1 JS-6 2 3 O 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ) Case No. 2:19-CV-10247-CAS 11 ) 2:14-CR-00725-CAS-1 12 Plaintiff/Respondent, ) 13 v. ) ORDER DENYING PETITIONER’S ) MOTION FOR RELIEF PURSUANT 14

TAQUAN-RASHE GULLETT-EL, ) TO 28 U.S.C. § 2255 AND OTHER

15 ) FILINGS Defendant/Petitioner ) 16 ) 17 ) 18 19 I. INTRODUCTION & BACKGROUND 20 Petitioner Taquan-Rashe Gullett-El was convicted of two counts of making false 21 claims against the United States in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 287 and two counts of 22 retaliating against federal law enforcement officers in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1521. The 23 Court sentenced petitioner to 77 months in prison, and the Ninth Circuit affirmed his 24 conviction and sentence. 25 Before the Court is petitioner’s motion for relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 26 (“Pet.”), filed on December 3, 2019. See ECF No. 1. The Court also considers petitioner’s 27 filings relating to requests for discovery and for a letter rogatory. See ECF Nos. 5, 6, 27. 28 1 On May 28, 2020, the government filed an opposition (“Opp.”) in response to petitioner’s 2 motion for relief and other filings. See ECF No. 34. 3 II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY 4 Petitioner, who is incarcerated, filed a petition to vacate, set aside, or correct his 5 sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 on December 3, 2019. See Pet. On December 12, 6 2019, the Court entered an order that set a briefing schedule. See ECF No. 3. Pursuant to 7 that order, the United States of America was to file an opposition to the § 2255 petition by 8 January 13, 2020, and petitioner was to file any reply not later than February 14, 2020. Id. 9 That same day, however, petitioner filed requests (i) to modify his detention order, (ii) for 10 discovery, and (iii) for a letter rogatory for international judicial assistance and 11 humanitarian intervention. See ECF Nos. 4, 5, 6. Then, on December 16, 2019, petitioner 12 filed a motion for default judgment against the United States. See ECF No. 7. 13 To allow the United States an opportunity to oppose petitioner’s additional requests 14 and separately respond to the motion for a default judgment, the Court entered an order on 15 December 30, 2019, setting a consolidated briefing schedule for the § 2255 petition and 16 the petitioner’s additional requests (excluding the motion for default judgment). See ECF 17 No. 9. Pursuant to that order, the United States was to file an opposition not later than 18 February 3, 2020, and the petitioner was to file any reply not later than March 6, 2020. On 19 January 2, 2020, the Court granted the government’s ex parte application to continue the 20 briefing schedule. See ECF No. 11. Pursuant to that order, the United States was to file a 21 response by April 13, 2020, and the petitioner was to file any reply not later than May 15, 22 2020. Id. 23 On January 6, 2020, the Ninth Circuit entered an order stating that it had received 24 notice from the petitioner appealing his pending requests, as well as his pending motion 25 for default judgment. See ECF No. 12. Because the Court had not yet ruled on the § 2255 26 petition, the Ninth Circuit returned the case to this Court for ruling. Id. Petitioner then 27 filed a second motion for default judgment on his § 2255 petition on January 21, 2020. See 28 ECF No. 13. Petitioner concurrently filed a notice with the Ninth Circuit appealing the 1 Court’s December 19, 2019, December 30, 2019, and January 3, 2020 orders setting the 2 briefing schedule for petitioner’s § 2255 petition and related requests, as well as his just- 3 filed second motion for default judgment. See ECF Nos. 15-16. 4 On January 23, 2020, the Court denied petitioner’s motions for default judgment as 5 premature because the government’s April 13, 2020 deadline to respond to petitioner’s 6 § 2255 petition and discovery requests had not yet elapsed. See ECF No. 18. The Ninth 7 Circuit subsequently dismissed petitioner’s appeal for lack of jurisdiction. See ECF Nos. 8 21-22. To provide the government additional time to respond following the delay caused 9 by petitioner’s intervening motion practice, on April 3, 2020, the Court granted the 10 government’s ex parte application to continue the briefing schedule further. Pursuant to 11 that order—the operative order setting a briefing schedule for the § 2255 petition and 12 petitioner’s other requests—the United States was to file a response to petitioner’s motion 13 not later than May 28, 2020, and the petitioner was to file any reply not later than June 29, 14 2020. See ECF No. 24. On April 22, 2020, petitioner submitted an “Affidavit to Compel 15 Discovery and for Sanctions.” See ECF No. 27. On May 28, 2020, the government filed 16 an opposition in response to petitioner’s motion for relief and other filings. See Opp. 17 Having considered the parties’ submissions, the Court finds and concludes as 18 follows. 19 III. LEGAL STANDARD 20 A petition pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 challenges a federal conviction and/or 21 sentence to confinement where a prisoner claims “that the sentence was imposed in 22 violation of the Constitution or laws of the United States, or that the court was without 23 jurisdiction to impose such sentence, or that the sentence was in excess of the maximum 24 authorized by law, or is otherwise subject to collateral attack.” Sanders v. United States, 25 373 U.S. 1, 2 (1963). A § 2255 motion may be resolved without an evidentiary hearing if 26 “the motion and the files and records of the case conclusively show that the prisoner is 27 entitled to no relief.” 28 U.S.C. § 2255(b). 28 1 To warrant relief under § 2255, the petitioner has the burden of proof of 2 demonstrating the existence of a “fundamental defect which inherently results in a 3 complete miscarriage of justice.” Davis v. United States, 417 U.S. 333, 346 (1974); see 4 Williams v. United States, 481 F.2d 339, 346 (2d Cir. 1973) (petitioner must “overcome 5 the threshold hurdle that the challenged judgment carries with it a presumption of 6 regularity, and that the burden of proof is on the party seeking relief.”). The defect must 7 be an error of constitutional proportions that had a substantial, injurious effect on the jury’s 8 verdict. See Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 637 (1993). Non-constitutional 9 violations of federal law, such as violations of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure, 10 are not cognizable for purposes of a § 2255 motion. See United States v. Timmreck, 441 11 U.S. 780, 783-84 (1979); Hill v. United States, 368 U.S. 424, 429 (1962). Furthermore, 12 habeas petitions may not be used to relitigate claims that have already been decided on 13 direct appeal. See United States v. Scrivner, 189 F.3d 825, 828 (9th Cir. 1999); Odom v. 14 United States, 455 F.2d 159, 160 (9th Cir. 1972). 15 If a petitioner fails to raise a habeas issue on direct appeal, that claim is procedurally 16 defaulted. See United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 154, 162, 164-65 (1982); United States v. 17 Ratigan, 351 F.3d 957, 962 (9th Cir. 2003). The Court will examine procedurally defaulted 18 § 2255 claims only if a petitioner can demonstrate both “cause” and “actual prejudice.” 19 See Bousley v. United States, 523 U.S. 614, 621-22 (1998). The Supreme Court has 20 construed the “cause” prong narrowly, excusing procedurally defaulted claims only where 21 (1) petitioner received ineffective assistance of counsel, see Edwards v. Carpenter, 529 22 U.S. 446, 450-51 (2000); (2) petitioner introduced a “novel” claim, see Reed v. Ross, 468 23 U.S. 1, 16 (1984); or (3) petitioner was actually innocent, see, e.g., McQuiggin v. Perkins, 24 569 U.S. 383, 392-93 (2013). With respect to the “prejudice” prong, the Ninth Circuit has 25 found that a petitioner must demonstrate that the alleged errors “not merely . . . created a 26 possibility of prejudice, but that [the errors] worked to [petitioner’s] actual and substantial 27 disadvantage, infecting [petitioner’s] entire [proceedings] with error of constitutional 28 1 dimensions.” United States v. Braswell, 501 F.3d 1147, 1150 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting 2 Frady, 456 U.S. at 170). 3 Ineffective assistance of counsel constitutes a violation of the Sixth Amendment 4 right to counsel, and thus, if established, is grounds for relief under § 2255. To establish 5 ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner must prove by a preponderance of the 6 evidence that: (1) the assistance provided by counsel fell below an objective standard of 7 reasonableness; and (2) there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s errors, the 8 result of the proceeding would have been different. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 9 688, 694 (1984). A claim of ineffective assistance of counsel fails if either prong of the 10 test is not satisfied, and petitioner has the burden of establishing both prongs. Id. at 11 697; United States v. Quintero-Barraza, 78 F.3d 1344, 1348 (9th Cir. 1995). “[B]ald legal 12 conclusions with no supporting factual allegations” are not enough to carry a petitioner’s 13 burden under § 2255, or to establish a basis to hold an evidentiary hearing. Sanders, 373 14 U.S. at 19. Although pro se habeas claims are construed liberally, see, e.g., Porter v. 15 Ollison, 620 F.3d 952, 958 (9th Cir. 2010), “conclusory assertions” of ineffectiveness “fall 16 far short of stating a valid claim of constitutional violation,” even for a pro 17 se petitioner. Jones v. Gomez, 66 F.3d 199, 204-05 (9th Cir. 1995). 18 With respect to the first prong, the Court’s review of the reasonableness of counsel’s 19 performance is “highly deferential,” and there is a “strong presumption” that counsel 20 exercised reasonable professional judgment. Quintero-Barraza, 78 F.3d at 1348. The 21 petitioner must “surmount the presumption that, under the circumstances, the challenged 22 action might be considered sound trial strategy.” Id. 23 After establishing an error by counsel and thus satisfying the first prong, a petitioner 24 must satisfy the second prong by demonstrating that his counsel’s error rendered the result 25 unreliable or the trial fundamentally unfair. Lockhart v. Fretwell, 506 U.S. 364, 372 26 (1993). A petitioner must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for his 27 counsel’s error, the result of the proceeding would have been different. Strickland, 466 28 1 U.S. at 694. A “reasonable probability” is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence 2 in the outcome. Id. 3 The Court need not necessarily determine whether petitioner has satisfied the first 4 prong before considering the second. The Supreme Court has held that “[i]f it is easier to 5 dispose of an ineffectiveness claim on the ground of lack of sufficient prejudice, that course 6 should be followed.” Id. at 670. Indeed, a petitioner’s failure to allege the kind of 7 prejudice necessary to satisfy the second prong is sufficient by itself to justify a denial of 8 a petitioner’s § 2255 motion without hearing. Hill v. Lockhart, 474 U.S. 52, 60 (1985). 9 IV. PETITIONER’S § 2255 MOTION 10 Petitioner asserts the following fourteen claims in his December 3, 2019 petition to 11 vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255. See Pet. at 4-48. 12 The Court addresses each claim below. 13 A. Claim 1: Lack of Jurisdiction 14 Petitioner claims that the Court lacked jurisdiction to hear his criminal matter. See 15 Pet. at 4-7. That is incorrect. Since petitioner was charged with violating federal laws, the 16 Court has original jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3231. 17 B. Claim 2: Due Process Violations 18 Petitioner claims that “court officers” violated his due process rights by failing to 19 disclose their alleged “Conflict of Interest and Honest Services Fraud by 20 Misrepresentation, Non-Disclosure, Kickbacks, and Brides [sic]” as well as by 21 “failure/neglect to comply with the Foreign Agents Registration Act.” See Pet. at 8. 22 Petitioner did not bring this claim on direct review, and the government contends that this 23 argument is unintelligible and frivolous. See Hendricks v. Vasquez, 909 F.2d 490, 491 24 (9th Cir. 1990) (noting that when allegations are patently frivolous, vague, or conclusory, 25 summary dismissal is appropriate). Whether it is or is not frivolous, petitioner cannot bring 26 this claim since it was not raised on direct review, and therefore has been procedurally 27 defaulted. See Ratigan, 351 F.3d at 962. 28 1 C. Claim 3: Ineffective Assistance of Counsel 2 Petitioner claims that he received ineffective assistance of counsel both at trial and 3 on appeal. See Pet. at 21-24. To establish ineffective assistance of counsel, petitioner must 4 prove that (1) counsel’s performance was so unreasonably deficient that petitioner did not 5 receive “counsel” as guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment, and (2) petitioner was 6 prejudiced by counsel’s deficient performance. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. To meet 7 the legal standard for prejudice, petitioner must put forward a reasonably probable showing 8 that “but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been 9 different.” Id. at 694. Petitioner proffers five bases for ineffective assistance of counsel. 10 Although these claims have not been procedurally defaulted, none of petitioner’s claims of 11 ineffective counsel is meritorious. 12 First, petitioner alleges that trial counsel failed to renew a Federal Rule of Criminal 13 Procedure 29 motion. See Pet. at 21. Petitioner also alleges that appellate counsel erred 14 by failing to raise the issue on appeal. Id. Petitioner provides no valid legal basis on which 15 such a motion could have been granted, and “the failure to raise a meritless legal argument 16 [can]not constitute ineffective assistance of counsel[.]” Shah v. United States, 878 F.2d 17 1156, 1162 (9th Cir. 1989) (citing Baumann v. United States, 692 F.2d 565, 572 (9th Cir. 18 1982)). 19 Second, petitioner claims that trial counsel failed to provide effective assistance by 20 requesting a pre-plea presentence report without first obtaining petitioner’s consent. See 21 Pet. at 21. This argument is without merit. By making a standard written procedural 22 request on petitioner’s behalf, trial counsel acted effectively, abided by common practice, 23 and prejudiced neither the outcome of the case nor petitioner’s sentence. See Strickland, 24 466 U.S. at 694. 25 Third, petitioner claims that trial counsel failed to provide effective assistance by 26 “fail[ing]/refus[ing]” to present mitigating evidence at the initial sentencing hearing. See 27 Pet. at 22. This is incorrect. In fact, trial counsel filed a sentencing position under seal 28 which specifically referenced mitigating evidence. See ECF CR No. 170. Petitioner was 1 also granted a continuance, which would have permitted petitioner to submit any mitigating 2 evidence to the Court on his own behalf prior to sentencing. See ECF CR No. 172. 3 Petitioner’s contentions on this account are accordingly baseless and factually incorrect. 4 Fourth, petitioner alleges that trial counsel failed to present exculpatory evidence of 5 “administrative proceedings before the Internal Revenue Service (‘IRS’)” to the jury. See 6 Pet. at 22. This claim is meritless because the supposedly “exculpatory evidence” consisted 7 entirely of documents that petitioner himself submitted to the IRS, none of which were 8 admissible or exculpatory. Failure to present these documents did not amount to 9 ineffective assistance of counsel, nor did the omission of these documents from the record 10 prejudice petitioner. See Shah, 878 F.2d at 1162 (counsel’s decision not to assert a 11 meritless argument is not ineffective assistance of counsel). 12 And fifth, petitioner claims that his appellate counsel failed to argue that the Court 13 had impermissibly treated the sentencing guidelines as a presumptive sentence. See Pet. 14 at 23. Appellate counsel did not provide ineffective assistance or prejudice petitioner by 15 failing to raise this frivolous argument. See Morrison v. Estelle, 981 F.2d 425, 429 (9th 16 Cir. 1992) (finding that appellate counsel’s failing to argue an issue did not constitute 17 ineffective assistance if there was no reasonable likelihood of success in raising the claim 18 on appeal). 19 For these reasons, none of petitioner’s ineffective assistance of counsel claims has 20 merit. 21 D. Claim 4: Unlawful Lien 22 Petitioner next alleges that he was denied his constitutional rights when the IRS “filed an 23 approximately $74,431 unlawful lien . . . in violation of agency regulations and substantial 24 and procedural due process of law, before any of the allegedly criminal conduct charged in 25 the defective indictment.” See Pet. at 24. To the extent this claim is even intelligible, it 26 has been procedurally defaulted since petitioner did not raise it on direct appeal. See 27 Ratigan, 351 F.3d at 962. 28 1 E. Claim 5: Denial of Right to Trial by a Jury of Petitioner’s Peers 2 Petitioner claims that he was denied his right to a trial by an impartial jury. 3 Specifically, he contends that “[t]here is no evidence of the requisite quorum of 12 4 informed qualified Grand Jurors from among [petitioner’s] peers.” See Pet. at 28. Since 5 petitioner identifies as an “alien,” he seems to argue that the jury should also have been 6 comprised of “aliens.” See generally id. at 28-31. Even to the extent this claim is 7 intelligible and not frivolous, it has been procedurally defaulted since petitioner did not 8 raise it at trial or on direct appeal. See Ratigan, 351 F.3d at 962. 9 F. Claim 6: Unlawful Detention 10 Petitioner next claims that he was unlawfully and unconstitutionally arrested and 11 detained on February 12, 2015 and on July 20, 2017. See Pet. at 32. However, valid 12 warrants were issued for petitioner’s arrest in both instances, which followed petitioner’s 13 indictment and his failure to self-surrender, respectively. See ECF CR Nos. 9, 243. 14 Petitioner also does not explain how the supposedly-defective arrests relate to his 15 conviction or sentence. In any event, even if the claim presented a cognizable challenge, 16 it has been procedurally defaulted since petitioner did not raise it on direct appeal. See 17 Ratigan, 351 F.3d at 962. 18 G. Claim 7: Government Counsel’s “Default” on Petitioner’s § 2241 Petition 19 Petitioner claims that in July 2015, the government “defaulted” on his prior habeas 20 corpus petition filed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2241. See Pet. at 35. This claim is baseless. 21 The Court dismissed petitioner’s § 2241 petition as premature, see ECF CR No. 43, which 22 the Ninth Circuit subsequently affirmed in Taquan Gullett v. United States Attorney 23 General et al., No. 15-56378 (9th Cir. Nov. 17, 2015). In addition, petitioner procedurally 24 defaulted on this claim since he failed to raise it on direct appeal. See Ratigan, 351 F.3d 25 at 962. 26 H. Claim 8: Denial of Opportunity to Consult with Defense Experts 27 Petitioner claims that he was denied a reasonable opportunity to consult with two 28 experts, or to use their testimony in his defense. See Pet. at 36. The Court excluded 1 petitioner’s proposed expert testimony because petitioner failed to identify the nature of 2 the proposed expert testimony, and never provided the government with notice of his intent 3 to utilize the defense experts, pursuant to the procedural requirements outlined in Federal 4 Rule of Criminal Procedure 16(b)(1)(C). See ECF CR No. 121 (“July 14, 2016 Order”). 5 The claim fails. First, procedural rulings such as the Court’s July 14, 2016 Order do 6 not provide a basis for review pursuant to § 2255. See Timmreck, 441 U.S. at 783-84. 7 Second, petitioner has not presented any evidence indicating what the excluded testimony 8 would have entailed, or establishing that the Court erred in barring the unspecified 9 testimony, that the unspecified testimony would have been admissible at trial, or that 10 excluding the testimony prejudiced petitioner in any way. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. 11 And third, petitioner also procedurally defaulted on this claim since he failed to raise it on 12 direct appeal. See Ratigan, 351 F.3d at 962. 13 I. Claim 9: Failure to Consider Mitigating Evidence During Sentencing 14 Petitioner claims that the Court violated his due process rights by failing to consider 15 mitigating evidence during sentencing. See Pet. at 37. This is incorrect. The Court 16 reviewed all of the documents properly filed to reach its sentencing determination. But in 17 any event, the claim is procedurally defaulted since petitioner failed to raise it on direct 18 appeal. See Ratigan, 351 F.3d at 962. 19 J. Claim 10: Treatment of Sentencing Guidelines as a Presumptive Sentence 20 Petitioner next claims that the Court violated his due process rights by treating the 21 sentencing guidelines as a “presumptive sentence.” See Pet. at 38. The Court did not do 22 so. Prior to making its ruling, the Court considered the applicable § 3553(a) factors, the 23 sentencing guidelines, and government counsel’s arguments. See ECF CR No. 216 at 24 14:17-15:25, 16:01-18:20. In any event, this claim has been procedurally defaulted since 25 it was never raised on direct appeal. See Ratigan, 351 F.3d at 962. 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 K. Claim 11: Violation of Constitutional Rights Because Government Did 2 Not File a Criminal Complaint 3 Petitioner argues that the government violated his constitutional rights by failing to 4 file a criminal complaint in this case. See Pet. at 39. This claim is frivolous. There is no 5 requirement that the government file a criminal complaint. Here, the government 6 proceeded by obtaining a valid indictment. See ECF CR No. 1. That is perfectly 7 acceptable, and petitioner’s claim is baseless. In addition, this claim is also procedurally 8 defaulted since it was not raised on direct appeal. See Ratigan, 351 F.3d at 962. 9 L. Claim 12: Return of Indictment 10 Petitioner claims that “there is no evidence” that his indictment was returned in open 11 court, as required by Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 6(f). See Pet. at 40. Petitioner 12 does not present any evidence to support this claim. As the government rightly points out 13 in its opposition, petitioner’s indictment would not have been filed unless it had been 14 returned in open court in compliance with the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure. 15 Further, as previously addressed in Claim 8, procedural claims such as these are not 16 cognizable for purposes of a § 2255 motion. See Timmreck, 441 U.S. at 783-84. And here 17 too, petitioner’s claim is procedurally defaulted because petitioner failed to raise it on direct 18 appeal. See Ratigan, 351 F.3d at 962. 19 M. Claim 13: Grand Jury Misconduct 20 Petitioner asserts three grand jury misconduct claims. First, petitioner argues that 21 the grand jury did not contain a quorum of 12 qualified jurors. Second, petitioner claims 22 that the government engaged in prosecutorial misconduct by failing to present exculpatory 23 evidence to the grand jury. And third, petitioner contends that the government engaged in 24 prosecutorial misconduct by unduly influencing the jury. See Pet. at 41. 25 To begin, petitioner has not provided any evidence to support these grand jury 26 misconduct claims. Claims based solely on speculation and conclusory allegations are 27 insufficient to entitle petitioner to habeas relief. See Hendricks, 908 F.2d at 491. 28 Additionally, even if petitioner’s jury misconduct allegations were true and supported by 1 evidence, such errors would not entitle petitioner to habeas relief. The Ninth Circuit has 2 established that “errors concerning evidence presented to the grand jury cannot trigger 3 dismissal of charges or a new trial when a subsequent petit jury returns a verdict of guilty.” 4 United States v. Harmon, 833 F.3d 1199, 1204 (9th Cir. 2016) (finding that even intentional 5 grand jury misconduct is harmless once a petit jury returns a guilty verdict); see also United 6 States v. Mechanik, 475 U.S. 66, 70 (1986) (following a conviction, “any error in the grand 7 jury proceeding connected with the charging decision [is deemed] harmless beyond a 8 reasonable doubt” as a matter of law). Finally, each of petitioner’s grand jury misconduct 9 claims is also procedurally defaulted since petitioner did not raise any of them at trial or on 10 direct appeal. See Ratigan, 351 F.3d at 962. 11 N. Claim 14: Improper Jury Instructions 12 Petitioner asserts that his constitutional rights were violated when the grand jury and 13 trial jury received improper instructions regarding “presumptions and the burden of proof.” 14 See Pet. at 46. Petitioner does not specify what he means by “presumptions” aside from 15 providing a general definition of the term. See id. (citing Presumption, BLACK’S LAW 16 DICTIONARY (6th ed. 1990)). In any event, the Court properly instructed the jury regarding 17 the government’s burden of proof and the presumption of petitioner’s innocence until 18 proven guilty. See ECF CR 141 at 2-3. Moreover, these instructions were not necessary 19 to support the grand jury’s finding of probable cause for the charges. See, e.g., United 20 States v. Marcucci, 299 F.3d 1156, 1159 (9th Cir. 2002) (discussing the role of the grand 21 jury and the standard grand jury charge). Finally, this claim is also procedurally defaulted 22 since petitioner did not raise it at trial or on direct appeal. See Ratigan, 351 F.3d at 962. 23 * * * 24 For the foregoing reasons, all of petitioner’s claims are without merit. In addition to 25 the substantive defects set forth above, petitioner has also procedurally defaulted on claims 26 2 and 4-14, and failed to establish either the “cause” or “actual prejudice” necessary to 27 obtain relief on the basis of those claims. See Bousley, 523 U.S. at 621-22. Specifically, 28 with respect to cause, petitioner has failed to establish that any of the subject claims are 1 “novel,” see Edwards, 529 U.S. at 450-51, reflect inequities that result from the ineffective 2 assistance of counsel, see Reed, 468 U.S. at 16, or demonstrate that petitioner is actually 3 innocent, see McQuiggin, 569 U.S. at 392-93. And with respect to “actual prejudice,” 4 petitioner fails to provide any evidence suggesting a “reasonable probability” that his trial 5 or appeal would have yielded different results without the claimed errors. See, e.g., 6 Strickler v. Greene, 527 U.S. 263, 289-91 (1999). The § 2255 petition is therefore denied. 7 V. DISCOVERY REQUESTS 8 In his § 2255 petition, petitioner also requests broad discovery related to the grand 9 jury proceedings in this case. See Pet. at 43-44. For example, petitioner requests the 10 “Minutes, Attendance, Payroll, and Voting Records of the Grand Jury,” disclosure of 11 “Unauthorized Person(s) in the Grand Jury Room,” transcripts of grand jury proceedings, 12 and “All Exculpatory Information” presented by prosecutors in this case. See id. Petitioner 13 also filed a separate request for answers to twenty-one “(Proposed) Interrogatories” and 14 the production of sixteen documents. See ECF No. 5 at 12-25. On April 22, 2020, 15 petitioner submitted an “Affidavit to Compel Discovery and for Sanctions,” again 16 requesting interrogatory answers and document production. See ECF No. 27 at 2-5. 17 Unlike typical civil litigants or criminal defendants, habeas petitioners must make a 18 “sufficient showing . . . to establish ‘good cause’ for discovery,” pursuant to Habeas Corpus 19 Rule 6(a). Bracy v. Gramley, 520 U.S. 899, 909 (1997). Good cause exists “where specific 20 allegations before the court show reason to believe that the petitioner may, if the facts are 21 fully developed, be able to demonstrate that he is . . . entitled to relief[.]” Id. at 908-09 22 (quoting Harris v. Nelson, 394 U.S. 286, 300 (1969)). The Ninth Circuit has stated that 23 habeas petitioners may not “use federal discovery for fishing expeditions to investigate 24 mere speculation.” Calderon v. U.S. Dist. Court for the N. Dist. of Cal., 98 F.3d 1102, 25 1106 (9th Cir. 1996). 26 Here, petitioner has not established good cause for discovery, especially given the 27 fact that all but two of his § 2255 claims have been procedurally defaulted. Further, many 28 of his requests would not provide any basis for relief. Petitioner’s discovery requests are 1 largely unintelligible and frivolous, while others request pleadings, public documents, or 2 prior discovery materials which petitioner either has access to or could gain access to 3 through his former counsel. His requests are therefore denied. 4 VI. LETTER ROGATORY FOR INTERNATIONAL ASSISTANCE 5 Petitioner also submitted a separate filing entitled “Letter Rogatory for International 6 Judicial Assistance and Application for Ex Rel. Action/Humanitarian Intervention.” See 7 ECF No. 6. In this document, petitioner calls for an “examination” of the Court, 8 government counsel, defense counsel, and others in accordance with the Hague Evidence 9 Convention. See id. at 2-3. Petitioner also claims that the United States has committed 10 war crimes and genocide in violation of international law. Id. at 17. 11 The discretion to issue letters rogatory rests squarely with the Court. See United 12 States v. Staples, 256 F.2d 290, 292 (9th Cir. 1958); see, e.g., United States v. Sedaghaty, 13 728 F.3d 885, 917 (9th Cir. 2013) (finding that the Court did not abuse its discretion in 14 declining to issue letters rogatory where the potential testimony was not material or 15 necessary to ensure a fair trial). Since petitioner’s letter rogatory request is frivolous, 16 largely unintelligible, and unlikely to result in the discovery of admissible evidence, the 17 Court denies the request. 18 VII. EVIDENTIARY HEARING 19 The Court agrees with the government that petitioner is not entitled to an evidentiary 20 hearing on his various claims. The Ninth Circuit has found that an evidentiary hearing is 21 not required if petitioner’s allegations “do not state a claim for relief or are so palpably 22 incredible or patently frivolous as to warrant summary dismissal.” United States v. 23 Schaflander, 743 F.2d 714, 717 (9th Cir. 1984). Conclusory, unsupported statements 24 similarly do not merit an evidentiary hearing. See id. at 721. Since all but two of 25 petitioner’s § 2255 claims have been procedurally defaulted, and since Claim 1 and Claim 26 3 do not warrant relief when viewed against the record, an evidentiary hearing is not 27 required. 28 1 CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY 2 The Court also agrees with the government’s argument to deny any forthcoming 3 ||request for a certificate of appealability (‘COA’) on this ruling. To warrant a COA, 4 || petitioner must have “made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right.” 5 ||See 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2)-(3); see_also Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 484 (2000) 6 || (articulating that when a district court denies a habeas petition on procedural grounds, a 7 |{COA may be obtained only if the petitioner shows that (1) “jurists of reason would find it 8 || debatable whether the petition states a valid claim of the denial of a constitutional right” 9 || and (2) “jurists of reason would find it debatable whether the district court was correct in 10 procedural ruling”); United States v. Winkles, 795 F.3d 1134, 1143 (9th Cir. 2015) 11 || (adopting the COA standard from Slack). Petitioner’s claims are plainly without merit, 12 || and cannot meet this standard. 13 CONCLUSION 14 For the foregoing reasons, petitioner’s motion for relief pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 15 || § 2255 and other filings are DENIED.' 16 IT IS SO ORDERED. ts , Wis f by 17 || DATED: July 13, 2020 18 —_ 19 CHRISTINA A. SNYDER 50 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

21 22 23 24 ||. 26 ' Shortly before the Court issued this order, petitioner again filed two additional 17 motions to compel discovery and request the clerk to enter default judgment. See ECF Nos. 42, 43. Because the Court decides petitioner’s § 2255 petition and requests for discovery 28 this order, these additional motions are DENIED AS MOOT.

-15-