1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 RAYMOND ALFORD BRADFORD, No. 2:21-cv-0637-TLN-EFB P 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. ORDER AND FINDINGS AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

14 P. SAFY, 15 Defendant. 16 17 Plaintiff is a state prisoner proceeding without counsel and in forma pauperis in an action 18 brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The court previously concluded in its order granting plaintiff 19 leave to proceed in forma pauperis that plaintiff is a “three strikes” litigant within the meaning of 20 28 U.S.C. § 1915(g). ECF No. 15 at 2. But the court also found that plaintiff’s allegations 21 qualified for the imminent danger exception to the three strikes bar because of his claim that he 22 had been denied medical care for severe injuries and illnesses because of his refusal to be tested 23 for COVID-19. Id. Plaintiff has since filed an amended complaint (ECF No. 18), which the court 24 must screen, and a motion entitled “Motion for Emergency Relief . . .” (ECF No. 20). For the 25 reasons stated below, the amended complaint is largely convoluted and packed with numerous 26 unexplained claims having nothing to do with the original allegation of an imminent danger. The 27 amended complaint fails to state a claim and must be dismissed. Likewise, the motion must be 28 denied. 1 Screening Standards 2 Federal courts must engage in a preliminary screening of cases in which prisoners seek 3 redress from a governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. 28 U.S.C. 4 § 1915A(a). The court must identify cognizable claims or dismiss the complaint, or any portion 5 of the complaint, if the complaint “is frivolous, malicious, or fails to state a claim upon which 6 relief may be granted,” or “seeks monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such 7 relief.” Id. § 1915A(b). 8 A pro se plaintiff, like other litigants, must satisfy the pleading requirements of Rule 8(a) 9 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Rule 8(a)(2) “requires a complaint to include a short and 10 plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief, in order to give the 11 defendant fair notice of what the claim is and the grounds upon which it rests.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. 12 Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 554, 562-563 (2007) (citing Conley v. Gibson, 355 U.S. 41 (1957)). 13 While the complaint must comply with the “short and plaint statement” requirements of Rule 8, 14 its allegations must also include the specificity required by Twombly and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 15 U.S. 662, 679 (2009). 16 Screening Order 17 As a threshold matter, “the complaint of a three-strikes litigant must reveal a nexus 18 between the imminent danger it alleges and the claims it asserts . . . .” Stine v. Fed. Bureau of 19 Prisons, No. 1:13-CV-1883 AWI MJS, 2015 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 120153 at *8 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 9, 20 2015) (quoting Pettus v. Morgenthau, 554 F.3d 293, 298-99 (2d Cir. 2009)). That is, plaintiff’s 21 claims must relate to his allegation that he has been denied medical care for severe injuries and 22 illnesses because of his refusal to be tested for COVID-19. While plaintiff purports to bring just 23 three causes of action, the headings for those “three” causes of action reveal that plaintiff intends 24 to assert far more. They read as follows: (1) “Deliberate Indifference/ Malpractice/Gross 25 Negligence 9(b) Fraud violation/Personal Injury/Cruel & Unusual Punishment/ Atypical & 26 Significant Hardship Prison Life 14th Due Process/Equal Protection/Discrimination Rico 27 Act/Rehabilitation Act/ADA Violation 14th Amendment/Supervisory Liability/Retaliation” (ECF 28 No. 18 at 5-6); (2) “Access to Court/Supervisory Liability/Cruel & Unusual Punishment/ Fraud 1 9(b) violation/Personal Injury/Negligence Atypical & Significant hardship prison life/14th 2 Amendment Due Process/Rico Act/Retaliation” (id. at 6); and (3) “Access to court/Supervisory 3 Liability/Cruel & Unusual Punishment/Fraud 9(b) violation/Personal injury/Negligence/Atypical 4 & significant hardship on prison life/Retaliation/14th Amendment Due Process Rehabilitation 5 Act/Rico Act/Heck Rule” (id. at 7). As evidenced by these convoluted headings alone, plaintiff 6 alleges numerous claims bearing no plausible relation to the allegation of imminent danger 7 previously identified by the court. 8 Apart from asserting claims that do not involve any physical injury or threat of physical 9 injury, the amended complaint fails to comply with Rule 8. The complaint is sixteen pages of 10 dense handwriting that is unduly burdensome for the court to parse. The court cannot determine 11 which claims plaintiff intends to assert against which defendants, or whether all of the claims 12 asserted could be properly joined in a single action.1 The difficulty in understanding the specifics 13 of plaintiff’s allegations and how, if at all, each defendant was directly responsible for any 14 violation of plaintiff’s rights, convinces the court that the complaint does not put defendants on 15 notice of the claims against them. See McKeever v. Block, 932 F.2d 795, 798 (9th Cir. 1991) 16 (holding that a sufficiently plead complaint under Rule 8 must “put defendants fairly on notice of 17 the claims against them.”). 18 Based on the foregoing, the amended complaint is dismissed with leave to amend. 19 ///// 20 ///// 21

22 1 The court previously warned plaintiff against bringing multiple unrelated claims against more than one defendant. See ECF No. 15 at 4. It is well settled that a claimant may not proceed 23 with various unrelated claims against separate defendants: 24 “The controlling principle appears in Fed. R. Civ. P. 18(a): ‘A party asserting a claim to relief as an original claim, counterclaim, cross- 25 claim, or third-party claim, may join, either as independent or as alternate claims, as many claims, legal, equitable, or maritime, as the 26 party has against an opposing party.’ Thus multiple claims against a single party are fine, but Claim A against Defendant 1 should not be 27 joined with unrelated Claim B against Defendant 2.”

28 George v. Smith, 507 F.3d 605, 607 (7th Cir. 2007). 1 Leave to Amend 2 Plaintiff will be given leave to file an amended complaint that addresses these 3 deficiencies. That is, plaintiff must only assert claims relating to his allegation that he has been 4 denied medical care for severe injuries and illnesses because of his refusal to be tested for 5 COVID-19. Further, each of his claims must be clearly stated and supported with facts showing 6 how a particular defendant caused him harm. Plaintiff should avoid the inclusion of procedural or 7 factual background which has no bearing on his claims. He should carefully consider whether 8 each of the defendants he names actually had involvement in the violations he alleges. A 9 “scattershot” approach in which plaintiff names dozens of defendants or lists dozens of 10 unsupported claims for relief will not be looked upon favorably by the court.2 If plaintiff chooses 11 to amend, he should limit his pleading to ten pages, plus any relevant exhibits. Failure to do so 12 may result in either the dismissal of this case. 13 Plaintiff may not change the nature of this suit by alleging new, unrelated claims. See 14 George v. Smith, 507 F.3d 605, 607 (7th Cir. 2007). Nor may he bring unrelated claims against 15 multiple defendants. Id. 16 Any amended complaint must be written or typed so that it so that it is complete in itself 17 without reference to any earlier filed complaint. E.D. Cal. L.R. 220. 18 Plaintiff’s Motion for Emergency Relief 19 Plaintiff’s motion for emergency relief (ECF No. 20) seeks the appointment of counsel, 20 the appointment of a guardian ad litem, and injunctive relief. Each of these requests must be 21 denied. 22 Pursuant to Rule 17(c)(2) of the Federal Rule of Civil Procedure, courts are required to 23 “appoint a guardian ad litem--or issue another appropriate order--to protect . . . [an] incompetent 24 person who is unrepresented in an action.” Without counsel, however, a plaintiff may not 25

26 2 Plaintiff is again cautioned that any amended complaint must identify as a defendant only persons who personally participated in a substantial way in depriving him of his 27 constitutional rights. Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th Cir. 1978) (a person subjects another to the deprivation of a constitutional right if he does an act, participates in another’s act or 28 omits to perform an act he is legally required to do that causes the alleged deprivation). 1 proceed through a guardian ad litem. See Johns v. County of San Diego, 114 F. 3d 874, 877 (9th 2 Cir. 1997) (“It goes without saying that it is not in the interest of minors or incompetents that they 3 be represented by non-attorneys.”). District courts lack authority to require counsel to represent 4 indigent prisoners in section 1983 cases. Mallard v. United States Dist. Court, 490 U.S. 296, 298 5 (1989). In exceptional circumstances, the court may request an attorney to voluntarily to 6 represent such a plaintiff. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1); Terrell v. Brewer, 935 F.2d 1015, 1017 7 (9th Cir. 1991); Wood v. Housewright, 900 F.2d 1332, 1335-36 (9th Cir. 1990). When 8 determining whether “exceptional circumstances” exist, the court must consider the likelihood of 9 success on the merits as well as the ability of the plaintiff to articulate his claims pro se in light of 10 the complexity of the legal issues involved. Palmer v. Valdez, 560 F.3d 965, 970 (9th Cir. 2009). 11 Having considered those factors, the court finds there are no exceptional circumstances in this 12 case. Because the court is unwilling to appoint counsel, no guardian ad litem may be appointed in 13 this case. 14 Plaintiff also seeks injunctive relief. However, he fails to meet the minimum threshold for 15 merit to satisfy the standard for such relief.3 At an irreducible minimum, he must demonstrate 16 that there is at least a fair chance of success on the merits in this action. Johnson v. California 17 State Board of Accountancy, 72 F.3d 1427, 1430, 1433 (9th Cir. 1995); Sports Form, Inc. v. 18 United Press International, 686 F.2d 750, 753 (9th Cir. 1982). As discussed above, his complaint 19 3 A temporary restraining order may be issued upon a showing “that immediate and 20 irreparable injury, loss, or damage will result to the movant before the adverse party can be heard in opposition.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 65(b)(1)(A). The purpose of such an order is to preserve the status 21 quo and to prevent irreparable harm “just so long as is necessary to hold a hearing, and no 22 longer.” Granny Goose Foods, Inc. v. Brotherhood of Teamsters, 415 U.S. 423, 439 (1974). “The standards for granting a temporary restraining order and a preliminary injunction are identical.” 23 Haw. County Green Party v. Clinton, 980 F. Supp. 1160, 1164 (D. Haw. 1997); cf. Stuhlbarg Int’l Sales Co. v. John D. Brush & Co., 240 F.3d 832, 839 n.7 (9th Cir. 2001) (observing that an 24 analysis of a preliminary injunction is “substantially identical” to an analysis of a temporary restraining order). A preliminary injunction represents the exercise of a far reaching power not to 25 be indulged except in a case clearly warranting it. Dymo Indus. v. Tapeprinter, Inc., 326 F.2d 26 141, 143 (9th Cir.1964). The moving party must prove that he is likely to succeed on the merits, that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, that the balance of 27 equities tips in his favor, and that an injunction is in the public interest. Stormans, Inc. v. Selecky, 586 F.3d 1109, 1127 (9th Cir.2009) (citing Winter v. Natural Res. Def. Council, Inc., 55 U.S. 7 28 129 S.Ct. 365, 375–76, 172 L.Ed.2d 249 (2008)). 1 | must be dismissed, and thus, he has shown no likelihood of success on the merits of any claim. 2 | Accordingly, the motion must be denied. 3 Conclusion 4 Accordingly, it is ORDERED that: 5 1. Plaintiffs amended complaint (ECF No. 18) is dismissed with leave to amend within 6 30 days of service of this order; 7 2. Plaintiffs request for the appointment of counsel and a guardian ad litem (ECF No. 8 20) is denied without prejudice; and 9 3. Failure to comply with this order may result in dismissal of this action for the reasons 10 stated herein. 11 Further, IT IS RECOMMENDED that plaintiffs motion for injunctive relief (ECF No. 12 | 20) be denied. 13 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District Judge 14 | assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within fourteen days 15 | after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written 16 | objections with the court and serve a copy on all parties. Such a document should be captioned 17 | “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s Findings and Recommendations.” Failure to file objections 18 | within the specified time may waive the right to appeal the District Court’s order. Turner v. 19 | Duncan, 158 F.3d 449, 455 (9th Cir. 1998); Martinez v. Yist, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 20 | Dated: March 1, 2022. 21 22 □□ PDEA

EDMUND F. BRENNAN

23 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 24 25 26 27 28