1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 HD CARRIER, LLC, Case No. 2:20-cv-06509-JWH (JPRx)

12 Plaintiff,

MEMORANDUM OPINION ON

13 v. (1) PLAINTIFF’S MOTION FOR

PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION

14 AT&T CORP., [Dkt. No. 11]; AND (2) DEFENDANT’S MOTION TO 15 Defendant. DISMISS PLAINTIFF’S COMPLAINT [Dkt. No. 22] 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 1 Before the Court are (1) the motion of Plaintiff HD Carrier, LLC for a 2 preliminary injunction;1 and (2) the motion of Defendant AT&T Corp. to 3 dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction or, in the alternative, to stay this 4 case.2 After considering the papers filed in support of and in opposition to both 5 motions, and with the benefit of the October 23, 2020, hearing, the Court will 6 GRANT in part and DENY in part AT&T’s MTD and DENY HD Carrier’s 7 PI Motion. 8 I. BACKGROUND 9 Millions of Americans have become familiar during the COVID-19 10 pandemic with a common method for setting up a free conference call: log onto a 11 site like FreeConferenceCall.com, sign up for a phone number and passcode, 12 circulate that number and passcode to colleagues, dial in, and enter the 13 passcode. The users are never charged. This case concerns who pays for the 14 users’ free lunch.3 15 On July 22, 2020, HD Carrier, a Nevada company that facilitates free 16 conference calls, filed a complaint against AT&T, a telecommunications 17 corporation. HD Carrier alleges that AT&T is blocking HD Carrier’s calls in 18 violation of the federal Communications Act (47 U.S.C. §§ 201(b) & 202(a)) 19 and California unfair competition law (Cal. Bus. & Prof. Code § 17200).4 20 A. HD Carrier’s Preliminary Injunction Motion 21 On July 24, HD Carrier moved for a preliminary injunction, alleging that 22 AT&T’s call-blocking scheme constitutes ongoing and irreparable harm and that 23 a preliminary injunction is in the public interest because of the nation’s 24 25 1 Pl.’s Mot. for Prelim. Inj. (the “PI Motion”) [Dkt. No. 11]. 26 2 Def.’s Mot. to Dismiss (the “MTD”) [Dkt. No. 22]. 27 3 See generally Milton Friedman, There’s No Such Thing as a Free Lunch (1975). 1 increased telework needs during the COVID-19 pandemic.5 In support of its PI 2 Motion, HD Carrier submitted the following materials: 3  Declaration of David Erickson, manager of HD Carrier [Dkt. No. 11-1] 4  FCC Robocall Blocking Report [Dkt. No. 11-1, Ex. A] 5  Declaration of Andrew Nickerson, CEO of Wide Voice, LLC [Dkt. 6 No. 11-2] 7  December 2019 call volume forecast [Dkt. No. 11-2, Ex. A] 8  January 2020 call volume forecast [Dkt. No. 11-2, Ex. B] 9  January 7, 2020, email from Wide Voice to AT&T [Dkt. No. 11-2, 10 Ex. C] 11  March 2020 call volume forecast [Dkt. No. 11-2, Ex. D] 12  Call volume graph [Dkt. No. 11-2, Ex. E] 13  January 2020 call volume graph [Dkt. No. 11-2, Ex. F] 14  June 2020 call volume graph [Dkt. No. 11-2, Ex. G] 15  Declaration of Bryan Petersen, Vice President of Network Operations at 16 HD Carrier [Dkt. No. 11-3] 17  Test call results [Dkt. No. 11-3, Ex. A] 18  Customer complaints [Dkt. No. 11-3, Ex. B] 19 On September 17, 2020, AT&T filed its papers in opposition to HD 20 Carrier’s PI Motion,6 including the following materials: 21  Declaration of Michael Hunseder, counsel for AT&T [Dkt. No. 25-1] 22  June 2, 2020, letter from Lauren Coppola, HD Carrier’s counsel, to 23 Rosemary McEnery, Chief Market Disputes Resolution Division of 24 the Federal Communications Commission (the “HD Carrier-FCC 25 Letter”) [Dkt. No. 25-1, Ex. A] 26 27 5 PI Motion 19 & 21. 1  April 24, 2020, letter from Hunseder and Scott Angstreich, counsel 2 for Verizon, to McEnery (the “AT&T-Verizon Informal 3 Complaint”) [Dkt. No. 25-1, Ex. B] 4  Declaration of Kimberly A. Meola, Assistant Vice President of Global 5 Connections Management for AT&T [Dkt. No. 25-2] 6  Wide Voice 2020 call volume forecast [Dkt. No. 25-2, Ex. A] 7  January 2020 emails between Wide Voice and AT&T [Dkt. 8 No. 25-2, Ex. B] 9  Wide Voice revised January 2020 call forecast [Dkt. No. 25-2, 10 Ex. C] 11  AT&T Opposition to Free Conferencing Waiver Petition before 12 the FCC [Dkt. No. 25-2, Ex. D] 13  August-September 2020 emails between Wide Voice and AT&T 14 [Dkt. No. 25-2, Ex. E] 15 HD Carrier replied on September 247 and attached the following 16 supporting evidence: 17  Declaration of David Erickson [Dkt. No. 30-1] 18  Declaration of Andrew Nickerson (the “Nickerson Decl. 2”) [Dkt. 19 No. 30-2] 20  Declaration of Tandy DeCosta, Director of Telephony Services at Wide 21 Voice [Dkt. No. 30-3] 22  AT&T Disconnect Orders [Dkt. No. 30-3, Ex. A] 23 B. AT&T’s Motion to Dismiss 24 On August 28, AT&T moved to dismiss the complaint on the ground that 25 this Court lacks subject matter jurisdiction under the Communications Act. In 26 the alternative, AT&T requests a stay of this action under the primary 27 1 jurisdiction doctrine.8 In support of its MTD, AT&T filed the following 2 materials: 3  Declaration of Michael Hunseder [Dkt. No. 22-1] 4  HD Carrier-FCC Letter [Dkt. No. 22-2] 5  AT&T-Verizon Informal Complaint [Dkt. No. 22-3] 6 On September 17, HD Carrier opposed the MTD9 and filed the following 7 papers in support of its opposition: 8  Declaration of David Erickson [Dkt. No. 24-1] 9  AT&T December 2016 Reply Comments in Support of a Petition 10 for Forbearance before the FCC [Dkt. No. 24-1, Ex. A] 11  AT&T April 2019 Ex Parte Submission to the FCC [Dkt. No. 24-1, 12 Ex. B] 13  AT&T March 2020 Letter to the FCC [Dkt. No. 24-1, Ex. C] 14  The FCC’s Market Disputes Resolution Guidance [Dkt. No. 24-1, 15 Ex. D] 16 AT&T replied on September 24.10 The Court held a hearing on both 17 motions on October 23, 2020.11 18 On November 5, AT&T filed a Supplemental Notice12 informing the 19 Court that another court in this district recently stayed a similar case under the 20 primary jurisdiction doctrine. See Wide Voice v. CenturyLink, 21 No. 2:20-cv-06868-VAP-GJSx (Nov. 4, 2020) (the “Wide Voice Order”). 22 Additionally, AT&T represented in the First Supplemental Notice that the FCC 23

24 8 MTD 9 & 12. 25 9 Pl.’s Opp’n to MTD (the “MTD Opposition”) [Dkt. No. 24]. 10 Def.’s Reply in Supp. of MTD (the “MTD Reply”) [Dkt. No. 31]. 26 11 See Mot. to Dismiss Hr’g Tr. (the “Transcript”) [Dkt. No. 43]. 27 12 Def.’s Suppl. Notice Regarding Recent Developments of Parallel Proceedings and Additional Auth. Regarding Section 201(b) of the 1 will issue a written order in its informal complaint against Wide Voice by April 2 2021.13 HD Carrier responded the next day, arguing that Wide Voice v. 3 CenturyLink is not a parallel proceeding to the instant case.14 On November 19, 4 AT&T filed a Second Supplemental Notice,15 to which HD Carrier responded 5 the next day.16 6 II. FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS 7 When an individual makes a standard long-distance telephone call, an 8 interexchange carrier (“IXC”) like AT&T connects the call to a local exchange 9 company (“LEC”), which connects the call to the intended recipient.17 Thus, 10 when an AT&T customer makes a long-distance phone call to her mother, for 11 example, that call makes three stops: AT&T, the LEC, and Mom. 12 Conference calls are slightly more complicated. First, 13 FreeConferenceCall.com and other similar companies procure phone numbers 14 from an entity like HD Carrier, a Voice over Internet Protocol (“VoIP”) 15 purveyor.18 When an individual dials one of these numbers to attend a free 16 conference call, her call makes more than three stops. First, AT&T (or another 17 IXC) connects the call to one of HD Carrier’s tandem partners, such as Wide 18 Voice.19 Wide Voice then connects the call to HD Carrier, which connects the 19 call to FreeConferenceCall.com.20 20 21 13 Id. at 3. The First Supplemental Notice also contains substantive 22 arguments, which the Court does not address here, as they are neither properly raised nor determinative. 23 14 Pl.’s Resp. to First Supplemental Notice [Dkt. No. 47] 1-2. 24 15 Def.’s Supplemental Update Regarding AT&T’s Mot. to Dismiss (the “Second Supplemental Notice”) [Dkt. No. 48]. 25 16 Pl.’s Resp. to Second Supplemental Notice [Dkt. No. 49]. 26 17 Compl. ¶¶ 11 & 12. 18 Id. ¶ 15. 27 19 Id. ¶ 17. 1 AT&T alleges that companies like HD Carrier, Wide Voice, and 2 FreeConferenceCall.com realize a profit by routing those calls unnecessarily 3 long distances in order to receive inflated long-distance tariffs from IXCs like 4 AT&T—an “access arbitrage” scheme.21 Counsel for HD Carrier 5 acknowledged that non-parties Wide Voice and FreeConferenceCall.com have 6 previously engaged in access arbitrage but asserted that they ceased the practice 7 after an unfavorable FCC ruling.22 8 HD Carrier alleges that since January 2020, AT&T has choked HD 9 Carrier’s traffic by actively blocking calls and by refusing to invest in the 10 technology needed to carry all of HD Carrier’s calls.23 When individuals call 11 HD Carrier’s phone numbers, they hear busy signals or their calls are dropped.24 12 AT&T’s activities have damaged HD Carrier’s business reputation and revenue 13 stream.25 14 III. LEGAL STANDARD 15 A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction 16 Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction. Kokkonen v. Guardian 17 Life Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). Rule 12(b)(1) of the Federal Rules 18 of Civil Procedure allows parties to move to dismiss a complaint for lack of 19 subject matter jurisdiction. When a defendant makes a Rule 12(b)(1) motion, 20 the burden of establishing subject matter jurisdiction rests upon the party 21 asserting jurisdiction. Kokkonen, 511 U.S. at 377. 22 23

24 21 AT&T-Verizon Informal Complaint 5-6. Because AT&T submits the AT&T-Verizon Informal Complaint to challenge the Court’s subject matter 25 jurisdiction, the Court may consider its factual allegations. See infra § III(A). 26 22 Transcript at 20:15-22. 23 Compl. ¶¶ 27-29. 27 24 Id. 1 A Rule 12(b)(1) jurisdictional attack may be either facial or factual. See 2 Safe Air for Everyone v. Meyer, 373 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 2003). “In a facial 3 attack, the challenger asserts that the allegations contained in a complaint are 4 insufficient on their face to invoke federal jurisdiction.” Id. Courts accept as 5 true all factual allegations in the complaint in a facial attack. Lacano Investments, 6 LLC v. Balash, 765 F.3d 1068, 1072 (9th Cir. 2014). However, courts do not 7 accept legal conclusions in the complaint as true, even if “cast in the form of 8 factual allegations.” Id. Further, courts need not accept allegations that fail to 9 state a claim for relief that is plausible on its face. Terenkian v. Republic of Iraq, 10 694 F.3d 1122, 1131 (9th Cir. 2012). 11 “By contrast, in a factual attack, the challenger disputes the truth of the 12 allegations that, by themselves, would otherwise invoke federal jurisdiction.” 13 Safe Air, 373 F.3d at 1039. “In resolving a factual attack on jurisdiction, the 14 district court may review evidence beyond the complaint without converting the 15 motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment.” Id. In such a motion, 16 the court need not presume the truthfulness of the plaintiff's allegations. Id. 17 “Once the moving party has converted the motion to dismiss into a factual 18 motion by presenting affidavits or other evidence properly brought before the 19 court, the party opposing the motion must furnish affidavits or other evidence 20 necessary to satisfy its burden of establishing subject matter jurisdiction.” 21 Savage v. Glendale Union High Sch., 343 F.3d 1036, 1039 n.2 (9th Cir. 2003). 22 B. Primary Jurisdiction Doctrine 23 The primary jurisdiction doctrine allows courts to stay proceedings or to 24 dismiss a complaint without prejudice pending the resolution of an issue within 25 the special competence of an administrative agency. Clark v. Time Warner 26 Cable, 523 F.3d 1110, 1114 (9th Cir.2008). “Primary jurisdiction doctrine” is a 27 bit of a misnomer; a court’s invocation of the doctrine does not indicate that it 1 doctrine is a prudential one, under which a court determines that an otherwise 2 cognizable claim implicates technical and policy questions that the agency with 3 regulatory authority over the relevant industry should address in the first 4 instance, rather than the judicial branch. See Syntek Semiconductor Co. v. 5 Microchip Tech. Inc., 307 F.3d 775, 780 (9th Cir. 2002). Four factors aid the 6 Court in evaluating primary jurisdiction: “(1) the need to resolve an issue that 7 (2) has been placed by Congress within the jurisdiction of an administrative body 8 having regulatory authority (3) pursuant to a statute that subjects an industry or 9 activity to a comprehensive regulatory authority that (4) requires expertise or 10 uniformity in administration.” Id. at 781. 11 IV. DISCUSSION 12 A. Subject Matter Jurisdiction 13 A plaintiff alleging a violation of § 201(b)26 and § 202(a) of the 14 Communications Act may elect either (1) to bring its complaint to the FCC; or 15 (2) to file a lawsuit in federal district court; it may not do both. See 47 U.S.C. 16 § 207; W. Radio Servs. Co. v. Qwest Corp., 530 F.3d 1186, 1205 (9th Cir. 2008) 17 (“§ 207 offers aggrieved individuals a choice of remedies for alleged violations 18 of the Telecommunications Act: they may go to the F.C.C., presumably by 19 bringing a complaint under § 208—which provides a mechanism for filing 20 complaints before the F.C.C.—or to a district court”). 21 In its Complaint, HD Carrier avers that this Court has federal question 22 subject matter jurisdiction under § 207.27 HD Carrier does not address the 23 election of remedies in § 207. On its face, then, the Complaint alleges facts 24 sufficient to invoke this Court’s jurisdiction. 25 26

27 26 Unless otherwise indicated, subsequent statutory citations refer to the Communications Act of 1934, 47 U.S.C. §§ 151 et seq. 1 AT&T responds, however, that HD Carrier previously filed an informal 2 complaint before the FCC, thereby depriving this Court of subject matter 3 jurisdiction under § 207.28 Because this allegation converts the motion to 4 dismiss into a factual motion, the Court must consider AT&T’s evidence. See 5 Safe Air, 373 F.3d at 1039. AT&T attaches as an exhibit to its MTD the HD 6 Carrier-FCC Letter—a June 2, 2020, communication from HD Carrier’s 7 counsel to Rosemary McEnery, Chief of the Market Disputes Resolution 8 Division of the FCC. This letter bears the subject line “Notice of Intent to File 9 Complaint Pursuant to 47 U.S.C. § 208(b)(1) Against AT&T [redacted],” and it 10 details the same grievances as the Complaint.29 AT&T contends that this letter 11 constitutes an informal complaint and so deprives this Court of subject matter 12 jurisdiction under § 207. 13 The plaintiff—HD Carrier—bears the burden of establishing subject 14 matter jurisdiction. Savage, 343 F.3d at 1039 n.2. HD Carrier does not dispute 15 the authenticity of the HD Carrier-FCC Letter; instead, HD Carrier contends 16 that the letter is a mere pre-complaint letter of intent, and, thus, it does not elect 17 the FCC’s jurisdiction under § 207.30 Subject matter jurisdiction in this case 18 therefore rests on whether the HD Carrier-FCC Letter constitutes a complaint 19 under § 208, the statute that defines the process for filing a formal complaint 20 with the FCC. 21 Complaints to the FCC “may be either formal or informal.” 47 C.F.R. 22 § 1.711. Neither party asserts that HD Carrier has filed a formal complaint; the 23 parties dispute whether HD Carrier’s letter is an informal complaint.31 “An 24 25 28 MTD at 9-12. 26 29 See HD Carrier-FCC Letter. 27 30 MTD Opposition at 12-16. 31 Courts have long found that informal complaints divest federal courts of 1 informal complaint shall be in writing and should contain: (a) The name, address 2 and telephone number of the complaint, (b) the name of the carrier against 3 which the complaint is made, (c) a complete statement of the facts tending to 4 show that such carrier did or omitted to do anything in contravention of the 5 Communications Act, and (d) the specific relief of satisfaction sought.” 47 6 C.F.R. § 1.716. The FCC “will forward informal complaints” to the carrier 7 named. Id. § 1.717. A formal complaint is more complex. Id. § 1.722. Notably, 8 the FCC must resolve any formal complaint filed under § 208(b)(1) within five 9 months. 10 Potential claimants to the FCC have several pre-formal complaint 11 requirements. First, any party intending to file under § 208(b)(1)—the five- 12 month schedule for formal complaints—“shall notify the Chief of the Market 13 Disputes Resolution Division in writing of its intent to file the complaint, and 14 provide a copy of the letter to the defendant.” 47 C.F.R. § 1.724. Second, any 15 party that requests inclusion on the FCC’s Accelerated Docket “shall submit a 16 request to the Chief of the Enforcement Bureau’s Market Disputes Resolution 17 Division, by phone and in writing, prior to the filing of the complaint.” Id. 18 § 1.736. There are thus two distinct documents that can be filed before a formal 19 complaint: (1) a pre-complaint letter discussing the five-month deadline and/or 20 the Accelerated Docket; and (2) an informal complaint. 21 HD Carrier claims that it filed a pre-complaint letter; AT&T argues that 22 HD Carrier filed an informal complaint. Research reveals no court that has 23 directly decided whether a document like the HD Carrier-FCC Letter is a pre- 24 complaint letter or an informal complaint for the purpose of federal court 25 jurisdiction. Several factors, however, weigh in favor of finding the HD Carrier- 26 FCC Letter to be a mere pre-complaint letter, not an informal complaint. 27 F.3d 904, 907 (5th Cir. 1997); Mexiport, Inc. v. Frontier Commc’ns Servs., Inc., 1 First, the HD Carrier-FCC Letter does not fit the requirements of an 2 informal complaint. It contains the first three elements, as required by 47 C.F.R. 3 § 1.722: the name and identifying information of both parties and a statement of 4 facts. However, it does not satisfy part (d) of the informal complaint 5 requirements, “the specific relief of satisfaction sought.” The HD Carrier-FCC 6 Letter concludes “[f]or the reasons stated herein, HD Carrier will request that 7 the FCC make a determination that (1) AT&T is violating § 201(b) . . . .”32 The 8 verb tense here is important; HD Carrier is notifying the FCC that it will request 9 specific relief in the future, not that it requests that relief now. The language 10 that HD Carrier used in the letter does not ask the FCC for any investigation or 11 even for any response. 12 AT&T points to Millicorp v. Glob. Tel*Link Corp., Case 13 No. 09-23093-CIV-GRAHAM/TORRES, 2010 WL 11505849 (S.D. Fla. 14 Apr. 14, 2010), as an example of a case where a court found a similarly vaguely 15 defined letter to be an informal complaint, not a pre-complaint letter. Millicorp, 16 however, proves too much. That court found that “Millicorp’s letter to the 17 FCC addresses and requests the FCC to take action regarding the very same 18 practices it complains of in the instant action” using language like “Millicorp 19 also asks that the Commission specifically find that use of local telephone 20 numbers by customers of FCC regulated interconnected VIOP [sic] providers, in 21 the manner described by Millicorp in its Comments and these Reply Comments, 22 is lawful under federal telecommunications law and policy” and “Request for 23 Investigation Letter.” Id. at *3. These are present-tense verbs: “ask,” “request 24 for investigation.” The HD Carrier-FCC Letter, on the contrary, does not ask 25 for any action from the FCC. 26 27 1 Second, the HD Carrier-FCC Letter precisely meets the requirements of 2 a pre-complaint letter. First, it is labeled and introduced as such. It begins, “In 3 accordance with Section 1.724 of the Commission’s rules, I write to notify you 4 that HD Carrier . . . intends to file a formal complaint (‘Complaint’) pursuant to 5 47 U.S.C. § 208(b)(1) against AT&T.” This introduction invokes 47 C.F.R. 6 § 1.724, which governs pre-complaint letters. Other courts have found that a 7 letter’s labeling is instructive. See, e.g., Digitel, Inc. v. MCI Worldcom, Inc., 239 8 F.3d 187, 190 (2d Cir. 2001) (plaintiff’s irate letter to the FCC divested the 9 federal court of subject matter jurisdiction where plaintiff “conceded that its 10 filing constituted an ‘informal complaint’ and that the FCC had scheduled a 11 hearing on the matter”). 12 Additionally, the letter accords with 47 C.F.R. § 1.724’s requirement that 13 a pre-complaint letter “notify [the FCC] in writing of [a party’s] intent to file 14 the complaint” by using nearly identical language of intent: “HD Carrier . . . 15 intends to file a formal complaint.” Additionally, the letter requests inclusion 16 on the Accelerated Docket pursuant to 47 C.F.R. § 1.736, which can only be 17 done, per the language of the regulation, “prior to the filing of the complaint.” 18 Id. § 1.736(b). The HD Carrier-FCC Letter thus fits neatly into the pre- 19 complaint category. 20 AT&T asserts in its MTD Reply that, pursuant to § 208(b)(1), the HD 21 Carrier-FCC Letter cannot be a pre-complaint letter under 47 C.F.R. § 1.724 22 because, per the FCC, “[s]ection 208(b) applies only to formal complaints 23 which involve investigations into the lawfulness of a charge, classification, 24 regulation or practice contained in tariffs filed with the Commission.” In the 25 Matter of Implementation of the Telecommunications Act of 1996, 12 F.C.C. Rcd. 26 22497, ¶ 37 (1997). The HD Carrier-FCC Letter does not mention tariffs. But 27 determining whether § 208(b)(1) governs a claim is not straightforward, because 1 included in tariffs but for the Commission’s forbearance from tariff regulation.” 2 Id. The issue has been disputed in proceedings before the FCC, and the FCC 3 has been called upon to decide it in its final ruling on a complaint. See, e.g., In the 4 Matter of AT&T Corp., Complainant, 29 F.C.C. Rcd. 6393 (2014) (rejecting claim 5 that § 208(b)(1) applies). 6 It may in fact be the case that the FCC would ultimately find, were it to 7 investigate HD Carrier’s claims, that those claims could not be brought under 8 § 208(b)(1). However, this is not clear from the face of the HD Carrier-FCC 9 Letter, which clearly notifies the FCC, in accordance with 47 C.F.R. § 1.724, 10 that HD Carrier will attempt to bring a § 208(b)(1) complaint. HD Carrier may 11 not succeed in bringing a claim under § 208(b)(1), but it does not follow that it 12 has not filed a 47 C.F.R. § 1.724 pre-complaint letter—just as a federal court 13 plaintiff whose complaint is dismissed under Rule 12(b)(6) would still have filed 14 a complaint. 15 The FCC’s understanding of the HD Carrier-FCC Letter bolsters this 16 conclusion. The FCC must forward an informal complaint to an opposing party, 17 but a complainant must be the one to forward a pre-complaint letter to an 18 opposing party. 47 C.F.R. §§ 1.717 & 1.724. If the FCC understood the HD 19 Carrier-FCC Letter to be an informal complaint, then it would have forwarded 20 the complaint to AT&T. Instead, the FCC apparently took no action, as none is 21 required in response to a pre-complaint letter.33 22 23

24 33 AT&T is correct that an informal complaint deprives a court of jurisdiction at the moment of filing, and so the FCC’s response to an informal 25 complaint is immaterial to determining when a federal court lost jurisdiction. Premiere Network Servs., Inc. v. SBC Commc’ns, Inc., 440 F.3d 683, 688 (5th Cir. 26 2006). However, the question at issue is not when the Court lost jurisdiction, but whether the HD Carrier-FCC Letter constituted a complaint at all—in 27 which case the response of the FCC, as the arbiter of complaints and pre- complaint letters, is instructive. In any event, the FCC’s response is 1 The differences between a complaint and a pre-complaint letter are not 2 merely academic: a formal or informal complaint triggers an investigation. A 3 pre-complaint letter, however, warns the FCC that an action may be 4 forthcoming, but it does not require anything of the FCC. It is not difficult to 5 understand why the former divests a court of jurisdiction, while the latter has no 6 such effect. The HD Carrier-FCC Letter is undoubtedly the latter. As a pre- 7 complaint letter, the HD Carrier-FCC Letter does not elect a remedy under 8 § 207, and so it does not deprive this Court of jurisdiction. AT&T’s Motion to 9 Dismiss is therefore DENIED. 10 B. Primary Jurisdiction 11 AT&T contends that if the Court does not dismiss the case for lack of 12 subject matter jurisdiction, then it ought to dismiss or stay it under the primary 13 jurisdiction doctrine.34 “The doctrine is reserved for a limited set of 14 circumstances that requires resolution of an issue of first impression, or of a 15 particularly complicated issue that Congress has committed to a regulatory 16 agency . . . . [E]fficiency is the deciding factor in whether to invoke primary 17 jurisdiction.” Astiana v. Hain Celestial Grp., Inc., 783 F.3d 753, 760 (9th Cir. 18 2015) (citations omitted). 19 The Ninth Circuit and its district courts routinely stay cases pending FCC 20 rulings on the evolving subject of VoIPs like HD Carrier. See, e.g., Clark, 523 21 F.3d at 1116 (staying claim under primary jurisdiction doctrine pending FDA 22 ruling on issue of first impression concerning regulation of VoIP providers); see 23 also, e.g., Free Conferencing Corp. v. Comcast Corp., Case 24 No. CV 15-4076 FMO (PJWx), 2016 WL 7637664, at *4 (C.D. Cal. May 31, 25 2016) (similar); Free Conferencing Corp. v. T-Mobile US, Inc., Case 26 27 1 No. 2:14-cv-07113-ODW (SHx), 2014 WL 7404600, at *9 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 30, 2 2014) (staying case pending FCC’s ruling on similar call-blocking claim).35 3 Staying this case under primary jurisdiction is similarly appropriate here. 4 There is an issue to be resolved: whether AT&T’s conduct constitutes call- 5 blocking, as HD Carrier alleges, or whether HD Carrier’s conduct instead 6 constitutes impermissible arbitrage, as AT&T alleges.36 This contention hinges 7 on whether a VoIP provider can be classified as an access stimulator.37 Congress 8 has placed this issue within the jurisdiction of the FCC, pursuant to statute: 9 § 207. One need only glance at the papers filed in connection with these 10 motions (which are listed above) to appreciate that this issue is “particularly 11 complex,” requiring “expertise . . . in administration.” 12 However, the Court is mindful that staying a case under the primary 13 subject jurisdiction must not impede efficiency. A stay would be inefficient if no 14 FCC action were likely; conversely, if the FCC is poised to clarify the murky 15 waters of HD Carrier’s telecommunications claims, a stay would promote 16 efficiency by allowing the body most able to resolve these claims quickly and 17 correctly to do so. 18 In this instance, a stay promotes efficiency because the matter is already 19 before the FCC. On April 24, 2020, AT&T filed an informal complaint with the 20 FCC alleging that Wide Voice is engaged in an access stimulation arbitrage 21 scheme.38 Wide Voice and HD Carrier are close associates: both allegedly 22 operate from the same Long Beach, California, office space and are owned or 23 24

25 35 HD Carrier’s business affiliate, Free Conferencing, which shares attorneys and declarants with HD Carrier, has filed similar cases against several 26 telecommunications companies. 36 Compl. ¶ 1; MTD 3. 27 37 Id. 1 controlled by David Erickson.39 The AT&T-Verizon Informal Complaint 2 alleges that in the winter of 2020, “Wide Voice suddenly routed much of [its] 3 traffic to telephone numbers assigned by alleged VoIP Providers such as HD 4 Carrier” in an effort to perpetuate its access arbitrage scheme.40 AT&T’s 5 counsel explained that this traffic is the exact same traffic at issue in the instant 6 case.41 Furthermore, AT&T represents to the Court that it intends to convert 7 its FCC proceeding against Wide Voice into a formal complaint within three 8 months and that the FCC will rule by June 2021.42 In other words, the FCC is 9 poised to determine who bears financial responsibility for the calls that AT&T 10 routes through Wide Voice to HD Carrier. 11 AT&T’s Second Supplemental Notice informs the Court that as of 12 November 19, 2020, the FCC has extended the deadline for AT&T to convert 13 its complaint into a formal complaint so that the parties can engage in settlement 14 negotiations and that HD Carrier is participating in those settlement 15 negotiations.43 Thus, the parties are actively engaged in settling the dispute over 16 the calls at issue here. 17 The Wide Voice Order stayed a similar case under the primary jurisdiction 18 doctrine pending the outcome of the same informal complaint before the FCC. 19

20 39 Id. at 7. 21 40 Id. at 1. 41 Transcript 46:7. HD Carrier is correct that it is not a party to the AT&T- 22 Verizon Informal Complaint, but it offers no authority for the proposition that only administrative claims between the two named parties in the district court 23 litigation merit staying a case under the primary jurisdiction doctrine. Moreover, HD Carrier itself identifies Wide Voice as its connection to AT&T, 24 and, in support of its PI Motion, HD Carrier offers a declaration from Wide Voice’s CEO that details the close relationship of the two companies. See 25 Compl. ¶ 9; Nickerson Decl. 1 ¶ 1. In view of these admissions by HD Carrier and David Erickson’s ownership of both companies, the Court is at a loss to see 26 how a ruling on the AT&T-Verizon Informal Complaint will not substantially bear on the instant question. 27 42 MTD Reply 11; Second Supplemental Notice 2. 1 HD Carrier’s associate Wide Voice filed an action—very similar to the instant 2 case—against MCI Communications Services, LLC (commonly known as 3 Verizon) and CenturyLink Communications, LLC, claiming that the two 4 telecommunications companies failed to pay tariffs on Wide Voice’s long- 5 distance calls. Wide Voice Order at 1-2. Verizon filed a counterclaim asserting 6 that Wide Voice is an access stimulator. Id. at 2. CenturyLink and Verizon also 7 moved to stay the case under the primary jurisdiction doctrine. Id. That court 8 granted the motion: “The fact remains that whether Wide Voice is engaging in 9 access stimulation is an issue of first impression that is ‘particularly 10 complicated’ that ‘requires [the FCC’s] expertise’ . . . [and] there is a need for 11 uniformity on the issues raised by the parties [where] there are multiple pending 12 proceedings [including this instant case].” Id. at 7-8. The same reasoning 13 applies here. 14 An indefinite stay, however, risks depriving HD Carrier of a forum for its 15 claims if the FCC, for any reason, does not resolve this dispute. Accordingly, as 16 HD Carrier has suggested, a stay of no more than six months is appropriate.44 17 AT&T shall submit periodic status reports, and, near the end of six months, 18 both parties shall inform the Court how each wishes to proceed. 19 C. Preliminary Injunction 20 HD Carrier’s motion for a preliminary injunction will be DENIED 21 without prejudice. The Court cannot assess HD Carrier’s likelihood of success 22 on the merits, as required for a preliminary injunction, when an FCC ruling may 23 change the legal scenario so dramatically. Winter v. Nat. Res. Def. Council, Inc., 24 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008). 25 26 27 1 V. CONCLUSION 2 For the foregoing reasons, the Court will enter an Order DENYING || Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss on the issue of subject matter jurisdiction and 4|| GRANTING that Motion to the extent that it seeks a stay of this action. The 5|| Court will DENY Plaintiff’?s Motion for a Preliminary Injunction without 6|| prejudice. & || Dated: December 2, 2020 G. 9 ast STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28