1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 WESTERN DIVISION 11 12 MERARY A. S., ) No. CV 19-8100-PLA ) 13 Plaintiff, ) MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER ) 14 v. ) ) 15 ANDREW M. SAUL, COMMISSIONER )

OF SOCIAL SECURITY )

16 ADMINISTRATION, ) ) 17 Defendant. ) ) 18 19 I. 20 PROCEEDINGS 21 Merary A. S.1 (“plaintiff”) filed this action on September 18, 2019, seeking review of the 22 Commissioner’s denial of her applications for a period of disability and Disability Insurance 23 Benefits (“DIB”) and Supplemental Security Income (“SSI”) payments. The parties filed Consents 24 to proceed before a Magistrate Judge on October 8, 2019, and October 11, 2019. Pursuant to 25 the Court’s Order, the parties filed a Joint Stipulation (alternatively “JS”) on June 23, 2020, that 26 27 1 In the interest of protecting plaintiff’s privacy, this Memorandum Opinion and Order uses plaintiff’s (1) first name and middle and last initials, and (2) year of birth in lieu of a complete birth 28 1 addresses their positions concerning the disputed issues in the case. The Court has taken the 2 Joint Stipulation under submission without oral argument. 3 4 II. 5 BACKGROUND 6 Plaintiff was born in 1978. [Administrative Record (“AR”) at 26, 185, 187.] She has past 7 relevant work experience as a bookkeeper, general ledger. [Id. at 25, 62-63.] 8 On December 28, 2015, plaintiff protectively filed an application for a period of disability 9 and DIB and SSI payments alleging that she has been unable to work since December 18, 2013. 10 [Id. at 16; see also id. at 185-86, 187-95.] After her applications were denied, plaintiff timely filed 11 a request for a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”). [Id. at 114-15.] A hearing 12 was held on April 25, 2018, at which time plaintiff appeared represented by an attorney, and 13 testified on her own behalf. [Id. at 32-69.] A vocational expert (“VE”) also testified. [Id. at 60-64.] 14 On September 6, 2018, the ALJ issued a decision concluding that plaintiff was not under a 15 disability from December 18, 2013, the alleged onset date, through September 6, 2018, the date 16 of the decision. [Id. at 16-27.] Plaintiff requested review of the ALJ’s decision by the Appeals 17 Council. [Id. at 183-84.] When the Appeals Council denied plaintiff’s request for review on July 18 15, 2019 [id. at 1-5], the ALJ’s decision became the final decision of the Commissioner. See Sam 19 v. Astrue, 550 F.3d 808, 810 (9th Cir. 2008) (per curiam) (citations omitted). This action followed. 20 21 III. 22 STANDARD OF REVIEW 23 Pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), this Court has authority to review the Commissioner’s 24 decision to deny benefits. The decision will be disturbed only if it is not supported by substantial 25 evidence or if it is based upon the application of improper legal standards. Berry v. Astrue, 622 26 F.3d 1228, 1231 (9th Cir. 2010) (citation omitted). 27 “Substantial evidence . . . is ‘more than a mere scintilla[,]’ . . . [which] means -- and means 28 only -- ‘such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a 1 conclusion.’” Biestek v. Berryhill, 139 S. Ct. 1148, 1154, 203 L. Ed. 2d 504 (2019) (citations 2 omitted); Revels v. Berryhill, 874 F.3d 648, 654 (9th Cir. 2017). “Where evidence is susceptible 3 to more than one rational interpretation, the ALJ’s decision should be upheld.” Revels, 874 F.3d 4 at 654 (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). However, the Court “must consider the 5 entire record as a whole, weighing both the evidence that supports and the evidence that detracts 6 from the Commissioner’s conclusion, and may not affirm simply by isolating a specific quantum 7 of supporting evidence.” Id. (quoting Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1009 (9th Cir. 2014) 8 (internal quotation marks omitted)). The Court will “review only the reasons provided by the ALJ 9 in the disability determination and may not affirm the ALJ on a ground upon which he did not rely.” 10 Id. (internal quotation marks and citation omitted); see also SEC v. Chenery Corp., 318 U.S. 80, 11 87, 63 S. Ct. 454, 87 L. Ed. 626 (1943) (“The grounds upon which an administrative order must 12 be judged are those upon which the record discloses that its action was based.”). 13 14 IV. 15 THE EVALUATION OF DISABILITY 16 Persons are “disabled” for purposes of receiving Social Security benefits if they are unable 17 to engage in any substantial gainful activity owing to a physical or mental impairment that is 18 expected to result in death or which has lasted or is expected to last for a continuous period of 19 at least twelve months. Garcia v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 768 F.3d 925, 930 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting 20 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A)). 21 22 A. THE FIVE-STEP EVALUATION PROCESS 23 The Commissioner (or ALJ) follows a five-step sequential evaluation process in assessing 24 whether a claimant is disabled. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520, 416.920; Lounsburry v. Barnhart, 468 25 F.3d 1111, 1114 (9th Cir. 2006) (citing Tackett v. Apfel, 180 F.3d 1094, 1098-99 (9th Cir. 1999)). 26 In the first step, the Commissioner must determine whether the claimant is currently engaged in 27 substantial gainful activity; if so, the claimant is not disabled and the claim is denied. Lounsburry, 28 468 F.3d at 1114. If the claimant is not currently engaged in substantial gainful activity, the 1 second step requires the Commissioner to determine whether the claimant has a “severe” 2 impairment or combination of impairments significantly limiting her ability to do basic work 3 activities; if not, a finding of nondisability is made and the claim is denied. Id. If the claimant has 4 a “severe” impairment or combination of impairments, the third step requires the Commissioner 5 to determine whether the impairment or combination of impairments meets or equals an 6 impairment in the Listing of Impairments (“Listing”) set forth at 20 C.F.R. § 404, subpart P, 7 appendix 1; if so, disability is conclusively presumed and benefits are awarded. Id. If the 8 claimant’s impairment or combination of impairments does not meet or equal an impairment in 9 the Listing, the fourth step requires the Commissioner to determine whether the claimant has 10 sufficient “residual functional capacity” to perform her past work; if so, the claimant is not disabled 11 and the claim is denied. Id. The claimant has the burden of proving that she is unable to 12 perform past relevant work. Drouin v. Sullivan, 966 F.2d 1255, 1257 (9th Cir. 1992). If the 13 claimant meets this burden, a prima facie case of disability is established. Id. The 14 Commissioner then bears the burden of establishing that the claimant is not disabled because 15 there is other work existing in “significant numbers” in the national or regional economy the 16 claimant can do, either (1) by the testimony of a VE, or (2) by reference to the Medical- 17 Vocational Guidelines at 20 C.F.R. part 404, subpart P, appendix 2. Lounsburry, 468 F.3d at 18 1114. The determination of this issue comprises the fifth and final step in the sequential 19 analysis. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520, 416.920; Lester v. Chater, 81 F.3d 721, 828 n.5 (9th Cir. 20 1995); Drouin, 966 F.2d at 1257. 21 22 B. THE ALJ’S APPLICATION OF THE FIVE-STEP PROCESS 23 At step one, the ALJ found that plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful activity since 24 December 18, 2013, the alleged onset date.2 [AR at 18.] At step two, the ALJ concluded that 25 plaintiff has the severe impairments of fibromyalgia; bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome, status post 26 27 2 The ALJ concluded that plaintiff met the insured status requirements of the Social 28 1 bilateral release surgery; spondylosis and disc degeneration of the lumbar spine; chronic 2 traumatic disorder of the cervical spine; and obesity, status post bariatric surgeries with 3 complications. [Id.] At step three, the ALJ determined that plaintiff does not have an impairment 4 or a combination of impairments that meets or medically equals any of the impairments in the 5 Listing. [Id. at 19.] The ALJ further found that plaintiff retained the residual functional capacity 6 (“RFC”)3 to perform light work as defined in 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1567(b) and 416.967(b),4 as follows: 7 [She can] lift and carry 20 pounds occasionally, 10 pounds frequently, standing and walking for 6 hours during an 8-hour workday, sitting for 6 hours. [She] is limited to 8 frequent pushing, pulling and postural activity. [She] may frequently finger and handle, but is limited to no more than 45 minutes per hour of computer work. 9 10 [Id. at 20.] At step four, based on plaintiff’s RFC and the testimony of the VE, the ALJ concluded 11 that plaintiff is unable to perform her past relevant work as a bookkeeper, general ledger. [Id. at 12 25-26, 61-63.] At step five, based on plaintiff’s RFC, vocational factors, and the VE’s testimony, 13 the ALJ found that there are jobs existing in significant numbers in the national economy that 14 plaintiff can perform, including work as an “office helper” (Dictionary of Occupational Titles (“DOT”) 15 No. 239.567-010), as an “assembler” (DOT No. 726.687-058), and as a “mail sorter” (DOT No. 16 209.687-026). [AR at 26, 63.] Accordingly, the ALJ determined that plaintiff was not disabled at 17 any time from the alleged onset date of December 18, 2013, through September 6, 2018, the date 18 of the decision. [Id. at 27.] 19 20 3 RFC is what a claimant can still do despite existing exertional and nonexertional 21 limitations. See Cooper v. Sullivan, 880 F.2d 1152, 1155 n.5 (9th Cir. 1989). “Between steps 22 three and four of the five-step evaluation, the ALJ must proceed to an intermediate step in which the ALJ assesses the claimant’s residual functional capacity.” Massachi v. Astrue, 486 F.3d 1149, 23 1151 n.2 (9th Cir. 2007) (citation omitted). 24 4 “Light work involves lifting no more than 20 pounds at a time with frequent lifting or carrying of objects weighing up to 10 pounds. Even though the weight lifted may be very little, a job is in 25 this category when it requires a good deal of walking or standing, or when it involves sitting most 26 of the time with some pushing and pulling of arm or leg controls. To be considered capable of performing a full or wide range of light work, you must have the ability to do substantially all of 27 these activities. If someone can do light work, we determine that he or she can also do sedentary work, unless there are additional limiting factors such as loss of fine dexterity or inability to sit for 28 1 V. 2 THE ALJ’S DECISION 3 Plaintiff contends that the ALJ erred when he: (1) rejected or ignored the opinions of 4 plaintiff’s treating sources: Drs. Knight, Alpern, Salick, Telusca, Hymes, Litoff, and Wu, in favor 5 of the opinions of the orthopedic consultative examiner, Dr. Chuang; (2) discounted plaintiff’s 6 subjective symptom testimony; and (3) determined plaintiff’s RFC. [JS at 3.] As set forth below, 7 the Court respectfully disagrees with plaintiff and affirms the decision of the ALJ. 8 9 A. MEDICAL OPINIONS 10 1. Legal Standard 11 “There are three types of medical opinions in social security cases: those from treating 12 physicians, examining physicians, and non-examining physicians.” Valentine v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. 13 Admin., 574 F.3d 685, 692 (9th Cir. 2009); see also 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1502, 404.1527.5 The Ninth 14 Circuit has recently reaffirmed that “[t]he medical opinion of a claimant’s treating physician is given 15 ‘controlling weight’ so long as it ‘is well-supported by medically acceptable clinical and laboratory 16 diagnostic techniques and is not inconsistent with the other substantial evidence in [the claimant’s] 17 case record.’” Trevizo v. Berryhill, 871 F.3d 664, 675 (9th Cir. 2017) (quoting 20 C.F.R. § 18 404.1527(c)(2)) (second alteration in original). Thus, “[a]s a general rule, more weight should be 19 given to the opinion of a treating source than to the opinion of doctors who do not treat the 20 claimant.” Lester, 81 F.3d at 830; Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1012 (citing Bray v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. 21 Admin., 554 F.3d 1219, 1221, 1227 (9th Cir. 2009)); Turner v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 613 F.3d 22 23 5 The Court notes that for all claims filed on or after March 27, 2017, the Rules in 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c (not § 404.1527) shall apply. The new regulations provide that the Social Security 24 Administration “will not defer or give any specific evidentiary weight, including controlling weight, to any medical opinion(s) or prior administrative medical finding(s), including those from your 25 medical sources.” 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c. Thus, the new regulations eliminate the term “treating 26 source,” as well as what is customarily known as the treating source or treating physician rule. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c; see also 81 Fed. Reg. 62560, at 62573-74 (Sept. 9, 2016). However, 27 the claim in the present case was filed before March 27, 2017, and the Court therefore analyzed plaintiff’s claim pursuant to the treating source rule set out herein. See also 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527 28 1 1217, 1222 (9th Cir. 2010). “The opinion of an examining physician is, in turn, entitled to greater 2 weight than the opinion of a nonexamining physician.” Lester, 81 F.3d at 830; Ryan v. Comm’r 3 of Soc. Sec., 528 F.3d 1194, 1198 (9th Cir. 2008). 4 “[T]he ALJ may only reject a treating or examining physician’s uncontradicted medical 5 opinion based on clear and convincing reasons.” Trevizo, 871 F.3d at 675 (citing Ryan, 528 F.3d 6 at 1198). “Where such an opinion is contradicted, however, it may be rejected for specific and 7 legitimate reasons that are supported by substantial evidence in the record.” Id. (citing Ryan, 528 8 F.3d at 1198). When a treating physician’s opinion is not controlling, the ALJ should weigh it 9 according to factors such as the nature, extent, and length of the physician-patient working 10 relationship, the frequency of examinations, whether the physician’s opinion is supported by and 11 consistent with the record, and the specialization of the physician. Trevizo, 871 F.3d at 676; see 12 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(c)(2)-(6). The ALJ can meet the requisite specific and legitimate standard 13 “by setting out a detailed and thorough summary of the facts and conflicting clinical evidence, 14 stating his interpretation thereof, and making findings.” Reddick v. Chater, 157 F.3d 715, 725 (9th 15 Cir. 1998). The ALJ “must set forth his own interpretations and explain why they, rather than the 16 [treating or examining] doctors’, are correct.” Id. 17 Although the opinion of a non-examining physician “cannot by itself constitute substantial 18 evidence that justifies the rejection of the opinion of either an examining physician or a treating 19 physician,” Lester, 81 F.3d at 831, state agency physicians are “highly qualified physicians, 20 psychologists, and other medical specialists who are also experts in Social Security disability 21 evaluation.” 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1527(e)(2)(i), 416.927(e)(2)(i); Soc. Sec. Ruling 96-6p; Bray, 554 22 F.3d at 1221, 1227 (the ALJ properly relied “in large part on the DDS physician’s assessment” in 23 determining the claimant’s RFC and in rejecting the treating doctor’s testimony regarding the 24 claimant’s functional limitations). Reports of non-examining medical experts “may serve as 25 substantial evidence when they are supported by other evidence in the record and are consistent 26 with it.” Andrews v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 1995). 27 / 28 / 1 2. Plaintiff’s Treating and Examining Doctors 2 Plaintiff contends that the ALJ “engaged in improper cherry picking from the records and 3 rejected or ignored reports of clinical findings, symptoms and opinions as to limitations that were 4 greater than those found by the ALJ in the RFC assessment.” [JS at 5.] She further contends 5 that the ALJ erred in affording greater weight to the opinion of the consultative examiner “over the 6 opinions of [plaintiff’s] specialist treating and examining physicians” without providing “sufficient 7 reasoning for rejecting these opinions.” [Id.] 8 Specifically, plaintiff asserts that the ALJ erred in assessing the opinions of the following 9 providers: 10 11 a. John T. Knight, M.D. 12 Dr. Knight began treating plaintiff in December 2013 for symptoms of numbness and 13 tingling in her hands. [AR at 500.] On examination, Dr. Knight found “mild TMC[6] joint tenderness 14 bilaterally, [and] mild to moderate bilateral radial tunnel tenderness and positive Phalen’s test 15 bilaterally.” [Id.] He diagnosed plaintiff with carpal tunnel syndrome and cumulative trauma 16 disorder (“CTD”), and opined that she required a 15-minute break from keyboard use every hour. 17 [Id. at 501.] In March 2014, Dr. Knight noted that plaintiff reported that her symptoms were 18 increasing, and found on examination “mild tenderness at the radial tunnel bilaterally, mild volar 19 distal forearm tenderness bilaterally and mild TMC joint tenderness bilaterally.” [Id. at 511.] He 20 opined that plaintiff was “temporarily totally disabled.” [Id.] In August 2014, Dr. Knight further 21 opined on a check-box form that plaintiff was “totally incapacitated at this time.” [Id. at 518.] In 22 October 2014, Dr. Knight added CTD of the cervical spine along with possible cervical 23 radiculopathy and possible bilateral radial tunnel syndrome to his diagnoses. [Id. at 519.] In 24 March 2016, plaintiff reported increasing pain in her left arm and forearm, and on examination Dr. 25 Knight found “mild radial tunnel tenderness bilaterally and mild tenderness in the lateral 26 27 6 The trapeziometacarpal joint is located at the base of the thumb between the trapezium bone of the wrist and the first metacarpal bones of the thumb. See https://www.healthline.com/ 28 1 epicondyles [of] both elbow[s].” [Id. at 533.] In August 2016, plaintiff reported increased swelling 2 and pain in both hands and Dr. Knight noted mild swelling in the dorsal aspect of the right hand 3 and wrist, mild ecchymosis in the dorsal aspect of the left hand, and mild to moderate left radial 4 tunnel tenderness. [Id. at 539.] In May 2017, Dr. Knight opined that plaintiff needed a consult 5 with a rheumatologist for fibromyalgia. [Id. at 551.] At that visit, plaintiff reported that she 6 continued to experience pain throughout both upper extremities and numbness and tingling in 7 both hands, and on examination Dr. Knight found mild radial tunnel tenderness bilaterally, mild 8 tenderness medial epicondyle both elbows, positive Tinel’s at the median nerve of both wrists, 9 mild bilateral trapezial tenderness, and spasm and mild limitation of cervical spine range of motion 10 with discomfort. [Id.] In September 2017, plaintiff again complained of numbness and tingling in 11 the right little and ring fingers and pain throughout the upper extremities, and on examination Dr. 12 Knight found positive Tinel’s at the ulnar nerve on the right elbow, mild radial tunnel tenderness 13 bilaterally, and mild bilateral trapezial tenderness. [Id. at 555.] In October 2017, plaintiff 14 complained of pain at the right lateral elbow and on examination exhibited mild to moderate 15 tenderness at the right elbow lateral epicondyle, and Dr. Knight diagnosed right elbow lateral 16 epicondylitis. [Id. at 557.] Similarly, in November and December 2017, plaintiff complained of 17 pain in both upper extremities and Dr. Knight found tenderness at the right lateral elbow. [Id. at 18 559, 561.] 19 Plaintiff acknowledges that the ALJ adopted Dr. Knight’s initial work restriction limiting 20 plaintiff to no more than 45 minutes per hour of computer work. [JS at 9 (citing AR at 20; see also 21 id. at 501).] She argues, however, that he failed to properly consider Dr. Knight’s longitudinal 22 records, which, she contends, “indicate that this [RFC] restriction failed to account for [plaintiff’s] 23 ongoing symptoms from March 2014 through December 2017”; failed to take into account Dr. 24 Knight’s opinion that plaintiff was “totally incapacitated” as of August 2014, as the term “temporary 25 total disability was a worker’s compensation term of art”; and failed to discuss Dr. Knight’s 26 “repeated reports” that plaintiff’s pain worsened from 2013 to 2017. [Id. (citing AR at 24).] 27 As noted by the ALJ, Dr. Knight is a hand and wrist specialist who provided regular 28 treatment for plaintiff’s carpal tunnel syndrome and CTD. [AR at 20, 500, 507, 516, 521, 523, 1 535, 547, 549, 551, 555).] Notwithstanding plaintiff’s characterization of her pain symptoms at 2 her visits to Dr. Knight -- which plaintiff mischaracterizes as clinical findings made by Dr. Knight -- 3 the record reflects that his actual objective clinical findings reveal mostly mild tenderness, intact 4 sensory examinations, and normal range of motion in plaintiff’s upper extremities bilaterally. For 5 instance, the ALJ noted that the records “repeatedly” reflected that plaintiff exhibited full ranges 6 of motion in her hands and wrist; generally only mild -- and never more than mild to moderate -- 7 tenderness in the wrists and hands; and a grip strength of 20 pounds and rarely less. [Id. at 20.] 8 Additionally, two months after Dr. Knight stated plaintiff is “totally incapacitated,” Dr. Knight 9 reported plaintiff’s “sensory and motor exam intact”; mild tenderness at the radial tunnel bilaterally; 10 negative Tinel signs at both wrists and elbows; a full range of motion in both wrists and elbows, 11 and all digits of both hands; mild bilateral trapezial tenderness and spasm; and mild limitation of 12 cervical spine with range of motion. [Id. (citing AR at 519).] Likewise, when plaintiff reported 13 swelling in her hands, examination showed only mild signs of swelling, no color or temperature 14 change, and a full range of motion in the wrist, hand, and all digits. [Id. (citing AR at 539).] 15 Although Dr. Knight originally opined that plaintiff could perform her usual job duties if she was 16 limited to no more than 45 minutes of computer work in an hour, and later found her to be 17 temporarily totally disabled (“TTD”) in the worker’s compensation system, TTD is a term of art that 18 simply means that an individual cannot return to her regular job duties. [Id. at 21 (citing AR at 19 24).] Under the circumstances here, the ALJ was correct to give Dr. Knight’s report of plaintiff as 20 “temporarily totally disabled” little weight, as (1) it reflects a term of art in the worker’s 21 compensation field, and (2) it was “based on examinations that did not reveal more than mild to 22 moderate degrees of tenderness, treatment which was confined to Plaintiff’s neck and upper 23 extremities, relatively modest symptoms and limitations, and no abnormalities or deficits 24 consistent with an inability to perform all work activity.” [Id. at 21 (citing AR at 24).] 25 Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that the ALJ properly considered Dr. Knight’s 26 opinions when he found that plaintiff could not return to her past work, and when he limited 27 plaintiff to no more than 45 minutes per hour of computer work. 28 Thus, the ALJ provided specific and legitimate reasons, supported by substantial evidence, 1 for discounting Dr. Knight’s opinions. 2 3 b. Harvey L. Alpern, M.D. 4 Dr. Alpern performed a qualified medical examination for plaintiff’s worker’s compensation 5 case on September 10, 2014. [AR at 643-47.] His preliminary impression on examination was 6 obesity; history of gastroesophageal reflux disease (“GERD”), improved after surgery; orthopedic 7 diagnoses; and psychiatric diagnoses. [Id. at 646.] He had not reviewed any records at the time 8 of that examination. [Id.] On December 27, 2014, Dr. Alpern issued a “Panel Qualified Medical 9 Evaluator’s Report with Review of Medical Records.” [Id. at 648-715.] After reviewing plaintiff’s 10 medical records dating from 2007 to 2014, Dr. Alpern stated that he found no change in his 11 September 2014 “diagnosis or treatment recommendations.”7 [Id. at 714.] 12 On March 11, 2015, Dr. Alpern again examined plaintiff for a “Panel Qualified Medical Re- 13 evaluation.” [Id. at 716-20.] Dr. Alpern stated that he had previously reviewed plaintiff’s 14 “extensive medical records,” and noted that “[i]nterestingly,” “her carpal tunnel symptoms have 15 markedly improved and there are several recordings of electromyographic readings of the upper 16 extremities, which are somewhat inconsistent with the prior treatments.” [Id. at 716.] At the March 17 11, 2015, visit, plaintiff primarily complained of abdominal pain, as well as pain in her neck, 18 shoulders, back, forearms, elbows, and knees. [Id. at 717.] Dr. Alpern noted that plaintiff 19 complained of pain throughout her body, consistent with fibromyalgia, and found on examination 20 that she exhibited 16 of 18 tender points for fibromyalgia, as well as irritable bowel syndrome, 21 which he stated is also consistent with fibromyalgia.8 [Id. at 719.] Dr. Alpern stated that plaintiff 22 23 7 In his September 2014 report, however, Dr. Alpern did not provide any treatment recommendations, although he did note that plaintiff “can probably be rated soon, if not now, for 24 her gastrointestinal status.” [AR at 646; see also id. at 644 (noting that plaintiff’s GERD was markedly improved after surgery, and she only has occasional nausea, very rare vomiting, and 25 very rare pain).] 26 8 Fibromyalgia is a syndrome that “is poorly understood within much of the medical community.” 27 Benecke v. Barnhart, 379 F.3d 587, 594 n.4 (9th Cir. 2004) (citation omitted). Significantly, there is no known cause or cure, and fibromyalgia “is diagnosed entirely on the basis of patients’ reports of 28 1 is “markedly symptomatic” with respect to her subjective pain complaints, and recommended 2 treatment by a pain physician who understands fibromyalgia, as well as psychiatric support. [Id.] 3 On May 4, 2016, Dr. Alpern provided a “Supplemental Report with Review of Medical 4 Records.” [Id. at 724-28.] There is no indication that he re-examined plaintiff for purposes of that 5 report. Instead, Dr. Alpern reviewed a February 9, 2016, internal medicine evaluation conducted 6 by Allen Salick, M.D., a rheumatologist. [Id. at 724; see also id. at 566-642 (Dr. Salick’s report).] 7 Dr. Alpern noted that after laboratory studies to rule out other inflammatory arthropathies, and 8 physical examination by Dr. Salick, plaintiff was diagnosed by Dr. Salick with fibromyalgia with 9 associated somatic symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome, carpal tunnel syndrome, depression, 10 problems sleeping, chronic fatigue, depression, and anxiety. [Id. at 726.] Dr. Alpern noted Dr. 11 Salick’s statement that plaintiff “cannot return to her previous occupation even with restrictions 12 because she tried to return to work after the surgery but her symptoms returned.” [Id. at 727; see 13 also id. at 612.] Dr. Alpern concluded that Dr. Salick’s records “support industrial causation for 14 use of pain medication.” [Id. at 728.] 15 Plaintiff complains that the ALJ erred as he “provided little discussion of Dr. Alpern’s reports 16 other than to conclude that Dr. Alpern’s opinion that [plaintiff’s] symptoms were ‘markedly 17 symptomatic’ was singular and dated from March 2015.” [JS at 10 (citing AR at 21).] 18 Defendant responds that the ALJ considered Dr. Alpern’s reports and noted “some 19 inconsistencies in how Dr. Alpern described Plaintiff’s fibromyalgia symptoms: in March 2015 20 21 8(...continued) 22 pain and other symptoms.” Id. at 590; Sarchet v. Chater, 78 F.3d 305, 306 (7th Cir. 1996) (“[Fibromyalgia’s] cause or causes are unknown, there is no cure, and, of greatest importance to 23 disability law, its symptoms are entirely subjective.”). Courts have noted that there are no laboratory or diagnostic tests that can confirm the presence of fibromyalgia. Benecke, 379 F.3d at 590 (citations 24 omitted); Sarchet, 78 F.3d at 306; Brosnahan v. Barnhart, 336 F.3d 671, 672 n.1 (8th Cir. 2003). Hence, fibromyalgia is often diagnosed by eliminating other possible conditions and confirming the 25 presence of the disease’s symptoms: widespread pain existing for at least three months, fatigue, 26 disturbed sleep, stiffness, and tenderness in at least eleven of eighteen specified sites (“trigger points”) on the body. Brosnahan, 336 F.3d at 672 n.1 (“[d]iagnosis [of fibromyalgia] is usually made after 27 eliminating other conditions”); Preston v. Sec’y of Health and Human Servs., 854 F.2d 815, 818 (6th Cir. 1998) (“no objective tests . . . can conclusively confirm [fibromyalgia]”); Rollins, 261 F.3d at 855 28 1 reporting Plaintiff as markedly symptomatic and in May 2016, her symptoms as constant and 2 moderate.” [Id. at 22 (citing AR at 21, 719, 726).] Defendant notes that the ALJ also found “an 3 absence of contemporaneous notes from which to draw any conclusions regarding the level of 4 [plaintiff’s] symptoms.” [Id. (citing AR at 21).] Similarly, with respect to Dr. Alpern’s statement that 5 plaintiff’s gastric impairments had some impact on her physically and, therefore, on her ability to 6 function [AR at 722 (noting that future medical care “should include the ability for her to see a 7 gastroenterologist when any flare-up occurs”)], defendant notes that the ALJ found no evidence 8 of current symptoms and little mention of any significant gastritis, or GERD, “suggesting 9 symptoms that were isolated and transitory.” [JS at 22-23 (citing AR at 24-25, 644, 692-94, 722).] 10 The Court notes that Dr. Alpern’s March 2015 examination reflected that plaintiff exhibited 11 “classic spots of tender points for fibromyalgia positive in at least 16 out of the 18, but she also 12 has some tenderness in neutral areas.” [AR at 718.] As a result of his findings, and plaintiff’s 13 subjective complaint of “pains throughout her body,” Dr. Alpern deemed plaintiff to be “markedly 14 symptomatic.” [Id. at 719 (emphasis added).] Dr. Alpern did not, however, draw any conclusions 15 regarding the level of plaintiff’s symptoms and there is no evidence that plaintiff described the 16 level of her symptoms to Dr. Alpern. [See id. at 717 (noting that plaintiff “complains of pain in her 17 neck, shoulders, back, forearms, elbow, and knees on a daily basis”).] Thus, the ALJ’s 18 determination that there were no contemporaneous treatment notes supporting Dr. Alpern’s March 19 2015 statement regarding the “level” of plaintiff’s symptoms is only partially accurate -- there 20 indeed were no contemporaneous notes; there also was, however, no conclusion suggested by 21 Dr. Alpern about the level of plaintiff’s symptoms, only that plaintiff was markedly symptomatic in 22 that she was positive for 16 out of 18 fibromyalgia trigger points and still complaining of pain -- at 23 an unspecified level -- throughout her body. 24 Moreover, in May 2016, Dr. Alpern did not perform his own examination and was only 25 reporting on his review of rheumatologist Dr. Salick’s February 2016 opinion that plaintiff met the 26 requirements for a diagnosis of fibromyalgia, with “widespread pain and tender points in the 27 appropriate locations as well as somatic symptoms typical of this syndrome namely a non- 28 restorative sleep disorder, chronic fatigue and problems sleeping, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, and 1 depression.” [Id. at 611.] Like Dr. Alpern, Dr. Salick also determined that plaintiff was positive 2 for 16 out of the 18 tender points. [Id. at 605.] However, as noted by Dr. Alpern, Dr. Salick 3 described the level of plaintiff’s subjective pain symptoms as “constant and moderate.” [Id. at 4 612.] 5 Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that Dr. Alpern did not make any inconsistent 6 statements himself, and his description of plaintiff as “markedly symptomatic” for a fibromyalgia 7 diagnosis, due to the fact that she was positive for 16 out of 18 trigger points and complaining of 8 pain, was corroborated by Dr. Salick (and others, such as Dr. Wu), also finding a significant 9 number of positive trigger points. Additionally, Dr. Alpern’s description of plaintiff as “markedly 10 symptomatic,” was not inconsistent with Dr. Salick’s description of plaintiff’s subjective symptoms 11 as being at a “constant and moderate” level -- the words “symptomatic” and “symptoms” in the two 12 statements having clearly different meanings. 13 Accordingly, the ALJ’s determination to discount Dr. Alpern’s opinions based on the fact 14 that his finding that plaintiff was “markedly symptomatic” was “singular and isolated,” and that he 15 made inconsistent statements regarding the level of plaintiff’s symptoms, were not specific and 16 legitimate reasons supported by substantial evidence for discounting Dr. Alpern’s opinions. That 17 being said, the only relevant opinions offered by Dr. Alpern were that plaintiff cannot return to her 18 past relevant work, and that she was positive for a diagnosis of fibromyalgia. The ALJ also 19 determined that plaintiff was unable to perform her past relevant work and had the severe 20 impairment of fibromyalgia. Thus, any error was harmless. 21 22 c. Dr. Salick 23 As discussed above, in February 2016 Dr. Salick examined plaintiff and reviewed her 24 medical records. [Id. at 566-642.] Plaintiff contends the following: 25 [Her] pain was rated at 7 to 9 out of 10; pain was constant and significantly aggravated by activity; Dr. Salick reported that pain interfered with [plaintiff’s] ability 26 to lift 10 pounds, sit for half an hour, stand for half an hour, travel for 1 hour, write or type and with concentration and memory. Dr. Salick also reported that pain 27 significantly interfered with sleep, social activities and daily activities including the ability to complete routine chores. . . . Dr. Salick also opined that [plaintiff] had 28 sensitivity to loud noises, bright lights, odors and cold. 1 [JS at 11 (citing AR at 630, 631, 633, 637, 642).] Plaintiff further contends that although the ALJ 2 agreed with Dr. Salick’s conclusion that plaintiff was unable to perform her past work, he “failed 3 to address additional limitations included in Dr. Salick’s report,” including his opinions that “pain 4 interfered with [her] ability to: lift 10 pounds, sit for half an hour, stand for half an hour, travel for 5 1 hour, write or type and with concentration and memory as well as sensitivity to loud noises, 6 bright lights, odors and cold.” [Id. at 11-12 (citing AR at 631, 633, 637, 642).] 7 The Court has reviewed the records cited to by plaintiff and determines that with respect 8 to the information she reported above, the only accurate statements made by plaintiff were that 9 her “pain was rated at 7 to 9 out of 10” and that it was “constant and significantly aggravated by 10 activity.” That is because plaintiff only implies that those two statements were made by Dr. Salick, 11 rather than actually attributing them to Dr. Salick as she did with every other statement above. 12 However, every one of those statements was reported not by Dr. Salick, but to Dr. Salick by 13 plaintiff in the various forms she completed as part of Dr. Salick’s evaluation. [See AR at 630-35, 14 637, 642.] Dr. Salick merely recommended that plaintiff receive education about her condition, 15 take up a multi-disciplinary exercise program “best facilitated by aquatic therapy,” see a 16 rheumatologist or pain management specialist, consider medications approved by the FDA to treat 17 fibromyalgia, and receive ongoing psychiatric care and an orthopedic follow up. [Id. at 620.] 18 There was no error in the ALJ’s alleged failure to address functional limitations that were never 19 suggested by Dr. Salick himself. 20 Remand is not warranted on this issue. 21 22 d. Dr. Natacha Telusca and Dr. Jayson A. Hymes 23 On September 19, 2016, Drs. Telusca and Hymes saw plaintiff for a one-time pain 24 management consultation, with respect to her cervical spine and upper extremity pain. [Id. at 430- 25 34.] Plaintiff notes that, on examination, the clinical findings included cervical paraspinal 26 tenderness, cervical facet tenderness at C5-T1, decreased range of motion in all cervical spine 27 planes, “weakness to grip in 1st-2nd digit opposition, 1st-5th digit opposition bilaterally and 28 decreased sensation in right 2nd to 5th digits.” [JS at 12 (citing AR at 433).] Plaintiff was 1 diagnosed with chronic pain syndrom; rule out radiculopathy in the cervical region; and myofascial 2 pain syndrome. [AR at 433.] It was recommended that she be treated with a neuropathic 3 medication; engage in light aerobic exercise; maintain a proper weight; obtain a cervical MRI; and 4 undergo a pain psychology evaluation to help her better understand her chronic pain condition 5 and teach her new skills to deal with the pain. [Id.] Plaintiff complains that the ALJ failed to 6 discuss these findings or to provide any reasoning for rejecting limitations in this report. [JS at 7 12.] 8 The Court determines that there simply are no limitations suggested by either Dr. Telusca 9 or Dr. Hymes in this report. Neither is there any diagnosis or condition that was not considered 10 by the ALJ. For instance, the ALJ thoroughly addressed plaintiff’s carpal tunnel-related issues, 11 as well as an electro-diagnostic examination that failed to confirm the presence of cervical 12 radiculopathy, and a cervical x-ray that was unremarkable. [AR at 22 (citing id. at 345, 481).] 13 Remand is not warranted on this issue. 14 15 e. Jerold Litoff, M.D. 16 Dr. Litoff, an orthopedic surgeon, examined plaintiff in September 2014 for worker’s 17 compensation purposes. [Id. at 468-93.] In his September 3, 2014, report, Dr. Litoff opined that 18 plaintiff should be precluded from repetitive gripping, grasping, flexion and extension activity with 19 respect to her bilateral elbows; from repetitive gripping or grasping activity with respect to her 20 bilateral hands; and that she should receive a ten-minute break from either repetitive hand 21 activities or keyboarding every hour. [Id. at 487.] On October 19, 2016, he examined plaintiff and 22 reviewed her medical records for a “Panel Qualified Medical Re-evaluation.” [Id. at 435-50.] 23 Based on his examination and record review, Dr. Litoff determined that plaintiff had cervical 24 myofascial pain; lumbosacral myofascial pain; and fibromyalgia. [Id. at 446.] Dr. Litoff 25 recommended that with respect to plaintiff’s cervical spine, she should be permitted to rest from 26 computer work for 5 minutes out of every hour worked; with respect to her lumbosacral spine, she 27 should not engage in prolonged sitting, i.e., she should work no longer than 50 minutes out of an 28 hour in a sitting position. [Id. at 448.] He did not make any recommendations in this report 1 relating to plaintiff’s gripping, grasping, flexion, and extension with respect to her elbows or hands. 2 Plaintiff notes that the ALJ accepted Dr. Litoff’s 2014 and 2016 limitation regarding limited 3 keyboarding, and his 2014 limitation due to issues with her bilateral elbows to no repetitive 4 gripping, grasping, flexion or extension activity, which she acknowledges were accommodated in 5 the RFC determination by a limitation to frequent fingering and handling, and a limitation to 45 6 minutes of computer work in an hour. [JS at 13.] She argues, however, that the ALJ “rejected 7 Dr. Litoff’s [2014] opinion precluding repetitive flexion and extension of the elbows,” and failed to 8 address his 2016 sitting limitations and opinion that plaintiff “would experience pain with prolonged 9 standing, twisting, turning and positioning of the neck.” [Id. (citing AR at 447, 487).] 10 Once again, plaintiff confuses her subjective symptom allegations with a doctor’s opinion. 11 In his 2014 and 2016 reports, Dr. Litoff did not state that plaintiff would experience cervical pain 12 with prolonged standing, twisting, turning, and positioning of the neck. Indeed, Dr. Litoff noted 13 these complaints under “Subjective Factors of Disability” -- thus, these were plaintiff’s descriptions 14 of her symptoms to Dr. Litoff. [AR at 447, 486.] In both reports, under “Objective Factors of 15 Disability” with respect to plaintiff’s cervical spine, her lumbosacral spine, and her bilateral elbows, 16 Dr. Litoff indicated “None.” [Id. at 447, 486.] Dr. Litoff did not suggest any functional limitations 17 as a result of plaintiff’s cervical pain complaints, other than his limitations on resting from 18 computer work for a portion of every hour worked. 19 The Court finds that the ALJ’s RFC determination that plaintiff could only frequently push 20 and pull, finger and handle, and would only be able to keyboard for 45 minutes out of an hour, 21 accommodated Dr. Litoff’s opinions regarding plaintiff’s preclusion from repetitive gripping, 22 grasping, flexion or extension activity, fingering, or handling, and his opinion that plaintiff should 23 rest from computer work for ten minutes of every hour. 24 Remand is not warranted on this issue. 25 26 f. Justin Wu, D.O. 27 Dr. Wu, a physician at the Arthritis & Osteoporosis Medical Center, Inc., treated plaintiff 28 from January 2018 for her pain and fibromyalgia. [JS at 13-14 (citing AR at 950).] On 1 examination, Dr. Wu reported elbow joint pain, shoulder joint pain, neck pain elicited by motion, 2 tenderness on palpation of the fingers on the PIP joints, tenderness on palpation of the elbow, 3 tenderness on palpation of the lateral epicondyle elbow, abnormal motion of shoulders, 4 tenderness on palpation of the hips, tenderness on palpation of the trochanteric bursa, and that 5 plaintiff was positive on 14 out of 18 fibromyalgia trigger points. [Id. at 14 (citing AR at 951-52).] 6 In March 2018, Dr. Wu provided trigger point and right elbow injections, as well as a right elbow 7 brace. [Id. (citing AR at 938-40, 944-46).] In May 2018, Dr. Wu noted plaintiff was positive for 8 14 out of 18 trigger points and 8 out of 28 tender joints, and opined that plaintiff had “severe” 9 fibromyalgia syndrome with diffuse myalgia. [Id. (citing AR at 934).] He also noted that plaintiff’s 10 symptoms were “improved” with the right elbow brace, and she had “good relief” from the 11 myofascial trigger points injections, but that the relief from the right elbow steroid injection was 12 only “temporary.”9 [AR at 935.] 13 The ALJ noted that Dr. Wu recommended plaintiff undergo “serology testing for differential 14 analysis purposes.” [AR at 21.] He also stated that “inconsistent with the diagnosis of 15 fibromyalgia, serology studies at this time did reveal evidence of an underlying infection, hepatitis 16 B exposure, kidney dysfunction and evidence of inflammation (a positive ESR), suggesting other 17 potential conditions which might be causing [plaintiff’s] symptoms.” [Id. (citing id. at 958, 960, 965, 18 966, 970).] The ALJ noted that Dr. Wu “continued to treat [plaintiff] for fibromyalgia on a relatively 19 regular basis thereafter and classified her fibromyalgia as ‘severe’ during a May 23, 2018, 20 examination, but only on this occasion.” [Id. at 21.] The ALJ also noted that plaintiff’s treatment 21 for fibromyalgia began only in 2018, and although it was “described as ‘marked’ and ‘severe’ on 22 2 occasions, these assessments were made more than 3 years apart,” and “[d]uring the interim 23 [she] was described as ‘doing well.’” [Id. at 21-22.] The ALJ concluded that plaintiff’s fibromyalgia 24 symptoms were no more than “modest except on rare and isolated occasions” and that the 25 26 9 Although plaintiff asserts that Dr. Wu provided plaintiff with trigger point and right elbow 27 injections at both the March 2018 and May 2018 visits, it appears that the injections were given only at the March 2018 visit and that the results were reviewed at the follow-up visit on May 2018. 28 1 medical record does not demonstrate any greater limitations than those identified in the RFC “for 2 any period of 12 months or more at times material hereto.” [Id. at 22.] 3 Plaintiff contends that the ALJ failed to provide adequate discussion or consideration of Dr. 4 Wu’s records, “which included reports of significant widespread body pain supported by clinical 5 findings,” and that the ALJ erred when he “reasoned that [plaintiff] did not receive fibromyalgia 6 specific treatment with Dr. Wu until January 2018 and he only classified her fibromyalgia as 7 severe on one occasion in May 2018.” [JS at 14 (citing AR at 21).] She also takes issue with the 8 ALJ’s conclusion that plaintiff’s fibromyalgia symptoms “were ‘modest’ except on ra[re] occasions.” 9 [Id. at 15 (citing AR at 22).] Plaintiff contends that the ALJ “failed to discuss any limitations 10 associated with clinical findings documented in Dr. Wu’s reports including limitations in use of the 11 right arm and elbow due to right lateral epicondylitis requiring a prescribed right elbow brace and 12 treating with right elbow steroid injections in March and May 2018.” [Id. at 15 (citing AR at 935, 13 938); but see supra n.9.] She also argues that the ALJ “neglected to discuss the impact of 14 increased fibromyalgia pain, as evidenced by Dr. Wu’s clinical findings, requiring treatment with 15 trigger point injections on two occasions.” [Id. (citing AR at 935, 938); but see supra n.9.] 16 Plaintiff deems the ALJ’s discussion of all of her medical records as “cherry picking” to 17 support the RFC. [Id. at 15.] She also argues that Dr. Wu specifically opined that plaintiff had 18 “failed prior treatments” and found plaintiff’s fibromyalgia to be “severe as of [her] most recent 19 treatment with Dr. Wu in May 2018,” which the ALJ failed to consider. [Id. (citing AR at 950).] 20 Dr. Wu did not provide any opinion on plaintiff’s functional limitations. The ALJ reviewed 21 Dr. Wu’s records and reasonably determined that those records did not reflect any functional 22 limitations greater than those set forth in the ALJ’s RFC determination. He also considered Dr. 23 Wu’s recent finding that plaintiff’s condition was “severe.”10 Based on the Court’s review of the 24 record, the ALJ provided specific and legitimate reasons for discounting Dr. Wu’s report. 25 26 10 The ALJ’s other finding that plaintiff’s “condition was described as ‘marked,’” relates to Dr. 27 Knight’s finding that plaintiff was “markedly symptomatic,” which, as discussed above, did not reflect the severity of plaintiff’s symptoms. Thus, Dr. Wu was the only physician who described 28 1 Remand is not warranted on this issue. 2 3 g. Jerry Chuang, M.D., Consultative Examiner 4 On July 29, 2016, Dr. Chuang performed a complete orthopedic consultation of plaintiff. 5 [AR at 409-13.] Dr. Chuang had no medical records available for review. [Id. at 409.] Dr. Chuang 6 noted the following clinical findings: (1) tenderness to palpation and spasm of the cervical spine, 7 as well as painful and limited range of motion with reduced flexion and extension; (2) tenderness 8 to palpation and spasm of the lumbar spine, with painful and limited range of motion with reduced 9 flexion and extension; (3) positive straight leg raising, supine and seated, bilaterally; (4) 10 tenderness to palpation of the bilateral shoulders with mildly painful but full range of motion; (5) 11 full and painless range of motion in all planes for the elbows with no tenderness on palpation and 12 normal alignment and contour; (6) normal alignment and contour of the wrists, with no tenderness 13 on palpation, and mildly painful but full range of motion; positive Tinel’s test bilaterally indicating 14 “carpal tunnel syndrome of mild degree”; (7) tenderness and mild limitation in fine and gross 15 manipulation of the hands bilaterally with mildly painful but full range of motion; (8) no tenderness 16 on palpation and full and painless range of motion for the hips, knees, ankles, and feet; and (9) 17 an x-ray of the lumbar spine showing mild spondylosis and disc degeneration. [Id. at 410-12.] 18 Dr. Chuang noted his clinical impressions of mild cervical radiculopathy; mild bilateral shoulder 19 strain; mild bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome post surgical release; and mild lumbosacral 20 radiculopathy due to autolevel spondylosis and disc degeneration as confirmed by x-ray. [Id. at 21 412-13.] He opined that plaintiff can lift and carry 50 pounds occasionally and 25 pounds 22 frequently; walk, stand, and sit for six hours out of an eight-hour day; is able to frequently use her 23 hands for fine and gross manipulation; and is able to frequently bend, crouch, stoop, and kneel. 24 [Id. at 413.] 25 The ALJ stated the following about Dr. Chuang’s opinion: 26 I accept, generally, the assessment of the state agency examining medical consultant. He opines that [plaintiff] is limited to a range of medium exertion. As 27 I shall explain, his assessment is consistent with and well supported by the objective medical evidence, when considered as a whole. However, in light of the diagnosis 28 of fibromyalgia, a condition that is frequently present with only limited objective 1 medical support, I also afforded [plaintiff’s] testimony and statements some weight. Accordingly, I reduced her residual functional capacity to [a range] of light exertion 2 as described above. 3 [Id. at 20.] 4 Plaintiff contends that the ALJ relied on Dr. Chuang’s opinions, “with additional limitations 5 formulated by the ALJ,” and “erred in rejecting and ignoring greater limitations documented in 6 treating physician records,” [JS at 3, 17.] She argues that the ALJ failed to provide specific and 7 legitimate reasons, supported by substantial evidence, for rejecting the treating and examining 8 physician’s opinions in favor of the one-time consultative examination by Dr. Chuang. [Id. at 17 9 (citations omitted).] She contends that the ALJ “failed to explain how Dr. Chuang’s opinion was 10 consistent with the opinions of [plaintiff’s] treating and examining physicians who opined that she 11 was unable to perform prolonged sitting, standing and walking due to exacerbated pain,” and also 12 determined that “additional limitations regarding [plaintiff’s] elbow were not warranted, despite Dr. 13 Wu’s records documenting significant elbow pain and clinical findings in 2018, because Dr. 14 Chuang reported a normal elbow examination in July 2016.” [Id. (citing AR at 24).] 15 The Court notes that despite Dr. Chuang’s determination that plaintiff could perform a 16 limited range of medium work, the ALJ nevertheless gave some weight to plaintiff’s subjective 17 symptom testimony, and the opinions of her treating and examining physicians, and reduced that 18 exertional level to a range of light work. [AR at 20.] He also took plaintiff’s carpal tunnel issues 19 into account when he limited her to frequent pushing, pulling, fingering, and handling. [Id. at 22, 20 23-24.] 21 Based on the Court’s review of the record, and consistent with its discussion herein of the 22 ALJ’s consideration of plaintiff’s treating providers, the ALJ provided specific and legitimate 23 reasons supported by substantial evidence for giving more weight to Dr. Chuang’s findings than 24 to plaintiff’s treating providers. 25 Remand is not warranted on this issue. 26 27 3. Conclusion 28 Although plaintiff argues that her treating and/or examining physicians imposed limitations 1 on her ability to stand or walk, she points to no such evidence in the record (other than those 2 instances where she herself stated such limitations). Similarly, with respect to plaintiff’s elbow 3 limitations, although the ALJ did not find much evidence to support such limitations, he 4 nevertheless limited plaintiff to frequent pushing, pulling, fingering, and handling and to no more 5 than 45 minutes of computer work per hour. And, despite the findings of Dr. Litoff and Dr. Chuang 6 that plaintiff was capable of a range of medium-level work, the ALJ, after considering plaintiff’s 7 subjective symptom testimony, fibromyalgia, carpal tunnel issues, and her obesity, gave her the 8 benefit of the doubt in finding that she was capable of only a range of light work. As set forth 9 above, the Court determines that the ALJ provided specific and legitimate reasons supported by 10 substantial evidence for discounting any more extreme limitations suggested by plaintiff or her 11 treating and examining physicians. 12 Remand is not warranted on this issue. 13 14 B. SUBJECTIVE SYMPTOM TESTIMONY 15 1. Legal Standard 16 Prior to the ALJ’s assessment in this case, Social Security Ruling (“SSR”)11 16-3p went into 17 effect. See SSR 16-3p, 2017 WL 5180304 (Oct. 25, 2017). SSR 16-3p supersedes SSR 96-7p, 18 the previous policy governing the evaluation of subjective symptoms. SSR 16-3p, 2017 WL 19 5180304, at *2. SSR 16-3p indicates that “we are eliminating the use of the term ‘credibility’ from 20 our sub-regulatory policy, as our regulations do not use this term.” Id. Moreover, “[i]n doing so, 21 we clarify that subjective symptom evaluation is not an examination of an individual’s character[;] 22 [i]nstead, we will more closely follow our regulatory language regarding symptom evaluation.” Id.; 23 Trevizo, 871 F.3d at 678 n.5. Thus, the adjudicator “will not assess an individual’s overall 24 character or truthfulness in the manner typically used during an adversarial court litigation. The 25 26 11 “SSRs do not have the force of law. However, because they represent the Commissioner’s 27 interpretation of the agency’s regulations, we give them some deference. We will not defer to SSRs if they are inconsistent with the statute or regulations.” Holohan v. Massanari, 246 F.3d 1195, 1202 28 1 focus of the evaluation of an individual’s symptoms should not be to determine whether he or she 2 is a truthful person.” SSR 16-3p, 2017 WL 5180304, at *11. The ALJ is instructed to “consider 3 all of the evidence in an individual’s record,” “to determine how symptoms limit ability to perform 4 work-related activities.” Id. at *2. The Ninth Circuit also noted that SSR 16-3p “makes clear what 5 our precedent already required: that assessments of an individual’s testimony by an ALJ are 6 designed to ‘evaluate the intensity and persistence of symptoms after [the ALJ] find[s] that the 7 individual has a medically determinable impairment(s) that could reasonably be expected to 8 produce those symptoms,’ and ‘not to delve into wide-ranging scrutiny of the claimant’s character 9 and apparent truthfulness.’” Trevizo, 871 F.3d at 678 n.5 (citing SSR 16-3p). Thus, while SSR 10 16-3p eliminated the use of the term “credibility,” case law using that term is still instructive in the 11 Court’s analysis. 12 To determine the extent to which a claimant’s symptom testimony must be credited, the 13 Ninth Circuit has “established a two-step analysis.” Trevizo, 871 F.3d at 678 (citing Garrison, 759 14 F.3d at 1014-15). “First, the ALJ must determine whether the claimant has presented objective 15 medical evidence of an underlying impairment which could reasonably be expected to produce 16 the pain or other symptoms alleged.” Id. (quoting Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1014-15); Treichler v. 17 Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 775 F.3d 1090, 1102 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Lingenfelter v. Astrue, 18 504 F.3d 1028, 1036 (9th Cir. 2007)) (internal quotation marks omitted). If the claimant meets the 19 first test, and the ALJ does not make a “finding of malingering based on affirmative evidence 20 thereof” (Robbins v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 466 F.3d 880, 883 (9th Cir. 2006)), the ALJ must “evaluate 21 the intensity and persistence of [the] individual’s symptoms . . . and determine the extent to which 22 [those] symptoms limit [her] . . . ability to perform work-related activities . . . .” SSR 16-3p, 2017 23 WL 5180304, at *4. In assessing the intensity and persistence of symptoms, the ALJ must 24 consider a claimant’s daily activities; the location, duration, frequency, and intensity of the pain 25 or other symptoms; precipitating and aggravating factors; the type, dosage, effectiveness and side 26 effects of medication taken to alleviate pain or other symptoms; treatment, other than medication 27 received for relief of pain or other symptoms; any other measures used to relieve pain or other 28 symptoms; and other factors concerning a claimant’s functional limitations and restrictions due 1 to pain or other symptoms. 20 C.F.R. § 416.929; see also Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1283- 2 84 & n.8; SSR 16-3p, 2017 WL 5180304, at *4 (“[The Commissioner] examine[s] the entire case 3 record, including the objective medical evidence; an individual’s statements . . . ; statements and 4 other information provided by medical sources and other persons; and any other relevant 5 evidence in the individual’s case record.”). 6 Where, as here, plaintiff has presented evidence of an underlying impairment, and the ALJ 7 did not make a finding of malingering, the ALJ’s reasons for rejecting a claimant’s subjective 8 symptom statements must be specific, clear and convincing. Brown-Hunter v. Colvin, 806 F.3d 9 487, 488-89 (9th Cir. 2015); Burrell v. Colvin, 775 F.3d 1133, 1136 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Molina 10 v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1112 (9th Cir. 2012)); Trevizo, 871 F.3d at 678 (citing Garrison, 759 11 F.3d at 1014-15); Treichler, 775 F.3d at 1102. “General findings [regarding a claimant’s credibility] 12 are insufficient; rather, the ALJ must identify what testimony is not credible and what evidence 13 undermines the claimant’s complaints.” Burrell, 775 F.3d at 1138 (quoting Lester, 81 F.3d at 834) 14 (quotation marks omitted). The ALJ’s findings “‘must be sufficiently specific to allow a reviewing 15 court to conclude the adjudicator rejected the claimant’s testimony on permissible grounds and 16 did not arbitrarily discredit a claimant’s testimony regarding pain.’” Brown-Hunter, 806 F.3d at 493 17 (quoting Bunnell v. Sullivan, 947 F.2d 341, 345-46 (9th Cir. 1991) (en banc)). A “reviewing court 18 should not be forced to speculate as to the grounds for an adjudicator’s rejection of a claimant’s 19 allegations of disabling pain.” Bunnell, 947 F.2d at 346. As such, an “implicit” finding that a 20 plaintiff’s testimony is not credible is insufficient. Albalos v. Sullivan, 907 F.2d 871, 874 (9th Cir. 21 1990) (per curiam). 22 In determining whether an individual’s symptoms will reduce her corresponding capacities 23 to perform work-related activities or abilities to function independently, appropriately, and 24 effectively in an age-appropriate manner, the ALJ “will consider the consistency of the individual’s 25 own statements.” SSR 16-3p, 2017 WL 5180304, at *8-9; see also Ghanim v. Colvin, 763 F.3d 26 1154, 1163-64 (9th Cir. 2014). In doing so, the ALJ “will compare statements an individual makes 27 in connection with the individual’s claim for disability benefits with any existing statements the 28 individual made under other circumstances.” Id. “If an individual’s various statements about the 1 intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of symptoms are consistent with one another and 2 consistent with the objective medical evidence and other evidence in the record,” the ALJ will 3 determine that an individual’s symptoms are more likely to reduce her capacities for work-related 4 activities or reduce the abilities to function independently, appropriately, and effectively in an 5 age-appropriate manner. Id. at *9. The ALJ will recognize, however, that inconsistencies in an 6 individual’s statements made at varying times “does not necessarily mean they are inaccurate,” 7 as symptoms may vary in their intensity, persistence, and functional effects, or may worsen or 8 improve with time. Id. 9 10 2. Discussion 11 Plaintiff states that she testified that she stopped working and was released from her most 12 recent job because “she was not reliable, tardy a lot, called in sick often and used up all her sick 13 and vacation time”; was late or absent more than two days per week; her daily activities are 14 significantly limited; she has difficulty keeping her home clean and could not mop, sweep, or scrub 15 pots and pans, and relies on her mother to help with housework; can sometimes drive short 16 distances, and sometimes cannot even make it to the pharmacy to pick up prescriptions; her pain 17 affects her concentration and memory; she has difficulty standing and waiting for her medication 18 at the pharmacy for longer than ten minutes; could only carry four pounds or less; and on a good 19 day could “transition from going to the store to washing a few dishes,” but other times “she would 20 go home and lay on the couch and do a little bit here and there.” [JS at 33-34 (citing AR at 47-48, 21 56-60).] 22 The ALJ acknowledged that although symptoms of fibromyalgia can “vary greatly, from mild 23 to debilitating,” plaintiff’s claim that her symptoms are “both severe and debilitating” are not 24 consistent with the medical record. [AR at 20.] Then, the ALJ summarized many of the same 25 records previously discussed above, including, but not limited to, the following: (1) Dr. Salick 26 diagnosed fibromyalgia, but “afforded [plaintiff] a 20% whole person impairment due to this 27 condition,” and despite plaintiff’s “claims regarding the nature and severity of her symptoms, the 28 record reflects that she has received remarkably little fibromyalgia treatment at times material 1 hereto”; (2) in November 2014, fibromyalgia and depression were “noted as ongoing diagnoses, 2 in passing, by Sharon Orrange, M.D., during an unrelated bariatric surgery follow-up”; (3) Dr. 3 Knight “noted [plaintiff’s] [fibromyalgia] diagnosis twice and referred [her] to a rheumatologist for 4 treatment in May 2015 . . . [but] his records are devoid of any fibromyalgia specific analysis or 5 assessments”; (4) in May 2017, Hugh Bach, M.D., noted plaintiff’s reported history of fibromyalgia, 6 and “found multiple tender trigger points, consistent therewith and adopted the diagnosis”; the ALJ 7 noted, however, that it was “also important to note that [Dr. Bach] describe[d] [plaintiff] as ‘overall 8 doing well’ and recommended that she engage in regular exercise”; and (5) it was not until plaintiff 9 was seen by Dr. Wu in January 2018, that she received fibromyalgia-specific treatment, although 10 Dr. Wu also ordered serology testing that reflected evidence of an underlying infection, hepatitis 11 B exposure, kidney dysfunction, and evidence of inflammation, suggesting other potential 12 conditions; moreover, although Dr. Wu continued to treat plaintiff for fibromyalgia, he classified 13 it as “severe” only once -- during a May 2018 examination -- three years after the only other record 14 that termed plaintiff’s condition to be “marked.”12 [Id. at 20-22 (citations omitted).] 15 The ALJ also stated the following with respect to plaintiff’s testimony regarding her pain and 16 alleged limitations: 17 I also considered [plaintiff’s] allegations regarding and including pain and her ability to work. However, due to the lack of medical evidence and the inconsistencies in 18 her statements and actions, I am unable to afford her allegations full weight. . . . As previously detailed, there is a lack of objective evidence indicating that [plaintiff’s] 19 impairments are more likely than not to support her allegations regarding her capacity to perform work related activities. There simply is not enough evidence 20 demonstrating the intensity, persistence and limiting effects of [her] alleged impairments. 21 However, I do not rely solely on the objective evidence and medical opinions in 22 assessing [plaintiff’s] disability claim. The record also contains inconsistencies indicating that the intensity, persistence and limiting effects of her symptoms are 23 less likely to reduce her capacity to perform work related activities. To begin, [she] has not treated in a manner consistent with her disability claim. Specifically, [she] 24 alleges that she experiences chronic and severe symptoms, particularly pain 25 26 12 This appears to refer to Dr. Alpern’s 2015 finding that plaintiff was “markedly symptomatic,” which, as discussed above, referred to the number of positive trigger points along with plaintiff’s 27 complaint of pain throughout her body rather than to the severity level of her symptoms. In 2016, Dr. Salick, who provided the only opinion as to the level of plaintiff’s pain, described her 28 1 associated with her fibromyalgia. Inconsistently, however, as explained above, her fibromyalgia specific treatment was virtually nonexistent prior to 2018. Moreover, 2 even her current treatment does not fully support the level of symptoms she alleges. 3 Similarly, while [she] alleges that she is in constant debilitating pain, current reports of severe pain to treating medical sources, as noted above, have been few and far 4 between. While the record does reflect that [she] was examined by a pain management specialist in September 2016, there is no record of any follow up 5 treatment or care, as one would expect if an individual allege[s] chronic debilitating pain. 6 I am also mindful that [plaintiff] produced an invalid MMPI result during psychology 7 testing, suggesting the level of symptom overstatement of exaggeration. In this vein, [plaintiff] testified that her symptoms are so severe, that she feels exhausted, 8 that she must rest for up to 5 hours each day. She also reports that she must sleep 3 to 4 hours per day due to her symptoms, as well. However, I find few reports to 9 this or similar effect in her treatment records, as one would expect if one were experiencing debilitating fatigue/exhaustion/pain that she asserts. As a practical 10 matter, reports of active (nonhistorical) fatigue/exhaustion to treating medical sources at times material hereto has been infrequent. 11 12 [Id. at 25 (citations omitted).] 13 Plaintiff contends the ALJ failed to articulate legally sufficient reasons for rejecting plaintiff’s 14 subjective symptom testimony. [JS at 31.] She argues that although the ALJ gave plaintiff’s 15 subjective symptom testimony “some weight,” and stated that he could not give those statements 16 full weight “due to ‘lack of medical evidence’ and ‘inconsistencies in her statements and actions,’” 17 he failed to “identify any specific inconsistencies in either her testimony or in the medical 18 evidence.” [Id.] Instead, plaintiff alleges that he “merely concluded that there was not sufficient 19 objective evidence to support her allegations,” and improperly determined that (1) “she was not 20 treated in a manner consistent with her disability claim”; (2) her fibromyalgia treatment was 21 virtually non-existent prior to 2018; (3) her current treatment did not support the level of symptoms 22 she alleged; and (4) her reports of “severe pain were ‘few and far between.’” [Id. (citing AR at 23 25).] 24 Plaintiff also states that there is no evidence of malingering, and that each of her treating 25 and examining physicians provided findings and diagnoses consistent with her alleged symptoms. 26 [Id. at 33.] She asserts that there are no reports of activities inconsistent with her reported 27 limitations, and that she consistently reported her symptoms to her treating and examining 28 physicians. [Id. at 34.] She contends that her main problems are pain and constant fatigue 1 affecting her neck and arms, which is consistent with symptoms and clinical findings documented 2 in records from Dr. Knight and Dr. Wu, as discussed above. [Id. at 34-35.] She notes that the 3 ALJ provided a list of reasons for discounting plaintiff’s subjective symptom testimony, but “failed 4 to support these reasons with specific examples of contradictions between testimony and medical 5 evidence.” [Id. at 35.] For instance, he failed to explain “how worker’s compensation records 6 dating from her onset date in December 2013 through December 2017 with Dr. Knight and 7 treatment records with Dr. Wu from January to May 2018 were inconsistent.” [Id. (citing AR at 8 25).] Additionally, although the ALJ stated that plaintiff’s fibromyalgia treatment was “virtually 9 nonexisten[t] prior to 2018,” plaintiff contends that the record demonstrates that she was 10 diagnosed with fibromyalgia by “Dr. Alpern in March 2015, Dr. Salick in February 2016, Dr. Hymes 11 in September 2016, Dr. Litoff in October 2016 and Dr. Wu in January 2018 all based on significant 12 clinical findings.” [Id.] She further notes that although the ALJ reasoned that plaintiff’s “current 13 treatment did not support the level of symptoms she alleged,” he “failed to explain how treatment 14 with pain medications along with trigger point and right elbow injections with Dr. Wu were 15 inconsistent” with her testimony. [Id.] She also states that although the ALJ found that plaintiff’s 16 complaints of severe pain were few and far between, that finding “is clearly inaccurate as she 17 continually presented with symptoms of ongoing pain from December 2013 to May 2018.” [Id.] 18 Plaintiff concludes that although the ALJ “did cite some reasons for rejecting [her] testimony . . 19 . those reasons fail to meet the Ninth Circuit’s standard for being specific, clear and convincing” 20 as the ALJ failed to explain how plaintiff’s medical records contradicted her allegations, and failed 21 to discuss any of her specific testimony other than her alleged constant and debilitating pain. [Id. 22 at 40-41.] 23 A review of the Administrative Record reflects no evidence that plaintiff reported to her 24 doctors that she spends most of her day resting (five hours per day) and/or sleeping (3-4 hours 25 per day), because she is so exhausted from her symptoms. While plaintiff may have been 26 consistently diagnosed with fibromyalgia since 2015, and she may have been consistent in 27 reporting that she experiences pain from her fibromyalgia, there is only one description of that 28 pain as severe by a treating provider -- Dr. Wu in 2018 -- along with another description of it as 1 constant and moderate in 2016. Even after plaintiff’s visit to the pain management specialists in 2 September 2016 (Drs. Telusca and Hymes), as noted by the ALJ there is no evidence of any 3 follow-up treatment or care. The ALJ’s determination that there was a lack of objective medical 4 or other record evidence to support plaintiff’s debilitating pain rendering her incapable of 5 performing work-related activities, as well as a lack of consistent treatment for fibromyalgia until 6 2018, gaps in treatment, and evidence of symptom exaggeration, constitute specific, clear and 7 convincing reasons supported by substantial evidence for discounting plaintiff’s subjective 8 symptom testimony. Trevizo, 871 F.3d at 679; Fair v. Bowen, 885 F.2d 597, 603 (9th Cir. 1989); 9 Ghanim, 763 F.3d at 1163-64 (ALJ considers the consistency of the individual’s own statements); 10 Molina, 647 F.3d at 1112 (ALJ may consider any inadequately explained or unexplained failure 11 to pursue or follow treatment); Parra v. Astrue, 481 F.3d 742, 751 (9th Cir. 2007) (evidence of 12 conservative treatment is sufficient to discount a claimant’s testimony regarding the severity of an 13 impairment); Tonapetyan v. Halter, 242 F.3d 1144, 1148 (9th Cir. 2001) (noting evidence of 14 symptom exaggeration is a valid basis for discounting a claimant’s claims of disability). 15 Remand is not warranted on this issue. 16 17 C. RFC DETERMINATION 18 Plaintiff contends that the ALJ erred in formulating the RFC, stating that it was not 19 supported by the record as a whole, and that plaintiff’s “treating and examining physician’s . . . 20 opinions included greater limitations than those found by the ALJ.” [JS at 42.] She also argues 21 that the ALJ failed “to address the combined effects of all of the Plaintiff’s impairments, including 22 pain and subjective symptoms, and consider how the combination of [her] impairments affects 23 [her] ability to do basic work activities.” [Id. at 42-43 (citing Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1282 (9th Cir. 24 1996)).] 25 Plaintiff’s arguments are based on the same issues she raised above that were rejected 26 by the Court. The ALJ properly considered the only RFC assessments and limitations made by 27 plaintiff’s doctors -- Dr. Litoff and Dr. Chuang -- as well as the functional limitations suggested by 28 Dr. Knight, and, after considering plaintiff’s subjective complaints of pain and her obesity, modified 1| Drs. Litoff and Chuang’s RFC determinations (that plaintiff was capable of a range of medium work), to find plaintiff capable instead of a range of light work. 3 For the same reasons discussed above with respect to plaintiffs other two issues, the 4] Court finds that remand is not warranted on this issue. 5 6 Vi. 7 CONCLUSION 8 IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: (1) plaintiff's request for remand is denied; and (2) the 9|| decision of the Commissioner is affirmed. 10 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that the Clerk of the Court serve copies of this Order and the 11 || Judgment herein on all parties or their counsel. 12 This Memorandum Opinion and Order is not intended for publication, nor is it 13 intended to be included in or submitted to any online service such as Westlaw or Lexis. CBLK. Ame 15| DATED: July _15 , 2020

PAUL L. ABRAMS

16 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 2n