1 2 O 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 GHP MANAGEMENT CORPORATION, ) Case No. CV 21-06311 DDP (JEMx) ) 12 Plaintiff, ) ) ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 13 v. ) INTERVENE ) 14 CITY OF LOS ANGELES, ) ) [Dkt. 20] 15 Defendant. ) ) 16 17 Presently before the court is a Motion to Intervene as 18 defendants filed by three nonprofit organizations: Alliance for 19 Community Empowerment (“ACCE”); Strategic Actions for a Just 20 Economy (“SAJE”); and Coalition for Economic Survival (“CES”) 21 (collectively, “Proposed Intervenors”). Having considered the 22 submissions of the parties, the court grants the motion and adopts 23 the following Order.1 24 I. Background 25 At the outset of the COVID-19 pandemic, Defendant City of Los 26 Angeles (“the City”) enacted Ordinance No. 186585, which was later 27 updated by Ordinance No. 186606 (collectively, the “Eviction 28 1 Moratorium” or “Moratorium”). Plaintiffs allege that the Eviction 2 Moratorium “effectively precludes residential evictions.” 3 (Complaint ¶ 45.) The Moratorium prohibits landlords from 4 terminating tenancies due to COVID-related nonpayment of rent, any 5 no-fault reason, certain lease violations related to additional 6 occupants and pets, or removal of rental units from the rental 7 market. (Complaint ¶ 46.) The Moratorium further allows tenants 8 who have missed rent payments a one-year period to pay delayed 9 rent, starting from the end of the ongoing local emergency period. 10 (Id.) Tenants may sue landlords and seek civil penalties for 11 violations of the Moratorium. (Id. ¶ 49.) 12 Plaintiffs, comprised of (1) thirteen limited liability 13 corporations or limited partnerships that own apartment buildings 14 and (2) the management company that manages the buildings, own or 15 manage nearly five thousand apartment units in Los Angeles. 16 Plaintiffs allege that the Moratorium constitutes an uncompensated 17 taking of private property in violation of the Fifth Amendment’s 18 Takings Clause, as well as the California Constitution’s Takings 19 Clause. Plaintiffs’ Complaint seeks an award of “just 20 compensation,” costs, and attorney’s fees, but does not seek to 21 invalidate or enjoin enforcement of the Moratorium. 22 Proposed Intervenors now seek to intervene as defendants. 23 ACCE is an organization engaged in “ground-up organizing to build a 24 strong people’s movement to create transformative community 25 change.” (Declaration of Joseph Delgado ¶ 2.) ACCE’s housing 26 justice campaigns focus “on helping families stay in their homes, 27 preserving affordable housing, and pushing for equitable housing 28 practices across California, including in Los Angeles.” (Id.) 1 ACCE organizes in low and very low-income neighborhoods, and its 2 Los Angeles membership is “predominately Black and Brown, including 3 a significant number of undocumented Angelenos.” (Id. ¶ 3.) Most 4 of ACCE’s members are severely rent burdened. (Id. ¶ 4.) Demand 5 for ACCE’s eviction defense clinics has more than doubled during 6 the pandemic. (Id. ¶ 7.) 7 SAJE “serves predominantly low-income and very low-income 8 people of color in [] South Central Los Angeles,” and advocates for 9 “tenant rights, healthy housing, and equitable development in South 10 Los Angeles.” (Declaration of Cynthia Strathmann ¶¶ 2,4.) Like 11 ACCE, SAJE has seen a “substantial uptick” in demand for its tenant 12 assistance services since the onset of the pandemic. (Id. ¶ 8.) 13 CES is a “grassroots community-based organization dedicated to 14 organizing low and moderate-income people to win economic and 15 social justice throughout the greater Los Angeles Area.” 16 (Declaration of Larry Gross ¶ 2.) Since the pandemic began, CES, 17 too, has seen a “marked uptick” in the number of people seeking 18 assistance tenants’ rights assistance, specifically with respect to 19 inability to pay rent, harassment from landlords, and landlords’ 20 refusal to maintain habitable dwellings. (Id. ¶¶ 3-4.) 21 Proposed Intervenors seek to defend the Moratorium, without 22 which, Intervenors posit, their members and other tenants would be 23 forcibly displaced from their homes. (Motion at 2:6-9.) 24 II. Legal Standard 25 Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 24, a court must allow 26 intervention by any movant who “claims an interest relating to the 27 property or transaction that is the subject of the action, and is 28 so situated that disposing of the action may as a practical matter impair or impede the movant’s ability to protect its interest, unless existing parties adequately represent that interest.” Fed. 3H R. Civ. P. 24(a) (2). An applicant meets these criteria, and may intervene as of right, if (1) the motion is timely; (2) the 5} applicant has a “significant protectable” interest relating to the action; (3) disposition of the action may, as a practical matter, 7! impair or impede the applicant’s ability to protect that interest; (4) the applicant’s interest is inadequately represented by the parties to the action. California ex rel. Lockyer v. United States, 450 F.3d 436, 440 (9th Cir. 2006). When evaluating these requirements, courts are guided by “practical and equitable considerations,” and generally construe the Rule to apply “broadly in favor of proposed intervenors.” Wilderness Soc. v. U.S. Forest Serv., 630 F.3d 1173, 1179 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting United States 15}}v. City of Los Angeles, 288 F.3d 391, 397 (9th Cir. 2002) (internal quotation omitted). 17 Alternatively, when an intervenor cannot satisfy the four-part 18] test for intervention as of right, courts may allow anyone who “has 19]/a claim or defense that shares with the main action a common question of law or fact” to intervene. Fed. R. Civ. P. 211 24 (b) (1) (B). 22 In evaluating motions to intervene, courts must “take all well-pleaded, nonconclusory allegations in the motion to intervene, 24] the proposed complaint or answer in intervention, and declarations supporting the motion as true.” Sw. Ctr. for Biological Diversity 26|/v. Berg, 268 F.3d 810, 820 (9th Cir. 2001) IIIT. Discussion 28

1 At the outset, it must be noted that Plaintiffs are not the 2 first to challenge the Eviction Moratorium. Soon after the 3} implementation of the Moratorium, the Apartment Association of Los Angeles, an organization that advocates on behalf of rental property owners such as Plaintiffs, brought a constitutional challenge to the Moratorium, including claims under the Takings Clause. See Apartment Ass’n of Los Angeles Cty., Inc. v. City of Los Angeles, No. CV2005193DDPJEMX, 2020 WL 4501792, at *1 (C.D. Cal. Aug. 5, 2020) (“AAGLA’”). Two of the Proposed Intervenors here, ACCE and SAJE, sought, and were permitted, to intervene as defendants in AGGLA. In AAGLA, ACCE and SAJE asserted an interest 12}/in defending tenants’ “legally protected property interest in remaining in their homes.” AGGLA, 2020 WL 4501792 at *2. In allowing intervention as of right, this Court determined that the City would not necessarily adequately represent or defend that interest. Id. at *3. 17 Here, proposed Intervenors make arguments similar to those raised in AAGLA. Proposed Intervenors assert an “interest in the 19] ongoing applicability of the Ordinances’ protections, which 20] directly impact many of their tenant members.” (Mot. at 13:8-10.) With respect to the practical effect of a disposition in this 22\|}matter, Proposed Intervenors contend that a declaratory judgment in Plaintiffs’ favor could be used by other landlords to obtain injunctive relief, or compel the City to, in the face of overwhelming liability for compensatory payments, end the emergency declaration and terminate the Moratorium earlier than COVID and its 27} attendant economic effects would otherwise dictate. (Mot. at 28 14:21-28.) The result, Proposed Intervenors argue, would be an

“outbreak of eviction proceedings,” a rise in homelessness, and increased risk of the spread of COVID-19. (Mot. at 15:6-18.) Proposed Intervenors argue further that, as in AAGLA, the City (1) does not share Proposed Intervenors’ interests, especially insofar 5if}as the City seeks solutions that would benefit Plaintiffs themselves, and (2) does not have the knowledge or information necessary to adequately represent Proposed Intervenors’ low-income 8]}/members and clients’ interests. 9 Plaintiffs here raise arguments that were also raised, and rejected, in AAGLA. Plaintiffs argue, for example, that Proposed Intervenors have failed to show that the City is incapable of representing Proposed Intervenors’ interests because “[t]here is an assumption of adequacy when [a] government is acting on behalf of a constituency that it represents.” Arakaki v. Cayetano, 324 F.3d 1078, 1086 (9th Cir. 2003). At the same time, however, “[t]he burden on proposed intervenors in showing inadequate representation 17}/is minimal, and would be satisfied if they could demonstrate that representation of their interests ‘may be’ inadequate.” Id. Courts, including the Ninth Circuit, “have permitted intervention 20 on the government’s side in recognition that the intervenors’ interests are narrower than that of the government and therefore may not be adequately represented.” Id. at 1087 (collecting 23 || cases). 24 Oakland Bulk & Oversized Terminal, LLC v. City of Oakland is 25]/not to the contrary. As explained in AAGLA, the Oakland Bulk court 26|| concluded only that the proposed intervenors there had not met their burden to demonstrate that the governmental entity would or 28 || could not represent the intervenors’ narrow set of interests.

1 Oakland Bulk, 960 F.3d 603, 620 (9th Cir. 2020); AGGLA, 2020 WL 2 4501792 at *3 n.1. Here, in contrast, Proposed Intervenors have 3 submitted evidence that their interests and the City’s diverge. As 4 an initial matter, Proposed Intervenors’ very existence is premised 5 on the notion that governmental policies have failed to secure 6 economic or social justice, including housing stability, for 7 Proposed Intervenors’ members. (Delgado Decl. ¶ 2; Strathmann 8 Decl. ¶ 2; Gross Decl. ¶ 2.) Furthermore, with respect to the 9 specific ordinances at issue here, although Plaintiffs are correct 10 that Proposed Intervenors’ interests coincide with those of the 11 City to the extent that both have some desire to maintain some 12 level of eviction protections, this Court cannot agree that 13 Proposed Intervenors share the same “ultimate objective” as the 14 City in light of evidence that ACCE, SAJE, and over 300 other 15 organizations advocated for broader COVID-19 emergency protections 16 that the City refused to adopt. (Delgado Decl. ¶ 5; Gross Decl. ¶ 17 5.) 18 Attempting to distinguish this case from AAGLA, Plaintiffs 19 largely rely upon the fact that their Complaint, unlike the AAGLA 20 plaintiff’s complaint, does not seek injunctive relief invalidating 21 or enjoining enforcement of the Eviction Moratorium. Therefore, 22 Plaintiffs suggest, disposition of this matter would not 23 necessarily have any broader effect beyond the small number of 24 private property owners who are party to this suit, and thus this 25 case does not implicate any significant interest Proposed 26 Intervenors may possess. This argument is disingenuous. Although 27 Plaintiffs’ opposition suggests that Plaintiffs are bringing an as- 28 applied challenge to the Moratorium, none of Plaintiffs’ 1 allegations appears particular to Plaintiffs. Indeed, Plaintiffs 2 themselves assert that “[t]he takings litigation is coming, not 3 just from Plaintiffs in this action, but from landlords throughout 4 the City.” (Opposition at 5 n.1). The fourteen Plaintiffs here, 5 who own or manage approximately five thousand of the hundreds of 6 thousands of rental units in Los Angeles, alone seek “an amount in 7 excess of $100,000,000.” (Complaint ¶ 8.) To contend, therefore, 8 as Plaintiffs do, that a declaratory judgment that the Moratorium 9 constitutes an unconstitutional taking would do nothing more than 10 give rise to a “hyper-speculative” fear that the City might make 11 adjustments to the Moratorium is naive, at best. Any argument that 12 this matter presents a limited question pertaining only to a small 13 number of litigants is not well-taken. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 14 24(a)(2) (permitting intervention as of right where “disposing of 15 the action may as a practical matter impair or impede the movant’s 16 ability to protect it’s interest”) (emphasis added). Proposed 17 Intervenors have adequately shown that this matter could affect the 18 viability of the Moratorium’s eviction protections. 19 IV. Conclusion 20 For the reasons stated above, Proposed Intervenors’ Motion to 21 22 // 23 // 24 // 25 // 26 // 27 // 28 // 1 Intervene as defendants is GRANTED.2 2 3 4 5 IT IS SO ORDERED. 6 7 8 Dated: November 22, 2021

DEAN D. PREGERSON

9 United States District Judge 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 2 Even if Proposed Intervenors could not intervene as of right, this Court would grant permission to intervene pursuant to 25 Fed. R. Civ. P. 24(b)(1)(B). See Spangler v. Pasadena City Bd. of Ed., 552 F.2d 1326, 1329 (9th Cir. 1977); Freedom from Religion 26 Found., Inc. v. Geithner, 644 F.3d 836, 844 (9th Cir. 2011) (“[T]he independent jurisdictional grounds requirement does not apply to 27 proposed intervenors in federal-question cases when the proposed intervenor is not raising new claims.”) 28