1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 HENLEY FINANCE, LTD,

12 Plaintiff, No. 2:20-cv-01834-TLN-KJN

13 14 v. ORDER GOYETTE & ASSOCIATES, INC., a 15 California corporation; BIOSCIENCE ENTERPRISES, INC., a California 16 corporation; and DOES 1-20, inclusive, 17 Defendants,

18

19 20 This matter is before the Court on Defendants Goyette & Associates, Inc. (“Goyette”) and 21 Bioscience Enterprises, Inc.’s (“Bioscience”) (collectively, “Defendants”) Motions to Dismiss. 22 (ECF Nos. 11, 10.) Plaintiff Henley Finance, Ltd. (“Plaintiff”) opposes Defendants’ motions. 23 (ECF Nos. 12, 13.) For the reasons set forth below, the Court DENIES Defendants’ motions. 24 (ECF Nos. 11, 10.) 25 /// 26 /// 27 /// 28 /// 1 I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND1 2 Plaintiff brings this action against Defendants alleging the following: (1) conversion of 3 funds; (2) breach of contract; and (3) breach of fiduciary duty. (See ECF No. 1.) Plaintiff is a 4 foreign finance “company incorporated in England and Wales.” (Id. at 2.) Goyette is a California 5 corporation, allegedly providing services including business advice, legal services, and escrow 6 services. (Id.) Biosciences is a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in 7 California. (Id. at 3.) 8 A non-party Robert Kay (“Kay”), a resident of England, was allegedly interested in 9 investing in the “CBD/Hemp trade.” (Id. at 4.) On March 15, 2019, Kay’s purported first 10 investment in the industry was in Commodity Clearinghouse Corporation (“Commodity”) in 11 California, in the sum of $30,000. (Id.) In completing the transaction, the money was first 12 transferred to an escrow account organized by Goyette. (Id. at 5.) 13 From July to September 2019, Kay was allegedly physically present at a 14 “Bioscience/[Commodity] office” in California, where he “met with and came to know” 15 Bioscience’s principal executive officer. (Id. at 6.) Bioscience’s principal executive officer and 16 Kay purportedly discussed that Kay “had a business relationship with [Plaintiff]” and “a 17 relationship of trust and confidence with [Plaintiff]’s founder.” (Id. at 6.) Bioscience’s principal 18 executive officer requested Kay introduce him to Plaintiff’s founder “to discuss Bioscience 19 obtaining short term financing,” and Kay purportedly obliged. (Id.) 20 On July 2, 2019, Plaintiff and Bioscience entered into a loan agreement whereby Plaintiff 21 agreed to make a short-term loan to Bioscience. (Id. at 8.) The term of the loan agreement 22 commenced on the date the loan funds were transmitted from Plaintiff to Bioscience. (Id.) The 23 term of the loan agreement was to end no earlier than thirty days from Bioscience’s receipt of the 24 funds and no later than sixty days after Bioscience’s receipt of funds (anticipated by September 3, 25 2019). (Id.) 26 Goyette allegedly agreed to provide escrow services for the Plaintiff-Bioscience loan. 27 1 The following of recitation of facts is taken, sometimes verbatim, from Plaintiff’s 28 Complaint. (ECF No. 1.) 1 (Id.) Plaintiff alleges Defendants agreed the funds in the escrow account would not leave the 2 escrow account “except on the terms as required under the loan agreement and as instructed by 3 [Plaintiff].” (Id.) On July 10, 2019, Plaintiff transferred $999,995 to the Goyette escrow account. 4 (Id.) On July 11, 2019, Kay, acting as Plaintiff’s authorized agent, called and spoke with 5 Goyette. (Id. at 9.) Goyette allegedly confirmed to Kay that the funds had been received and that 6 the funds were not to be distributed without the express permission of Richard Butler (“Butler”), 7 Plaintiff’s founder and authorized agent. (Id. at 6, 9.) Additionally, Plaintiff alleges Bioscience’s 8 principal executive officer wrote to Goyette on September 7, 2019, indicating that none of 9 Plaintiff’s funds were to be used without the express written authorization of Butler. (Id. at 9.) 10 Plaintiff alleges Goyette disbursed Plaintiff’s funds to Bioscience (and allegedly others, 11 though there is no mention to whom) without the express authorization of Butler. (Id.) Further, 12 Goyette allegedly disbursed $5,000 of Plaintiff’s funds to itself without Butler’s authorization. 13 (Id.) Plaintiff alleges Defendants have not returned any funds to Plaintiff to date. (Id. at 10.) 14 Plaintiff filed its Complaint on September 11, 2020, seeking compensatory damages 15 through three causes of action: (1) conversion of funds; (2) breach of contract; and (3) breach of 16 fiduciary duty. (Id. at 10–12.) Goyette filed a motion to dismiss on November 11, 2020, 17 pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (“Rule” or “Rules”) 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). (ECF 18 No. 11.) Bioscience separately filed a motion to dismiss on November 11, 2020, pursuant to 19 12(b)(1). (ECF No. 10.) On December 23, 2020, Plaintiff opposed Defendants’ motions. (ECF 20 Nos. 12, 13.) Goyette filed a reply on December 30, 2020, and Bioscience filed a reply on 21 December 31, 2020. (ECF Nos. 14, 16.) 22 II. STANDARD OF LAW 23 A. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(1) 24 A motion under Rule 12(b)(1) challenges a federal court's jurisdiction to decide claims 25 alleged in the complaint. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1); see also id. at 12(h)(3) (“If the court 26 determines at any time that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the 27 action.”); Robinson v. United States, 586 F.3d 683, 685 (9th Cir. 2009) (holding the court may 28 determine jurisdiction on a Rule 12(b)(1) motion unless “the jurisdictional issue is inextricable 1 from the merits of a case”) (internal citations omitted). 2 A Rule 12(b)(1) motion attacking subject matter jurisdiction may be either facial or 3 factual. White v. Lee, 227 F.3d 1214, 1242 (9th Cir. 2000). When the motion is a facial attack, 4 the court only considers the allegations in the complaint and any documents attached to the 5 complaint or referred to in the complaint. Gould Electronics Inc. v. U.S., 220 F.3d 169, 176 (3rd 6 Cir. 2000). The court accepts all the material factual allegations in plaintiff’s complaint as 7 true. Cahill v. Liberty Mut. Ins. Co., 80 F.3d 336, 337–38 (9th Cir. 1996). “[J]urisdiction must 8 be shown affirmatively, and that showing cannot be made by drawing from the pleadings 9 inferences favorable to the party asserting it.” Shipping Financial Services Corp. v. Drakos, 140 10 F.3d 129, 131 (2nd Cir. 1998) (citing Norton v. Larney, 266 U.S. 511, 515 (1925)). 11 When a Rule 12(b)(1) motion attacks the existence of subject matter jurisdiction “in fact,” 12 no presumption of truthfulness attaches to the plaintiff’s allegations. Thornhill Pub. Co., Inc. v. 13 Gen. Tel. & Elecs. Corp., 594 F.2d 730, 733 (9th Cir. 1979). Rather, “the district court is not 14 restricted to the face of the pleadings, but may review any evidence, such as affidavits and 15 testimony, to resolve factual disputes concerning the existence of jurisdiction.” McCarthy v. 16 United States, 850 F.2d 558, 560 (9th Cir. 1988). “Once challenged, the party asserting subject 17 matter jurisdiction has the burden of proving its existence.” Robinson, 586 F.3d at 685 18 (quoting Rattlesnake Coal. v. E.P.A., 509 F.3d 1095, 1102 n.1 (9th Cir. 2007)). 19 B. Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) 20 A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted under 21 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 12(b)(6) tests the legal sufficiency of a complaint. 22 Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001). Rule 8(a) requires that a pleading contain 23 “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. 24 Civ. P. 8(a); see also Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 677–78 (2009). Under notice pleading in 25 federal court, the complaint must “give the defendant fair notice of what the . . . claim is and the 26 grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atlantic v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007) (internal 27 citation and quotations omitted). “This simplified notice pleading standard relies on liberal 28 discovery rules and summary judgment motions to define disputed facts and issues and to dispose 1 of unmeritorious claims.” Swierkiewicz v. Sorema N.A., 534 U.S. 506, 512 (2002). 2 On a motion to dismiss, the factual allegations of the complaint must be accepted as true. 3 Cruz v. Beto, 405 U.S. 319, 322 (1972). A court must give the plaintiff the benefit of every 4 reasonable inference to be drawn from the “well-pleaded” allegations of the complaint. Retail 5 Clerks Int’l Ass’n v. Schermerhorn, 373 U.S. 746, 753 n.6 (1963). A plaintiff need not allege 6 “‘specific facts’ beyond those necessary to state his claim and the grounds showing entitlement to 7 relief.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570 (internal citation omitted). 8 Nevertheless, a court “need not assume the truth of legal conclusions cast in the form of 9 factual allegations.” U.S. ex rel. Chunie v. Ringrose, 788 F.2d 638, 643 n.2 (9th Cir. 1986). 10 While Rule 8(a) does not require detailed factual allegations, “it demands more than an 11 unadorned, the defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. A 12 pleading is insufficient if it offers mere “labels and conclusions” or “a formulaic recitation of the 13 elements of a cause of action.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555; see also Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678 14 (“Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory 15 statements, do not suffice.”). Thus, “[c]onclusory allegations of law and unwarranted inferences 16 are insufficient to defeat a motion to dismiss” for failure to state a claim. Adams v. Johnson, 355 17 F.3d 1179, 1183 (9th Cir. 2004) (citations omitted). Moreover, it is inappropriate to assume the 18 plaintiff “can prove facts that it has not alleged or that the defendants have violated the . . . laws 19 in ways that have not been alleged.” Associated Gen. Contractors of Cal., Inc. v. Cal. State 20 Council of Carpenters, 459 U.S. 519, 526 (1983). 21 Ultimately, a court may not dismiss a complaint in which the plaintiff has alleged “enough 22 facts to state a claim to relief that is plausible on its face.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 570. “A claim 23 has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw the 24 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 25 678. While the plausibility requirement is not akin to a probability requirement, it demands more 26 than “a sheer possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully.” Id. This plausibility inquiry is “a 27 context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and 28 common sense.” Id. at 679. Thus, only where a plaintiff fails to “nudge [his or her] claims . . . 1 across the line from conceivable to plausible[,]” is the complaint properly dismissed. Id. at 680 2 (internal quotations omitted). 3 In ruling on a motion to dismiss, a court may consider only the complaint, any exhibits 4 thereto, and matters which may be judicially noticed pursuant to Federal Rule of Evidence 201. 5 See Mir v. Little Co. of Mary Hosp., 844 F.2d 646, 649 (9th Cir. 1988); Isuzu Motors Ltd. v. 6 Consumers Union of U.S., Inc., 12 F. Supp. 2d 1035, 1042 (C.D. Cal. 1998); see also Daniels- 7 Hall v. Nat’l Educ. Ass’n, 629 F.3d 992, 998 (9th Cir. 2010) (the court need not accept as true 8 allegations that contradict matters properly subject to judicial notice). 9 If a complaint fails to state a plausible claim, “‘[a] district court should grant leave to 10 amend even if no request to amend the pleading was made, unless it determines that the pleading 11 could not possibly be cured by the allegation of other facts.’” Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 12 1130 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (quoting Doe v. United States, 58 F.3d 494, 497 (9th Cir. 1995)); 13 see also Gardner v. Martino, 563 F.3d 981, 990 (9th Cir. 2009) (finding no abuse of discretion in 14 denying leave to amend when amendment would be futile). Although a district court should 15 freely give leave to amend when justice so requires under Rule 15(a)(2), “the court’s discretion to 16 deny such leave is ‘particularly broad’ where the plaintiff has previously amended its 17 complaint[.]” Ecological Rights Found. v. Pac. Gas & Elec. Co., 713 F.3d 502, 520 (9th Cir. 18 2013) (quoting Miller v. Yokohama Tire Corp., 358 F.3d 616, 622 (9th Cir. 2004)). 19 III. DEFENDANTS’ MOTIONS TO DISMISS PURSUANT TO FEDERAL RULE OF CIVIL 20 PROCEDURE 12(B)(1) 21 Defendants seek dismissal under Rule 12(b)(1) on the basis that, pursuant to California 22 Corporations Code Sections 2105 and 2203, Plaintiff lacks standing because Plaintiff is a foreign 23 corporation and engaged in intrastate business without first obtaining a certificate of qualification 24 from the Secretary of State.2 (See ECF No. 10-1 at 1-2; ECF No. 11-1 at 6.) Plaintiff argues it 25 did not transact intrastate business, but rather made an investment as a foreign shareholder. (See 26

27 2 It is undisputed Plaintiff is a foreign corporation, incorporated in England and Wales. (See ECF No. 1 at 2.) Plaintiff does not state that it obtained a certificate of qualification from the 28 Secretary of State. 1 ECF No. 12 at 5.) At issue is whether Plaintiff transacted intrastate business and was thus 2 required to obtain a certificate of qualification from the Secretary of State prior to commencing 3 this action. 4 While a plaintiff bears the burden to sufficiently allege standing (see Lujan v. Defs. of 5 Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 561 (1992) (“[t]he party invoking federal jurisdiction bears the burden of 6 establishing [standing]”)), in a motion to dismiss pursuant to California Corporations Code 7 Sections 2015 and 2203, the defendant, as the moving party, bears the burden of proving: (1) the 8 action arises out of the plaintiff’s transaction of intrastate business; and (2) the action was 9 commenced prior to the plaintiff qualifying to transact intrastate business. Osprey 1 LLC v. 10 January, Inc., No. C 17-06620 WHA, 2018 Westlaw 905916, at *3 (N.D. Cal., Feb. 15, 2018) 11 (citing United Med. Mgmt. v. Gatto, 49 Cal. App. 4th 1732, 1740 (1996)); LeBlanc Nutritions, 12 Inc. v. Advanced Nutra, LLC, No. Civ. S-05-0581FCDJFM, 2005 WL 1398538, at *3 (E.D. Cal. 13 June 14, 2005) (citing United Sys. of Ark., Inc. v. Stamison, 63 Cal. App. 4th 1001, 1007 (1998)). 14 A. Whether the Action Arises Out of Plaintiff’s Transaction of Intrastate Business 15 Goyette contends Plaintiff filed this lawsuit over a dispute arising from Plaintiff’s 16 intrastate business conducted in California on the basis that Kay’s actions were performed as 17 Plaintiff’s agent and amount to Plaintiff engaging in intrastate business. (See ECF No. 11-1 at 18 11.) Bioscience contends it is “unclear” if this lawsuit is over a dispute arising from Plaintiff’s 19 intrastate business conducted in California, and without Plaintiff’s affirmative allegations as to 20 whether or not Plaintiff engaged in intrastate business, Plaintiff has failed to allege standing. (See 21 ECF No. 10-1 at 4.) Plaintiff opposes Defendants’ arguments, stating that it did not transact 22 intrastate business in California. (ECF No. 13 at 16; ECF No. 12 at 12.) 23 In California, a foreign corporation is prohibited from transacting intrastate business 24 without first obtaining a certificate of qualification from the Secretary of State. Cal. Corp. Code § 25 2105(a). The California legislature has defined “transact[ing] intrastate business” as “entering 26 into repeated and successive transactions of business in this state, other than in interstate and 27 foreign commerce.” Id. § 191(a). 28 /// 1 i. Goyette’s Argument 2 Goyette claims Kay’s actions were on behalf of Plaintiff and are sufficient to establish 3 Plaintiff engaged in intrastate business. (See ECF No. 11-1 at 11–12.) Goyette states that Kay’s 4 prior dealings — including his investment of $30,000 in Commodity, and his physical presence at 5 a California Bioscience office from July to September 2019, during which he purportedly “‘met 6 with and came to know’” Bioscience’s principal executive officer — were as Plaintiff’s agent and 7 amount to Plaintiff engaging in intrastate business. (Id.) Goyette further argues Kay acted as 8 Plaintiff’s agent to establish relations with California companies for Plaintiff to pursue 9 investments. (Id. at 11.) 10 Plaintiff states Kay’s actions were not done as Plaintiff’s agent and thus do not amount to 11 Plaintiff having engaged in intrastate business. (See ECF No. 13 at 11, 16.) While Plaintiff 12 concedes Kay was “associated” with Plaintiff, had a business relationship with Plaintiff, and had 13 “a relationship of trust and confidence with [Plaintiff]’s founder,” Plaintiff alleges Kay’s sole act 14 as an agent of Plaintiff was a nearly six-minute phone call to Goyette to provide escrow 15 instructions. (See ECF No. 1 at 4, 6, 9.) Plaintiff argues Kay’s other actions alleged in the 16 complaint were his own and did not involve Plaintiff. (See ECF 13 at 11, 16.) 17 Whether a foreign entity transacts intrastate business is a question committed to the 18 “peculiar facts” of each case. See Le Vecke v. Griesedieck W. Brewery Co., 233 F.2d 772, 775 19 (9th Cir. 1956) (citing W. Pub. Co. v. Superior Ct. of City & Cnty. of San Francisco, 20 Cal. 2d 20 720, 727 (1942)). 21 The Court finds Goyette’s argument that Kay acted on behalf of Plaintiff unpersuasive. 22 Plaintiff solely alleges Kay acted as Plaintiff’s agent during Kay’s phone call to Goyette, which is 23 insufficient to amount to intrastate business. (ECF No. 1 at 9); see Bos. v. ClubCorp USA, Inc., 24 No. CV 18-3746 PSG (SSX), 2019 WL 4418130, at *7 (C.D. Cal. June 24, 2019) (finding a 25 phone call between a Texas corporation and a California corporation constituted interstate rather 26 than intrastate business); Cal. Corp. Code §§ 167, 171 (“‘Foreign corporation’ means any 27 corporation other than a domestic corporation” and “‘Domestic corporation’ means a corporation 28 formed under the laws of this state”); see also Hinden/Owen/Engelke, Inc. v. Wailea Kai 1 Charters, 949 F. Supp. 775, 777 (D. Haw. 1996) (under a nearly identical Hawaiian law, there 2 was no intrastate business transaction even when the plaintiff's agent met with the defendants in 3 Hawaii). The remainder of Kay’s activity — such as the $30,000 investment and his physical 4 presence in a California Bioscience office — in the state is irrelevant to Plaintiff and Bioscience’s 5 loan agreement, since Plaintiff does not allege Kay was acting on behalf of or as an agent of 6 Plaintiff. 7 Plaintiff alleges a singular transaction in the form of a loan to Bioscience. (ECF No. 1 at 8 8.) Though the agreement was purportedly executed in Sacramento County, under the plain 9 language of the statute, a single loan is not sufficient to give rise to “repeated and successive 10 transactions of business in this state.” (ECF No. 1 at 10); Cal. Corp. Code § 191(a); see also 11 LeBlanc Nutritions, Inc. v. Advanced Nutra LLC, No. Civ. S-05-0581FCDJFM, 2005 WL 12 1398538, at *3 (E.D. Cal. June 14, 2005) (finding no intrastate business transaction on two 13 transactions between California and Japan); Thorner v. Selective Cam Transmission Co., 180 Cal. 14 App. 2d 89, 91 (1960) (“[A] foreign corporation is not doing, transacting, carrying on, or 15 engaging in business in a state, by making loans outside the state to residents thereof . . .”). 16 Therefore, Goyette has not met its burden to prove Plaintiff transacted intrastate business 17 in this state. 18 ii. Bioscience’s Argument 19 Bioscience argues, pursuant to sections 2015 and 2203 of the California Corporations 20 Code, Plaintiff has failed to sufficiently allege standing on the basis that it is “unclear” if this 21 lawsuit is over a dispute arising from Plaintiff’s intrastate business conducted in California. (See 22 ECF No. 10-1 at 4.) Plaintiff opposes, stating Bioscience has failed to meet its burden of proof 23 that Plaintiff conducted intrastate business. (ECF No. 12 at 10.) 24 In the instant case, Bioscience has not met its burden. See Osprey 1 LLC, 2018 WL 25 905916, at *3. Instead, Bioscience improperly attempts to shift its burden of proof to Plaintiff, 26 stating it is Plaintiff’s burden to sufficiently allege standing. (ECF No. 10-1 at 4.) While Plaintiff 27 is required to allege standing, the defendant bears the burden to prove the complaint arises out of 28 the Plaintiff’s intrastate business. Hurst v. Buczek Enterprises, LLC, 870 F. Supp. 2d 810, 818 1 (N.D. Cal. 2012) (a “defendant who seeks to challenge a plaintiff’s standing under Cal. Corp. 2 Code §§ 2105 and 2203 may do so by motion to dismiss for lack of standing[,]” but the 3 “defendant, as moving party, bears the burden” of proof) (quoting LeBlanc, 2005 WL 1398538 at 4 *3) (internal quotations omitted). Rather than provide evidence of Plaintiff’s intrastate business, 5 Bioscience argues it is “utterly vague, ambiguous, and unclear” whether Plaintiff engaged in 6 intrastate business. (See ECF No. 16 at 2.) Without anything beyond these cursory arguments, 7 the Court cannot find that Bioscience has met its burden of proof. 8 Therefore, Bioscience has not met its burden to prove Plaintiff transacted intrastate 9 business in this state.3 10 B. Whether the Action Was Commenced Prior to Plaintiff Qualifying to Transact 11 Intrastate Business 12 Defendants contend Plaintiff commenced this action prior to obtaining a certificate of 13 qualification to transact intrastate business from the Secretary of State. (ECF No. 10-1 at 4; ECF 14 No. 11-1 at 12.) 15 A foreign corporation that transacts intrastate business without first obtaining a certificate 16 of qualification shall not maintain any action upon intrastate business in any court of this state. 17 Cal. Corp. Code § 2203(c). 18 As Defendants have not met their burden to prove Plaintiff transacted intrastate business, 19 the Court need not consider whether Plaintiff commenced this action prior to obtaining a 20 certificate of qualification, pursuant to California Corporations Code Section 2203.4 21

22 3 Plaintiff seeks an exemption to the certificate requirement, pursuant to California Corporations Code Sections 191(c)(1) and 191(c)(8). (ECF No. 12 at 11–12; ECF No. 13 at 14- 23 15.) However, the Court need not consider the exemption, since, as discussed above, Defendants have not met their burden of proof that Plaintiff transacted intrastate business. 24

25 4 Defendants request the Court take judicial notice of documents demonstrating Plaintiff’s failure to obtain a certificate of qualification from the Secretary of State. (ECF Nos. 10-4, 11-6.) 26 However, since Defendants failed to meet their burden of proof that Plaintiff transacted intrastate business, the Court need not determine if Plaintiff obtained a certificate of qualification from the 27 Secretary of State. Accordingly, Defendants’ requests for judicial notice (ECF Nos. 10-4, 11-6) are DENIED. 28 1 Therefore, Defendants’ motions to dismiss pursuant to Rule 12(b)(1) (ECF Nos. 10, 11) 2 are hereby DENIED. 3 IV. GOYETTE’S MOTION TO DISMISS PURSUANT TO FEDERAL RULE OF CIVIL 4 PROCEDURE 12(B)(6) 5 Goyette seeks dismissal under Rule 12(b)(6) on that basis that Plaintiff has not sufficiently 6 alleged claims upon which the Court can grant relief for: (1) conversion of funds; and (2) breach 7 of fiduciary duty. (ECF No. 11-1 at 6-7.) The Court will address each claim in turn. 8 A. Conversion of Funds 9 Goyette seeks dismissal of Plaintiff’s conversion claim under Rule 12(b)(6) on the basis 10 that Plaintiff has failed to state a claim for conversion upon which relief can be granted. (ECF 11 No. 11-1 at 6.) Plaintiff opposes, arguing it has sufficiently alleged facts to state a claim for 12 conversion. (ECF No. 13 at 20.) 13 “‘Conversion is the wrongful exercise of dominion over the property of another.’” 14 Mindys Cosms., Inc. v. Dakar, 611 F.3d 590, 601 (9th Cir. 2010) (quoting Oakdale Vill. Group v. 15 Fong, 43 Cal. App. 4th 539, 543 (1996)). The elements of a conversion are: (1) the plaintiff’s 16 ownership or right to possession of the property at the time of the conversion; (2) the defendant’s 17 conversion by a wrongful act or disposition of property rights; and, (3) damages. Id. The Court 18 will examine each element in turn. 19 i. Whether Plaintiff Had Ownership or Right to Possession of the 20 Property 21 Plaintiff alleges it was the owner of the funds transferred to Goyette. (See ECF No. 1 at 22 10). Goyette argues Plaintiff neither owned nor had the right to possess the funds at the time 23 when it claims Goyette disbursed the funds. (See ECF No. 11-1 at 13). Goyette compares 24 Plaintiff’s right to possession of the funds to a contractual right of payment. (Id.) 25 “To maintain a conversion action, ‘it is not essential that the plaintiff shall be the absolute 26 owner of the property converted but she must show that she was entitled to immediate possession 27 at the time of conversion.’” In re Bailey, 197 F. 3d 997, 1000 (9th Cir. 1999) (quoting 28 Bastanchury v. Times-Mirror Co., 68 Cal. App. 2d 217, 236 (1945). “California courts generally 1 permit actions for conversion where a readily ascertainable sum has been misappropriated, 2 commingled, or misdirected.” Sims v. AT & T Mobility Servs. LLC, 955 F. Supp. 2d 1110, 1118 3 (E.D. Cal. 2013); see also Weiss v. Marcus, 51 Cal. App. 3d 590, 598 (1975). 4 In the instant case, Plaintiff alleges it transferred its own funds to Goyette to hold in an 5 escrow account. (ECF No. 1 at 8.) This in itself is sufficient to demonstrate ownership of the 6 funds. See ESG Cap. Partners, LP v. Stratos, 828 F.3d 1023, 1038 (9th Cir. 2016) (finding the 7 plaintiff’s allegation of a transfer of funds into a client trust account was sufficient to allege 8 ownership). Goyette argues, by the terms of the loan agreement 5, the earliest Plaintiff would 9 have any right to possession of the funds was thirty days after it transferred the funds to 10 Bioscience. However, since Plaintiff alleges it provided the funds to Goyette to be held in 11 escrow, including specific instructions to not move the funds without Plaintiff’s consent, Plaintiff 12 had a right to possession. (ECF No. 1 at 8); Chase Inv. Servs. Corp. v. L. Offs. of Jon Divens & 13 Assocs., LLC, 748 F. Supp. 2d 1145, 1179 (C.D. Cal. 2010), aff’d, 491 F. Appx. 793 (9th Cir. 14 2012) (finding the plaintiff retained its ownership interest while its property was held in escrow). 15 Goyette also argues that a “‘mere contractual right of payment, without more, does not 16 entitle the obligee to the immediate possession necessary to establish’ a cause of action for 17 conversion.” (ECF No. 11-1 at 13) (quoting In re Bailey, 197 F. 3d 997, 1000 (9th Cir. 1999). 18 However, Plaintiff has alleged more than a mere contractual right of payment, as it has identified 19 a specific identifiable sum in which it has an alleged ownership. See Gulf Ins. Co. v. First Bank, 20 No. CIV S-08-209 LKK/JFM, 2008 WL 2383927, at *3 (E.D. Cal. June 4, 2008) (holding the 21 plaintiff sufficiently alleged a cause of action for conversion by identifying a specific sum of 22 undisbursed loan funds); see also Travelers Cas. & Sur. Co. of Am. v. RBC Centura Bank, No. 23 5 Goyette requests the Court consider the Plaintiff-Bioscience loan agreement (ECF No. 11- 24 1, Ex. A), pursuant to the incorporation by reference doctrine. (ECF No. 11-1 at 7 n.1.) As Plaintiff refers to the loan agreement throughout its complaint, it is indeed incorporated by 25 reference and can be considered by this Court on a motion to dismiss. United States v. Ritchie, 342 F.3d 903, 908 (9th Cir. 2003) (holding the defendant may offer a document in a motion to 26 dismiss that the plaintiff refers to extensively in the complaint or that forms the basis of plaintiff’s 27 claim); see also Khoja v. Orexigen Therapeutics, Inc., 899 F.3d 988, 1002 (9th Cir. 2018) (holding the incorporation by reference doctrine allows the court to treat “certain documents as 28 though they are part of the complaint itself”); Fed. R. Civ. P. 10(c). 1 2:08-CV-00369GEBEFB, 2008 WL 1925017, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 29, 2008) (holding the 2 plaintiff sufficiently stated a claim for conversion by alleging a right to immediate possession of 3 funds after the borrower defaulted). 4 Therefore, Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged facts to support the first element of 5 conversion. 6 /// 7 ii. Whether Goyette’s Conversion Was by a Wrongful Act 8 Plaintiff alleges Goyette’s unilateral transfer of funds was a wrongful act, committed in 9 violation of the provided escrow instructions. (ECF No. 1 at 9.) Goyette contends Plaintiff 10 consented to Goyette’s holding and disbursing the funds when Plaintiff voluntarily transferred the 11 money to Goyette’s account. (ECF No. 11-1 at 13–14.) Goyette further argues it did not 12 wrongfully transfer the funds, since the loan agreement does not contain any conditions on 13 Bioscience receiving the money and that transferring the funds was consistent with Plaintiff’s 14 own intent as expressed in the loan agreement. (Id. at 14.) 15 “It is not necessary that there be a manual taking of the property; it is only necessary to 16 show an assumption of control or ownership over the property, or that the alleged converter has 17 applied the property to his own use.” Farmers Ins. Exch. v. Zerin, 53 Cal. App. 4th 445, 451–52 18 (1997). “[A]n unauthorized transfer of funds is sufficient to constitute disposal of a plaintiff’s 19 funds in a manner inconsistent with the plaintiff's rights. ESG Cap. Partners, LP v. Stratos, 828 20 F. 3d 1023, 1038 (9th Cir. 2016) (citing Virtanen v. O’Connell, 140 Cal. App. 4th 688, 707–08 21 (2006)). 22 Here, Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged Goyette’s assumption of control and application of 23 the property to its own use by alleging an unauthorized transfer of funds, including $5,000 to 24 Goyette itself. (ECF No. 1 at 9.); ESG Cap., 828 F. 3d at 1038 (holding the plaintiff satisfied the 25 second element of conversion by alleging the defendant made an unauthorized transfer of funds). 26 Since Plaintiff alleges all parties agreed not to distribute the funds without Plaintiff’s permission, 27 Goyette’s transfer disposed of the funds in a manner inconsistent with Plaintiff’s rights. (ECF 28 No. 1 at 8); ESG Cap., 828 F. 3d at 1038. While Plaintiff voluntarily transferred the funds to 1 Goyette, Plaintiff did not consent to Goyette’s exercise of dominion, but rather retained its 2 ownership rights and provided specific instructions on the manner in which Goyette could 3 distribute the funds. Virtanen, 140 Cal. App. 4th at 707–08 (holding a plaintiff that voluntarily 4 transferred property to be held in escrow did not consent to the defendant’s unauthorized 5 transfer). Though the eventual transfer of funds to Bioscience would indeed be consistent with 6 the parties’ intentions, it was Plaintiff, not Goyette, that retained the right to choose when the 7 transfer would occur (by way of the escrow instructions), if at all. Chase Inv. Servs. Corp., 748 F. 8 Supp. 2d at 1179, 1181) (finding the plaintiff retained its ownership interest while its property 9 was held in escrow and that the defendant was liable for conversion by making a transfer without 10 the plaintiff’s consent). 11 Therefore, Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged facts to support the second element of 12 conversion. 13 iii. Damages 14 Plaintiff alleges, as a result of Goyette’s conduct, it has suffered damages of $999,995 that 15 are unrecovered to date. (ECF No. 1 at 10). 16 The normal measure of damages for conversion is “[t]he value of the property at the time 17 of the conversion” and “[a] fair compensation for the time and money properly expended in 18 pursuit of the property.” Cal. Civ. Code, § 3336; see also Chase Inv. Servs. Corp., 748 F. Supp. 19 2d at 1181 (quoting Virtanen, 140 Cal. App. 4th at 708). 20 Here, Plaintiff has alleged $999,995 plus interest in damages. This is the alleged value of 21 the property at the time of conversion. Accordingly, Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged facts to 22 support the third element of conversion. 23 Therefore, as Plaintiff has met its burden to allege each element of a claim for conversion, 24 Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged a plausible claim for conversion. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 680. 25 Goyette’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff’s claim for conversion pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) is hereby 26 DENIED. 27 B. Breach of Fiduciary Duty 28 Goyette seeks dismissal of Plaintiff’s breach of fiduciary duty claim on the basis that: (1) 1 Goyette was not an escrow holder for Plaintiff thus it owed Plaintiff no fiduciary obligation; and 2 (2) Plaintiff fails to allege the existence of any enforceable escrow instruction, nor any breach. 3 (ECF No. 11-1 at 15–16.) In opposition, Plaintiff argues it sufficiently alleged Goyette agreed to 4 act as escrow and that all parties agreed on the escrow instructions. (ECF No. 13 at 22.) 5 The elements of a claim for breach of fiduciary duty are: (1) the existence of a fiduciary 6 relationship; (2) the breach of that relationship; and (3) damages proximately caused by the 7 breach. Gulf, 2008 WL 2383927 at *3 (citing Mosier v. S. Cal. Physicians Ins. Exch., 63 Cal. 8 App. 4th 1022, 1044 (1998). The Court will examine each element in turn. 9 i. Whether a fiduciary relationship existed 10 At issue is a dispute as to whether a fiduciary relationship existed premised on whether 11 Goyette served as an escrow holder for the transaction. 12 “An escrow involves the deposit of documents and/or money with a third party to be 13 delivered on the occurrence of some condition. An escrow holder is an agent and fiduciary of the 14 parties to the escrow. Summit Fin. Holdings, Ltd. v. Cont’l Laws. Title Co., 27 Cal. 4th 705, 711 15 (2002), as modified on denial of reh’g (May 15, 2002) (internal quotations and citations omitted). 16 Here, Plaintiff alleges “Goyette agreed to provide transactional escrow services for the 17 [Plaintiff]-Bioscience loan” and that “Bioscience and Goyette agreed the funds provided to 18 escrow would never leave [escrow] except on the terms as required under the loan agreement and 19 as instructed by [Plaintiff].” (ECF No. 1 at 8.) Taking Plaintiff’s allegations as true, an escrow 20 was created when Plaintiff transferred its funds to Goyette. Pasternak v. Boutris, 99 Cal. App. 21 4th 907, 919 (2002) (finding an escrow existed when lenders, for the purpose of transferring their 22 money to a borrower, delivered it to a third party (the escrow holder), to be held until the 23 performance of a condition or event). Despite Goyette’s contention that, to create an escrow 24 account, the underlying contract between the two original parties must contemplate the escrow 25 account (ECF No. 11-1 at 15), there is no such requirement, see Cal. Fin. Code § 17003 (defining 26 escrow); Pasternak, 99 Cal. App. 4th at 919–20 (finding no requirement of a 27 contract). Accordingly, Goyette served as an escrow holder and thus had a fiduciary duty to 28 Plaintiff. See Summit, 27 Cal. 4th 705, 711. 1 Taking Plaintiff’s allegations as true, Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged facts to support the 2 first element of a breach of a fiduciary duty claim. 3 ii. Whether Goyette Breached the Fiduciary Relationship 4 Plaintiff alleges Goyette breached its fiduciary duty by disbursing the $999,995 in 5 violation of the escrow instructions. (ECF No. 1 at 11.) Goyette argues it did not receive 6 enforceable escrow instructions and that a fiduciary duty was not established until September 7, 7 2019, which was after the funds had been disposed by Goyette. (ECF No. 11-1 at 16–17.) 8 Whether a breach of fiduciary duty has occurred is a question of fact. Gulf, 2008 WL 9 2383927, at *3 (citing Amtower v. Photon Dynamics, Inc., 158 Cal. App. 4th 1582, 1599 (2008)). 10 As a fiduciary, “an escrow holder must comply strictly with the instructions of the parties.” 11 Summit Fin. Holdings, Ltd., 27 Cal. 4th at 711. If an escrow holder violated the escrow 12 instructions, it would be liable for any loss occasioned by its breach of duty. Kelly, 148 Cal. App. 13 2d at 217. 14 Goyette disputes Plaintiff’s allegation that Goyette agreed to serve as escrow and that 15 Goyette agreed to not distribute the funds without Plaintiff’s consent. However, this is a factual 16 dispute. Accordingly, it would be inappropriate for the Court to resolve genuinely disputed facts 17 at the pleading stage. See Cruz, 405 U.S. at 322. As such, at this stage, the Court must accept as 18 true that Goyette agreed to serve as escrow holder and that all parties agreed to not distribute the 19 funds without Plaintiff’s consent. 20 Goyette’s argument that a fiduciary duty was not established (and thus could not have 21 been breached) until September 7, 2019, is unsupported in the complaint. Rather, Plaintiff alleges 22 all parties agreed the funds would remain in escrow “except on the terms as required under the 23 loan agreement and as instructed by [Plaintiff].” (ECF No. 1 at 8.) The September 7 instructions 24 Goyette points to were allegedly a written confirmation of the escrow instructions, not the first 25 receipt of escrow instructions.6 (ECF No. 1 at 9.) 26 6 The parties do not provide a specific date for an initial receipt of escrow instructions. 27 However, the Complaint appears to allege instructions were provided at some point between July 2, 2019 — when the parties entered into the contract — to July 10, 2019 — when the funds were 28 transferred. (See ECF No. 1 at 8–9.) 1 Accordingly, giving Plaintiff the benefit of every reasonable inference, see Retail Clerks, 2 | 373 U.S. at 753 n.6), Plaintiff's allegation that Goyette breached its fiduciary duty by disbursing 3 | the $999,995 in violation of the escrow instructions (ECF No. 1 at 11) is sufficient to support the 4 || second element of a breach of a fiduciary duty claim. (See Kelly, 148 Cal. App. 2d at 217.) 5 iii. Damages 6 Plaintiff alleges “[a]s a proximate result of Goyette’s breach of fiduciary duty, Plaintiff 7 | was damaged.” (ECF No. 1 at 12.) Goyette offers no argument disputing the alleged damages, 8 | other than what has been outlined in the previous sections. 9 “Where a party’s money is deposited in escrow and is disposed of without compliance 10 | with the escrow instructions, he is entitled to recover from the escrow holder such damages as he 11 || may have suffered.” (See Kelly, 148 Cal. App. 2d at 217.) 12 Accordingly, Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged facts to support the third element of a 13 || breach of a fiduciary duty claim. Therefore, as Plaintiff has met its burden to allege each element 14 | of aclaim for breach of fiduciary duty, Plaintiff has sufficiently alleged a plausible claim for 15 || breach of fiduciary duty. See Igbal, 556 U.S. at 680. Goyette’s motion to dismiss Plaintiff's 16 | claim for breach of fiduciary duty is hereby DENIED. 17 V. CONCLUSION 18 For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss (ECF Nos. 11, 10) are hereby 19 | DENIED. Defendants are ordered to file an answer not later than twenty-one (21) days after the 20 | electronic filing date of this Order. 21 IT IS SO ORDERED. 22 | DATED: February 24, 2022 3 { J) /) 24 “ ! } haku) 25 Troy L. Nuhlep> %6 United States District Judge 27 28 17