1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 KAREN FIELD, TRUSTEE OF THE No. 2:15-cv-00241-TLN-DB

DESHON REVOCABLE TRUST,

12 Plaintiff, 13 ORDER v. 14 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, et al., 15 Defendants. 16

17 18 This matter is before the Court on Defendant United States of America’s (“United States”) 19 Motion to Determine Priority and to Disburse Interpleader Funds. (ECF No. 190.) Defendants 20 William Lopez (“Lopez”), Manyun Natsu (“Natsu”), Gary W. Rogers (“Rogers”), and Capital 21 One Financial Corporation (“Capital One”) filed oppositions. (ECF Nos. 191, 193, 194.) The 22 United States filed a reply. (ECF No. 195.) Also before the Court is Defendant California 23 Franchise Tax Board’s (“CFTB”) Motion for Summary Judgment and Payment of Interpleader 24 Funds. (ECF No. 196.) Lopez, Natsu, Rogers, and Capital One filed oppositions. (ECF Nos. 25 197, 198, 199.) CFTB filed a reply. (ECF No. 201.) For the reasons set forth below, the Court 26 GRANTS both motions. 27 /// 28 /// 1 I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 2 Plaintiff Karen Field (“Plaintiff”), as trustee of the DeShon Revocable Trust (“Trust”), 3 filed this interpleader suit in January 2015 and the operative Second Amended Complaint in 4 September 2015. (ECF Nos. 1, 56.) Plaintiff alleges the settlor of the Trust was Henry DeShon, 5 who died in March 2009. (ECF No. 56 at 3.) Plaintiff further alleges that DeShon embezzled 6 funds from certain claimants in the instant action and did not report the embezzled income on his 7 federal and California income tax returns for 2006, 2007, and 2008. (Id. at 4.) 8 The funds at issue in this interpleader action were received by the Trust as the benefits 9 from DeShon’s life insurance policies. (Id. at 5.) On April 29, 2016, Plaintiff deposited 10 $304,287.32 of funds from the Trust with the Clerk of Court. (ECF No. 190 at 5.) Plaintiff 11 deposited an additional $76,678.38 of funds from the Trust on August 14, 2017. (Id.) On April 12 8, 2020, the Court discharged Plaintiff from the case and awarded her $36,892.77 in attorneys’ 13 fees and costs from the interpleaded funds. (ECF No. 188.) 14 There are several competing claims to the remaining funds held by the Court. However, 15 only the United States and CFTB have moved to receive payment from the fund. (See ECF Nos. 16 190, 196.) In its motion to disburse the interpleader funds, the United States seeks $145,033.35 in 17 unpaid federal taxes assessed against DeShon for 2008. (ECF No. 190 at 6.) In its motion for 18 summary judgment, CFTB seeks $49,441.94 in unpaid state taxes for 2008. (ECF No. 196-1 at 19 2.) Both parties note that these amounts do not account for interest that continues to accrue. 20 (ECF No. 190 at 6; ECF No. 196-1 at 2.) 21 II. STANDARD OF LAW 22 An interpleader action “provides a process by which a party may join all other claimants 23 as adverse parties when their claims are such that the stakeholder may be exposed to multiple 24 liability.” Aetna Life Ins. Co. v. Bayona, 223 F.3d 1030, 1033 (9th Cir. 2000) (internal quotations 25 omitted). The purpose of an interpleader action is “to decide the validity and priority of existing 26 claims” to property at issue. Texaco, Inc. v. Ponsoldt, 118 F.3d 1367, 1369 (9th Cir. 1997). 27 Interpleader actions involve a two-step process. “The first is determining whether the 28 requirements of interpleader have been met.” Lincoln Nat’l Life Ins. Co. v. Ridgway, 293 F. 1 Supp. 3d 1254, 1260 (W.D. Wash. 2018).1 “The second step is to ‘adjudicat[e] the adverse 2 claims of the defendant claimants.’” Id. This second step may be resolved by summary judgment 3 if there is no genuine issue of material fact. Rhoades v. Casey, 196 F.3d 592, 600 (5th Cir. 1999). 4 “Each claimant has the burden of establishing his or her right to the fund or property by a 5 preponderance of the evidence.” Chase Inv. Servs. Corp. v. L. Offs. of Jon Divens & Assocs., 6 LLC, 748 F. Supp. 2d 1145, 1164 (C.D. Cal. 2010), aff’d, 491 F. App’x 793 (9th Cir. 2012). 7 The Court may grant summary judgment when the record reveals no genuine issue of 8 material fact and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Celotex Corp. v. 9 Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986). The burden is on the moving party to establish both the 10 nonexistence of a genuine issue of fact and that it is entitled to judgment. Id. The burden then 11 shifts to the non-moving party to “make a showing sufficient to establish the existence of an 12 element essential to that party’s case, and on which that party will bear the burden of proof at 13 trial.” Id. at 323–24. The non-moving party cannot rest on the allegations and denials in the 14 pleadings but must set forth specific facts establishing an issue for trial.2 Anderson v. Liberty 15 Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). 16 III. ANALYSIS 17 A. United States’ Motion 18 The United States argues it is entitled to be paid first from the interpleaded funds pursuant 19 to the federal priority statute, 31 U.S.C § 3713(a). (ECF No. 190 at 6.) As of May 15, 2020, the 20 balance owed to the United States for DeShon’s federal tax liability and interest was $145,033.35. 21 (Id. at 4.) The United States notes that the interest continues to accrue and is compounded daily 22 until paid in full. (Id.) The United States provides a declaration from Internal Revenue Service 23 (“IRS”) Advisor Mark Elliot to support its contentions. (ECF No. 190-1.) 24 In opposition, Lopez and Natsu argue the United States fails to address the applicability of

25 1 The Court already determined that the requirements of interpleader have been met in its 26 December 20, 2019 Order. (ECF No. 174 at 4.)

27 2 Although the United States captions its pleading as a “Motion to Disburse Funds,” the Court construes it as a motion for summary judgment. See, e.g., Gilead Scis., Inc. v. Bio-Genetic 28 Ventures, Inc., No. C06-1416JLR, 2007 WL 2495896, at *1 (W.D. Wash. Aug. 29, 2007). 1 Tax Division Directive No. 137 (“Directive No. 137”), which states “[w]hen both the tax claim 2 and the claim of the investor or victim [of embezzlement] arise from the same transaction and the 3 investor or victim can trace its property to the fund at issue, the Tax Division will recognize the 4 priority of the claim of the investor or victim.” (ECF No. 193 at 5.) Lopez and Natsu filed 5 declarations asserting they have valid claims based on DeShon’s embezzlement of their 6 investments (in the total amount of $295,101.34) and they have traced their investments to the 7 funds at issue. (Id. at 6.) Similarly, Rogers filed an opposition and declaration stating that he is 8 entitled to $100,000 based on an investment his now-deceased mother made with DeShon. (ECF 9 No. 191 at 3.) Lastly, Capital One filed an opposition joining in the foregoing oppositions. (ECF 10 No. 194.) Capital One does not submit any evidence nor does it assert it is entitled to a specific 11 amount or priority over the United States. (Id. at 2–3.) Instead, Capital One merely echoes 12 arguments made by Lopez and Natsu and asks the Court to order a status conference to discuss a 13 process for resolving how to disburse the remaining funds. (Id.) 14 The federal priority statutes states in relevant part, “[a] claim of the United States 15 Government shall be paid first when . . . the estate of a deceased debtor, in the custody of the 16 executor or administrator, is not enough to pay all debts of the debtor.” 31 U.S.C § 17 3713(a)(1)(B). Because “the purpose of § 3713 is to ‘secure adequate revenue to satisfy burdens 18 on the federal treasury, the provision is given a liberal interpretation in order to effectuate its 19 purpose.’” FTC v. Crittenden, 823 F. Supp. 705, 707 (C.D. Cal. 1993) (quoting United States v. 20 Cole, 733 F.2d 651, 654 (9th Cir. 1984)). 21 None of the parties opposing the United States’ motion challenge the United States’ 22 evidence or dispute that the United States has a valid tax assessment. Moreover, none of the 23 parties opposing the United States’ motion have persuaded the Court that they have priority over 24 the United States’ claim. Lopez, Natsu, and Rogers assert they lost substantial amounts of money 25 they invested with DeShon. (ECF Nos. 191-1, 193-1, 193-2.) Rogers’s declaration does not 26 assert DeShon embezzled his investment. (ECF No. 191-1.) The only evidence of embezzlement 27 provided by Lopez and Natsu are their declarations stating: “From communication with the 28 attorney representing DeShon’s estate, [they] learned that funds investors had invested [with 1 DeShon] . . . were used for his daily living expenses. He apparently had not invested the funds in 2 the stock market as stated. . . .” (ECF No. 193-1 at 3; ECF No. 193-2 at 3.) The parties also 3 repeatedly argue the Court previously found DeShon embezzled funds. (ECF No. 193 at 2.) 4 However, the Court’s prior order was merely reciting allegations from the Complaint, not making 5 a finding based on evidence. (ECF No. 174 at 2; ECF No. 182 at 2.) 6 Even assuming there was sufficient evidence to raise a triable issue that Lopez, Natsu, and 7 Rogers have valid claims based on DeShon’s purported embezzlement, the only authority those 8 parties cite to suggest their claims have priority over the federal tax claim is Directive No. 137. 9 (ECF No. 193 at 5.) However, Directive No. 137 appears to be an internal agency policy, not a 10 source of enforceable legal rights. See Wadsworth v. Talmage, No. 3:16-CV-2082-SI, 2017 WL 11 3271722, at *9 n.9 (D. Or. Aug. 1, 2017) (stating that Directive No. 137 “is only an internal 12 agency policy regarding enforcement priorities . . . it does not provide the Trust with any 13 enforceable legal rights”). There is no indication that Directive No. 137 overrides the United 14 States’ statutory priority under 31 U.S.C § 3713(a). 15 Because there is no genuine dispute that the United States has a valid tax claim against 16 DeShon, and no party has shown that they have priority over the United States’ claim, the Court 17 GRANTS the United States’ motion. 18 B. CFTB’s Motion 19 CFTB argues it has a second priority claim to the interpleader funds, only after the claim 20 of the United States. (ECF No. 196-1 at 2.) As of July 24, 2020, the balance owed to CFTB for 21 DeShon’s state tax liability and interest was $49,441.94. (Id.) CFTB notes that interest continues 22 to accrue at a per diem rate of $6.75. (Id.) CFTB provides a declaration from CFTB Operations 23 Specialist AnaMarija Antic-Jezildzic to support its contentions. (ECF No. 196-3.) 24 In opposition, Lopez and Natsu argue there are disputed facts as to the other claimants’ 25 claims.3 (ECF No. 197 at 5.) More specifically, they argue for the first time that their claims are 26 supported by a constructive trust or equitable lien that preceded the CFTB’s claim. (Id. at 5–7.) 27 3 Lopez and Natsu did not file new evidence in opposition to CFTB’s motion and instead 28 reference their declarations filed in opposition to the United States’ motion. (ECF No. 197 at 1.) 1 Rogers filed a notice of joinder in Lopez and Natsu’s opposition. (ECF No. 198.) Lastly, as with 2 its opposition to the United States’ motion, Capital One filed an opposition joining in the 3 foregoing oppositions and asking for a status conference to resolve the competing claims. (ECF 4 No. 199 at 2–3.) 5 Under California law, unpaid tax liabilities become perfected tax liens against the 6 taxpayer’s property at the time the liability becomes due and payable. Cal. Rev. & Tax Code § 7 19221(a); Cal. Gov’t Code § 7170(a). CTFB provides evidence that it assessed the applicable 8 income taxes on January 20, 2015 (8 days before this action was filed), and the CFTB thus has an 9 enforceable lien as of that date. None of the parties opposing CFTB’s motion challenge CFTB’s 10 evidence or dispute that the CFTB has a valid tax lien. Moreover, none of the parties opposing 11 CFTB’s motion have persuaded the Court that they have priority over the CFTB’s claim. As 12 such, CFTB appears to have priority over the remaining claims. See Texaco, Inc, 118 F.3d at 13 1370 (“[A] district court must normally determine the priority of claims in an interpleader action 14 as they existed at the time the action was initiated.”). 15 The parties opposing CFTB’s motion rely on the alternative theory that their claims are 16 subject to a constructive trust or equitable lien that “occurred in 2007 and 2008 when DeShon 17 committed his embezzlement and fraud.” (ECF No. 197 at 6.) No party raised this argument in 18 opposition to the United States’ motion, an answer, or any other filing. Moreover, the oppositions 19 contain minimal legal analysis about constructive trusts and equitable liens. The parties vaguely 20 contend the CFTB does not address the facts associated with an equitable lien or constructive 21 trust imposed on the embezzled funds. (Id. at 5–6.) However, there is no indication that either a 22 constructive trust or equitable lien has been imposed in this case, or that doing so would be proper 23 based on the existing record. 24 Because there is no genuine dispute that the CFTB has a valid tax claim against DeShon, 25 and no party has shown that they have priority over the CFTB’S claim, the Court GRANTS the 26 CFTB’s motion. 27 /// 28 /// 1 IV. CONCLUSION 2 For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS the United States’ Motion to Determine 3 | Priority and to Disburse Interpleader Funds (ECF No. 190) and CFTB’s Motion for Summary 4 | Judgment and Payment of Interpleader Funds (ECF No. 196). The United States and CFTB are 5 || ORDERED to file updated documentation regarding the current amount due, including any 6 | accrued interest, no later than seven (7) days of the electronic filing date of this Order. The Court 7 | will disburse the updated amounts from the interpleader funds thereafter. 8 Further, the remaining claimants are ORDERED to file properly noticed motions not later 9 | than sixty (60) days of the electronic filing date of this Order, including evidence showing they 10 | are entitled to disbursement from the remaining funds. These claimants are strongly encouraged 11 | to meet and confer regarding a joint motion to disburse the remaining funds. Thereafter, the 12 | Court will disburse the remaining funds accordingly and close the case. 13 IT IS SO ORDERED. 14 | DATED: March 8, 2022 15 () 16 “ / Vk 17 Troy L. Nuhlep ] 18 United States District Judge 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28