidence that supports and the 9 evidence that detracts from the [Commissioner’s] conclusion.” Desrosiers v. Secretary of HHS, 10 846 F.2d 573, 576 (9th Cir. 1988); Jones v. Heckler, 760 F.2d 993, 995 (9th Cir. 1985) (“The 11 court must consider both evidence that supports and evidence that detracts from the ALJ’s 12 conclusion; it may not affirm simply by isolating a specific quantum of supporting evidence.”). 13 “The ALJ is responsible for determining credibility, resolving conflicts in medical 14 testimony, and resolving ambiguities.” Edlund v. Massanari, 253 F.3d 1152, 1156 (9th 15 Cir. 2001). “Where the evidence is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation, one of 16 which supports the ALJ’s decision, the ALJ’s conclusion must be upheld.” Thomas v. Barnhart, 17 278 F.3d 947, 954 (9th Cir. 2002). However, the court may review only the reasons stated by the 18 ALJ in his decision “and may not affirm the ALJ on a ground upon which he did not rely.” Orn 19 v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 630 (9th Cir. 2007); Connett v. Barnhart, 340 F.3d 871, 874 (9th Cir. 20 2003) (“It was error for the district court to affirm the ALJ’s credibility decision based on 21 evidence that the ALJ did not discuss”). 22 The court will not reverse the Commissioner’s decision if it is based on harmless error, 23 which exists only when it is “clear from the record that an ALJ’s error was ‘inconsequential to the 24 ultimate nondisability determination.’” Robbins v. Commissioner, 466 F.3d 880, 885 (9th Cir. 25 2006) (quoting Stout v. Commissioner, 454 F.3d 1050, 1055 (9th Cir. 2006)); see also Burch v. 26 Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 2005). 27 IV. RELEVANT LAW 28 Disability Insurance Benefits and Supplemental Security Income are available for every 1 eligible individual who is “disabled.” 42 U.S.C. §§ 402(d)(1)(B)(ii) (DIB), 1381a (SSI). Plaintiff 2 is “disabled” if he is “‘unable to engage in substantial gainful activity due to a medically 3 determinable physical or mental impairment . . ..’” Bowen v. Yuckert, 482 U.S. 137, 140 (1987) 4 (quoting identically worded provisions of 42 U.S.C. §§ 423(d)(1)(A), 1382c(a)(3)(A)). 5 In the initial determination, the Commissioner uses a five-step sequential evaluation 6 process to determine whether an applicant is disabled and entitled to benefits. 20 C.F.R. 7 §§ 404.1520(a)(4), 416.920(a)(4); Barnhart v. Thomas, 540 U.S. 20, 24-25 (2003) (setting forth 8 the “five-step sequential evaluation process to determine disability” under Title II and Title XVI). 9 Where a claimant has been previously determined to be disabled and the Commissioner is 10 determining whether the disability continues, an eight-step process is used. 20 CFR 404.1594. 11 At step one, the Commissioner must determine if the claimant is engaging in substantial 12 gainful activity. If the claimant is performing substantial gainful activity and any applicable trial 13 work period has been completed, the claimant is no longer disabled (20 CFR 404.1594(f)(1)). 14 At step two, the Commissioner must determine whether the claimant has an impairment or 15 combination of impairments which meets or medically equals the criteria of an impairment listed 16 in 20 CFR Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1 (20 CFR 404.1520(d), 404.1525 and 404.1526). If 17 the claimant does, her disability continues (20 CFR 404.1594(f)(2)). 18 At step three, the Commissioner must determine whether medical improvement has 19 occurred (20 CFR 404.1594(f)(3)). Medical improvement is any decrease in medical severity of 20 the impairment(s) as established by improvement in symptoms, signs and/or laboratory findings 21 (20 CFR 404.1594(b)(1)). If medical improvement has occurred, the analysis proceeds to the 22 fourth step. If not, the analysis proceeds to the fifth step. 23 At step four, the Commissioner must determine whether medical improvement is related 24 to the ability to work (20 CFR 404.1594(f)(4)). Medical improvement is related to the ability to 25 work if it results in an increase in the claimant’s capacity to perform basic work activities (20 26 CFR 404.1594(b)(3)). If it does, the analysis proceeds to the sixth step. 27 At step five, the Commissioner must determine if an exception to medical improvement 28 applies (20 CFR 404.1594(f)(5)). There are two groups of exceptions (20 CFR 404.1594(d) and 1 (e)). If one of the first group exceptions applies, the analysis proceeds to the next step. If one of 2 the second group exceptions applies, the claimant’s disability ends. If none apply, the claimant’s 3 disability continues. 4 At step six, the Commissioner must determine whether all the claimant’s current 5 impairments in combination are severe (20 CFR 404.1594(f)(6)). If all current impairments in 6 combination do not significantly limit the claimant’s ability to do basic work activities, the 7 claimant is no longer disabled. If they do, the analysis proceeds to the next step. 8 At step seven, the Commissioner must assess the claimant’s residual functional capacity 9 based on the current impairments and determine if she can perform past relevant work (20 CFR 10 404.1594(f)(7)). If the claimant has the capacity to perform past relevant work, her disability has 11 ended. If not, the analysis proceeds to the last step. 12 At step eight, the undersigned must determine whether other work exists that the claimant 13 can perform, given her residual functional capacity and considering her age, education, and past 14 work experience (20 CFR 404.1594(f)(8)). If the claimant can perform other work, she is no 15 longer disabled. If the claimant cannot perform other work, her disability continues. In order to 16 support a finding that an individual is not disabled at this step, the Social Security Administration 17 is responsible for providing evidence that demonstrates that other work exists in significant 18 numbers in the national economy that the claimant can do, given the residual functional capacity, 19 age, education, and work experience. 20 V. THE ALJ’s DECISION 21 The ALJ made the following findings: 22 1. The most recent favorable medical decision finding that the claimant was disabled is the determination dated April 16, 2002 23 (Exhibit 2F, 3F, 25F). This is known as the “comparison point decision” or CPD. 24 2. At the time of the CPD, the claimant had the following medically 25 determinable impairments: bipolar disorder. These impairments were found to result in a marked limitation in her psychological 26 functioning. 27 3. [Step 1] As of the CDP of April 16, 2002 and through the date of this decision, the claimant has not engaged in substantial gainful 28 activity (20 CFR 404.1594(f)(1)). 1 4. The medical evidence establishes that since the cessation date of June 27, 2018, the claimant has had the following medically 2 determinable impairments: fibromyalgia, sleep apnea, depression, bipolar disorder, anxiety, migraines, osteoarthritis, back pain, 3 GERD, history of alcohol abuse, urinary incontinence, chronic body pain, bilateral arm weakness, dry eyes syndrome, and CIDP. These 4 are the claimant’s current impairments. 5 5. [Step 2] Since the cessation date of June 27, 2018, the claimant has not had an impairment or combination of impairments which met 6 or medically equaled the severity of an impairment listed in 20 CFR Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1 (20 CFR 404.1525 and 404.1526). 7 6. [Step 3] Medical improvement occurred on cessation date of June 8 27, 2018 (20 CFR 404.1594(b)(1)). 9 7. [Step 4] The claimant’s medical improvement is related to the ability to work because it resulted in an increase in the claimant’s 10 residual functional capacity (20 CFR 404.1594(c)(3)(ii)). 11 8. [Step 6] Since the cessation date of June 27, 2018, the claimant has continued to have a severe impairment or combination of 12 impairments (20 CFR 404.1594(f)(6)). 13 9. [Step 7] Based on the impairments present since the cessation date of June 27, 2018, the claimant has had the residual functional 14 capacity to perform light work as defined in 20 CFR 404.1567(b) except stand and/or walk for 6 hours; sit for 6 hours but able to 15 change positions every three hours; no ladders, ropes and scaffolds and occasionally climb ramps and stairs, balance, stoop, kneel, 16 crouch, crawl; frequently bilateral reaching overhead, handle, finger, push and pull; no hazards (heights and machinery) and frequent 17 exposure to dusts, fumes, and other environmentalist; simple work tasks; occasional public contact with is superficial in nature; and 18 occasional contact with coworkers and supervisors. 19 10. The claimant has no past relevant work (20 CFR 404.1565). 20 11. On the cessation date of June 27, 2018, the claimant was a younger individual age 18- 49 (20 CFR 404.1563). 21 12. The claimant has at least a high school education and is able to 22 communicate in English (20 CFR 404.1564). 23 13. Transferability of job skills is not an issue because the claimant does not have past relevant work (20 CFR 404.1568). 24 14. [Step 8] Since the cessation date of June 27, 2018, considering 25 the claimant’s age, education, work experience, and residual functional capacity based on the impairments present since June 27, 26 2018, the claimant has been able to perform a significant number of jobs in the national economy (20 CFR 404.1560(c) and 404.1566). 27 15. The claimant’s disability ended on June 27, 2018, and the 28 claimant has not become disabled again since that date and through 1 the date of this decision (20 CFR 404.1594(f)(8)). 2 AR 24-36. 3 As noted, the ALJ concluded that plaintiff was “not disabled” under the Act as of June 27, 4 2018. AR 36. 5 VI. ANALYSIS 6 Plaintiff alleges that the ALJ erred by (1) improperly rejecting medical opinions; (2) 7 improperly rejecting plaintiff’s testimony; (3) improperly rejecting lay witness testimony; and (4) 8 failing to support her Step-Eight finding with substantial evidence. ECF No. 15 at 4. Plaintiff 9 requests that the matter be remanded to the Commissioner for an immediate award of benefits or, 10 at a minimum, for further administrative proceedings. Id. at 13. Because the Step-Eight 11 argument is derivative of plaintiff’s other assertions of error, it is not addressed. 12 A. The Medical Evidence 13 Plaintiff argues the medical opinion evidence, specifically the opinions of treating 14 physician Dr. Adam Rubenstein and examining psychologist Dr. Molly Malone, was improperly 15 considered with respect to her mental health claims. With respect to the reevaluation, the ALJ 16 considered the relevant mental-health related medical opinions of (1) agency psychological 17 consultant Julia Wood, Ph.D., (2) agency psychiatric consultant D. Lucila, M.D., (3) consultative 18 examining psychologist Molly Malone, Psy. D., and (4) treating physician Adam Rubenstein, 19 M.D. AR 32-34. 20 a. The Opinion of Dr. Wood 21 On May 24, 2018, Julia Wood, Ph.D., non-examining agency psychological consultant, 22 reviewed the medical record, and opined that plaintiff had moderate limitations in interacting with 23 others and concentrating, persisting or maintaining pace, but mild limitations in understanding, 24 remembering, and applying information, and adapting and managing oneself. AR 74-75. Dr. 25 Wood further opined that plaintiff could perform simple/unskilled tasks in a low demand work 26 setting. AR 78. Dr. Wood noted that records from March 2018 indicated that “plaintiff was 27 currently doing well from a psychological perspective and does not require further psychological 28 intervention outside of her regular follow-up with her psychiatrist.” AR 74. 1 The ALJ reviewed Dr. Wood’s opinion together with the opinion of non-examining 2 agency psychiatrist Dr. Taylor, who made similar observations. AR 28. The ALJ concluded that 3 “both opined the claimant that [sic] significant medical improvement related to her ability to work 4 had occurred; and their opinions are given great weight as it is consist with and supported by the 5 overall mental health records from the claimant’s CDP of April 16, 2002 to her cessation date of 6 June 27, 2018 that showed medical improvement and the capacity to perform at least a light level 7 of work activity.” Id. 8 b. The Opinion of Dr. Lucila 9 On September 25, 2018, D. Lucila, M.D., agency psychiatric expert, reviewed the updated 10 medical record, and opined that plaintiff had moderate limitations in performing detailed 11 instructions, maintaining concentration for extended period, working in proximity to others 12 without distraction, completing a normal work week, interacting with the public, and responding 13 to changes in the work setting. AR 2081-83. Dr. Lucila further opined that plaintiff’s mental 14 impairments did not meet or medically equal a listing, AR 2088, and that plaintiff had medically 15 improved, AR 2080. The ALJ assigned Dr. Lucila’s opinion “great weight” finding it was “based 16 on his review of the overall mental health records from the claimant’s cessation date of June 27, 17 2018 consisting of mental health treatment records, therapy sessions and objective mental status 18 examinations.” AR 33. 19 c. The Treatment and Opinion of Dr. Rubenstein 20 On October 4, 2018, Dr. Rubenstein filled out a State general assistance form stating that 21 Plaintiff was permanently unable to work due to her bipolar disorder. AR 2177. On October 18, 22 2018, Natalia Estrada, ASW and Dr. Rubenstein co-wrote a letter stating that plaintiff has been a 23 patient in their clinic for 19 years, receiving medication management, therapy, and case 24 management support. AR 2178. They stated plaintiff’s symptoms vary depending on the most 25 recent episode but that the baseline is manic, that she experiences manic episodes, difficulty 26 concentrating, lack of insight, low stress tolerance, and difficulty interacting with others. AR 27 2178. Plaintiff’s manic episodes include disorganized thoughts, rapidly switching from one idea 28 to the next, pressured and loud speech, hyperactivity, and a decreased need for sleep. Id. They 1 noted plaintiff was anxious and could become agitated around others, and that her bipolar 2 disorder negatively impacted her ability to adjust to or handle even the simplest changes, which in 3 turn resulted in significant stress and an inability to meet basic job expectations. Id. They opined 4 that plaintiff could not perform any work for at least 12 months though likely several years. AR 5 2178-79. 6 The ALJ found that “both SW Estrada’s statement and Dr. Rubenstein’s opinion were 7 based solely on the claimant’s subjective complaints as her statements regarding her being totally 8 disabled and unable to work as there are no North County Mental Health records in the file from 9 the claimant’s cessation date of June 27, 2018.” AR 34. Finding the opinion “not supported by 10 the mental health records from the cessation date of June 27, 2018[,] which showed the claimant 11 was currently doing well from a psychological perspective” the ALJ assigned “little weight to SW 12 Estrada’s statements and Dr. Rubenstein’s opinion.” AR 34. 13 d. The Examination and Opinion of Dr. Malone 14 Plaintiff presented to Molly Malone, Psy.D., for a consultative psychological examination on July 15 9, 2019. AR 2302. Plaintiff appeared friendly and interacted appropriately with Dr. Malone. AR 16 2303. Plaintiff was properly oriented; spoke normally, appeared anxious, exhibited a normal 17 affect, exhibited an adequate fund of knowledge and abstraction, and exhibited fair recent 18 memory. AR 2304. Testing resulted in a Full-Scale IQ in the low average range, but the score 19 was invalid due to the large discrepancy between plaintiff’s verbal comprehension (average to 20 high average) and working memory scores (low average to borderline). AR 2305-06. Separate 21 memory testing indicated that plaintiff would “have no significant deficits with remembering 22 simple and/or complex work tasks.” AR 2306. Dr. Malone’s diagnostic impression included 23 Bipolar 1 Disorder in partial remission, unspecified anxiety disorder with panic attack, and 24 unspecified personality disorder with cluster B personality traits. AR 2307. The prognosis was 25 “fair with continued mental health interventions” and Dr. Malone noted plaintiff’s “deficits in 26 social and work functioning are significant.” Id. 27 In her report, Dr. Malone opined that plaintiff had mild difficulty in performing detailed 28 tasks; moderate to marked difficulty in interacting with others; and would have difficulty 1 maintaining regular attendance. AR 2299-2300. Dr. Malone identified chronic interpersonal 2 difficulties, poor personal distress tolerance, tendency to become easily overwhelmed, [and] 3 limited coping skills” as the factors contributing to her assigned limitations. AR 2300. She also 4 noted that plaintiff would have difficult with regular attendance due to her unpredictable mood 5 and anxiety symptoms. Id. The ALJ stated that Dr. Malone’s opinion was “given little weight as 6 it is inconsistent with her own findings and are not supported by her 07/09/2019 examination 7 consisting of her direct examination, observations, mental status examination, and psychological 8 test results. Rather, it appears her opinion was primarily based on the claimant’s subjective 9 complaints.” AR 33. 10 B. Principles Governing the ALJ’s Consideration of Medical Opinion Evidence 11 The weight given to medical opinions depends in part on whether they are proffered by 12 treating, examining, or non-examining professionals.4 Lester v. Chater, 81 F.3d 821, 834 (9th 13 Cir. 1995), as amended (Apr. 9, 1996). 14 Those physicians with the most significant clinical relationship with the claimant are generally entitled to more weight than those 15 physicians with lesser relationships. As such, the ALJ may only reject a treating or examining physician’s uncontradicted medical 16 opinion based on clear and convincing reasons. Where such an opinion is contradicted, however, it may be rejected for specific and 17 legitimate reasons that are supported by substantial evidence in the record. 18 19 Carmickle v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 533 F.3d 1155, 1164 (9th Cir. 2008) (internal citations 20 omitted). “The general rule is that conflicts in the evidence are to be resolved by the Secretary 21 and that his determination must be upheld when the evidence is susceptible to one or more 22 rational interpretations.” Winans v. Bowen, 853 F.2d 643, 647 (9th Cir. 1987). 23 However, when the ALJ resolves conflicts by rejecting the opinion of an examining 24 physician in favor of the conflicting opinion of another physician (including another examining 25 physician), he must give “specific and legitimate reasons” for doing so. Regennitter v. Comm'r of 26

27 4 There have been recent updates to the rules on medical sources; this section of the code applies to claims filed before March 27, 2017. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527. Plaintiff’s claims were filed 28 prior to 2017 and are therefore not impacted by the changes. 1 Soc. Sec. Admin., 166 F.3d 1294, 1298–99 (9th Cir. 1999) (“Even if contradicted by another 2 doctor, the opinion of an examining doctor can be rejected only for specific and legitimate 3 reasons that are supported by substantial evidence in the record.”). 4 C. The ALJ Erred in Rejecting Dr. Rubenstein’s and Dr. Malone’s Opinions 5 The ALJ found that treating physician Dr. Rubenstein’s opinion was “based solely on the 6 claimant’s subjective complaints as her statements regarding her being totally disabled and unable 7 to work [sic] as there are no North County Mental Health records in the file from the claimant’s 8 cessation date of June 27, 2018.” AR 34. The ALJ stated that examining physician Dr. Malone’s 9 opinion was “given little weight as it is inconsistent with her own findings and are not supported 10 by her 07/09/2019 examination consisting of her direct examination, observations, mental status 11 examination, and psychological test results. Rather, it appears her opinion was primarily based 12 on the claimant’s subjective complaints.” AR 33. When an ALJ rejects the opinion of a treating 13 or examining physician, she must give “specific and legitimate reasons” for doing so. 14 Regennitter, 166 F.3d at 1298-99. 15 Here, the undersigned finds that the ALJ’s improperly rejected the opinions of Dr. 16 Rubenstein and Dr. Malone on grounds they were based on plaintiff’s subjective complaints. The 17 ALJ did not cite any evidence to support the assertion that these doctors relied solely on 18 plaintiff’s subjective reports in forming their opinions, as opposed to a combination of plaintiff’s 19 reported symptoms with their own observations and professional experience. In Ryan v. 20 Commissioner of Social Security, 528 F.3d 1194 (9th Cir. 2008), the Ninth Circuit noted that a 21 diagnosis of a mental impairment is not invalidated merely because the diagnosing doctor records 22 the patient’s own reports. “[A]n ALJ does not provide clear and convincing reasons for rejecting 23 an examining physician’s opinion by questioning the credibility of the patient’s complaints where 24 the doctor does not discredit those complaints and supports his ultimate opinion with his own 25 observations.” Ryan, 528 F.3d at 1199-1200. 26 Dr. Malone noted plaintiff presented with an anxious mood (AR 2304) and found that 27 while plaintiff “purports to have posttraumatic stress disorder, she does not report symptoms 28 consistent with this diagnosis. However, her early childhood trauma does appear to have 1 negatively impacted her abilities to form and maintain interpersonal relationships and cope with 2 stressors.” AR 2307. This language indicates that Dr. Malone did not simply regurgitate 3 plaintiff’s self-report; she made her own assessment after working through various psychological 4 tests and personally interacting with plaintiff. The ALJ’s rejection of Dr. Rubenstein is likewise 5 unsupportable. Through the ALJ notes that there were no medical notes from Dr. Rubenstein’s 6 clinic in the file post June 27, 2018, it does not follow that Dr. Rubenstein’s assessment is based 7 solely on plaintiff’s self-reports rather than the doctor’s nearly two-decade long treating 8 relationship with plaintiff. AR 34. It was error for the ALJ to leap to the conclusion that these 9 doctors, who were the only two to examine plaintiff with respect to her mental health complaints, 10 based their opinions solely on plaintiff’s subjective reports. 11 D. The ALJ Erred in Rejecting Portions of Plaintiff’s Subjective Testimony 12 Plaintiff argues that the ALJ improperly discounted her testimony regarding the severity 13 of her symptoms without giving clear and convincing reasons for doing so. The Ninth Circuit has 14 summarized the ALJ's task with respect to assessing a claimant's credibility as follows: 15 To determine whether a claimant’s testimony regarding subjective pain or symptoms is credible, an ALJ must engage in a two-step 16 analysis. First, the ALJ must determine whether the claimant has presented objective medical evidence of an underlying impairment 17 which could reasonably be expected to produce the pain or other symptoms alleged. The claimant, however, need not show that her 18 impairment could reasonably be expected to cause the severity of the symptom she has alleged; she need only show that it could 19 reasonably have caused some degree of the symptom. Thus, the ALJ may not reject subjective symptom testimony...simply because there 20 is no showing that the impairment can reasonably produce the degree of symptom alleged. 21 Second, if the claimant meets this first test, and there is no evidence 22 of malingering, the ALJ can reject the claimant’s testimony about the severity of her symptoms only by offering specific, clear and 23 convincing reasons for doing so. 24 25 Lingenfelter v. Astrue, 504 F.3d 1028, 1035-36 (9th Cir. 2007) (citations and quotation marks 26 omitted). 27 “The clear and convincing standard is the most demanding required in Social Security 28 cases.” Moore v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 278 F.3d 920, 924 (9th Cir. 2002). “At the same 1 time, the ALJ is not required to believe every allegation of disabling pain, or else disability 2 benefits would be available for the asking[.]” Molina, 674 F.3d at 1112 (citation omitted). “The 3 ALJ must specifically identify what testimony is credible and what testimony undermines the 4 claimant’s complaints.” Valentine v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 574 F.3d 685, 693 (9th Cir. 5 2009) (quoting Morgan v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 169 F.3d 595, 599 (9th Cir. 1999)). In 6 weighing a claimant's credibility, an ALJ may consider, among other things, “inconsistencies 7 either in [claimant’s] testimony or between [her] testimony and [her] conduct, [claimaint’s] daily 8 activities, [her] work record, and testimony from physicians and third parties concerning the 9 nature, severity, and effect of the symptoms of which [claimant] complains.” Thomas v. 10 Barnhart, 278 F.3d 947, 958-59 (9th Cir. 2002) (alterations in original). “If the ALJ's credibility 11 finding is supported by substantial evidence in the record, [the court] may not engage in second- 12 guessing.” Id. at 959. However, “an ALJ may not reject a claimant’s subjective complaints 13 based solely on a lack of medical evidence to fully corroborate the alleged severity of pain.” 14 Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 680 (9th Cir. 2005). 15 Here, plaintiff challenges the rejection of her testimony indicating that she is often 16 suicidal, has difficulty focusing and concentrating, needs her sister to help her absorb information 17 at medical appointments, has panic attacks in response to stress, and is so fatigued that she must 18 take at least two naps every day for up to two hours at a time. AR 49-56. Plaintiff notes that the 19 vocational expert testified that unscheduled absences at that level would preclude employment. 20 AR 65. However, when the ALJ summarized plaintiff’s testimony, she stated that “the claimant 21 alleges that because of her current impairments, the claimant is unable to work due to the 22 functional limitations caused by her physical and mental impairments. The claimant alleges 23 difficulty with lifting, standing, walking, stair climbing, seeing, memory, completing tasks, 24 concentration, understanding, and using hands.” AR 29. In evaluating plaintiff’s subjective 25 testimony, the ALJ credited her statements “only to the extent they can reasonably be accepted as 26 consistent with the objective medical and other evidence.” Id. 27 While the ALJ did address specific medical testimony that undermined many of plaintiff’s 28 subjective complaints, the undersigned finds error specifically with the failure to address 1 plaintiff’s statement that she needs to nap twice daily for two hours each day. The ALJ supported 2 her partial rejection of plaintiff’s subjective testimony by finding there is a “lack of objective 3 medical evidence” to support it, but she did not address plaintiff’s testimony about spending up to 4 4 hours each day napping. Because this testimony could very well impact plaintiff’s 5 employability, particularly given the vocational expert testimony regarding unscheduled 6 absences, it was error not to address it. 7 E. The ALJ Erred in Rejecting Lay Witness Testimony 8 Plaintiff argues the ALJ improperly discredited her sister Laura Fiske’s lay witness 9 testimony. Lay testimony as to a claimant’s symptoms or how an impairment affects the 10 claimant’s ability to work is competent evidence that the ALJ should take into account. See SSR 11 06-3p, 2006 WL 2329939 (Aug. 9, 2006). However, “[a]n ALJ need only give germane reasons 12 for discrediting the testimony of lay witnesses.” See Bayliss v. Barnhart, 427 F.3d 1211, 1218 13 (9th Cir. 2005). Here, the ALJ stated that “Ms. Fiske’s third-party statements regarding 14 functional limitations are not consistent with medical opinions of record, the objective findings 15 and the record as a whole. The lack of substantial support from the other evidence of record 16 renders it less persuasive.” AR 34. Because the undersigned found the ALJ improperly 17 discredited the opinion testimony of two physicians and portions of plaintiff’s subjective 18 testimony, the ALJ’s generalized rejection of this lay witness testimony is not supportable and 19 cannot be deemed harmless. The ALJ did not provide germane reasons for rejecting the 20 testimony of Ms. Fiske. 21 F. The ALJ’s Error Necessitates Remand for Further Consideration 22 As discussed, the ALJ erred in rejecting the opinions of two physicians, as well as the 23 testimony of plaintiff and her sister Ms. Fiske. An error is harmful when it has some consequence 24 on the ultimate non-disability determination. Stout v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 454 F.3d 1050, 25 1055 (9th Cir. 2006). The ALJ’s error in this matter was harmful; properly considering all the 26 limitations assessed by her treating an examining physicians, as well as her own testimony and 27 the lay witness testimony, may very well result in a more restrictive residual functional capacity 28 assessment, which may in turn alter the finding of non-disability. The court finds remand for 1 | further consideration to be the appropriate remedy because the ALJ’s analysis was deficient, but 2 || the extent to which the various testimony should be credited is for the ALJ to determine in the 3 || first instance. Treichler v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 775 F.3d 1090, 1099 (9th Cir. 2014) (“the 4 || proper course, except in rare circumstances, is to remand to the agency for additional 5 || investigation or explanation”). The undersigned finds that in this case, additional administrative 6 || review would be useful. 7 VII. CONCLUSION 8 For the reasons set forth above, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 9 1. Plaintiff's motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 15), is GRANTED; 10 2. The Commissioner’s cross-motion for summary judgment (ECF No. 16), is DENIED; 11 3. This matter is REMANDED to the Commissioner for further consideration consistent 12 | with this order; and 13 4. The Clerk of the Court shall enter judgment for plaintiff and close this case. 14 | DATED: February 15, 2022 . ~ 15 Cttierr— Clare 16 ALLISON CLAIRE

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 15