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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

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CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

9 10 TIMOTHY MITCHELL B.,1 Case No. 5:20-cv-01520-AFM 11 12 Plaintiff,

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND

13 v. ORDER REVERSING AND 14 KILOLO KIJAKZI, REMANDING DECISION OF THE Acting Commissioner of Social COMMISSIONER 15 Security,2 16 Defendant. 17

18 Plaintiff filed this action seeking review of the Commissioner’s final decision 19 denying his application for supplemental security income. In accordance with the 20 Court’s case management order, the parties have filed briefs addressing the merits of 21 the disputed issues. The matter is now ready for decision. 22 23 1 Plaintiff’s name has been partially redacted in accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 24 5.2(c)(2)(B) and the recommendation of the Committee on Court Administration and Case 25 Management of the Judicial Conference of the United States.

26 2 Kilolo Kijakazi became the Acting Commissioner of Social Security on July 9, 2021. Pursuant to Rule 25(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Kilolo Kijakazi should be substituted, 27 therefore, for Andrew Saul as the defendant in this suit. No further action need be taken to continue this suit by reason of the last sentence of section 205(g) of the Social Security Act, 42 U.S.C. 28 1 DISPUTED ISSUES 2 1. Whether the ALJ properly considered the medical evidence and medical 3 opinions. 4 2. Whether the ALJ properly considered Plaintiff’s subjective statements. 5 6 STANDARD OF REVIEW 7 Under 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), this Court only reverses the Commissioner’s 8 decision if its findings are based on legal error or are not supported by substantial 9 evidence. See Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1110 (9th Cir. 2012), superseded by 10 regulation on other ground as recognized in, Sweets v. Kijakazi, 2021 WL 3485934, 11 at *1 (9th Cir. Aug. 9, 2021). As the Supreme Court has stated, “whatever the 12 meaning of ‘substantial’ in other contexts, the threshold for such evidentiary 13 sufficiency is not high.” Biestek v. Berryhill, 139 S. Ct. 1148, 1154 (2019). 14 Substantial evidence is “more than a scintilla, but less than a preponderance.” 15 Reddick v. Chater, 157 F.3d 715, 720 (9th Cir. 1998). Where the evidence is 16 susceptible to more than one rationale interpretation, one of which supports the ALJ’s 17 decision, the ALJ’s conclusion must be upheld. See Thomas v. Barnhart, 278 F.3d 18 947, 954 (9th Cir. 2002). As such, this Court may not substitute its judgment for that 19 of the Commissioner. See Jamerson v. Chater, 112 F.3d 1064, 1065 (9th Cir. 1997). 20 Even when the ALJ commits legal error, the decision will be upheld where that error 21 is harmless. Treichler v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 775 F.3d 1090, 1099 (9th Cir. 22 2014). An error is harmless if it is inconsequential to the ultimate nondisability 23 determination. Id. 24 25 BACKGROUND 26 On May 19, 2017, Plaintiff filed an application for Supplemental Security 27 Income, alleging disability beginning January 1, 1999. (Administrative Record 28 (“AR”) 164.) His application was denied initially and upon reconsideration. (AR 84, 1 92.) A video hearing was held before an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) on 2 September 13, 2019. (AR 31.) Plaintiff (represented by an attorney) and a vocational 3 expert (“VE”) testified at the hearing. (AR 33-48.) 4 On October 29, 2019, the ALJ issued an unfavorable decision. The ALJ 5 summarized the relevant medical record, finding that Plaintiff’s seizure disorder and 6 mental impairment significantly limited his ability to perform basic work activities. 7 (AR 17.) The ALJ found Plaintiff had seizure disorder and examined a progress note 8 report from Riverside University Health System that documented a seizure episode 9 in March 2018 at a provider’s office. (AR 21; citing AR 991.) Treatment records 10 from December 28, 2017 and February 20, 2018 reflect ER visits and hospital 11 treatments for Plaintiff’s seizure. (AR 21; citing AR 730, 979.) The ALJ noted that 12 while incarcerated, Plaintiff had a breakthrough seizure on February 11, 2017, which 13 resulted in facial trauma. (AR 21; citing AR 555.) An x-ray revealed a non-displaced 14 nasal blow fracture from the fall. (AR 555.) Plaintiff was prescribed a soft-foam 15 seizure helmet after the incident. (AR 21; citing AR 494.) Plaintiff reported better 16 seizure control on February 17, 2017 after his medications were increased. (AR 21; 17 citing AR 555.) 18 The ALJ stated that the medical records reported less frequent seizures than 19 alleged by Plaintiff. The ALJ references a psychiatric assessment from October 11, 20 2018, which states that Plaintiff had two seizures over the last 10 days and a progress 21 note report from the same date which states that Plaintiff reported having a seizure 22 two weeks ago. (AR 21; citing AR 836, 1029.) The ALJ also reviewed a treatment 23 note indicating between October 2018 to March 2019, Plaintiff had not gone in for 24 treatment and was reported to have relapsed on methamphetamines, at which time he 25 also stopped taking his regular medications and was having more frequent seizures. 26 (AR 21; citing AR 759.) Plaintiff reported he had not had another seizure since 27 beginning his current regimen. Id. 28 1 The ALJ also found that treatment records showed Plaintiff’s use of 2 ambulatory devices including a cane on February 23, 2018 and later a walker around 3 March 2018. (AR 21; citing AR 741, 994.) Plaintiff used these devices for his 4 unsteady gait. 5 When considering his mental impairments, the ALJ addressed notes 6 documenting Plaintiff reporting auditory and visual hallucinations occurring multiple 7 times per day. (AR 21; citing AR 624.) The ALJ found this to be especially noted in 8 an assessment from September 2017, during which time Plaintiff reported he stopped 9 taking his psychiatric medication while in prison and was now requesting to restart 10 them. (AR 21; citing AR 625.) Plaintiff later reported on November 28, 2017, that he 11 was doing much better on his medications but was still hearing voices, though they 12 were not as bad. (AR 21; citing AR 932.) The ALJ also noted that Plaintiff reported 13 having difficulty in trying to restart his life without depending on crime and observed 14 that Plaintiff has a lengthy history of substance abuse and crime. (AR 21; citing AR 15 624, 844.) 16 The ALJ found the opinion of consultative examiner, Robert A. Moore, M.D., 17 to be somewhat persuasive. Dr. Moore conducted a neurological evaluation of 18 Plaintiff on December 18, 2017. (AR 22; citing AR 703.) Dr. Moore found Plaintiff 19 was alert and oriented to person, place, and time; was able to recall three objects after 20 a five-minute period; was able to perform simple calculations; and was able to follow 21 three-step commands. (AR 704.) Dr. Moore found Plaintiff could perform rapid 22 alternating movements in his upper and lower extremities, and a finger-nose-finger 23 and heel-shin test did not reveal any dysmetria or transverse tremor. (AR 705.) 24 Plaintiff walked slightly slowly on a narrow base and did not attempt to walk on his 25 heels and toes. (AR 705.) Plaintiff had normal tone in the upper and lower 26 extremities. (AR 705.) Though Dr. Moore’s seizure precautions were persuasive, the 27 ALJ concluded that Dr. Moore did not include enough mental limitations in 28 Plaintiff’s assessment. (AR 22.) 1 The ALJ found the opinion of state agency psychological consultant, Tim 2 Schumacher, Ph.D., to be persuasive. (AR 22.) Dr. Schumacher opined that 3 Plaintiff’s ability to understand and remember job instructions was not significantly 4 limited, and he could complete one- and two-step assignments for up to two-hour 5 intervals during a regular workday and workweek. (AR 58.) Dr. Schumacher found 6 that Plaintiff could engage in routine contacts with coworkers, and brief reminders 7 would be needed to follow through on work assignment changes. (AR 58-59.) The 8 ALJ determined that Dr. Schumacher’s opinion was supported by the overall record, 9 including Plaintiff’s daily activities and the findings that Plaintiff shows some 10 improvement with treatment and compliance. (AR 22.) This was also consistent with 11 the medical findings of Dr. Moore. Id. 12 The ALJ also found the opinion of state agency psychological consultant, Janet 13 Anguas-Keiter, Psy.D., to be persuasive. (AR 22.) Dr. Anguas-Keiter’s reevaluation 14 concurred with Dr. Schumacher’s report and noted that overall Plaintiff can complete 15 simple, routine, and repetitive tasks in a socially limited setting. (AR 72.) The ALJ 16 found Dr. Anguas-Keiter’s opinion was supported by the overall medical evidence 17 and consistent with Dr. Moore’s medical findings. (AR 22.) 18 The ALJ gave great weight to the physical limitations included in opinions of 19 state agency medical consultants, Q. Nguyen, M.D., and Brian Harper, M.D. (AR 20 23.) The ALJ found Dr. Nguyen’s and Dr. Harper’s statements recommending 21 Plaintiff could not climb ladders, ropes or scaffolds and must avoid all exposures to 22 hazards were supported by the record as a whole, which reflected continued treatment 23 for seizure disorder. Id. The opinions were also consistent with the findings of 24 Dr. Moore who found normal tone in Plaintiff’s upper and lower extremities with no 25 evidence of dysmetria or transverse tremor. Id. 26 The ALJ found the opinion of one of Plaintiff’s treating physicians to be 27 unpersuasive because his statements were inconsistent in his own records. (AR 23.) 28 Plaintiff’s physician, Scott Weingold, M.D., stated that Plaintiff gets nervous and 1 fearful when trying to learn new things because he knows he has a significant 2 problem learning new multi-step instructions and that, if Plaintiff were to attempt 3 gainful competitive employment, he would quickly become anxious which would 4 increase his hallucinations to the point that he could not distinguish reality from 5 psychosis. (AR 23; citing AR 623.) Dr. Weingold later notes that Plaintiff can grasp 6 concepts quite quickly and is able to manipulate ideas, even those that are distressing 7 to him. (AR 23; citing AR 634.) The ALJ found this level of impairment is not 8 supported in the record which documents mostly conservative treatment and some 9 improvement with compliance. (AR 23.) The ALJ did not discuss the opinion of 10 another treating physician, Dr. Anicia Jimenez Policar. 11 The ALJ found that Plaintiff suffered from the following severe impairments: 12 seizure disorder and mental impairment variously diagnosed to include depression. 13 (AR 17.) The ALJ did not find Plaintiff’s mental impairment of substance abuse to 14 be severe. (AR 18.) The ALJ then determined that Plaintiff had the residual functional 15 capacity (“RFC”) to perform a full range of work at all exertional levels but with the 16 following non-exertional limitations: Plaintiff should never climb ladders, ropes or 17 scaffolds but can occasionally balance with the use of a hand-held assistive device 18 for ambulation. He must avoid all exposure to operational control of moving 19 machinery, unprotected heights, and hazardous machinery. Plaintiff can understand, 20 carry out and remember simple instructions, make commensurate work-related 21 decisions, and respond appropriately to supervision, coworkers, and work situations. 22 Plaintiff can deal with routine changes in work setting, maintain concentration, 23 persistence and pace for up to and including two hours at a time with normal breaks 24 throughout a normal workday. Plaintiff is suitable for jobs requiring no interaction 25 with the public and can be around coworkers throughout the day but should be 26 required to have only occasional interaction with them. (AR 20.) 27 Relying on the VE’s testimony, the ALJ determined that Plaintiff was unable 28 to perform his past relevant work as a Construction Worker or a Carpenter but found 1 that Plaintiff could work as a Mail Clerk or a Router. (AR 25.) Accordingly, the ALJ 2 determined that Plaintiff was not disabled since May 19, 2017, the date the 3 application was filed. (AR 25.) The Appeals Council denied review (AR 1-5), thereby 4 rendering the ALJ’s decision the final decision of the Commissioner. 5 6 DISCUSSION 7 1. Whether the ALJ properly considered the medical evidence and medical 8 opinions. 9 Relevant Medical Evidence 10 Plaintiff contends that the ALJ failed to properly consider all the relevant 11 medical evidence when assessing his RFC. (ECF 22 at 3.) Plaintiff points to findings 12 in the medical record that the ALJ did not mention in his assessment, including his 13 trigger finger on his dominant right hand, his neuropathy in his lower extremities, 14 and his limited mobility in his left knee. 15 On September 27, 2017, Plaintiff complained about an unsteady gait and right- 16 hand pain and requested a cane. Plaintiff’s ambulatory issues were referred for 17 physical therapy. (AR 724.) On December 29, 2017, Plaintiff was referred to a 18 neurologist for his bilateral lower extremities, which consisted of numbness on the 19 entire bottom of his left foot and right toes. Plaintiff also complained about knee pain 20 at this time. (AR 828.) Plaintiff again complained about worsening muscle spasms in 21 his hand on February 8, 2018, which made it difficult for him to open his fingers. It 22 was noted by the examining physician that Plaintiff’s right fingers were unable to 23 voluntarily abduct from his palm and could only be un-pried with difficulty due to 24 their contraction. The physician did not see evidence of trigger finger at the time but 25 sent in a referral to confirm. (AR 736.) On February 23, 2018, Plaintiff continued to 26 complain about an unsteady gait and was noted to still use his cane for ambulation. 27 At this time, Plaintiff put in a request for a walker with wheels and brakes. (AR 741.) 28 By March 23, 2018, Plaintiff was noted to have unspecified trigger finger. (AR 745.) 1 On May 14, 2018, Plaintiff was still complaining about his right hand sticking and 2 locking on the last three fingers and was given an ambulatory referral to orthopedic 3 surgery. (AR 747-748.) On June 11, 2018, Plaintiff was given a wrist support for his 4 trigger finger and was redirected to an orthopedist. (AR 751-752.) On September 13, 5 2018, Plaintiff was noted to have very limited gait with his cane and could not get up 6 on the exam table easily due to his knee brace on his left leg which limited his 7 extension and flexion. (AR 754.) 8 When determining a claimant’s RFC, the Commissioner will look at all the 9 relevant evidence in the claimant’s case record. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1545(e); see also 10 Laborin v. Berryhill, 867 F.3d 1151, 1153 (9th Cir. 2017). However, an ALJ is not 11 required to discuss every piece of evidence in the record. See Hiler v. Astrue, 687 12 F.3d 1208, 1212 (9th Cir. 2012) (“[t]he ALJ is not required to discuss evidence that 13 is neither significant nor probative.”). For the following reasons, the ALJ did not err 14 in failing to discuss the evidence Plaintiff identifies. 15 With respect to Plaintiff’s neuropathy and limited mobility, the ALJ 16 considered treatment records on February 23, 2018 and March 15, 2018, which noted 17 that Plaintiff used a cane and later a walker for his unsteady gait. (AR 21, citing AR 18 741, 994.) The ALJ also referred to Plaintiff’s testimony during the hearing in which 19 he stated that he had neuropathy throughout his whole body, used a four-wheel 20 walker, and was wearing a knee brace. (AR 20, see AR 35, 43.) Furthermore, the ALJ 21 specifically required use of an assistive device for ambulation in the RFC 22 hypothetical to the VE. (AR 46.) Plaintiff’s counsel did not contest the limitations 23 presented by the ALJ to the VE during the hearing, and counsel did not add any 24 limitations for the VE to consider. (AR 47-48.) In general, Plaintiff is responsible for 25 providing evidence that the ALJ will use when determining his RFC. See 20 C.F.R. 26 § 404.1545(a)(3). In his initial application and upon reconsideration, Plaintiff failed 27 to assert disability based on neuropathy. (See AR 196, 50, 64.) Only now in his brief 28 to this Court does Plaintiff contend that these impairments would make it difficult to 1 stand and walk for 6 out of an 8-hour workday as required for both occupations 2 identified by the VE. (ECF 22 at 13-14.) However, none of the records that Plaintiff 3 cites assesses any limitations due to his diagnosis of neuropathy, and the mere 4 existence of an impairment is not sufficient proof of a disability. Matthews v. Shalala, 5 10 F.3d 678, 680 (9th Cir. 1993). 6 As to Plaintiff’s trigger finger argument, the ALJ noted that Plaintiff wore a 7 wrist brace during the administrative hearing. (AR 20, see AR 35.) Though the ALJ 8 does not mention Plaintiff’s trigger finger in the written decision, Plaintiff did not 9 bring the impairment to the ALJ’s attention at any point during the hearing, despite 10 having ample opportunity to do so. (See AR 43, 44, 46, 47, 48.) The ALJ has an 11 obligation to take reasonable steps to ensure the issues and questions raised by 12 medical evidence are addressed so that the disability determination is fairly made on 13 a sufficient record of information. See Tidwell v. Apfel, 161 F.3d 599, 602 (9th Cir. 14 1999). When represented by counsel, a claimant must raise all issues and evidence at 15 the administrative hearings to preserve them on appeal. See Meanel v. Apfel, 172 F.3d 16 1111, 1115 (9th Cir. 1999). Plaintiff’s counsel did not raise this issue with the ALJ 17 during the administrative hearing and did not raise these issues to the Appeal Council. 18 (AR 33-48; 163.) Additionally, there is no other mention of the trigger finger 19 diagnosis after June 11, 2018. (AR 751-752.) Again, the mere existence of an 20 impairment is not sufficient proof of a disability. Matthews, 10 F.3d at 680. Because 21 Plaintiff did not bring this evidence to the ALJ’s attention initially and the Plaintiff 22 does not point to any evidence showing how this would result in a functional 23 limitation, the ALJ did not err in not discussing it in the written decision or including 24 it in Plaintiff’s RFC. 25 Treating Physician Opinions 26 The current regulations provide that for claims filed on or after March 27, 27 2017, the Commissioner will not defer or give any specific evidentiary weight, 28 including controlling weight, to any medical opinions or prior administrative medical 1 findings, including those from [Plaintiff’s] medical sources. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920c(a). 2 Because Plaintiff’s claim was filed on May 19, 2017, these regulations apply. Prior 3 to the current regulations, Ninth Circuit law held that an ALJ must provide clear and 4 convincing reasons to reject a treating physician’s uncontradicted opinion and must 5 provide specific and legitimate reasons to reject a treating physician’s contradicted 6 opinion. See Trevizo v. Berryhill, 871 F.3d 664, 675 (9th Cir. 2017). Some district 7 courts have continued to apply the “specific and legitimate” standard as a 8 “benchmark against which the Court evaluates [the ALJ’s] reasoning.” See, e.g., 9 Kathleen G. v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 2020 WL 6581012, at *3 (W.D. Wash. Nov. 10, 10 2020). It remains to be seen whether the new regulations will meaningfully change 11 how the Ninth Circuit evaluates the adequacy of an ALJ’s reasoning and whether the 12 Ninth Circuit will continue to require that an ALJ provide “clear and convincing” or 13 “specific and legitimate reasons” in the analysis of medical opinions. Joseph Perry 14 B. v. Saul, 2021 WL 1179277, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 29, 2021) (quoting Patricia F. 15 v. Saul, 2020 WL 1812233, at *3 (W.D. Wash. Apr. 9, 2020)). Nonetheless, the Court 16 is mindful that it must defer to the new regulations, even when they conflict with 17 judicial precedent. See Agans v. Saul, 2021 WL 1388610, at *7 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 13, 18 2021). 19 Dr. Weingold 20 Plaintiff contends that the ALJ failed to properly consider and give appropriate 21 weight to the opinion of treating psychiatrist Scott Weingold, M.D. (ECF 22 at 11.) 22 The ALJ rejected Dr. Weingold’s opinion because it was inconsistent with his own 23 records. In Dr. Weingold’s reports, he states that Plaintiff could not attempt gainful 24 competitive employment because normal supervisory feedback would increase his 25 stress and cause him to hallucinate to the point of not being able to distinguish reality 26 from psychosis. (AR 623.) However, as the ALJ noted, Dr. Weingold also expresses 27 the opinion that Plaintiff is quite intelligent and can grasp concepts quite quickly and 28 1 is able to manipulate ideas, even those that are quite distressing to him. (AR 23; citing 2 AR 634.) 3 Under the relevant regulations, an ALJ must determine how persuasive they 4 find a medical opinion. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920c(b). Supportability and consistency are 5 the most important factors when determining persuasiveness. 20 C.F.R. § 6 416.920c(b)(2). Based on inconsistencies in Dr. Weingold’s statements about 7 Plaintiff’s ability to deal with stress, the ALJ found that Dr. Weingold’s opinion to 8 be unpersuasive. This was a “sufficient and legitimate” reason on which to reject Dr. 9 Weingold’s opinion. Plaintiff has not offered explanation or justification for the 10 inconsistent statements, but rather argues that Dr. Weingold’s opinion is supported 11 by the record as a whole. (ECF 22 at 12.) Yet the ALJ also found that the level of 12 impairment described by Dr. Weingold is not supported by the record — which 13 includes mostly conservative treatment and some improvement with compliance. 14 (AR 23.) The fact that Plaintiff can articulate an alternate interpretation of the facts 15 does not mean that substantial evidence does not support the ALJ’s decision. (ECF 16 27 at 7.) Where evidence is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation, the 17 ALJ’s conclusion must be upheld. Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 681 (9th Cir. 18 2005). Because the ALJ gave a specific and legitimate reason for rejecting Dr. 19 Weingold’s opinion, that decision must be upheld. 20 Dr. Policar 21 Dr. Anicia Jimenez Policar was also a treating psychiatrist for Plaintiff. (See, 22 e.g., AR 910-911, 1029-1030.) Plaintiff challenges the ALJ’s failure to account for 23 Dr. Policar’s opinion. (ECF 22 at 11.) The ALJ did not reject or even discuss the 24 opinion of Dr. Policar, and the Commissioner’s brief to the Court does not mention 25 Dr. Policar or her opinion. Dr. Policar opined, inter alia, that Plaintiff’s 26 schizoaffective disorder impaired his ability to complete job applications, perform 27 interviews, and keep a job. (AR 911, 1030.) As such, her opinion is relevant to the 28 issue of Plaintiff’s alleged disability. An ALJ must consider all medical opinion 1 evidence. See Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 1041 (9th Cir. 2008). Regardless 2 of the standard for review of physician opinions, the ALJ erred in this regard: The 3 ALJ’s decision failed to set out specific legitimate reasons to reject Dr. Policar’s 4 opinion and failed to consider any of the factors listed in 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520c(c)(1)- 5 (5), including the most important factors of supportability and consistency. See 6 Beason v. Saul, 2020 WL 606760, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Feb. 7, 2020) (citing Joseph M.R. 7 v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 2019 WL 4279027, at *8 (D. Or. Sept. 10, 2019) (“... [T]he 8 ALJ did not reference [the examining physician’s] examination and did not articulate 9 if and how he applied those specific factors to determine how much weight to give 10 [the examining physician’s] opinion.... On this record the Court concludes the ALJ 11 erred when he failed to consider [the examining physician’s] opinion and failed to 12 provide legally sufficient reasons supported by substantial evidence in the record for 13 doing so.”)). 14 Because Dr. Policar’s opinion is relevant to the disability question and because 15 the ALJ’s decision did not consider any of the factors for evaluating the 16 persuasiveness of Dr. Policar’s opinion, the ALJ’s error cannot be deemed 17 “inconsequential to the ultimate nondisability determination.” See Stout v. Comm’r, 18 Soc. Sec. Admin., 454 F.3d 1050, 1055 (9th Cir. 2006); Carmickle v. Comm’r, Soc. 19 Sec. Admin., 533 F.3d 1155, 1162 (9th Cir. 2008). 20 2. Whether the ALJ properly considered Plaintiff’s subjective statements. 21 Plaintiff reported that he was unable to work due to symptoms and limitations 22 from his seizures, mental disorder, and stroke. (AR 20; citing AR 196.) Plaintiff 23 testified at the administrative hearing that he has between 4-20 seizures a day despite 24 consistently taking his seizure medication. (AR 20; citing AR 39-40.) Plaintiff also 25 stated he has neuropathy throughout his whole body. (AR 44.) 26 The ALJ found that while Plaintiff’s impairments could reasonably be 27 expected to cause his alleged symptoms, Plaintiff’s statements concerning the 28 intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of these symptoms were not entirely 1 consistent with the medical evidence and other evidence in the record. (AR 21.) 2 Plaintiff contends that the ALJ failed to provide clear and convincing reasons for 3 discounting his statements. (ECF 22 at 18.) In response, the Commissioner contends 4 that the ALJ properly assessed Plaintiff’s statements. (ECF 27 at 9.) 5 Once a claimant has produced medical evidence of an underlying impairment, 6 the Commissioner cannot discredit his testimony as to the severity of symptoms 7 merely because they are unsupported by objective medical evidence. Reddick v. 8 Chater, 157 F.3d 715, 722 (9th Cir. 1998). If (as here) an ALJ does not specifically 9 identify evidence of malingering, he must provide “clear and convincing” reasons to 10 reject the claimant’s subjective testimony by specifically identifying “what testimony 11 is not credible and what evidence undermines the claimant’s complaints.” Parra v. 12 Astrue, 481 F.3d 742, 750 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Lester v. Chater, 81 F.3d 821, 13 834 (9th Cir. 1995)). Factors to consider when making such a determination include 14 objective medical evidence, claimant’s treatment history, claimant’s daily activities, 15 unexplained failure to pursue or follow treatment, and inconsistencies in testimony. 16 See Ghanim v. Colvin, 763 F.3d 1154, 1163 (9th Cir. 2014). As discussed below, the 17 Court concludes the ALJ gave reasons for discounting Plaintiff’s subjective symptom 18 testimony that were legally sufficient and supported by substantial evidence. 19 Inconsistent Testimony 20 In assessing a claimant’s credibility, an ALJ may consider inconsistencies 21 either in the claimant’s testimony or between the testimony and the claimant’s 22 conduct. See Fair v. Bowen, 885 F.2d 597, 604 n.5 (9th Cir. 1989). Plaintiff reported 23 having between four and twenty seizures per day. However, the ALJ found that, 24 Plaintiff’s use of a helmet, cane, or walker was minimally noted in the record, even 25 though a higher frequency of use was expected given Plaintiff’s claim of near- 26 constant seizures. Id. In addition, the ALJ found that while Plaintiff claimed that he 27 could not work due to his medical limitations, he had also stated that he had no ability 28 to “get on [his] own two feet” other than by crime. (AR 21, 23.) By these instances, 1 the ALJ identified specific testimony of Plaintiff that he found inconsistent with the 2 evidence in the record, and this provided a clear and convincing basis for discounting 3 Plaintiff’s subjective claims. See Brown-Hunter v. Colvin, 806 F.3d 487, 493 (9th 4 Cir. 2015). 5 Criminal History 6 The ALJ also referred to Plaintiff’s criminal history in his assessment of 7 Plaintiff’s subjective claims. (AR 21.) Recent felony convictions involving moral 8 turpitude are a proper basis for an adverse credibility finding. See Albidrez v. Astrue, 9 504 F. Supp. 2d 814, 822 (C.D. Cal. 2007.); Dowdy v. Astrue, 2013 WL 395039, at 10 *11 (C.D. Cal. Jan. 31, 2013) (an “extensive criminal history was also a clear and 11 convincing reason supporting the ALJ’s adverse credibility finding.”). Here, Plaintiff 12 reported recently serving two years for grand theft auto as part of a lengthy criminal 13 history. (AR 21; citing AR 624, 844.) Grand theft auto is a crime of moral turpitude. 14 Castillo-Cruz v. Holder, 581 F.3d 1154, 1160-61 (9th Cir. 2009). It was proper for 15 the ALJ to consider Plaintiff’s grand theft auto conviction as another basis for 16 discounting his subjective claims. See e.g., Cockren v. Astrue, 2010 WL 2791569, at 17 *11 (E.D. Cal. July 14, 2010) (“His lack of forthright disclosure regarding these 18 multiple convictions, as well as a history of criminal conviction for a crime of moral 19 turpitude (grand theft [auto]) detracts from the claimant’s credibility.”); Kral v. 20 Astrue, 2011 WL 4383111, at *7 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 20, 2011); Holt v. Colvin, 2015 WL 21 1275907, at *13 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 19, 2015); Weirich v. Astrue, 2010 WL 4736481, at 22 *5 (C.D. Cal. Nov. 15, 2010).3 23 /// 24 /// 25

26 3 Because the ALJ provided the “clear and convincing” reasons discussed above, the Court need not discuss other grounds set out in the decision for discounting Plaintiff’s credibility because any 27 error concerning those other grounds would be harmless. See Treichler, 775 F.3d at 1099 (An error is harmless if it is “inconsequential to the ultimate nondisability determination.”). 28 1 ORDER 2 As a result of the ALJ’s error in assessing the opinion of Dr. Policar, IT IS 3 | ORDERED that Judgment be entered reversing the decision of the Commissioner 4 || and remanding this action for further administrative proceedings consistent with this 5 || opinion. It is not the Court’s intent to limit the scope of the remand. 6 7 || DATED: 8/11/2021 (My Mock 8 9 ALEXANDER F. MacKINNON

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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