1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 AMERICAN AUTOMOBILE Case No. 8:19-cv-01854-JLS-JDE ASSOCIATION, INC., a Connecticut 12 corporation,

13 Plaintiff,

FINDINGS OF FACT AND

14 vs. CONCLUSIONS OF LAW RE:

HOLDING DEFENDANT

15 PREFERRED EXPRESS ROADSIDE, PREFERRED EXPRESS ROADSIDE, INC., a California corporation and DOES INC. IN CONTEMPT 16 1 through 10, inclusive,

17 Defendants.

18

19 20 This matter came before the Court on the motion of Plaintiff American 21 Automobile Association, Inc. (“Plaintiff” or “AAA”) to hold Defendant Preferred 22 Express Roadside, Inc. (“Defendant” or “Preferred Express”) in contempt. (Mot., 23 Doc. 27.) Pursuant to the Court’s Order dated October 29, 2020 (Doc. 30), any 24 opposition to AAA’s Motion was required to be filed not later than November 12, 25 2020. No opposition was timely filed, nor has any been filed since that time. The 26 Court also ordered Defendant to appear for a hearing on Plaintiff’s motion on March 27 19, 2020 at 10:30 a.m. (Order, Doc. 30). Because the Court’s Order did not specify 28 whether the hearing was to proceed in person or via Zoom, however, the Court 1 continued the hearing to an in-person hearing on July 30, 2021 at 10:30 a.m., and 2 ordered Plaintiff to serve notice of the new hearing date on Defendant. (Order, Doc. 3 35.) Defendant failed to appear. Having considered AAA’s Motion for Contempt, 4 the Memorandum of Points and Authorities in Support of the Motion, and the 5 declarations and exhibits in support thereof; having given Preferred Express the 6 opportunity to oppose (an opportunity of which Preferred Express did not avail 7 itself); and good cause appearing, the Court makes the following findings of fact and 8 conclusions of law: 9 I. FINDINGS OF FACT 10 1. AAA is the owner of registered trademarks incorporating the AAA 11 mark in the United States, including U.S. service mark Registration No. 829,265 12 (the “AAA Mark”), used in connection with a number of services, including but not 13 limited to providing emergency road service in International Class 37. 14 2. On September 27, 2019, AAA filed its Complaint against Preferred 15 Express alleging that, without AAA’s authorization, Preferred Express used the 16 AAA Mark in conducting and promoting its business of providing emergency 17 roadside services, including by displaying the AAA Mark on its vehicle. (Compl. ¶¶ 18 13, 14, Doc. 1.) The Complaint alleged Preferred Express’s use of the AAA Mark 19 in conducting and promoting its business constitutes trademark infringement and 20 unfair competition. (See id.) 21 3. Based on the foregoing, the Complaint sought injunctive relief, 22 damages, attorneys’ fees and costs for service mark infringement under 15 U.S.C. 23 section 1114(l)(a) and (b); false designation of origin under 15 U.S.C. section 24 1125(a); dilution under 15 U.S.C. section 1125(c); injury to business reputation and 25 dilution under California Business and Professions Code section 14330; and 26 common law unfair competition and trademark infringement. (See id.) AAA 27 decided to forego its claims for damages, attorneys’ fees and costs, and instead 28 sought a permanent injunction. (See Mot. for Default Judgment, Doc. 19.) 1 4. On October 3, 2019, AAA served Preferred Express with the Summons 2 and Complaint via its registered agent, Omar Khatib. (Doc. 11.) Nevertheless, 3 Preferred Express has failed to plead or otherwise defend the claims raised in the 4 Complaint as provided by the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. 5 5. On January 7, 2020, after expiration of Preferred Express’s period to 6 respond to the Complaint, AAA filed its Request for Entry of Default against 7 Preferred Express (Doc. 13), which was entered on January 9, 2020. (Doc. 15.) A 8 copy of the Default by the Clerk was served on Preferred Express the following day. 9 (Docs. 16, 17.) 10 6. On March 24, 2020, upon AAA’s motion, the Court entered default 11 judgment and issued the Injunction against Preferred Express, which requires 12 Preferred Express to take various actions to cease and desist from infringing AAA’s 13 trademarks. (Doc. 20.) The Injunction included the following directive: “No later 14 than thirty (30) days after the entry of judgment in this matter, Preferred Express is 15 ORDERED to file with the Clerk of this Court and serve AAA, a report in writing, 16 under oath, setting forth in detail the manner and form in which Preferred Express 17 has complied with the foregoing injunction.” (Id., ¶ 6.) 18 7. AAA maintains that the provision requiring Preferred Express to file a 19 report under oath is critical because AAA otherwise has no means of monitoring 20 Preferred Express’s compliance with the Injunction. To AAA’s knowledge, 21 Preferred Express does not advertise on the Internet and does not have a physical 22 place of business. AAA’s inability to monitor Preferred Express’s compliance 23 leaves AAA without any ability to know whether Preferred Express has ceased its 24 infringing conduct, aside from the filing of the report under oath that the Injunction 25 requires. (See Adams Decl., Doc. 27-1.) 26 8. AAA served the Injunction on Preferred Express by both substituted 27 service and by personally serving a competent adult at the location listed as the 28 “Entity Address” and the “Entity Mailing Address” for Preferred Express on the 1 California Secretary of State website. (Docs. 21, 22.) 2 9. On April 10, 2020, the Court entered Judgment against Preferred 3 Express. (Doc. 24.) On April 13, 2020, AAA effected substituted service of the 4 Judgment on Preferred Express at the “Entity Mailing Address” by leaving a copy of 5 those papers with a mailbox store clerk and also mailing a copy to Preferred 6 Express. (Doc. 26.) AAA was unable to personally serve Mr. Khatib due to a 7 COVID-related business closures. (Doc. 27-1 at 5.) 8 10. Preferred Express was required to file its report under oath setting forth 9 in detail the manner and form in which Preferred Express has complied with the 10 Injunction by April 23, 2020. Preferred Express did not do so. As a result, on May 11 26, 2020, AAA moved for an Order To Show Cause Re: Civil Contempt. (Doc. 27.) 12 11. On August 27, 2020, the Court requested supplemental briefing on the 13 issue of whether service of process was properly effected, to ensure that Defendant 14 was adequately apprised of the action against him. (Order re: Supp. Briefing, Doc. 15 28.) AAA timely responded. (Supp. Briefing, Doc. 29.) 16 12. On September 16, 2020, AAA attempted to personally serve Mr. 17 Khatib with the Order Granting Plaintiff’s Motion for a Default Judgment and 18 Issuing a Permanent Injunction. (See Supp. Briefing.) This time, Mr. Khatib’s 19 business was open and service of the Injunction was effectuated. (See Gilmartin 20 Decl., Doc. 29-1, Ex. B.) 21 13. On October 29, 2020, the Court granted AAA’s Motion for an Order 22 To Show Cause Re: Civil Contempt (“OSC”) and required Preferred Express file 23 any written response to AAA’s motion no later than fourteen (14) days from the date 24 of service of the Order, addressing why it should not be held in civil contempt. 25 (Doc. 30.) The Court also set a hearing on the OSC for March 19, 2021 at 10:30 26 a.m. (Id.) 27 14. On October 29, 2020, AAA personally served Mr. Khatib with the 28 Court’s Order issued that day. (Doc. 31.) As such, Preferred Express should have 1 filed a response to AAA’s Motion not later than November 12, 2020. 2 15. To date, Preferred Express has not responded to the Court’s OSC. 3 16. On March 19, 2021, the Court held a hearing on the OSC via Zoom. 4 Preferred Express failed to appear. Because the Court’s Order setting the hearing 5 did not specify whether the hearing was to proceed in person or via Zoom, however, 6 the Court continued the hearing to July 30, 2021 at 10:30 a.m. Plaintiff served 7 notice of the new hearing date on Defendant’s registered agent. (Proof of Service, 8 Doc. 37; Gilmartin Decl. re: OSC Hearing, Doc. 38.)1 9 17. On July 30, 2021, the Court held an in-person hearing on the OSC. 10 Preferred Express failed to appear. 11 II. CONCLUSION OF LAW 12 1. “A court has wide latitude in determining whether there has been 13 contemptuous defiance of its order.” Gifford v. Heckler, 741 F.2d 263, 266 (9th Cir. 14 1984). The Ninth Circuit’s standard regarding the propriety of contempt sanctions 15 “has long been whether the defendants have performed all reasonable steps within 16 their power to insure compliance with the court’s orders.” Stone v. City & Cnty. of 17 San Francisco, 968 F.2d 850, 856 (9th Cir. 1992) (internal citations omitted). 18 2. “The moving party has the burden of showing by clear and convincing 19 evidence that the contemnors violated a specific and definite order of the court. The 20 burden then shifts to the contemnors to demonstrate why they were unable to 21 comply.” FTC v. Affordable Media, LLC, 179 F.3d 1228, 1239 (9th Cir. 1999). 22 3. AAA has established that the Injunction is clear and is not susceptible 23 of any reasonable interpretation that would explain Preferred Express’s failure to 24

25 1 At the hearing, counsel for Plaintiff confirmed that Defendant’s registered agent had been served with notice of the July 30, 2021 hearing date both by mail (several months before the hearing) and 26 by personal service (on July 28, 2021). (See also Proof of Service, Doc. 37.) Counsel avers that she called Defendant’s agent the week of the hearing, and the agent “confirmed that he had been 27 personally served with the minute order notifying him of the hearing.” (Gilmartin Decl. re OSC 28 Hearing ¶ 3.) Finally, counsel also made several unsuccessful attempts to contact the owner of 1 take steps to comply with the order. Specifically, AAA has met its burden of 2 showing that under the Injunction, Preferred Express was required to file a report in 3 writing, under oath, setting forth in detail the manner and form in which Preferred 4 Express has complied with the Injunction. 5 4. Preferred Express never filed with the Court the required report under 6 oath. Additionally, AAA’s counsel, Michael Adams, further attests under penalty of 7 perjury that Preferred Express has not filed the required report, nor even contacted 8 AAA. (See Adams Decl., Doc. 27-1.) As such, AAA has proffered clear and 9 convincing evidence that Preferred Express has violated, and continues to violate, 10 the Injunction. 11 5. AAA has also established that Preferred Express received notice of the 12 Injunction and the findings of fact and conclusions of law supporting it. At latest, 13 Preferred Express received notice of the Injunction on September 16, 2020, when 14 Mr. Khatib was personally served with the Order Granting Plaintiff’s Motion for a 15 Default Judgment and Issuing a Permanent Injunction. 16 6. “Once the moving party shows by clear and convincing evidence that 17 the contemnor has violated a specific and definite order of court, the burden shifts to 18 the contemnor to demonstrate that he or she took every reasonable step to comply, 19 and to articulate reasons why compliance was not possible.” Bademyan v. 20 Receivable Management Services Corp., No. CV 08-00519 MMM (RZx), 2009 WL 21 605789, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 9, 2009) (citing Donovan v. Mazzola, 716 F.2d 1226, 22 1240 (9th Cir. 1983)). 23 7. By failing to file any response to AAA’s motion for contempt, 24 Preferred Express has failed to meet its burden of showing that it took reasonable 25 steps to comply with the Injunction. Nor has it articulated any reason why 26 compliance was not possible. 27 8. AAA has therefore established that Preferred Express has acted in 28 contempt of the Injunction. 1 9. Once a violation of a court order has been shown, civil contempt 2 sanctions may be imposed. Coercive civil contempt sanctions are employed “to 3 coerce the defendant into compliance with the court’s order, and to compensate the 4 complainant for losses sustained.” Whittaker Corp. v. Execuair Corp., 953 F.2d 5 510, 517 (9th Cir. 1992). Civil contempt sanctions that are coercive in nature are 6 paid to the district court. See General Signal Corporation v. Donallco, Inc., 787 7 F.2d 1376, 1380 (9th Cir. 1986). 8 10. “A court, in determining the size and duration of a coercive fine, must 9 ‘consider the character and magnitude of the harm threatened by continued 10 contumacy, and the probable effectiveness of any suggested sanction in bringing 11 about the result desired.’” Whittaker Corp., 953 F.2d at 516 (citing United States v. 12 United Mine Workers of America, 330 U.S. 258, 304 (1947)). 13 11. Here, AAA requests a fine of $500 per day fine, arguing that this 14 amount is within the range of coercive per diem fines issued by other district courts 15 for civil contempt. The cases cited by AAA, however, involved parties with access 16 to significant financial resources. See, e.g., Arabian Gas & Oil Dev. Co. v. Wisdom 17 Marines Lines, S.A., No. 16–CV–03801–DMR, 2017 WL 4390184, at *7 (N.D. Cal. 18 Oct. 3, 2017) (finding a coercive daily fine of $500.00 was appropriate given the 19 plaintiff's failure to pay monetary sanctions of $31,017.26 in attorneys’ fees and 20 costs, and noting that the plaintiff “recently has had access to substantial resources,” 21 including the ability to pay $20 million under a separate contract); United States v. 22 Wen–Bing Soong, No. C–13–4088 EMC, 2015 WL 5168786, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Sept. 23 3, 2015) (imposing a coercive daily fine of $500.00 per spouse because the couple 24 “appear[ed] to have tremendous financial resources,” including a privately-held 25 corporation earning “revenues in excess of $200 million annually”); United States 26 v. Bright, 596 F.3d 683, 696 (9th Cir. 2010) (holding that a district court’s 27 imposition of a $500 daily fine “was well within the range of appropriate sanctions 28 to secure compliance with a tax summons,” where the parties in question were the 1 | subject of an IRS fraud investigation related to their tax consulting business, and 2 | where evidence linked them to multiple “offshore accounts” and “offshore credit 3| cards”). Here, the record is devoid of any evidence that Preferred Express has 4| significant financial assets, such that a $500 daily fine would be necessary to coerce 5 | Preferred Express into compliance with the Court’s Injunction. 6 12. Accordingly, the Court finds that a fine of $50 per day payable to the 7 | Court is appropriate under the circumstances. 9 Based on the foregoing, the Court holds Preferred Express in contempt. The 10 | Court will issue a separate contempt order forthwith. 11 □□□ IS SO ORDERED. 13 14 | Dated: August 02, 2021 7 ae 15 ~ al ih 16 HON. JOSEPHINE L. STATON

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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