INTRODUCTION

2 3 The parties filed Trial Briefs and Responses in this matter on July 13, 2020 4 and August 10, 2020, respectively. 5 This is a review, under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act 6 7 (“ERISA”), of Defendant Unum Life Insurance Company’s (“Defendant”) denial 8 of Plaintiff Yolanda Rios’ (“Plaintiff”) claim for disability benefits. The Court 9 10 issues the following findings of fact and conclusions of law pursuant to Federal 11 Rule of Civil Procedure 52. To the extent that any findings of fact are included in 12 the conclusions of law section, they shall be deemed findings of fact, and to the 13 14 extent that any conclusions of law are included in the findings of fact section, they 15 shall be deemed conclusions of law. 16 17 __________________________________________ _________________ 18

FINDINGS OF FACT | SOURCE (AR)

19 ___________________________________________ _________________ 20 21 1.) The parties have stipulated, and the Court has | 1.) DKT 31,32 22 accepted their stipulation, to de novo review. | 23 24 ________________________________________________________________ 25 2.) The plan in this matter, Arnold & Porter Kaye | 2.) Policy 26 Scholer, L.L.P. Welfare Benefit Plan and Individual | Ex. 2, 000061, 27 28 Disability Income Policy, insured by Unum (collectively | Ex. 3, 002920 1 “Policy”), is an employee welfare benefit plan within | 2 3 the meaning of the Employee Retirement Income | 4 Security Act of 1974, 29 U.S.C. § 1132 (“ERISA”). | 5 __________________________________________________________________ 6 7 3.) The Policy provides benefits to eligible qualifying | 3.) Id. 8 participants, which includes Plaintiff, in the event they | 9 10 become “disabled” within the meaning of the Policy. | 11 __________________________________________________________________ 12 4.) Under the Policy, a claimant is disabled when | 4.) Id. 13 14 limited from performing the material and substantial | 15 duties of your Regular or Usual Occupation. | 16 17 __________________________________________________________________ 18 5.) After 24 months, a claimant is disabled when | 5.) Id. 19 unable to perform the duties of “any occupation” or | 20 21 “any gainful occupation.” | 22 __________________________________________________________________ 23 24 6.) Regular or Usual Occupation means your occupation | 6.) Policy Def. 25 as it is normally performed in the national economy, | Reg./Usual Occ. 26 instead of how the work tasks are performed for a | Ex. 4, 27 28 specific employer at a specific location. | 000083, 002920 1 __________________________________________________________________ 2 3 7.) Plaintiff’s job at a large law firm, Arnold & Porter, | 7.) Job Description 4 as a User Support Specialist, required legal typing and | Ex. 5 5 constant sitting. | 000121 to 000122 6 7 __________________________________________________________________ 8 8.) Plaintiff’s job was sedentary, and in addition to | 8.) Id. 9 10 constant sitting, required Concentration (“ability to | 11 focus on a task for some length of time”), and Logical | 12 Thinking (“ability to use reasoning consistently ...”). | 13 14 __________________________________________________________________ 15 9.) Plaintiff’s Regular or Usual Occupation in the | 9.) Cloutier’s 16 17 national economy was described by Unum’s vocational | Voc. Report 9.21.18 18 consultant, Ms. Mary Cloutier, as sedentary and | Ex. 6 19 “constantly sitting,” meaning “5.5+ hours in an | 002257 to 002259 20 21 8 hour day.” | 22 _________________________________________________________________ 23 24 10.) Plaintiff’s Regular or Usual Occupation in | 10.) Id. 25 the national economy was sedentary and required | 26 “focus and concentration.” | 27 28 ________________________________________________________________ 1 11.) Yolanda’s first MRI of the lumbar spine, on | 11.) MRI 2 3 November 14, 2015, when she was still working, showed | Lumbar Spine 4 foraminal narrowing, a 3-4 mm disc protrusion at L3/4, | Ex. 16 5 and a 4-5 mm protrusion at L4/5. | 11.14.15 6 7 | 002759 8 12.) A second MRI performed on March 19, 2018, | 12.) MRI 9 10 when Yolanda was no longer able to work, showed | Lumbar Spine 11 “disc protrusion at L3-4 contacting the right L3 nerve | Ex. 10 12 13 root, disc bulge at L2-3, disc/osteophyte complex at L4-5,| 3.19.18 14 foraminal stenosis at L3-4 and L4-5, and an annular | 003891 15 fissure at L4-5. (New findings from 2015 to 2018 are | 16 17 underlined.) | 18 ________________________________________________________________ 19 20 13.) Lumbar x-rays, on March 12, 2018, showed | 13.) X-ray Report 21 “severe” disc narrowing at L4/5. | 3.12.18 22 | Ex. 15, 001239 23 24 __________________________________________________________________ 25 14.) Plaintiff’s primary disabling condition, as | 14.) See: 26 27 supported by her x-ray, MRI, and clinical findings, | ¶¶ 12, 13, 28 is back and leg pain (sciatica) related to multi-level | supra 1 degenerative lumbar disc disease, stenosis, | 2 3 radiculopathy, and “severe disc narrowing at L4/5.” | 4 __________________________________________________________________ 5 15.) On July 13, 2018, Unum initially approved and paid | 15.) Unum’s 6 7 long-term disability benefits under the IDI Policy, and on | Approval Letters 8 July 16, 2018, under the LTD Policy. Unum advised | Ex. 11 9 10 Rios that approval was based on diagnoses of anxiety | 7.13.18, 002089; 11 and depression rather than physical impairment. Unum | 7.16.18, 002107; 12 agreed to further evaluate Rios’ physical complaints. | AR 2108 13 14 15 _____________________________________________ __________________ 16 17 16.) On September 26, 2018, Unum terminated the | 16.) Unum’s Term. 18 benefits it had been paying under both the IDI and LTD | Letter 9.26.18 19 Policies after determining that Rios was not entitled to | Ex. 19 20 21 further benefits under the Policies. | 002267–002274 22 | 23 24 ________________________________________________________________ 25 17.) Unum terminated benefits, in part, on the | 17.) Cloutier’s 26 basis of a vocational report from its in-house vocational | Voc. Report 27 28 specialist, Ms. Mary Cloutier, who, on September 21, | 9.21.18 1 2018, described Plaintiff’s Regular or Usual Occupation | Ex. 6; 002258 2 3 in the national economy as “sedentary.” | 4 _________________________________________________________________ 5 18.) Unum further indicated at the time of its | 19.) Term. Let. 6 7 termination of benefits, on September 26, 2018, that | 9.26.18 8 Plaintiff’s sedentary occupation in the national economy | Ex. 19 9 10 allowed her “the opportunity to stand and stretch and ... | 002270 11 to briefly walk around the office ... (and) ... change | 12 positions intermittently as needed,” so as to ease her | 13 14 pain and enable her to work. | 15 ________________________________________________________________ 16 17 19.) Dr. Malhis was a treating doctor (orthopedist) on | 20.) Malhis’ Rec. 18 September 26, 2018, at the time of Unum’s termination | Ex. 12 19 of benefits, and on March 12, 2018, he documented that | 003894 20 21 sitting, walking, and standing-up aggravated Plaintiff’s | 22 pain, while rest improved it. | 23 24 ________________________________________________________________ 25 20.) Dr. Hafezi was a treating doctor (pain specialist) | 21.) Hafezi’s Rec. 26 on September 26, 2018, at the time of Unum’s | Ex. 13 27 28 termination of benefits, and on September 19, 2018, he | 003855, 1 documented that sitting, standing, and walking aggrava- | 003862 2 3 ted Plaintiff’s back and leg pain, and rest relieved it. | 4 ________________________________________________________________ 5 21.) Physical Therapy, on April 3, 2018, documented | 22.) PT Rec. 6 7 that sitting and standing aggravated her pain, while | Ex. 14 8 lying down and resting eased it. | 003909-003910 9 10 ________________________________________________________________ 11 22.) Mr. Edward Estrada was Plaintiff’s Physician- | 23.) Estrada’s Rec. 12 Assistant (PA) on September 26, 2018, at the time of | Ex. 18 13 14 Unum’s termination of benefits, and on July 30, 2018, he | 003866 15 documented “severe left knee pain and swelling” and that| 16 17 Plaintiff “is having a hard time walking, is mainly | 18 limping x4 days ... weight-bearing and walking make | 19 pain worse and rest helps it.” | 20 21 ________________________________________________________________ 22 23.) Unum also based its termination of benefits on a | 24.) Estrada Rec. 23 24 Physician-Assistant Mr. Estrada’s determination | Ex. 18 25 that “patient shouldn’t sit or stand for prolonged (>1 hr) | 003710 26 periods of times.” (sic) | 27 28 ________________________________________________________________ 1 24.) Mr. Estrada did not indicate the total length | 25.) Id. 2 3 of time Plaintiff could sit or stand in an 8-hour | AR 2251 4 workday, but he did indicate that Rios “should not | 5 be required to stay in a fixed position (sitting or | 6 7 standing) for more than an hour at a time before | 8 being allowed to change position.” | 9 10 ________________________________________________________________ 11 25.) On September 26, 2018, Unum terminated | 26.) Ex. 19 12 Plaintiff’s benefits under both the IDI and LTD | 002267-002268 13 14 Policies. | 15 ________________________________________________________________ 16 17 26.) On February 25, 2019, Plaintiff appealed Unum’s | 27.) Pl.’s Appeal 18 claim termination decision on the basis that it was | Let. 2.25.19 19 contrary to the facts in the first instance and | Ex. 23 20 21 incorrectly taken. | 003720 22 ________________________________________________________________ 23 24 27.) On April 11, 2019, Unum denied Plaintiff’s | 28.) Unum Appeal 25 appeal. | Denial Letter 26 | 4.11.19 27 28 | Ex. 22 1 | 002669 2 3 ________________________________________________________________ 4 28.) Unum’s appeal denial decision was based in large | 29.) Norris’ Report 5 part on a medical report from its in-house medical | 3.25.19 Ex. 20 6 7 reviewer, Dr. Scott Norris. Unum also considered the | 002632 to 002633 8 opinions of its Medical Consultants: Alex Ursprung, | 9 10 Ph.D, Stuart Shipko, M.D., Joseph Antaki, M.D., and | 11 Peter Brown, M.D. | 12 ________________________________________________________________ 13 14 29.) Dr. Norris is a “family and occupational | 30.) Id. 15 medicine” doctor and not an orthopedic surgeon | 16 17 or pain specialist. | 18 ________________________________________________________________ 19 30.) Dr. Norris did not examine Plaintiff but | 31.) Id. 20 21 performed a paper review on March 25, 2019 and | 002633 22 concluded that “the mild to moderate findings noted on | 23 24 examinations and diagnostic testing/imaging do not | 25 support ongoing impairment that would preclude work.” | 26 ________________________________________________________________ 27 28 31.) Unum’s in-house nurse reviewer, Ms. Malan- | 32.) Nursing Report 1 Elzawahry, performed a paper review on March 12, | 3.12.19 2 3 2019 and concluded that “the insured’s reported level | Ex. 21 4 of pain is above that expected with the radiographic | 002605 5 changes described.” | 6 7 ________________________________________________________________ 8 32.) In making their pain assessments favoring | 33.) See: 9 10 non-disability, neither Dr. Norris nor Nurse | ¶¶ 32 and 33, 11 Malan-Elzawahry examined or treated Plaintiff | supra 12 or talked to her by telephone. | 13 14 ________________________________________________________________ 15 33.) Dr. Steiger, Plaintiff’s treating orthopedist, never | 34.) Steiger’s Rec. 16 17 indicated that Plaintiff complained of “excess pain” or | Ex. 7 18 that her MRI/X-ray findings and examination findings | 003746 19 did not support her pain complaints, and he specifically | 20 21 documented that Plaintiff was not a “malingerer.” | 22 ________________________________________________________________ 23 24 34.) Dr. Malhis was Plaintiff’s treating orthopedist | 35.) Malhis’ Rec. 25 before Dr. Steiger, and he documented that Yolanda | Ex. 12 26 “cannot sit or stand for long periods of time due to | 003885 27 28 significant pain ...” and never indicated that Plaintiff | 1 complained of “excess pain” or that her MRI/X-ray | 2 3 findings and examination findings did not support her | 4 pain complaints. | 5 ________________________________________________________________ 6 7 35.) Dr. Hafezi, Plaintiff’s treating pain specialist, | 36.) Hafezi’s Rec. 8 documented that sitting, standing and walking aggravated| Ex. 13, 9 10 Yolanda’s back and leg pain, and he never indicated that | 003855 11 Plaintiff complained of “excess pain” or that her | 12 MRI/X-ray findings and examination findings did not | 13 14 support her pain complaints. | 15 ________________________________________________________________ 16 17 36.) Dr. Darling, Plaintiff’s treating psychologist, | 37.) Darling Rec. 18 documented Yolanda’s back pain and never indicated | Ex. 17 19 that Plaintiff complained of “excess pain” or that her | 003784 20 21 MRI/X-ray findings and examination findings did not | 22 support her pain complaints. | 23 24 37.) Dr. Han, Plaintiff’s treating primary care doctor, | 38.) Han’s Rec. 25 documented Yolanda’s back pain, sciatica, and | Ex. 8 26 27 radiculopathy, and never indicated that Plaintiff | 003792-003793 28 complained of “excess pain” or that her MRI/X-ray | 1 findings and examination findings did not support her | 2 3 pain complaints. | 4 ________________________________________________________________ 5 38.) Dr. Aguilera, Plaintiff’s treating gynecologist, | 39.) Aguilera’s Rec. 6 7 documented that Yolanda’s back pain disabled her | Ex. 9 8 from sitting at a computer most of the day and never | 003801 9 10 indicated that Plaintiff complained of “excess pain”or | 11 that her MRI/X-ray findings and examination findings | 12 did not support her pain complaints. | 13 14 _______________________________________________________________ 15 39.) Plaintiff’s treating Physical Therapists documented | 40.) PT Rec. 16 17 that Yolanda was unable to sit or stand for “prolonged | Ex. 14 18 periods” and never indicated that Plaintiff complained | 003909 19 of “excess pain” or that her MRI/X-ray findings and | 20 21 examination findings did not support her pain complaints.| 22 ________________________________________________________________ 23 24 40.) Physician-Assistant Mr. Edward Estrada, | 41.) Estrada’s Rec. 25 Plaintiff’s treating primary care provider, documented | Ex. 18 26 a 60-minute interval sitting limitation and never indicated| 003710 27 28 that Plaintiff complained of “excess pain,” or that her | 1 MRI/X-ray findings and examination findings did not | 2 3 support her pain complaints. | 4 ________________________________________________________________ 5 41.) No treating or examining doctor or health provider | 42.) See: 6 7 indicated that Plaintiff complained of “excess pain,” or | ¶¶ 35 to 42, 8 that her MRI/X-ray findings and examination findings | incl. 9 10 did not support her pain complaints. | supra 11 _______________________________________________________________ 12 42.) Dr. Norris’ report, favoring non-disability, was | 43.) Norris’ Report 13 14 based on his determination that “neurological deficits | 3.25.19 15 were not observed,” when on October 30, 2018 Dr. | Ex. 20, 16 17 Steiger documented “neurological deficits” that included | 002633; 18 loss of sensation and hypesthesia of the lateral right leg | Steiger’s Rec. 19 rand foot, the absence of patellar and Achilles deep | Ex. 7 20 21 tendon reflexes (DTRs) in the lower extremities, positive | 003736-003737 22 lying and sitting straight-leg raise (SLR) tests and a | 23 24 positive Lasegue’s test, indicative of lumbar nerve | 25 impingement. | 26 ________________________________________________________________ 27 28 43.) On November 29, 2018, Dr. Han similarly | 44.) Han’s Rec. 1 documented a positive SLR test consistent with nerve | Ex. 8 2 3 impingement. | 003792-003793 4 ________________________________________________________________ 5 44.) Dr. Norris’ report, favoring non-disability, was | 45.) Norris’ Report 6 7 based on his finding that “diagnostic testing/imaging | 3.25.19, 8 did not identify structural disease” when on March 19, | Ex. 20, 9 10 2018, an MRI of the lumbar spine showed disc | 002632-002633; 11 protrusion at L3-4 contacting the right L3 nerve root, | MRI Report 12 disc bulge at L2-3, disc/osteophyte complex at L4-5, | 3.19.18 13 14 foraminal stenosis at L3-4 and L4-5, and an annular | Ex. 10, 003891 15 fissure at L4-5. 16 17 ________________________________________________________________ 18 45.) Dr. Norris’ report was based on his finding that | 46.) Id. 19 “lumbar MRI (March 2018) ... without evidence of | 20 21 significant nerve root impingement ...”, when on March | 22 19, 2018, Plaintiff’s MRI of the lumbar spine showed | 23 24 stenosis and “disc protrusion at L3-4 contacting the | 25 right L3 nerve root ...” [Emphasis added.] | 26 ________________________________________________________________ 27 28 46.) Dr. Norris’ report, was based on his finding that | 47.) Norris’ Report 1 Plaintiff’s medical records “... did not describe... sedation | 3.25.19 2 3 ... or other functional deficits related to medication side | Ex. 20, 002633; 4 effects ...”, when several treating doctors, including Dr. | Steiger’s Rec. 5 Steiger, documented that Plaintiff “takes a narcotic | Ex. 7 6 7 medication which can be mind-altering and affect | 003741-003742 8 concentration ...” | 9 10 ________________________________________________________________ 11 47.) Dr. Norris’ report was based on his finding that | 48.) Norris’ Report 12 Plaintiff’s medical records “... did not describe ... | 3.25.19 13 14 sedation ... or other functional deficits related to | Ex. 20, 002633; 15 medication side effects ...”, when several treating doctors,| Aguilera’s Rec. 16 17 including Dr. Aguilera documented that Plaintiff had | Ex. 9, 003801 18 difficulty concentrating and had memory problems. | 19 ________________________________________________________________ 20 21 48.) Dr. Norris’ report was based on his finding that | 49.) Norris’ Report 22 Plaintiff’s medical records “... did not describe... sedation | 3.25.19 23 24 ... or other functional deficits related to medication side | Ex. 20, 002633; 25 effects ...”, when several treating doctors, including Dr. | Darling’s Rec. 26 Darling documented impaired recall, attention and | Ex. 17, 003778 27 28 concentration difficulties. | 1 ________________________________________________________________ 2 3 49.) Dr. Norris’ report was based on his finding that | 50.) Norris’ Report 4 Plaintiff’s medical records “... did not describe .. sedation| 3.25.19 5 ... or other functional deficits related to medication side | Ex. 20, 002633; 6 7 effects ...”, when several treating doctors, including | Estrada’s Rec. 8 Physician-Assistant Mr. Estrada, documented “memory | Ex. 18, 003876, 9 10 change,” problems with focusing on tasks, and problems | 003878 11 with memory, confusion, and concentration. | 12 ________________________________________________________________ 13 14 50.) Dr. Norris’ report was based on his finding that | 51.) Norris’ Report 15 Plaintiff’s medical records “... did not describe... sedation | 3.25.19 16 17 ... or other functional deficits related to medication side | Ex. 20, 002633; 18 effects ...”, when several treating doctors, including | Malhis’ Rec. 19 Dr. Malhis documented that Plaintiff had memory and | Ex. 12, 20 21 confusion problems and that her “muscle relaxant | 003879 22 (Flexeril) does not allow her to work.” | 23 24 ________________________________________________________________ 25 51.) At least five treating doctors and health care | 52.) See: 26 providers documented sedation and other functional | ¶¶ 48 to 52, 27 28 deficits related to Plaintiff’s medications. | incl., supra 1 ________________________________________________________________ 2 3 52.) Dr. Norris’ report was based on his finding that | 53.) Norris’ Report 4 Plaintiff’s “... level of treatment was not consistent with | 3.25.19 5 the severe level of impairment as reported by Ms. Rios,” | Ex. 20, 002633; 6 7 when, because of the severity of her pain, Dr. Malhis | Malhis’ Records 8 discussed invasive treatment options that included | Ex. 12, 003881, 9 10 spinal injections and back surgery, which Plaintiff | 003887; 11 declined “because of the risks involved.” | Decl. Rios 1.31.19 12 Ex. 1, ¶9, 003730 13 14 ________________________________________________________________ 15 53.) Dr. Norris’ report was based on his finding that | 54.) Norris’ Report 16 17 Plaintiff’s “... level of treatment was not consistent with | Ex. 20, 002633; 18 the severe level of impairment as reported by Ms. Rios,” | Steiger’s Rec. 19 when, because of the severity of her pain, Dr. Steiger | Ex. 7 20 21 discussed invasive treatment options that included | 003743; 22 knee surgery, which Plaintiff declined “because of the | Decl. Rios 1.31.19 23 24 risks involved.” | Ex. 1, ¶ 9 25 | 003730 26 ________________________________________________________________ 27 28 54.) Dr. Norris’ report was based on his finding that | 55.) Norris’ Report 1 “... level of treatment was not consistent with the severe | 3.25.19 2 3 level of impairment as reported by Ms. Rios,” when, | Ex. 20, 002633; 4 because of the severity of her pain, Dr. Hafezi discussed | Hafezi’s Rec. 5 invasive treatment options that included spinal injections | Ex. 13, 003862, 6 7 and back surgery, which Plaintiff declined “because of | 003869; 8 the risks involved.” | Decl. Rios 1.31.19 9 10 | Ex. 1 ¶ 9 11 | 003730 12 ________________________________________________________________ 13 14 55.) Despite discussing spinal injections and surgery, | 56.) Malhis’ Rec. 15 Dr. Malhis also advised Plaintiff to try to “treat pain | Ex. 12, 003929 16 17 conservatively.” | 18 ________________________________________________________________ 19 56.) Unum’s nurse reviewer, Ms. Malan-Elzawahry, | 57) Nurse’s Report 20 21 prepared a report favoring non-disability based on a | 3.12.19, 22 paper review of Plaintiff’s file that relied on her finding | Ex. 21, 23 24 that Plaintiff’s “sensory exams have remained normal | 002601 - 002605; 25 as have her ... DTRs,” when on October 30, 2018, | Steiger’s Rec. 26 Dr. Steiger documented sensory loss and hypesthesia of | Ex. 7 27 28 the lateral right leg and foot, a positive straight leg | 003736 - 003737 1 raise (SLR) test, a positive Lasegue’s test, and an | 2 3 absence of deep tendon reflexes (DTRs) in the | 4 lower extremities. | 5 _______________________________________________________________ 6 7 57.) Nurse Malan-Elzawahry incorrectly indicated that | 58.) Ex. 21, 002605; 8 “repeated radiographs ... not[ed] age-related | Ex. 10, 003891; 9 10 degenerative changes,” when Plaintiff’s MRI spinal | Ex. 15, 001239 11 findings were multi-level and widespread; her x-ray | 12 findings at L4/5 were “severe,” and no one described | 13 14 her x-ray or MRI findings as “age-related.” | 15 _______________________________________________________________ 16 17 58.) Nurse Malan-Elzawahry incorrectly indicated that | 59.) Ex. 20, 002605; 18 Yolanda has “not required assistive devices for | Ex. 7, 003744, 19 ambulation” and that “there is no reports of falls” (sic), | 003742 20 21 when Dr. Steiger documented that Plaintiff required | 22 using a knee brace and fell on several occasions. | 23 24 ________________________________________________________________ 25 59.) Plaintiff’s job at Arnold & Porter required | 60.) Job Description 26 legal typing, Concentration (“ability to focus on a | Ex. 5 27 28 task for some length of time”), and Logical Thinking | 00121-00122 1 (“ability to use reasoning consistently ...”). | 2 3 ________________________________________________________________ 4 60.) Plaintiff’s Occupation in the national economy, | 61.) Cloutier’s 5 as described by Unum’s own vocational consultant, Ms. | Voc. Report 6 7 Mary Cloutier, required “focus and concentration.” | 9.21.18 8 | Ex. 6, 002257-002259 9 10 ________________________________________________________________ 11 61.) At least five treating doctors and health care | 62.) See: 12 providers documented that Plaintiff was taking | ¶¶ 48 to 52, 13 14 drugs “that affect concentration, and that Plaintiff had | incl., 15 memory problems, impaired recall and attention, | supra 16 17 trouble focusing on tasks, confusion, and that her | 18 “muscle relaxant (Flexeril) does not allow her to work.” | 19 ________________________________________________________________ 20 21 62.) On February 25, 2019, in Plaintiff’s pre-litigation | 63.) Plaintiff’s 22 appeal of Unum’s termination of benefits, Plaintiff | Appeal Letter 23 24 argued that she was “disabled from her job,” from her | 2.25.19 25 “prior occupation”and/or “any occupation,” and that | Ex. 23 26 her “functional capacity is less than sedentary.” | 003720 27 28 ________________________________________________________________ 1 63.) On April 11, 2019, in its appeal denial letter, | 64.) Unum’s 2 3 Unum addressed whether Plaintiff’s functional | Appeal Denial Letter 4 capacity was “less than sedentary” and determined that, | 4.11.19 5 based on the evidence it already had, it was not. | Ex. 22, 002673 6 7 _______________________________________________________________ 8 64.) Unum never indicated that it wanted to perform any | 65.) Id. 9 10 additional evaluations, such as an IME or an FCE, to | 11 further evaluate Plaintiff’s claim that her exertional | 12 capability was “less than sedentary.” | 13 14 ________________________________________________________________ 15 65.) Unum’s vocational consultant, Ms. Cloutier, | 66.) Cloutier’s 16 17 indicated that “sedentary” work involves “sitting | Voc. Report 18 most of the time,” that Plaintiff’s occupation in the | 9.21.18 19 national economy required “constant sitting,” | Ex. 6, 002257 - 20 21 and that “constantly” meant “5.5+ hours a day in | 002259 22 an 8-hour workday.” | 23 24 ________________________________________________________________ 25 66.) Dr. Han (Plaintiff’s treating primary care physician) | 67.) Han’s Rec. 26 documented that Plaintiff alleged she was able to sit for | Ex. 8, 27 28 less than 4 hours and stand/walk for less than 2 hours in | 003792-003793 1 an 8-hour workday. | 2 3 ________________________________________________________________ 4 67.) Dr. Malhis (Plaintiff’s treating orthopedist) | 68.) Malhis’ Rec. 5 documented that Plaintiff “cannot sit or stand | Ex. 12 6 7 for long periods of time due to pain ... and has ... | 003885 8 difficulty when driving due to pain.” | 9 10 ________________________________________________________________ 11 68.) Dr. Hafezi (Plaintiff’s treating pain specialist) | 69.) Hafezi’s Rec. 12 documented that sitting, standing, walking aggravated | Ex. 13 13 14 her back and leg pain. | 003855 15 ________________________________________________________________ 16 17 69.) Dr. Aguilera (Plaintiff’s treating gynecologist) | 70.) Aguilera’s Rec. 18 documented that Plaintiff “cannot sit nor stand over | Ex. 9, 003801 19 4 hours.” | 20 21 _________________________________________________________________ 22 70.) Physical Therapy documented that Plaintiff is | 71.) PT Rec. 23 24 “... unable to sit/stand for prolonged periods ...” | Ex. 14 25 | 003909 26 ________________________________________________________________ 27 28 71.) Dr. Steiger (Plaintiff’s orthopedist) documented | 72.) Steiger’s Rec. 1 that Plaintiff was limited to sitting not more than | Ex. 7 2 3 1-2 hours and walking/standing not more than | 003748 4 2-3 hours in an 8-hour workday. | 5 ________________________________________________________________ 6 7 72.) No treating or examining doctor or healthcare | 73.) See: 8 provider ever indicated that Plaintiff could sit for more | ¶¶ 68 to 74, 9 10 than 4 hours, let alone 5.5+ hours, in an 8-hour workday. | incl., supra 11 ________________________________________________________________ 12 73.) Plaintiff testified through her Declaration that | 74.) Decl. Rios, Ex.1 13 14 she required lying down 1-2 hours during the day | ¶20, dated 1.31.19, 15 to rest her back because of pain. | 003731; corroborated 16 17 by Dr. Steiger - 18 | “standing, walking, 19 |and sitting aggravate 20 21 |her |pain.” [Ex. 7; 22 |003734, 003737, 23 24 |003744]; Dr. Malhis - 25 |“improves with rest” 26 |[Ex. 12, 003894]; Dr. 27 28 |Hafezi - “relieving 1 |factors - rest, pain 2 3 |medications” [Ex. |13, 4 |03855, 003859]; 5 |Physician-Assistant 6 7 |Estrada -“severe left 8 |knee pain ... hard time 9 10 |walking ... mainly 11 |limping x4 days ... 12 |limit weight-bearing.” 13 14 |[Ex. 18, 003866-3867]; 15 |and Physical Therapy - 16 17 |“easing factors -lying 18 |down, resting” [Ex. 14, 19 | 003910]. 20 21 ________________________________________________________________ 22 74.) Plaintiff is not inert or bedridden and is able to | 75.) Decl. Rios 23 24 perform some household chores and activities of daily | Ex. 1, ¶22 25 living, but at her own pace and with pain. | 003731 26 _______________________________________________________________ 27 28 75.) Dr. Steiger indicated that Plaintiff was unable to | 76.) Steiger’s Rec. 1 perform any “full time competitive work.” | Ex. 7 2 3 | 003741-003742 4 ________________________________________________________________ 5 76.) Dr. Steiger indicated that Plaintiff’s | 77.) Id. 6 7 “disability is expected to continue indefinitely.” | 8 ________________________________________________________________ 9 10 77.) On May 10, 2019, having exhausted all of | 78.) DKT No. 1 11 her administrative remedies, Plaintiff filed suit. | 12

13 14 CONCLUSIONS OF LAW 15 1.) The Court has jurisdiction over this action pursuant to the Employee 16 17 Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”) 29 U.S.C. §§ 1132(a), 18 (e), (f) and (g) as it involves a claim by Plaintiff for employee benefits under 19 employee benefit plans regulated and governed under ERISA. 20 21 2.) De novo review on ERISA benefit claims is typically conducted as a bench 22 trial under Rule 52. (Lee v. Kaiser Found. Health Plan Long Term Disability 23 24 Plan, 812 F. Supp. 2d 1027, 1032 n. 2 (N.D. Cal. 2011)). 25 3.) De novo is a non-deferential standard of review, meaning the court 26 evaluates the claim strictly on the merits, accords the plan no factual or legal 27 28 1 deference and does not defer to the insurer’s previous finding. (Kearney v. 2 3 Standard Ins. Co., 175 F.3d 1084, 1094-95 (9th Cir. 1999)). 4 4.) Under a de novo review, the standard of proof is a preponderance of the 5 evidence standard, which requires credible evidence that shows a greater 6 7 than fifty percent chance that Plaintiff’s claims are true. (9th Cir Jury Instr. § 8 1.3 - “... you must be persuaded by the evidence that the claim ... is more 9 10 probably true than not true,” ... regardless of which party presented [the 11 evidence.]”). 12 5.) Under a de novo review, the court simply proceeds to evaluate whether 13 14 the insurer correctly or incorrectly denied benefits. (Abatie v. Alta Health & 15 Life Ins. Co., 458 F.3d 955, 963 (9th Cir. 2006)). 16 17 6.) Under a de novo standard of review, which requires a preponderance 18 of the evidence, claim denial decisions are subjected to more rigorous 19 scrutiny than under an abuse of discretion standard, which requires 20 21 “substantial evidence.” (Adamson v. Unum Life Ins. Co. of America, 455 22 F.3d 1209, 1212 (10th Cir. 2006)). 23 24 7.) De novo review on ERISA benefit claims is typically conducted as a bench 25 trial under Rule 52. (Lee v. Kaiser Found. Health Plan Long Term Disability 26 Plan, 812 F. Supp. 2d 1027, 1032 n. 2 (N.D. Cal. 2011)). 27 28 1 8.) While Unum correctly avers that “Rios’ assertion that her self-reported 2 3 symptoms rise to the level of disability should not be taken at face value,” 4 Dkt. 52, ¶ 9, when pain complaints are associated with a medically 5 demonstrable impairment, credible pain testimony should contribute to a 6 7 determination of disability. (Cotton v. Bowen, 799 F.2d 1403, 1407-1408 8 (9th Cir. 1986)). An adjudicator who rejects a claimant’s allegations of the 9 10 severity of pain may do so only when properly supported by the record and 11 may not “arbitrarily discredit a claimant’s testimony regarding pain.” 12 (Bunnell v. Sullivan, 947 F.2d 341, 345-346 (9th Cir. 1991)). 13 14 9.) In adjudicating disability claims under ERISA, courts have found that 15 Social Security Administration (“SSA”) opinions may be helpful guidance. 16 17 (Halpin v. W.W. Grainger, Inc., 962 F.2d 685, 695 n.11 (7th Cir. 1992)). If a 18 Social Security disability claimant is determined to be “less than sedentary,” 19 this means the claimant is disabled from “any gainful occupation” and 20 21 entitled to benefits. 42 U.S.C. 423(d)(1)(A); C.F.R. § 404.1520. The Ninth 22 Circuit has held that it is “erroneous” for a district court to reject the SSA’s 23 24 definition of “sedentary” simply because it was drawn from a “Social 25 Security context” and to hold that “the federal criteria for Social Security 26 claims are not transferable to ERISA cases.” (Armani v. Northwestern 27 28 Mutual Life Insurance Co., 840 F.3d 1159, 1163 (9th Cir. 2016)). While the 1 Court does not base its determination in this case on Rios’ favorable SSA 2 3 decision, it does consider the award to be relevant, in keeping with Ninth 4 Circuit precedent. (Montour v. Hartford Life & Accident Ins. Co., 588 F.3d 5 623 (9th Cir. 2009)). 6 7 10.) An employee “who cannot sit for more than four hours in an 8-hour 8 work-day cannot perform ‘sedentary work’ that requires sitting ‘most of the 9 10 time.’” (Armani v. Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Co., 840 F.3d 1159, 11 1164 (9th Cir. 2016)). That Rios is able to engage in some limited daily 12 activity does not necessarily enable her to work full-time in a competitive 13 14 work environment. (See Hawkins v. First Union Corp., 326 F.3d 914 (7th 15 Cir. 2003) (“Hawkins’ unfortunate choice in life is between succumbing to 16 17 his pain ... and becoming inert ... (or) pushing himself to engage in a certain 18 amount of painful ... activity ... (this) does not prove that he is not 19 disabled.”)). 20 21 11.) Paper reviews are not inherently objectionable. (Siegel v. Conn. Gen. Life 22 Ins. Co., 702 F.3d 1044 (8th Cir. 2012)). However, an insurer’s decision not 23 24 to perform an independent medical examination, when the plan or policy 25 allowed it, “raise[s] questions about the thoroughness and accuracy” of its 26 benefits determination. (Montour v. Hartford Life & Accident Ins. Co., 588 27 28 F.3d 623, 630, 634 (9th Cir. 2009)). When disability is based on a diagnosis 1 of chronic pain and its functional impairments, as here, the disability 2 3 opinions from non-examining physicians paid by the insurance company are 4 entitled to “skepticism” when “physicians who actually examined [Plaintiff 5 are] entirely one sided in favor of [Plaintiff’s] claim.” (Salomaa v. Honda 6 7 Long Term Disability Plan, 642 F.3d 666, 676-679 (9th Cir. 2011). 8 12.) The court gives less weight to a non-examining doctor’s opinion 9 10 favoring a denial of benefits for subjective complaints such as pain, without 11 a physical examination. (Schramm v. CNA Fin. Corp. Insured Group 12 Benefits Program, 718 F. Supp. 2d 1151, 1164 (N.D. Cal. 2010) (“[T]he 13 14 court gives little weight to the opinions of (doctors) ... who are not 15 examining plaintiff in person.”)). The court also gives little weight to a non- 16 17 examining doctor’s opinion, based on a paper review of the file, about the 18 credibility of a plaintiff in reporting her subjective complaints, such as pain, 19 without a physical examination. (Smith v. Continental Cas. Co., 450 F.3d 20 21 255, 263-264 (6th Cir. 2006) (credibility findings concerning subjective 22 complaints without a physical exam were improper)). 23 24 13.) Rios’ decision not to undergo surgery that could potentially improve her 25 condition does not render her ineligible to receive benefits. A plaintiff is 26 neither non-compliant nor is she required to undergo invasive treatments, 27 28 such as surgery, when the policy does not require her to pursue the most 1 aggressive treatment as a condition of eligibility to receive benefits. (Shaw v. 2 3 AT&T Umbrella Plan 1, 795 F.3d 538 (9th Cir. 2015)). 4 14.) Courts often remand unexhausted “any occupation” determinations to the 5 insurer. (Nagy v. Grp. LTD Plan for Employees of Oracle Am., Inc., 183 F. 6 7 Supp. 1015, 1032 (N.D. Cal. 2016), aff’d, 739 F. App’x (9th Cir. 2018)). 8 However, courts have discretion to excuse non-exhaustion and award “any 9 10 occupational” benefits even though the insurer did not decide eligibility for 11 benefits under the “any occupation” definition of disability in the first 12 instance. (Reetz v. Hartford Life & Acc. Ins. Co., 294 F. Supp. 3d 1068, 13 14 1084 (W.D. Wash. 2018)). 15 15.) Administrative remand is discretionary with the court, and when an insurer’s 16 17 termination of benefits decision is simply contrary to the facts, the 18 appropriate remedy is reinstatement of benefits rather than administrative 19 remand if remand would be an exercise in futility. (Grosz-Salomon v. Paul 20 21 Revere Life Ins. Co., 237 F.3d 1154, 1163 (9th Cir. 2001) (“A plan 22 administrator will not get a second bite at the apple when its first decision 23 24 was simply contrary to the facts.”); (Paese v. Hartford Life and Acc. Ins. 25 Co., 449 F.3d 435 (2nd Cir. 2006)). 26 16.) Failure to administratively exhaust an “any occupation” claim is an 27 28 1 affirmative defense and does not deprive the court of its jurisdiction. The 2 3 court retains its jurisdiction and discretion to excuse non-exhaustion when 4 plaintiff makes a “clear and positive” showing that exhaustion would be 5 futile. Id. at 443. Administrative remand to determine an entitlement to 6 7 benefits under the “any occupation” standard is inappropriate where plaintiff 8 has argued for benefits under both the “own occupation” and “any 9 10 occupation” standards and the evidence supports plaintiff’s inability to 11 perform either her “own occupation” or “any occupation” under the policy. 12 Therefore, the Court declines to remand this case to Unum to conduct an 13 14 “any occupation” evaluation. 15 17.) Under ERISA, an award of attorney’s fees and interest is discretionary 16 17 with the court. (29 U.S.C. § 1132(g)). The Ninth Circuit typically follows a 18 presumption in favor of a fee award to a successful ERISA plaintiff “unless 19 special circumstances would render such an award unjust.” (McElwaine v. 20 21 US West, Inc., 176 F.3d 1167, 1172 (9th Cir. 1999)). A successful plaintiff 22 may request permission to make an Application for an Award of Attorney’s 23 24 Fees under Local Rule 54-10, including both pre- and post-judgment interest 25 under 28 U.S.C. § 1961. (Blankenship v. Liberty Life Assurance Co. of 26 Boston, 486 F.3d 620, 628 (9th Cir. 2007)). 27 28 1

CONCLUSION

2 3 After considering the parties’ arguments, for the reasons explained above 4 and based on the totality of the evidence in the Administrative Record, the Court 5 HOLDS that Rios has proven by a preponderance of the evidence that she is 6 entitled to policy benefits under both the “own occupation” and “any occupation” 7 standards. Judgment shall be entered in Plaintiff’s favor. 8 9 10 DATED: December 10, 2020 11

DAVID O. CARTER

12 UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28