1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 AUDREY ANN ANNIS, Case No. 1:22-cv-00051-DAD-SKO 12 Plaintiff, FIRST SCREENING ORDER 13 v. ORDER FOR PLAINTIFF TO: 14 RACHEL HAMILTON, et al., (1) FILE A FIRST AMENDED COMPLAINT; OR 15 Defendants. (2) NOTIFY THE COURT THAT HE 16 WISHES TO STAND ON HIS

COMPLAINT

17 (Doc. 1) 18

THIRTY-DAY DEADLINE

ORDER DENYING MOTION FOR “NON-

20 JUDICIAL TEMPORARY RESTRAINING

ORDER”

21 (Doc. 3) 22

23 24 Plaintiff Audrey Ann Annis is proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis in this action. 25 Plaintiff filed his complaint on January 12, 2022. (Doc. 1). Upon review, the Court concludes that 26 the complaint fails to state any cognizable claims. 27 Plaintiff has the following options as to how to proceed. Plaintiff may file an amended 28 complaint, which the Court will screen in due course. Alternatively, Plaintiff may file a statement 1 with the Court stating that he wants to stand on this complaint and have it reviewed by the presiding 2 district judge, in which case the Court will issue findings and recommendations to the district judge 3 consistent with this order. If Plaintiff does not file anything, the Court will recommend that the 4 case be dismissed. 5 Also pending before the Court is Plaintiff’s motion for a “non-judicial temporary restraining 6 order” (Doc. 3), which is denied without prejudice for the reasons set forth below. 7 I. SCREENING REQUIREMENT 8 In cases where the plaintiff is proceeding in forma pauperis, the Court is required to screen 9 each case and shall dismiss the case at any time if the Court determines that the allegation of poverty 10 is untrue, or that the action or appeal is frivolous or malicious, fails to state a claim upon which 11 relief may be granted, or seeks monetary relief against a defendant who is immune from such relief. 12 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). See also Calhoun v. Stahl, 254 F.3d 845 (9th Cir. 2001) (dismissal required 13 of in forma pauperis proceedings which seek monetary relief from immune defendants); Cato v. 14 United States, 70 F.3d 1103, 1106 (9th Cir. 1995) (district court has discretion to dismiss in forma 15 pauperis complaint under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)); Barren v. Harrington, 152 F.3d 1193 (9th Cir. 16 1998) (affirming sua sponte dismissal for failure to state a claim). If the Court determines that a 17 complaint fails to state a claim, leave to amend may be granted to the extent that the deficiencies 18 of the complaint can be cured by amendment. Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1130 (9th Cir. 2000) 19 (en banc). 20 In determining whether a complaint fails to state a claim, the Court uses the same pleading 21 standard used under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a). A complaint must contain “a short and 22 plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief. . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23 8(a)(2). Detailed factual allegations are not required, but “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of 24 a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 25 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (citing Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 (2007)). . A 26 complaint may be dismissed as a matter of law for failure to state a claim for two reasons: (1) lack 27 of a cognizable legal theory; or (2) insufficient facts under a cognizable legal theory. See Balistreri 28 v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990). Plaintiff must allege a minimum factual 1 and legal basis for each claim that is sufficient to give each defendant fair notice of what the 2 plaintiff’s claims are and the grounds upon which they rest. See, e.g., Brazil v. U.S. Dep’t of the 3 Navy, 66 F.3d 193, 199 (9th Cir. 1995); McKeever v. Block, 932 F.2d 795, 798 (9th Cir. 1991). 4 In reviewing the pro se complaint, the Court is to liberally construe the pleadings and accept 5 as true all factual allegations contained in the complaint. Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 6 (2007). Although a court must accept as true all factual allegations contained in a complaint, a 7 court need not accept a plaintiff’s legal conclusions as true. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. “[A] complaint 8 [that] pleads facts that are ‘merely consistent with’ a defendant’s liability . . . ‘stops short of the 9 line between possibility and plausibility of entitlement to relief.’” Id. (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. 10 at 557). 11 II. SUMMARY OF PLAINTIFF’S COMPLAINT 12 Plaintiff’s complaint names as defendants “Officer/Trustee Sales Representative: Rachel 13 Hamilton,” “Prosecutor: Tiffany & Bosco, P.A., agent of National Default Servicing Corporation,” 14 and “Lender: Select Portfolio Servicing Inc.,” and alleges as follows: 15 The defendant’s, acted with deliberate indifferent to the Constitution and federal laws when performed an illegal traffic stop without an injured party. During that 16 stop police officer Rachel Hamilton issues the plaintiff a traffic ticket. The police 17 officer signed the summons as an officer of the court in violation of the “separation of the power clause in the constitution. The defendant’s conspired to violate the 18 plaintiffs right UNDER 42 U.S. CODE SEC. 1983, the plaintiffs right to due process. The defendants violated the administrative procedures act of 1946, which 19 in short mandate that corporations and policies must be in harmony with the constitution, and federal laws. The structure of the traffic ticket R.I.C.O. scheme 20 shows it is unconstitutional starting at the gate when the police officer illegally 21 signs in the place of a judicial officer of the court. The officer is trained to proceed illegally and granted incentive when the officer issues a high number of illegal 22 traffic tickets. The plaintiff has been violated by the employee enforcing the city rules, policies. Also, the plaintiffs right to due process is violated by the court’s 23 procedures and local rules. The parties in this traffic ticket scheme court have a conflict of interest because they all are being paid by the same state corporation. 24 Municipal court has no legal judicial authority to make a legal determination in an 25 administrative court process. 26 (Doc. 1 at 4 (“Short And Plain Statement of The Claim”).) Under a section titled “Claims,” Plaintiff 27 lists violations of 42 U.S.C. § 1983, the Administrative Procedures Act of 1946, “the plaintiff’s 28 1 right to Due Process under the 5th Amendment,” and “the Tucker’s ACT.” (Id. at 10.) Plaintiff 2 demands 20 million dollars in “compensatory, punitive, and future damages” and that the Court 3 “revoke Tiffany & Bosco, P.A., agent of National Default Servicing Corporation, bond and license 4 to practice law.” (Id. at 5.) Plaintiff also requests that the Court “order the court corporation to 5 allow plaintiff to have a vote in any manners concerning administrative operations” and to “have 6 all records of the alleged traffic infraction/arrest removed from the record including any jail time.” 7 (Id. at 2, 11.) 8 III. EVALUATION OF PLAINTIFF’S COMPLAINT 9 For the reasons discussed below, the Court finds that the complaint does not state any 10 cognizable claims. Plaintiff shall be provided with the legal standards that appear to apply to his 11 claims and will be granted an opportunity to file an amended complaint to correct the identified 12 deficiencies, where appropriate. 13 A. Section 1983 14 Title 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (“Section 1983”), known as the Civil Rights Act, provides: 15 Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, 16 subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any 17 rights, privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or 18 other proper proceeding for redress . . . . 19 42 U.S.C. § 1983. “[Section] 1983 ‘is not itself a source of substantive rights,’ but merely provides 20 ‘a method for vindicating federal rights elsewhere conferred.’” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386, 21 393-94 (1989) (quoting Baker v. McCollan, 443 U.S. 137, 144 n.3 (1979)); see also Chapman v. 22 Houston Welfare Rights Org., 441 U.S. 600, 618 (1979); Hall v. City of Los Angeles, 697 F.3d 23 1059, 1068 (9th Cir. 2012); Crowley v. Nevada, 678 F.3d 730, 734 (9th Cir. 2012); Anderson v. 24 Warner, 451 F.3d 1063, 1067 (9th Cir. 2006). 25 To state a claim under Section 1983, a plaintiff must allege that the defendant (1) acted 26 under color of state law, and (2) deprived him of rights secured by the Constitution or federal law. 27 Long v. County of Los Angeles, 442 F.3d 1178, 1185 (9th Cir. 2006); see also Marsh v. Cnty. of 28 San Diego, 680 F.3d 1148, 1158 (9th Cir. 2012) (discussing “under color of state law”). A person 1 deprives another of a constitutional right, “within the meaning of § 1983, ‘if he does an affirmative 2 act, participates in another’s affirmative act, or omits to perform an act which he is legally required 3 to do that causes the deprivation of which complaint is made.’” Preschooler II v. Clark Cnty. Sch. 4 Bd. of Trs., 479 F.3d 1175, 1183 (9th Cir. 2007) (quoting Johnson v. Duffy, 588 F.2d 740, 743 (9th 5 Cir. 1978)). “The requisite causal connection may be established when an official sets in motion a 6 ‘series of acts by others which the actor knows or reasonably should know would cause others to 7 inflict’ constitutional harms.” Preschooler II, 479 F.3d at 1183 (quoting Johnson, 588 F.2d at 743). 8 This standard of causation “closely resembles the standard ‘foreseeability’ formulation of 9 proximate cause.” Arnold v. Int’l Bus. Mach. Corp., 637 F.2d 1350, 1355 (9th Cir. 1981); see also 10 Harper v. City of Los Angeles, 533 F.3d 1010, 1026 (9th Cir. 2008). 11 A plaintiff must also demonstrate that each named defendant personally participated in the 12 deprivation of his rights. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676-77. In other words, there must be an actual 13 connection or link between the actions of the defendants and the deprivation alleged to have been 14 suffered by Plaintiff. See Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of City of N.Y., 436 U.S. 658, 691, 695 15 (1978). 16 Supervisory personnel are generally not liable under Section 1983 for the actions of their 17 employees under a theory of respondeat superior; therefore, when a named defendant holds a 18 supervisory position, the causal link between him and the claimed constitutional violation must be 19 specifically alleged. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 676-77; Fayle v. Stapley, 607 F.2d 858, 862 (9th Cir. 1979); 20 Mosher v. Saalfeld, 589 F.2d 438, 441 (9th Cir. 1978). To state a claim for relief under 21 Section 1983 based on a theory of supervisory liability, a plaintiff must allege some facts that would 22 support a claim that the supervisory defendants either personally participated in the alleged 23 deprivation of constitutional rights; knew of the violations and failed to act to prevent them; or 24 promulgated or “implement[ed] a policy so deficient that the policy itself is a repudiation of 25 constitutional rights’ and is ‘the moving force of the constitutional violation.” Hansen v. Black, 26 885 F.2d 642, 646 (9th Cir. 1989) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted); Taylor v. List, 27 880 F.2d 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989). For instance, a supervisor may be liable for his “own culpable 28 action or inaction in the training, supervision, or control of his subordinates,” “his acquiescence in 1 the constitutional deprivations of which the complaint is made,” or “conduct that showed a reckless 2 or callous indifference to the rights of others.” Larez v. City of Los Angeles, 946 F.2d 630, 646 (9th 3 Cir. 1991) (internal citations, quotation marks, and alterations omitted). 4 As set forth below, Plaintiff has not pleaded a cognizable claim under Section 1983. 5 1. Under Color of State Law 6 It is unclear that any of the named defendants were acting under color of state law. While 7 Plaintiff identifies Defendant Rachel Hamilton was a “police officer” (Doc. 1 at 4), elsewhere in 8 the complaint Defendant Hamilton is identified as a “Trustee Sales Representative” for National 9 Default Servicing Corporation (id. at 6, 9, 12). Defendant Tiffany & Bosco, P.A. is listed as 10 “Prosecutor” (Doc. 1 at 1), but is also identified as an “agent of National Default Servicing 11 Corporation” (id. at 1, 5, 6, 9.) The remaining defendant, Select Portfolio Servicing Inc., is 12 identified as “Lender.” (Doc. 1 at 1, 9.) 13 Private individuals and entities not affiliated with a state or municipal government generally 14 do not act “under color of state law.” See Florer v. Congregation Pidyon Shevuyim, N.A., 639 F.3d 15 916, 922 (9th Cir. 2011) (“We start with the presumption that conduct by private actors is not state 16 action.”); Price v. State of Hawaii, 939 F.2d 702, 707–08 (9th Cir. 1991) (“[P]rivate parties are not 17 generally acting under color of state law.”). While such private parties may a cause a deprivation 18 of a constitutional right, they are not subject to Section 1983 liability unless (1) they acted under 19 color of law, and (2) their conduct was properly attributable to the government. Flagg Brothers, 20 Inc. v. Brooks, 436 U.S. 149, 156 (1978); Associates & Aldrich Co. v. Times Mirror Co., 440 F.2d 21 133, 134–36 (9th Cir. 1971) (violations of certain constitutional rights actionable under federal law 22 only when accomplished by one who is clothed with authority of state and purporting to act 23 thereunder) (citations and internal quotations omitted); see also Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., Inc., 24 457 U.S. 922, 936–37 (1982) (private corporation does not act under color of law unless its actions 25 are fairly attributable to the government). Even when a private entity acts “under color of state 26 law,” it cannot be held liable under Section 1983 unless the entity itself caused the plaintiff’s 27 injuries—i.e., the alleged wrongdoing was committed pursuant to “a policy, decision, or custom 28 promulgated or endorsed by the private entity.” White v. Golden State Eye Ctr., No. CV 1–04– 1 06645–JMR, 2009 WL 817937, *3 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 26, 2009); see also Sanders v. Sears, Roebuck 2 & Co., 984 F.2d 972, 975 (8th Cir. 1993) (“a corporation acting under color of state law will only 3 be held liable under § 1983 for its own unconstitutional policies”—i.e., “a policy, custom or action 4 by those who represent [the private entity’s] official policy that inflicts injury actionable under § 5 1983”) (citing Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of City of New York, 436 U.S. 658, 690, 694 (1978)). 6 Nor can Section 1983 liability against a private entity be based solely on respondeat superior, i.e., 7 vicarious liability for the acts or omissions of the entity’s employees. White, 2009 WL 817937 at 8 *3; Warwick v. Univ. of the Pacific, No. C 08-03904 CW, 2010 WL 2680817, *8 n.11 (N.D. Cal. 9 July 6, 2010) (citing cases)). A private employer is liable only “when the employer is the driving 10 force behind the constitutional violations alleged against its employees, who are operating as state 11 actors.” Stanley v. Goodwin, 475 F. Supp. 2d 1026, 1038 (D. Haw. 2006). 12 Plaintiff’s complaint fails plausibly to allege that Defendants Tiffany & Bosco, P.A. and 13 Select Portfolio Servicing Inc. are liable under Section 1983 for any deprivation of Plaintiff’s 14 constitutional rights under color of state law. Specifically, Plaintiff does not allege facts that 15 plausibly suggest that these defendants maintained a policy, decision, or custom that violated 16 Plaintiff’s constitutional rights, much less one that may properly be attributed to the government 17 for purposes of Section 1983. 18 2. Linkage 19 Plaintiff alleges that Defendant Rachel Hamilton issued a traffic ticket to Plaintiff and in so 20 doing “conspired to violate . . . the plaintiff’s right to due process” under Section 1983. (Doc. 1 at 21 1.) However, Plaintiff has not sufficiently linked any other named defendants to the claim. The 22 requisite linkage is not satisfied by the conclusory assertion that “defendants” violated his rights, 23 and such allegation that “defendants . . . acted with deliberate indifferent [sic] to the Constitution 24 and federal laws when performed [sic] an illegal traffic stop without an injured party” (Doc. 1 at 4) 25 falls short of supporting a claim. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. See also Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555 26 (explaining that Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a) requires a plaintiff to plead “more than labels and 27 conclusions”). 28 1 3. Pending State Criminal Charge or Criminal Conviction 2 Although unclear given the identification of the named defendants, the gravamen of 3 Plaintiff’s complaint appears to be concerning the issuance of a traffic ticket and summons to appear 4 in municipal court. (Doc. 1 at 4.) To the extent Plaintiff challenges his pending state criminal 5 charge and/or criminal conviction for a traffic violation, it is not, as currently pleaded, a cognizable 6 Section 1983 claim. See Aiona v. Judiciary of State of Haw., 17 F.3d 1244, 1248 (9th Cir. 1994) 7 (Federal courts “may not interfere with pending state criminal or civil proceedings.”) (citing 8 Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37, 43 (1971)); Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 486-87 (1994) 9 (holding that to recover damages for “harm caused by actions whose unlawfulness would render a 10 conviction or sentence invalid,” a Section 1983 plaintiff must prove that the conviction or sentence 11 was reversed, expunged, or otherwise invalidated.). 12 4. Fifth Amendment 13 Plaintiff’s complaint alleges his constitutional right to due process arising under the Fifth 14 Amendment was violated. (Doc. 1 at 4, 10.) The Fifth Amendment protects one’s right to be 15 deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. U.S. Const. amend. V. “[T]he 16 Fifth Amendment’s due process clause applies only to the federal government.” Bingue v. 17 Prunchak, 512 F.3d 1169, 1174 (9th Cir. 2008). None of the defendants named in the complaint 18 are federal actors. As such, Plaintiff fails to state a cognizable claim for relief for violation of the 19 Fifth Amendment’s due process clause. 20 The Fourteenth Amendment, in turn, prohibits state deprivations without due process. 21 Bingue, 512 F.3d at 1174. However, even construing the complaint liberally, the Court cannot 22 discern from the complaint which, if any, of Plaintiff’s rights arising under the Fourteenth 23 Amendment were violated or what affirmative act or omission each defendant committed to cause 24 such a violation. 25 5. Prosecutorial Immunity 26 Plaintiff appears to name as a defendant the prosecutor who prosecuted his traffic ticket in 27 municipal court. (See Doc. 1 at 1.) Plaintiff cannot state a viable claim for damages under Section 28 1983 against the state prosecutor, however, as they are entitled to absolute prosecutorial immunity 1 for acts taken in their official capacity. See Kalina v. Fletcher, 522 U.S. 118, 123–24 (1997); 2 Buckley v. Fitzsimmons, 509 U.S. 259, 269–70 (1993); Imbler v. Pachtman, 424 U.S. 409, 427, 3 430–31 (1976) (holding that prosecutors are immune from civil suits for damages under § 1983 for 4 initiating prosecutions and presenting cases). 5 B. Administrative Procedures Act 6 Plaintiff alleges a violation of the Administrative Procedures Act (“APA”), 5 U.S.C. § 7 500 et seq. (See Doc. 1 at 10.) The APA cited by Plaintiff governs the manner in which 8 administrative agencies of the federal government propose and establish regulations. (See id. at 8– 9 9.) As stated above, Plaintiff appears to be challenging conduct of state officials, not federal 10 government employees, regarding a traffic citation and prosecution. Accordingly, the APA has no 11 application to this action. 12 C. “Tucker’s Act” 13 Finally, Plaintiff alleges a violation of the “Tucker’s Act” (see Doc. 1 at 10), which the 14 Court construes to mean the Tucker Act. Under the Tucker Act, the United States Court of Federal 15 Claims has jurisdiction to hear claims against the United States founded upon “any express or 16 implied contract with the United States . . . .” See 28 U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1). The jurisdiction of the 17 Court of Claims is exclusive when the amount in controversy is more than $10,000. United States 18 v. Hohri, 482 U.S. 64, 66 n. 1 (1987). The “Little Tucker Act,” on the other hand, gives the district 19 courts concurrent jurisdiction with the Court of Claims when the amount in controversy in less than 20 $10,000. See id.; N. Star Alaska v. United States, 9 F.3d 1430, 1432 (9th Cir.1993) (citing 28 21 U.S.C. § 1346(a)(2)). 22 Plaintiff does not allege the existence of an express or implied contract with the United 23 States, nor does he assert a breach of such contract by the United States. Even if he had, however, 24 because Plaintiff is seeking damages in the amount of 20 million dollars, the Federal Court of 25 Claims would exclusive jurisdiction over this matter, and this Court would have no jurisdiction to 26 hear this claim. 27 D. Leave to Amend 28 The Court has screened Plaintiff’s complaint and finds that it fails to state any cognizable 1 claims. Under Rule 15(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, “the court should freely give 2 leave [to amend] when justice so requires.” Accordingly, the Court will provide Plaintiff with time 3 to file an amended complaint, so Plaintiff can provide additional factual allegations. Lopez v. Smith, 4 203 F.3d 1122, 1126-30 (9th Cir. 2000). 5 Plaintiff is granted leave to file an amended complaint within thirty days. If Plaintiff chooses 6 to amend his complaint, in his amended complaint he must state what each named defendant did 7 that led to the deprivation of his constitutional or other federal rights. Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a); Iqbal, 8 556 U.S. at 678; Jones v. Williams, 297 F.3d 930, 934 (9th Cir. 2002). Plaintiff should note that 9 although he has been given the opportunity to amend, it is not for the purpose of changing the nature 10 of this suit or adding unrelated claims. George v. Smith, 507 F.3d 605, 607 (7th Cir. 2007) (no 11 “buckshot” complaints). 12 Plaintiff is advised that an amended complaint supersedes the original complaint, Lacey v. 13 Maricopa County, 693 F 3d. 896, 907 n.1 (9th Cir. 2012) (en banc), and it must be complete in 14 itself without reference to the prior or superseded pleading, Local Rule 220. Therefore, in an 15 amended complaint, as in an original complaint, each claim and the involvement of each defendant 16 must be sufficiently alleged. The amended complaint should be clearly and boldly titled “First 17 Amended Complaint,” refer to the appropriate case number, and be an original signed under penalty 18 of perjury. 19 Plaintiff has a choice on how to proceed. Plaintiff may file an amended complaint if he 20 believes that additional true factual allegations would state cognizable claims. If Plaintiff files an 21 amended complaint, the Court will screen that complaint in due course. Alternatively, Plaintiff 22 may choose to stand on his complaint subject to the Court issuing findings and recommendations 23 to a district judge consistent with this order. 24 IV. MOTION FOR “NON-JUDICIAL TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER” 25 Along with his complaint, Plaintiff filed a motion for “non-judicial temporary restraining 26 order,” seeking a restraining order and an injunction (Doc. 3) Plaintiff requests that the Court 27 “restrain the defendants from any further state court action until the federal court dispute is 28 adjudicated” and “vacate any state court judgments or orders in the interest of justice.” (Id. at 4.) 1 A. Applicable Law 2 A temporary restraining order preserves the status quo before a preliminary injunction 3 hearing may be held; its provisional remedial nature is designed only to prevent irreparable loss of 4 rights prior to judgment. Granny Goose Foods, Inc. v. Brotherhood of Teamsters & Auto Truck 5 Drivers, 415 U.S. 423, 439 (1974). The standards for both forms of relief are essentially the same. 6 See Stuhlbarg Int’l Sales Co. v. John D. Brush & Co., 240 F.3d 832, 839 n.7 (9th Cir. 2001) 7 (“Because our analysis is substantially identical for the injunction and the TRO [temporary 8 restraining order], we do not address the TRO separately.”). 9 A preliminary injunction is an extraordinary and drastic remedy and will not be granted 10 absent a clear showing of likely success in the underlying claim and likely irreparable injury. See 11 Mazurek v. Armstrong, 520 U.S. 968, 972 (1997); Warsoldier v. Woodford, 418 F.3d 989, 993–94 12 (9th Cir. 2005); Pratt v. Rowland, 65 F.3d 802, 805 (9th Cir. 1995); Fed. R. Civ. P. 65. To obtain 13 a preliminary injunction, the moving party must show “that he is likely to succeed on the merits, 14 that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, that the balance of 15 equities tips in his favor, and that an injunction is in the public interest.” Winter v. Natural 16 Resources Defense Council, Inc., 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008). The moving party has the burden of proof 17 on each element of the test. Environmental Council of Sacramento v. Slater, 184 F. Supp. 2d 1016, 18 1027 (E.D. Cal. 2000). 19 Additionally, the function of a preliminary injunction is to preserve the status quo pending 20 a determination on the merits. Chalk v. U.S. Dist. Court, 840 F.2d 701, 704 (9th Cir. 1988). As 21 such, there is heightened scrutiny where, as here, the movant seeks to alter rather than maintain the 22 status quo. Dahl v. HEM Pharms. Corp., 7 F.3d 1399, 1403 (9th Cir.1993) (holding that mandatory, 23 as opposed to prohibitory, injunctions are “subject to a heightened scrutiny and should not be issued 24 unless the facts and law clearly favor the moving party.”). The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals has 25 held that this type of mandatory injunctive relief is disfavored and should be denied unless the facts 26 and law clearly favor the movant. Anderson v. United States, 612 F.2d 1112, 1114 (9th Cir. 1979). 27 There is also heightened scrutiny where the injunction would provide substantially all the relief the 28 movant may recover after a full trial on the merits. Kikumura v. Hurley, 242 F.3d 950, 955 (9th 1 Cir. 2001). Finally, “[a] federal court may issue an injunction if it has personal jurisdiction over 2 the parties and subject matter jurisdiction over the claim; it may not attempt to determine the rights 3 of persons not before the court.” Zepeda v. United States Immigration Service, 753 F.2d 719, 727 4 (9th Cir. 1985) (emphasis added). 5 B. Discussion 6 Here, Plaintiff’s motion is insufficient to demonstrate he is entitled to injunctive relief. The 7 Court has screened complaint and has determined that it does not state any cognizable claims for 8 relief against the named defendants. (See above.) Thus, Plaintiff cannot meet his burden to 9 demonstrate a likelihood of success on the merits at this stage of the proceedings. See Winter, 555 10 U.S. at 22. 11 Plaintiff is permitted an to file an amended pleading. Plaintiff is not entitled to seek 12 injunctive relief until such time as the Court finds that his operative complaint contains cognizable 13 claims for relief against the named defendants and the named defendants have been served with the 14 summons and complaint as authorized by the Court. Plaintiff’s motion for injunctive relief will 15 therefore be denied at this time without prejudice to its renewal at a later stage of this litigation. 16 V. ORDER 17 Based on the foregoing, IT IS ORDERED that: 18 1. Plaintiff’s motion for “Non-Judicial Temporary Restraining Order”) (Doc. 3) is 19 denied without prejudice; 2. Within thirty (30) days from the date of service of this order, Plaintiff shall either: 20 a. File a First Amended Complaint; or 21 b. Notify the Court in writing that he wants to stand on this complaint; 22 3. If Plaintiff chooses to file an amended complaint, Plaintiff shall caption the amended 23 complaint “First Amended Complaint” and refer to case number 1:22-cv-00051- 24 DAD-SKO; and 25 4. Failure to comply with this order may result in the dismissal of this action. 26

IT IS SO ORDERED.

27 28 Dated: March 25, 2022 /s/ Sheila K. Oberto . 1 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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