1 2 3 4 5 6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7

EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

8

9 JAMES JONES, Case No. 1:20-cv-01689-SKO

10 Plaintiff,

ORDER ON PLAINTIFF’S SOCIAL

11 v. S ECURITY COMPLAINT 12 KILOLO KIJAKAZI, (Doc. 1) 13 Acting Commissioner of Social Security,

14 Defendant. _____________________________________/ 15

16 17 I. INTRODUCTION 18 On November 30, 2020, Plaintiff James Jones (“Plaintiff”) filed a complaint under 42 U.S.C. 19 §§ 405(g) and 1383(c) seeking judicial review of a final decision of the Commissioner of Social 20 Security (the “Commissioner” or “Defendant”) denying his application for Supplemental Security 21 Income (“SSI”) under Title XVI of the Social Security Act (the “Act”). (Doc. 1.) The matter is 22 currently before the Court on the parties’ briefs, which were submitted, without oral argument, to 23 the Honorable Sheila K. Oberto, United States Magistrate Judge.1 24 II. BACKGROUND 25 Plaintiff protectively filed an application for SSI payment on August 29, 2017, alleging that 26 he became disabled on December 25, 2012, due to trauma, hip injury, and “various physical 27

28 1 The parties consented to the jurisdiction of a U.S. Magistrate Judge. (Docs. 9, 10.) 1 injuries.” (Administrative Record (“AR”) 18, 174–83, 203.) Plaintiff was born on September 27, 2 1979, and was 33 years old as of the alleged onset date. (AR 210.) He graduated high school and 3 has no relevant past work experience. (AR 30, 204.) 4 A. Relevant Medical Evidence2 5 1. Samra Khan, M.D. 6 On May 24, 2018, Plaintiff presented to Dr. Khan complaining of increasing pain in his right 7 hip and pain in his right pelvis and thigh when walking. (AR 390, 461.) Upon examination, Plaintiff 8 was found to have normal but painful range of motion in his right hip. (AR 392, 463.) 9 On July 2, 2018, Plaintiff presented for a follow-up appointment. (AR 469.) He complained 10 of persistent pain in his right hip and reported that he was still walking with a limp, with increasing 11 difficulty in moving up stairs. (Id.) Dr. Khan examined Plaintiff and noted normal respiratory, 12 cardiovascular, abdomen, and extremity findings. (AR 471.) Examination findings from August to 13 December 2018 were largely unchanged, with the additional notation that Plaintiff was walking with 14 a cane. (See AR 476, 480–81, 487, 492, 498.) 15 2. Michael Andrew Hoosier, PA-C 16 On February 15, 2019, Plaintiff presented to Mr. Hoosier, a physician assistant (“PA”), 17 complaining of right leg and hip pain, and for pain management. (AR 672, 676.) Upon examination, 18 PA Hoosier observed that Plaintiff used a cane and had an abnormal gait. (AR 673.) Plaintiff was 19 unable to walk on his heels or toes. (Id.) PA Hoosier also noted that Plaintiff had a normal range 20 of motion in his cervical spine and upper extremities. (AR 673–74.) Plaintiff had reduced range of 21 motion and strength in his right hip. (AR 675.) PA Hoosier’s notes record that a 2018 MRI of 22 Plaintiff’s hip showed advanced degenerative osteoarthropathy of the right hip, and a 2017 x-ray of 23 Plaintiff’s pelvis showed abnormal configuration of the right femoral head “probably secondary to 24 trauma.” (AR 676.) 25 26 27

28 2 Because the parties are familiar with the medical evidence, it is summarized here only to the extent relevant to the 1 On February 26, 2019, PA Hoosier submitted a medical source statement on behalf of 2 Plaintiff, assessing Plaintiff’s physical residual functional capacity (“RFC”).3 PA Hoosier 3 diagnosed Plaintiff with right hip and leg pain, noting that Plaintiff experiences muscle aches, 4 painful joints, weakness, and loss of strength. (AR 458–60.) The statement identified the above- 5 mentioned MRI and x-ray in support of PA Hoosier’s assessment. (AR 458.) According to PA 6 Hoosier, Plaintiff could, in an eight-hour workday: stand/walk with a cane for less than two hours; 7 sit for about four hours; lift and carry ten pounds rarely and less than ten pounds occasionally; 8 balance and kneel rarely; handle objects and reach in front of his body occasionally; and finger 9 objects and reach overhead rarely. (AR 459–60.) PA Hoosier also opined that Plaintiff could never 10 twist, stoop, crouch/squat, or climb ladders or stairs, is unable to walk for long periods, and is 11 “limited to distance and heights.” (Id.) 12 On April 12, 2019, Plaintiff complained of right leg pain. (AR 660.) PA Hoosier noted that 13 Plaintiff’s gait was abnormal and that Plaintiff was using a cane. (AR 661.) Upon examination, 14 Plaintiff was found to have reduced strength in his lower extremities, normal range of motion in the 15 thoracolumbar spine, negative straight leg raise, and no pain to palpitation of the spine. (AR 661– 16 63.) Treatment notes from May to September 2019 were largely unchanged. (See AR 631–33, 637– 17 39, 643–45, 649–51, 655–57.) 18 On April 16, 2020, Plaintiff continued to report pain in his right leg, which was aggravated 19 by walking and “activity.” (AR 604.) 20 3. Birgit Siekerkotte, M.D. 21 On March 2, 2018, Dr. Siekerkotte performed a comprehensive internal medicine evaluation 22 of Plaintiff. (AR 378–82.) Dr. Siekerkotte noted that Plaintiff’s chief complaint was right leg pain. 23 (AR 378.) She observed that Plaintiff was “a morbidly obese male in no acute distress who push[ed] 24

25 3 RFC is an assessment of an individual’s ability to do sustained work-related physical and mental activities in a work setting on a regular and continuing basis of eight hours a day, for five days a week, or an equivalent work schedule. 26 TITLES II & XVI: ASSESSING RESIDUAL FUNCTIONAL CAPACITY IN INITIAL CLAIMS, Social Security Ruling (“SSR”) 96-8p (S.S.A. July 2, 1996). The RFC assessment considers only functional limitations and restrictions 27 that result from an individual’s medically determinable impairment or combination of impairments. Id. “In determining a claimant’s RFC, an ALJ must consider all relevant evidence in the record including, inter alia, medical records, lay 28 evidence, and ‘the effects of symptoms, including pain, that are reasonably attributed to a medically determinable 1 himself from the seat with a cane and ha[d] great difficulty doing so.” (AR 379.) Dr. Siekerkotte 2 further noted that Plaintiff walked slowly with a cane and was limping on his right side; Plaintiff 3 could squat only about five inches and could not stand on his right leg alone. (AR 380.) Dr. 4 Siekerkotte ultimately assessed Plaintiff with right hip pain and osteoarthritis of the right hip, with 5 a history of hip fracture. (AR 382.) Dr. Siekerkotte opined Plaintiff could stand and walk for up to 6 two hours and had no limitations on sitting. (Id.) She further opined that Plaintiff could lift and 7 carry less than ten pounds both occasionally and frequently “based on [Plaintiff] needing a cane,” 8 and occasionally climb stairs stoop, kneel, and crawl. (Id.) Plaintiff should never crouch and should 9 avoid balancing and climbing ladders. (Id.) According to Dr. Siekerkotte, Plaintiff’s ability to work 10 on uneven ground and around heights or machinery is limited; Plaintiff needs to use a cane. (Id.) 11 4. Prior Administrative Medical Findings (“PAMF”)4 12 On March 16, 2018, state agency consultant G. Dale, M.D., reviewed Plaintiff’s medical 13 history at the initial consideration level. (AR 64–79.) Dr. Dale determined that Plaintiff had severe 14 impairments of obesity and reconstructive surgery of weight bearing joint. (AR 69–72.) Dr. Dale 15 found that Plaintiff’s allegations of disability are documented, but the listing level of severity of 16 impairment was not fully supported by the treatment history or objective findings. (AR 73.) Dr. 17 Dale determined that Plaintiff could lift and/or carry up to 10 pounds occasionally and less than 10 18 pounds frequently, stand and/or walk about 4 hours in an 8-hour workday, sit more than 6 hours in 19 an 8-hour workday, and had no restrictions on pushing and pulling. (AR 74–75.) Dr. Dale further 20 found that Plaintiff could occasionally climb ramps/stairs, balance, stoop, kneel, and crawl, but 21 never crouch or climb ropes, ladders, or scaffolds. (AR 75.) Dr. Dale opined that Plaintiff had no 22 manipulative, visual, or communicative limitations. (Id.) However, Dr. Dale opined that Plaintiff 23 required use of a cane for uneven terrain, and should avoid concentrated exposure to fumes, odors, 24 etc., and even moderate exposure to hazards. (AR 76.) 25 On July 17, 2018, state agency consultant Lee Lindquist, M.D., reviewed the medical records 26 at the reconsideration level. (AR 81–93.) Dr. Lindquist agreed with Dr. Dale’s findings. (See AR 27 4 According to the revised regulations, for claims filed on or after March 27, 2017, the terms “prior administrative 28 medical finding” or “PAMF” refer to the findings made by state agency medical and psychological consultants who 1 91–93.) 2 B. Plaintiff’s Statement 3 In January 2018, Plaintiff completed an adult function report. (AR 237–44.) Plaintiff stated 4 that “[i]t feels like [his] leg is going to brake [sic] when [he] walk[s],” and that he could not sleep 5 at night. (AR 237.) Plaintiff takes care of his two children, including helping them get ready for 6 and taking them to school, in addition to picking them up. (AR 238, 240, 241.) Plaintiff also takes 7 care of pets, sometimes with the assistance of his children “when [his] body can’t do it.” (AR 238.) 8 According to Plaintiff, he is unable to put on socks, underwear, or pants. (Id.) He can shower, 9 shave, and feed himself. (Id.) Plaintiff is able to prepare his own meals daily; he reported that 10 making a sandwich takes him 30 minutes. (AR 239.) Plaintiff uses a stool and cane to assist with 11 “whatever [he is] doing.” (Id.) He can drive a car, go out alone, and shop in stores using an electric 12 cart. (AR 240.) He is able to pay bills, count change, handle a savings account, and use a 13 checkbook/money orders. (Id.) Plaintiff’s hobbies include watching movies, playing with his kids, 14 spending “computer time” with his friends and family, and playing games on his phone. (AR 241.) 15 Plaintiff stated that his pain “sometimes doesn’t allow [him] to be social.” (AR 242.) 16 Plaintiff indicated that his impairments affect his ability to squat, bend, stand, walk, kneel, 17 climb stairs, complete tasks, and concentrate. (AR 242.) It is painful for him to squat, and he “can’t 18 bend.” (Id.) He can stand for seven minutes and walk for 30 feet before needing to rest for 10 19 minutes. (Id.) Plaintiff uses a walker, wheelchair, and cane. (AR 243.) 20 C. Administrative Proceedings 21 The Commissioner initially denied Plaintiff’s application for SSI benefits on March 20, 22 2018, and again on reconsideration on July 25, 2018. (AR 102, 109.) Consequently, Plaintiff 23 requested a hearing before an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”). (AR 115.) At the hearing on 24 June 8, 2020, Plaintiff appeared with counsel and testified before an ALJ as to his alleged disabling 25 conditions. (AR 44–53.) 26 1. Plaintiff’s Testimony 27 Plaintiff has pain that radiates from his right hip to his knee, and he walks with either two 28 canes or a walker. (AR 44, 48.) He has ten chairs around the house for him to sit in so that he can 1 help his children and clean the house. (AR 44, 47.) When Plaintiff gets “tired of sitting” or when 2 his knee gives out while walking, he has to lay down. (AR 44.) Plaintiff estimated he spends 3 between two and eight hours lying down in a day. (AR 46.) He can do chores for about ten 4 minutes before he starts to experience pain. (Id.) Plaintiff uses two canes to move around and do 5 chores, including wiping down the kitchen sink and counters. (Id.) He goes to the grocery store 6 once or twice a week, using an electric cart to get around the store. (AR 47.) Plaintiff can climb 7 stairs using his canes and holding on to the handrail. (AR 48.) 8 2. Vocational Expert’s Testimony 9 The ALJ asked the Vocational Expert (“VE”) to consider a person of Plaintiff’s age and 10 education. (AR 54.) The VE was also to assume this person could: lift and carry ten pounds 11 occasionally and less than ten pounds frequently; stand and/or walk two hours in an eight-hour 12 workday with the use of a cane for walking or otherwise traversing uneven terrain; sit for up to 13 eight hours; operate foot controls with the left lower extremity occasionally but never with the 14 right; and balance, stoop, and climb ramps and stairs occasionally. (AR 55.) This person could 15 never kneel, crouch, crawl, or climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds, in addition to being unable to 16 tolerate exposure to hazards, including unprotected heights and operating heavy machinery. (Id.) 17 The VE testified that such a person could performs the jobs of semiconductor bonder, Dictionary 18 of Operational Titles (“DOT”) code 726.685-066, document specialist, DOT code 249.587-018, 19 and callout operator, DOT code 237.367-014, all unskilled and sedentary work with a specific 20 vocational preparation (“SVP”) 5 of 2. (Id.) 21 In a second hypothetical, the ALJ asked the VE to consider an individual with the same 22 limitations as set forth in the first hypothetical, except that the person could stand and/or walk for 23 only one hour in an eight-hour workday. (AR 56.) The VE testified that such a person could still 24 perform the semiconductor bonder and callout operator jobs, in addition taper circuit layout, DOT 25 code 017.684-010, which is also unskilled, sedentary work with an SVP of 2. (Id.) 26 5 Specific vocational preparation, as defined in DOT, App. C, is the amount of lapsed time required by a typical worker 27 to learn the techniques, acquire the information, and develop the facility needed for average performance in a specific job-worker situation. DOT, Appendix C – Components of the Definition Trailer, 1991 WL 688702 (1991). Jobs in the 28 DOT are assigned SVP levels ranging from 1 (the lowest level – “short demonstration only”) to 9 (the highest level – 1 The ALJ asked the VE, in a third hypothetical, to consider a person of Plaintiff’s age and 2 education, with the following limitations: lifting and carrying up to ten pounds rarely (i.e., five 3 percent of the workday) and less than ten pounds occasionally; stand and/or walk with a cane for 4 less than two hours of an eight-hour workday; sit for four hours in an eight-hour workday; balance 5 and kneel rarely; handle or reach out in front of the body occasionally; finger or reach overhead 6 with the bilateral upper extremities rarely; never twist, stoop, crouch, squat, or climb; and unable 7 to walk for long periods. (AR 57–58.) The VE testified that there would be no work such a person 8 could perform. (AR 58.) The same was true for a person from hypotheticals one and two who 9 would need three to four unscheduled breaks for 10 to 15 minutes to either rest or lie down and 10 stretch out. (AR 58–59.) 11 D. The ALJ’s Decision 12 In a decision dated June 22, 2020, the ALJ found that Plaintiff was not disabled, as defined 13 by the Act. (AR 18–31.) The ALJ conducted the five-step disability analysis set forth in 20 C.F.R. 14 § 416.920. (AR 20–31.) The ALJ determined that Plaintiff had not engaged in substantial gainful 15 activity since August 29, 2017, the application date (step one). (AR 20.) At step two, the ALJ found 16 Plaintiff’s following impairments to be severe: osteoarthritis of the right hip; degenerative joint 17 disease of the bilateral knees; degenerative disc disease of the spine, with chronic L1 fracture, 18 scoliosis, and spondylosis of the lumbar spine; and morbid obesity. (Id.) Plaintiff did not have an 19 impairment or combination of impairments that met or medically equaled one of the listed 20 impairments in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1 (“the Listings”) (step three). (AR 24.) 21 The ALJ then assessed Plaintiff’s RFC and applied the RFC assessment at steps four and 22 five. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(a)(4) (“Before we go from step three to step four, we assess your 23 residual functional capacity . . . . We use this residual functional capacity assessment at both step 24 four and step five when we evaluate your claim at these steps.”). The ALJ determined that Plaintiff 25 had the RFC: 26 to perform a reduced range of sedentary work as defined in 20 CFR [§] 416.967(a) in that [Plaintiff] can occasionally lift and or carry ten pounds and frequently lift and 27 or carry less than ten pounds. [Plaintiff] can stand and or walk no more than one hour and sit up to eight-hours of an eight-hour workday, though he must use a cane 28 for walking or traversing uneven terrain. [Plaintiff] can occasionally operate foot 1 lower extremity. [Plaintiff] can never kneel, crouch, crawl, or climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds, and he can occasionally balance, stoop, or climb ramps and stairs. He 2 can tolerate no exposure to hazards, including unprotected heights or operating heavy machinery. 3 (AR 24–25.) Although the ALJ recognized that Plaintiff’s impairments “could reasonably be 4 expected to cause some of the alleged symptoms[,]” he rejected Plaintiff’s subjective testimony as 5 “not entirely consistent with the medical evidence and other evidence in the record.” (AR 26.) 6 The ALJ determined that Plaintiff had no past relevant work (step four). (AR 30.) The ALJ 7 ultimately concluded that, given his RFC, Plaintiff was not disabled because he could perform a 8 significant number of other jobs in the national economy, specifically semiconductor bonder, taper 9 circuit layout, and callout operator (step five). (AR 30–31.) 10 On June 29, 2020, Plaintiff sought review of the ALJ’s decision before the Appeals Council, 11 which denied review on October 14, 2020. (AR 1, 7.) Therefore, the ALJ’s decision became the 12 final decision of the Commissioner. 20 C.F.R. § 416.1481. 13

III. LEGAL STANDARDS

14 A. Applicable Law 15 An individual is considered “disabled” for purposes of disability benefits if he or she is 16 unable “to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable 17 physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can 18 be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.” 42 U.S.C. § 1382c(a)(3)(A). 19 However, “[a]n individual shall be determined to be under a disability only if his physical or mental 20 impairment or impairments are of such severity that he is not only unable to do his previous work 21 but cannot, considering his age, education, and work experience, engage in any other kind of 22 substantial gainful work which exists in the national economy.” Id. at § 1382c(a)(3)(B). 23 “The Social Security Regulations set out a five-step sequential process for determining 24 whether a claimant is disabled within the meaning of the Social Security Act.” Tackett v. Apfel, 180 25 F.3d 1094, 1098 (9th Cir. 1999) (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520); see also 20 C.F.R. § 416.920. The 26 Ninth Circuit has provided the following description of the sequential evaluation analysis: 27 In step one, the ALJ determines whether a claimant is currently engaged in substantial 28 1 combination of impairments. If not, the claimant is not disabled. If so, the ALJ 2 proceeds to step three and considers whether the impairment or combination of impairments meets or equals a listed impairment under 20 C.F.R. pt. 404, subpt. P, 3 [a]pp. 1. If so, the claimant is automatically presumed disabled. If not, the ALJ proceeds to step four and assesses whether the claimant is capable of performing her 4 past relevant work. If so, the claimant is not disabled. If not, the ALJ proceeds to step five and examines whether the claimant has the [RFC] . . . to perform any other 5 substantial gainful activity in the national economy. If so, the claimant is not 6 disabled. If not, the claimant is disabled. 7 Burch v. Barnhart, 400 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 2005); see also 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(a)(4) (providing 8 the “five-step sequential evaluation process” for SSI claimants). “If a claimant is found to be 9 ‘disabled’ or ‘not disabled’ at any step in the sequence, there is no need to consider subsequent 10 steps.” Tackett, 180 F.3d at 1098 (citing 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520); 20 C.F.R. § 416.920. 11 “The claimant carries the initial burden of proving a disability in steps one through four of 12 the analysis.” Burch, 400 F.3d at 679 (citing Swenson v. Sullivan, 876 F.2d 683, 687 (9th Cir. 13 1989)). “However, if a claimant establishes an inability to continue [his] past work, the burden 14 shifts to the Commissioner in step five to show that the claimant can perform other substantial 15 gainful work.” Id. (citing Swenson, 876 F.2d at 687). 16 B. Scope of Review 17 “This court may set aside the Commissioner’s denial of [social security] benefits [only] when 18 the ALJ’s findings are based on legal error or are not supported by substantial evidence in the record 19 as a whole.” Tackett, 180 F.3d at 1097 (citation omitted). “Substantial evidence” means “such 20 relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” 21 Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971) (quoting Consol. Edison Co. of N.Y. v. NLRB, 305 22 U.S. 197, 229 (1938)). “Substantial evidence is more than a mere scintilla but less than a 23 preponderance.” Ryan v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 528 F.3d 1194, 1198 (9th Cir. 2008). 24 “This is a highly deferential standard of review . . . .” Valentine v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. 25 Admin., 574 F.3d 685, 690 (9th Cir. 2009). The ALJ’s decision denying benefits “will be disturbed 26 only if that decision is not supported by substantial evidence or it is based upon legal error.” Tidwell 27 v. Apfel, 161 F.3d 599, 601 (9th Cir. 1999). Additionally, “[t]he court will uphold the ALJ’s 28 1 conclusion when the evidence is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation.” Id.; see, e.g., 2 Edlund v. Massanari, 253 F.3d 1152, 1156 (9th Cir. 2001) (“If the evidence is susceptible to more 3 than one rational interpretation, the court may not substitute its judgment for that of the 4 Commissioner.” (citations omitted)). 5 In reviewing the Commissioner’s decision, the Court may not substitute its judgment for that 6 of the Commissioner. Macri v. Chater, 93 F.3d 540, 543 (9th Cir. 1996). Instead, the Court must 7 determine whether the Commissioner applied the proper legal standards and whether substantial 8 evidence exists in the record to support the Commissioner’s findings. See Lewis v. Astrue, 498 F.3d 9 909, 911 (9th Cir. 2007). Nonetheless, “the Commissioner’s decision ‘cannot be affirmed simply 10 by isolating a specific quantum of supporting evidence.’” Tackett, 180 F.3d at 1098 (quoting Sousa 11 v. Callahan, 143 F.3d 1240, 1243 (9th Cir. 1998)). “Rather, a court must ‘consider the record as a 12 whole, weighing both evidence that supports and evidence that detracts from the [Commissioner’s] 13 conclusion.’” Id. (quoting Penny v. Sullivan, 2 F.3d 953, 956 (9th Cir. 1993)). 14 Finally, courts “may not reverse an ALJ’s decision on account of an error that is harmless.” 15 Molina v. Astrue, 674 F.3d 1104, 1111 (9th Cir. 2012) (citing Stout v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 16 454 F.3d 1050, 1055–56 (9th Cir. 2006)). Harmless error “exists when it is clear from the record 17 that ‘the ALJ’s error was inconsequential to the ultimate nondisability determination.’” Tommasetti 18 v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 1038 (9th Circ. 2008) (quoting Robbins v. Social Sec. Admin., 466 F.3d 19 880, 885 (9th Cir. 2006)). “[T]he burden of showing that an error is harmful normally falls upon 20 the party attacking the agency’s determination.” Shinseki v. Sanders, 556 U.S. 396, 409 (2009) 21 (citations omitted). 22 IV. DISCUSSION 23 Plaintiff contends the ALJ erred in his evaluation of PA Hoosier’s opinion and Plaintiff’s 24 testimony. (See Doc. 16 at 2–14.) For the reasons stated below, the Court finds that the ALJ did 25 not err. 26 A. The ALJ Properly Evaluated PA Hoosier’s Opinion 27 1. Legal Standard 28 On January 18, 2017, the Social Security Administration published comprehensive revisions 1 to its regulations regarding the evaluation of medical evidence. See 82 Fed. Reg. 5844. For 2 applications filed on or after March 27, 2017, an ALJ need “not defer or give any specific evidentiary 3 weight, including controlling weight, to any medical opinion(s) or prior administrative medical 4 finding(s) (“PAMF”) [i.e., state-agency medical consultants], including those from [a claimant’s] 5 medical sources.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.920c(a). Instead, an ALJ is to evaluate medical opinions and 6 PAMFs by considering their “persuasiveness.” Id. In determining how “persuasive” the opinions 7 of a medical source or PAMF are, an ALJ must consider the following factors: supportability, 8 consistency, treatment relationship, specialization, and “other factors.” Id. at § 416.920c(b), (c)(1)– 9 (5). 10 The ALJ’s duty to articulate a rationale for each factor varies. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920c(a)–(b). 11 In all cases, the ALJ must at least “explain how [the ALJ] considered” the supportability and 12 consistency factors, as they are “the most important factors.” Id. at § 416.920c(b)(2). For 13 supportability, the regulations state: “[t]he more relevant the objective medical evidence and 14 supporting explanations presented by a medical source are to support his or her medical opinion(s) 15 or prior administrative medical finding(s), the more persuasive [the opinion or PAMF] will be.” Id. 16 at § 416.920c(c)(1). For consistency, the regulations state: “[t]he more consistent a medical 17 opinion(s) or prior administrative medical finding(s) is with the evidence from other medical sources 18 and nonmedical sources in the claim, the more persuasive [the opinion or PAMF] will be.” Id. at 19 § 416.920c(c)(2). 20 The ALJ is required to articulate findings on the remaining factors (relationship with the 21 claimant, specialization, and “other”) only where “two or more medical opinions or prior 22 administrative medical findings about the same issue” are “not exactly the same,” and both are 23 “equally well-supported [and] consistent with the record.” 20 C.F.R. § 416.920c(b)(2) & (3). An 24 ALJ may address multiple opinions from a single medical source in one analysis. Id. at 25 § 416.920c(b)(1). 26 The new regulations also expanded the definition of acceptable medical sources to include, 27 inter alia, a “Licensed Advanced Practice Registered Nurse, or other licensed advanced practice 28 nurse with another title, for impairments within his or her licensed scope of practice,” and a 1 “Licensed Physician Assistant for impairments within his or her licensed scope of practice.” 20 2 C.F.R. § 416.902(a)(7), (8). 3 2. Analysis 4 On February 26, 2019, PA Hoosier submitted a medical source statement on Plaintiff’s 5 behalf, opining, as relevant here (see Doc. 16 at 12), that Plaintiff could sit for about four hours in 6 an eight-hour workday and stand/walk for less than two hours (i.e., perform less than sedentary 7 work). (AR 458–60.) In evaluating PA Hoosier’s opinion, the ALJ stated: 8 This opinion is unpersuasive. As for supportability, this checklist-style form appears to have been completed as an accommodation to [Plaintiff] and includes only 9 conclusions regarding functional limitations without detailed support or rationale for those conclusions. As for consistency, this opinion is inconsistent with the record. 10 In particular, multiple examinations of upper extremities revealed full strength and sensation to the upper extremities and normal cervical spine range of motion, and as 11 such manipulating and reaching limitations would not be warranted. 12 (AR 29, internal citations omitted.) The ALJ ultimately found Drs. Dale, Lindquist, and 13 Siekerkotte’s opinions that Plaintiff was capable of sedentary work more persuasive. (See AR 28– 14 29.) 15 The Court concludes that the ALJ properly evaluated the supportability and consistency of 16 PA Hoosier’s opinion. As to supportability, the ALJ properly considered PA Hoosier’s failure to 17 adequately explain his reasoning.6 See 20 C.F.R. § 416.920c(c)(1) (requiring the ALJ to consider 18 “supporting explanations presented by a medical source.”). As the ALJ observed, PA Hoosier’s 19 opinion was given on a checklist form, with little information as to what clinical findings supported 20

21 6 In finding PA Hoosier’s opinion unpersuasive, the ALJ also stated that the medical source statement “appear[ed] to have been completed as an accommodation to [Plaintiff].” (AR 29.) An ALJ may not reject a medical opinion “based 22 on the assumption that [the medical provider] has a natural tendency to advocate for his patients, but may do so if there is evidence that the [provider] is, in fact, acting as an advocate.” Nutter v. Berryhill, No. 1:17-CV-00242-JLT, 2018 23 WL 4043204, at *8 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 23, 2018) (citing Lester, 81 F.3d at 832 (holding that the Commissioner “may not assume that doctors routinely lie in order to help their patients collect disability benefits” but “may introduce evidence 24 of actual improprieties”); Matney v. Sullivan, 981 F.2d 1016, 1020 (9th Cir. 1992) (holding the ALJ properly determined treating physician’s opinions “were entitled to less weight” because evidence showed that physician “had agreed to 25 become an advocate and assist in presenting a meaningful petition for Social Security benefits”); Saelee v. Chater, 94 F.3d 520, 522 (9th Cir. 1996) (ALJ properly discounted treating physician’s report obtained solely for purposes of 26 administrative hearing)). Here, the Court need not address whether PA Hoosier’s opinion was an “accommodation” to Plaintiff, because the ALJ provided other valid reasons in addressing the supportability factor, discussed above. See 27 Barber v. Astrue, No. 1:10–cv–01432–AWI–SKO, 2012 WL 458076, at *13 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 10, 2012) (finding harmless error where the ALJ “stated other valid reasons” for rejecting a physician's opinion) (citing Stout, 454 F.3d at 1054 and 28 Burch, 400 F.3d at 679). 1 the opinion or why any particular section on the checklist was marked. (See AR 458–60.) Plaintiff 2 contends that PA Hoosier’s opinion was adequately supported by medical findings (see Doc. 16 at 3 12), as PA Hoosier’s noted on the medical source statement form that Plaintiff’s MRIs showed 4 degenerative osteoarthropathy of Plaintiff’s right hip and x-rays of Plaintiff’s pelvis showed 5 abnormal configuration of the right femoral head and “secondary OA and lateral subluxation of the 6 hip” (see AR 458). PA Hoosier’s mere reference to these imaging tests, however, does not 7 adequately explain why, for example, PA Hoosier believed that Plaintiff could sit for only four hours 8 in an eight-hour workday. Therefore, the lack of supporting explanations was a proper consideration 9 in evaluating the supportability of PA Hoosier’s opinion. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.920c(c)(1); Woods 10 v. Kijakazi, 32 F.4th 785, 794 (9th Cir. 2022) (substantial evidence supported finding that medical 11 opinion, expressed in a “fill-in-the-blank questionnaire,” was “not persuasive because it is not 12 supported by any explanation” or “pertinent exam findings.”); Ponce v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 13 1:20–CV–01664–EPG, 2022 WL 196529, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 21, 2022) (declining to find the ALJ 14 erroneously rejected medical opinion where given on a “checkbox form with no significant narrative 15 explanation” and “no citation to record evidence.”). 16 As to consistency, the ALJ found that PA Hoosier’s opinion was generally inconsistent with 17 the medical record. (See AR 29.) Although the ALJ did not cite to any records regarding PA 18 Hoosier’s opinion that Plaintiff could sit for only four hours in an eight-hour workday and 19 stand/walk for two hours, the preceding paragraphs and the ALJ’s discussion of other medical 20 opinions the ALJ found more persuasive contains a summary of medical records with specific 21 citations and explanation. (See AR 26–29.) For example, the ALJ cited to treatment records from 22 May 2018 that recorded normal, but painful, range of motion in the right hip. (AR 26, 392, 463.) 23 From July to December 2018, Plaintiff reported persistent pain in his right hip, but physical 24 examination findings were generally unremarkable. (See AR 469, 471, 476, 480–81, 487, 492, 498.) 25 Treatment notes from April to September 2019 recorded right hip and leg pain, with reduced 26 strength to the lower extremities and use of a cane to ambulate; examinations from that period 27 showed normal thoracolumbar spine range of motion, negative straight leg raise, and no pain to 28 palpitation of the spine. (AR 631–33, 637–39, 643–45, 649–51, 655–57, 661–63.) In April 2020, 1 Plaintiff continued to report pain in his right leg, which was aggravated by walking and “activity.” 2 (AR 604.) 3 While the medical record reflects that Plaintiff has physical impairments, it was reasonable 4 for the ALJ to conclude that the record did not support the severity of PA Hoosier’s opined 5 restrictions, including that Plaintiff could sit for only four hours in an eight-hour workday. Indeed, 6 the medical record primarily reflects that Plaintiff had difficulty walking, requiring use of a cane, 7 and his pain appears to be exacerbated by movement. Therefore, the ALJ’s conclusion that PA 8 Hoosier’s opinion was inconsistent with the objective medical evidence as a whole are legally 9 sufficient and supported by substantial evidence. See Batson v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 359 F.3d 10 1190, 1198 (9th Cir. 2004) (“When the evidence before the ALJ is subject to more than one rational 11 interpretation, [the Court] must defer to the ALJ’s conclusion.”). 12 With regard to PA Hoosier’s opinion that Plaintiff could stand/walk for two hours in an 13 eight-hour workday, even assuming that the ALJ erred in finding that opinion unpersuasive, Plaintiff 14 has failed to show that the error was not harmless. In response to the ALJ’s second hypothetical 15 about a person who could stand/and or walk for only one hour in an eight-hour workday, the VE 16 testified that such a person could still perform the jobs of semiconductor bonder, callout operator, 17 and taper circuit layout. (AR 56.) Accordingly, reversal would not be required, as the error would 18 be “inconsequential to the ultimate nondisability determination.” Molina, 674 F.3d at 1115 19 (citations omitted). 20 B. The ALJ Properly Discounted Plaintiff’s Subjective Symptom Allegations 21 In evaluating the credibility of a claimant’s testimony regarding his impairments, an ALJ 22 must engage in a two-step analysis. Vasquez v. Astrue, 572 F.3d 586, 591 (9th Cir. 2009). First, 23 the ALJ must determine whether the claimant has presented objective medical evidence of an 24 underlying impairment that could reasonably be expected to produce the symptoms alleged. Id. The 25 claimant is not required to show that their impairment “could reasonably be expected to cause the 26 severity of the symptom [he] has alleged; [he] need only show that it could reasonably have caused 27 some degree of the symptom.” Id. (quoting Lingenfelter v. Astrue, 504 F.3d 1028, 1036 (9th Cir. 28 2007)). If the claimant meets the first test and there is no evidence of malingering, the ALJ can only 1 reject the claimant’s testimony about the severity of the symptoms if they give “specific, clear and 2 convincing reasons” for the rejection. Id. As the Ninth Circuit has explained: 3 The ALJ may consider many factors in weighing a claimant’s credibility, including (1) ordinary techniques of credibility evaluation, such as the claimant’s reputation 4 for lying, prior inconsistent statements concerning the symptoms, and other 5 testimony by the claimant that appears less than candid; (2) unexplained or inadequately explained failure to seek treatment or to follow a prescribed course of 6 treatment; and (3) the claimant’s daily activities. If the ALJ’s finding is supported by substantial evidence, the court may not engage in second-guessing. 7 Tommasetti, 533 F.3d at 1039 (citations and internal quotation marks omitted); see also Bray v. 8 Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 554 F.3d 1219, 1226–27 (9th Cir. 2009). Other factors the ALJ may 9 consider include a claimant’s work record and testimony from physicians and third parties 10 concerning the nature, severity, and effect of the symptoms of which he complains. Light v. Social 11 Sec. Admin., 119 F.3d 789, 792 (9th Cir. 1997). 12 The clear and convincing standard is “not an easy requirement to meet,” as it is “‘the most 13 demanding required in Social Security cases.’” Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1015 (9th Cir. 14 2014) (quoting Moore v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 278 F.3d 920, 924 (9th Cir. 2002)). General 15 findings are not sufficient to satisfy this standard; the ALJ “‘must identify what testimony is not 16 credible and what evidence undermines the claimant’s complaints.’” Burrell v. Colvin, 775 F.3d 17 1133, 1138 (9th Cir. 2014) (quoting Lester v. Chater, 81 F.3d 821, 834 (9th Cir. 1995)). 18 The ALJ found that Plaintiff’s “medically determinable impairments could reasonably be 19 expected to cause some of the alleged symptoms.” (AR 26.) The ALJ also found that “[Plaintiff’s] 20 statements concerning the intensity, persistence and limiting effects of these symptoms are not 21 entirely consistent with the medical evidence and other evidence in the record for the reasons 22 explained in this decision.” (Id.) Since the ALJ found Plaintiff’s “medically determinable 23 impairments could reasonably be expected to cause the alleged symptoms,” the only remaining issue 24 is whether the ALJ provided “specific, clear and convincing reasons” for Plaintiff’s adverse 25 credibility finding. See Vasquez, 572 F.3d at 591. Here, the ALJ discounted Plaintiff’s testimony 26 because it was not supported by the objective medical evidence of record or his activities of daily 27 living. (AR 25–28.) 28 1 a. Objective Evidence of Record 2 “[T]he Ninth Circuit has repeatedly emphasized that, ‘in evaluating the credibility of . . . 3 testimony after a claimant produces objective medical evidence of an underlying impairment, an 4 ALJ may not reject a claimant’s subjective complaints based solely on a lack of medical evidence 5 to fully corroborate the alleged severity of [the impairment].’ ” Ondracek v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 6 No. 1:15–cv–01308–SKO, 2017 WL 714374, at *8 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 22, 2017) (quoting Burch, 400 7 F.3d at 680); see, e.g., Rollins, 261 F.3d at 857 (a claimant’s testimony “cannot be rejected on the 8 sole ground that it is not fully corroborated by objective medical evidence). Nonetheless, “lack of 9 medical evidence . . . is a factor that the ALJ can consider in his credibility analysis.” Burch, 400 10 F.3d at 681. 11 With respect to the ALJ’s reasoning that the objective evidence of record did not support 12 Plaintiff's allegations regarding the severity of symptoms, the ALJ found that the medical evidence 13 established that Plaintiff’s impairments caused limitations in functioning that did not preclude all 14 substantial gainful activity. (AR 26–27.) As discussed above, treatment records indicate that 15 Plaintiff reported persistent hip pain in 2018, but physical examination findings were generally 16 unremarkable, with some reports of normal, but painful, range of motion. (See AR 392, 463, 469, 17 471, 476, 480–81, 487, 492, 498.) Similarly, in 2019, Plaintiff was noted to have hip and leg pain, 18 with reduced strength to the lower extremities and use of a cane to ambulate, but examinations from 19 that period showed normal thoracolumbar spine range of motion, negative straight leg raise, and no 20 pain to palpitation of the spine. (AR 631–33, 637–39, 643–45, 649–51, 655–57, 661–63.) 21 Thus, the ALJ provided substantial support by setting forth notable medical findings that 22 were inconsistent with Plaintiff's statements concerning the intensity, persistence and limiting 23 effects of his symptoms. Therefore, the Court finds that the ALJ properly considered inconsistency 24 with the objective medical evidence as a “clear and convincing” reason to discount Plaintiff’s 25 credibility. See Salas v. Colvin, No. 1:13–cv–00429–BAM, 2014 WL 4186555, at *6 (E.D. Cal. 26 Aug. 21, 2014). 27 b. Activities of Daily Living 28 The ALJ determined that Plaintiff “has engaged in a somewhat normal level of daily activity 1 and interaction” such that Plaintiff’s “ability to participate in [those] activities is inconsistent with 2 [Plaintiff’s] allegations of functional limitations.” (AR 28.) An ALJ may properly consider a 3 claimant’s daily activities when evaluating credibility. Fair v. Bowen, 885 F.2d 597, 603 (9th Cir. 4 1989) (the nature of daily activities may be considered when evaluating credibility). Moreover, in 5 evaluating a claimant’s credibility, an ALJ may consider inconsistencies between the claimant’s 6 testimony and the claimant’s conduct and whether the claimant engages in daily activities 7 inconsistent with the alleged symptoms. Molina, 674 F.3d at 1112. Even where those activities 8 suggest some difficulty functioning, they are grounds for discrediting Plaintiff's testimony to the 9 extent that they contradict claims of a totally debilitating impairment. Id. at 1113. 10 Here, Plaintiff alleges an inability to work due to pain in his right leg and knee. (AR 44.) 11 According to Plaintiff, he can stand for seven minutes and walk for 30 feet before needing to rest 12 for 10 minutes; he spends between two and eight hours lying down in each day. (AR 46, 242.) 13 Despite these alleged severe limitations, Plaintiff’s statement and hearing testimony show he is able 14 to: prepare simple meals; perform light household chores; drive a car; shop in grocery stores; 15 manage his finances; play with and care for his two children, including taking them to and picking 16 them up from school; and display sufficient concentration and attention to watch a movie, spend 17 time on the computer with friends and family, or play games on his phone. (AR 46–48, 238–42.) 18 The Court finds that these activities were reasonably considered by the ALJ to be inconsistent with 19 Plaintiff’s alleged inability to work due to his right hip and leg pain. (See AR 25, 28.) 20 While disability claimants should not be penalized for attempting to lead normal lives in the 21 face of their limitations, where the level of activity is inconsistent with a claimant’s claimed 22 limitation, those activities have bearing on the claimant’s credibility. Reddick v. Chater, 157 F.3d 23 715, 722 (9th Cir. 1998). As the Ninth Circuit explained in Fair, 885 F.2d at 604, “if [the plaintiff] 24 remains able to perform ordinary household and personal tasks, then he has not carried his burden 25 of proving that his pain prevents him from returning to [work]. While such reasoning may not hold 26 up in all cases . . . it is sufficient here, as [the plaintiff] has not put forward any evidence that 27 reconciles the inconsistency between his words and his actions.” Such circumstances are evident in 28 this case. 1 Ultimately, the ALJ’s decision recognized that Plaintiff has some work limitations, but 2 properly discredited Plaintiff’s testimony that his limitations render him completely unable to work. 3 Fair, 885 F.2d at 604; see also Bunnell v. Sullivan, 947 F.2d 341, 346 (9th Cir. 1991) (“So long as 4 the adjudicator makes specific findings that are supported by the record, the adjudicator may 5 discredit the claimant’s allegations based on inconsistencies in the testimony or on relevant character 6 evidence.”). Where the ALJ makes a reasonable interpretation of the claimant’s testimony, it is not 7 the Court’s role to second-guess it. Rollins, 261 F.3d at 857. 8 In sum, the Court finds the ALJ discounted Plaintiff’s subjective symptom allegations for 9 clear and convincing reasons supported by substantial evidence. 10 V. CONCLUSION AND ORDER 11 Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that the ALJ’s decision is supported by substantial 12 evidence and is therefore AFFIRMED. The Clerk of this Court is DIRECTED to enter judgment in 13 favor of Defendant Kilolo Kijakazi, Acting Commissioner of Social Security, and against Plaintiff 14 James Jones. 15

IT IS SO ORDERED.

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17 Dated: September 6, 2022 /s/ Sheila K. Oberto .

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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