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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

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EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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11 ASA ENTERPRISE, INC., et al., Case No. 1:21-cv-00915-BAK

12 Plaintiffs, ORDER RE: INFORMAL DISCOVERY

DISPUTE RULING IN FAVOR OF

13 v. DEFENDANT AND DENYING PLAINTIFFS’

REQUESTS FOR DISCOVERY

14 STAN BOYETT & SON, INC., (ECF Nos. 31, 34, 35, 36) 15 Defendant. 16 17 18 19 Currently before the Court is a discovery dispute that the parties have agreed to submit to 20 the Court for adjudication through the Court’s informal discovery dispute procedure. 21 I. 22 BACKGROUND 23 A. Procedural Background 24 On June 9, 2021, Plaintiffs ASA Enterprise, Inc. (“ASA”), and Manjit Singh (“Singh”), 25 filed this action against Defendant Stan Boyett & Son, Inc. (“Boyett”). (ECF No. 1.) The action 26 was initially assigned to then Magistrate Judge Jennifer L. Thurston. On September 9, 2021, a 27 scheduling order issued, setting among other deadlines, a nonexpert discovery deadline of May 28 31, 2022. (ECF No. 18.) The scheduling order specified that “[n]on-dispositive motions related 1 to non-expert discovery SHALL be filed within a reasonable time of discovery of the dispute, but 2 in [sic] not later than 30 days after the expiration of the non-expert discovery deadline.” (ECF 3 No. 18 at 4 n.2.) Consent forms were returned by the parties, and on September 21, 2021, this 4 action was authorized to proceed before the United States Magistrate Judge for all purposes, 5 pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c)(1). (ECF Nos. 19, 20, 21.) 6 On January 6, 2022, this action was temporarily referred to Magistrate Judge Stanley A. 7 Boone. (ECF No. 24.) On January 28, 2022, the parties submitted a joint mid-discovery status 8 report indicating there were no discovery issues, and that the parties still needed to issue written 9 discovery requests. (ECF No. 25.) In light of the filing, the Court vacated the mid-discovery 10 status conference that was set for February 4, 2022. (ECF No. 27.) 11 On June 30, 2022, at the parties’ request, the Court set an informal discovery dispute 12 conference for July 12, 2022. (ECF No. 29.) On July 7, 2022, Defendant’s new counsel 13 substituted in. (ECF No. 33.) On August 8, 2022, the parties filed a joint statement re discovery 14 dispute (“JS”). (ECF No. 34.) On August 9, 2022, the Court held a discovery dispute conference 15 via video conference. (ECF No. 35.) Megan Childress appeared on behalf of Plaintiffs. Alissa 16 Pleau-Fuller appeared on behalf of the Defendant. (Id.) The Court ordered supplemental briefing 17 in light of the issues discussed at the conference, and ordered the parties to highlight respective 18 portions of the contract for the Court. (Id.) On August 19, 2022, the parties filed a supplemental 19 joint statement regarding the discovery dispute (“SJS”). (ECF No. 36.)1 20 B. Summary of the Case and Certain Proffered Legal Standards 21 The parties provided a summary of the case in the joint statement, which the Court will 22 reproduce here for purposes of the instant discovery dispute. The summary includes reference to 23 caselaw pertaining to petroleum industry franchises. 24 Plaintiffs own and operate a gas station and convenience store in Bakersfield. Plaintiffs 25 and Boyett were parties to a 76 Branded License and Sales Agreement (the “Franchise 26 Agreement”), pursuant to which Plaintiffs agreed that the gas station (not the convenience store) 27 1 Due to technical issues or otherwise, the parties failed to highlight their respective portions in both the electronic 28 and hard copies of the supplemental briefing provided to the Court, despite specifying that they did so in briefing. 1 would be branded 76, and that Plaintiffs would purchase and accept from Boyett, minimum 2 quantities of 76-branded gasoline. The 76 brand is owned by Phillips 66 Company (“P66”). 3 Boyett is what is known in the retail petroleum industry as a “jobber,” which is a middleman 4 between refining companies and fuel retailers (gas stations). Boyett and P66 are parties to a 5 Trademark License Agreement. Under that Trademark License Agreement, P66 has granted 6 Boyett the authority to enter into sub-license agreements (franchise agreements) with gas stations 7 and requires Boyett to enforce P66’s trademark and image standards at any gas station branded 76 8 through a wholesale marketing agreement with Boyett. The Franchise Agreement between 9 Plaintiffs and Boyett required Plaintiffs to maintain the 76-branded gas station according to 10 minimum imaging standards set by P66. 11 The franchise relationship between Plaintiffs and Boyett is governed by the Petroleum 12 Marketing Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. 2801, et seq. (“PMPA”). The PMPA was enacted in 1978 to 13 protect “franchisees from arbitrary or discriminatory termination or nonrenewal of their 14 franchises.” S. Rep.No.95-731, 95th Cong.2d Sess., 15-19 (1978), reprinted in [1978] U.S. Code 15 Cong. & Admin. News 874 (“Senate Report”); DuFresne’s Auto Serv., Inc. v. Shell Oil Co., 992 16 F.2d 920, 925 (9th Cir. 1993) (the PMPA is “intended to protect gas station franchise owners 17 from arbitrary termination or nonrenewal of their franchises with large oil corporations and 18 gasoline distributors.”). “[T]he centerpiece of the Act lies in its prohibition against a franchisor 19 terminating or refusing to renew a franchise, except for the reasons specified in the Act, see, 15 20 U.S.C. § 2802, and in the stringent notice requirements it imposes on a terminating or 21 nonrenewing franchisor, see, 15 U.S.C. § 2804. The Act, then, is directed first and foremost at 22 the permissible grounds for termination or nonrenewal of franchises and at the manner in which 23 such termination or nonrenewal is effectuated, or, in other words, at the why and how of ending a 24 franchise.” Lasko v. Consumers Petroleum of Conn., Inc., 547 F.Supp. 211, 216 (D. Conn. 1981) 25 (“Lasko”). 26 Here, Boyett terminated Plaintiffs’ franchise after Plaintiffs failed two (2) consecutive 27 “mystery shop” inspections and failed to cure by achieving a passing scores on the third 28 consecutive “mystery shop” inspection. Plaintiffs contend, among other things, that the PMPA 1 does not permit Boyett to terminate a franchise based solely on a franchisee’s purported failure to 2 comply with arbitrary, subjective and draconian “mystery shopper” inspections. 3 C. The Discovery Dispute 4 The parties proffer there are two categories of information that Plaintiffs seek discovery 5 related to, and that Defendant contends are not discoverable. First, Plaintiffs request Defendant 6 produce the Trademark License Agreement and whole marketing agreement and addendums 7 thereto, between Defendant Boyett and P66. Second, Plaintiffs request Defendant to identify all 8 other franchisees of Defendant’s who have received notices of default or termination for failed 9 image standards. 10 II. 11 GENERAL LEGAL STANDARDS FOR DISCOVERY DISPUTE PROCESS 12 The Court is vested with broad discretion to manage discovery. Dichter-Mad Family 13 Partners, LLP v. U.S., 709 F.3d 749, 751 (9th Cir. 2013) (per curiam); Surfvivor Media, Inc. v. 14 Survivor Prods., 406 F.3d 625, 635 (9th Cir. 2005); Hallett v. Morgan, 296 F.3d 732, 751 (9th 15 Cir. 2002). Pursuant to the undersigned’s procedures for informal discovery dispute resolution, 16 the parties may stipulate to allow for the resolution of discovery disputes outside of the formal 17 Local Rule 251 procedures, by conducting an informal conference. Prior to conducting such 18 conference, the parties must agree to the informal process, agree to an entry of an order by the 19 Court after the conference, and agree to abide by such order. 20 Rule 26 provides that a party “may obtain discovery regarding any nonprivileged matter 21 that is relevant to any party’s claim or defense and proportional to the needs of the case, 22 considering the importance of the issues at stake in the action, the amount in controversy, the 23 parties’ relative access to relevant information, the parties’ resources, the importance of the 24 discovery in resolving the issues, and whether the burden or expense of the proposed discovery 25 outweighs its likely benefit.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1). Information need not be admissible in 26 evidence to be discoverable. Id. “Evidence is relevant if: (a) it has any tendency to make a fact 27 more or less probable than it would be without the evidence; and (b) the fact is of consequence in 28 determining the action.” Fed. R. Evid. 401. 1 Relevancy is broadly defined to encompass any matter that bears on, or that reasonably 2 could lead to other matter that could bear on, any issue that is or may be in the case. 3 Oppenheimer Fund, Inc. v. Sanders, 437 U.S. 340, 351 (1978). Although relevance is broadly 4 defined, it does have “ultimate and necessary boundaries.” Gonzales v. Google, Inc., 234 F.R.D. 5 674, 680 (N.D. Cal. 2006) (quoting Oppenheimer Fund, Inc., 437 U.S. at 351). While discovery 6 should not be unnecessarily restricted, discovery is more limited to protect third parties from 7 harassment, inconvenience, or disclosure of confidential documents. Dart Industries Co., Inc. v. 8 Westwood Chemical Co., Inc., 649 F.2d 646, 649 (9th Cir. 1980). In deciding discovery disputes, 9 courts must be careful not to deprive the party of discovery that is reasonably necessary to their 10 case. Dart Industries, 649 F.2d at 680. Pursuant to Rule 26(c)(1), the Court may, for good cause, 11 issue a protective order forbidding or limiting discovery. The avoidance of annoyance, 12 embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense are grounds for the issuance of a 13 protective order. Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c). 14 III. 15 DISCUSSION 16 The Court first addresses the preliminary issue of timeliness of the instant discovery 17 dispute in relation to the scheduling order, before proceeding into the two substantive areas of 18 discovery that the parties’ briefing focuses on. 19 A. Timeliness 20 1. Plaintiffs’ Position 21 Plaintiffs served the relevant requests for production (“RFP”) and interrogatories on 22 February 1, 2022, and Defendant requested an extension beyond the thirty (30) day deadline to 23 respond. Defendant, with its responses, produced a privilege log that identified the Trademark 24 License Agreement as a responsive document being withheld on privilege grounds. (SJS at 1.) 25 Plaintiffs proffer that prior to the May 31 discovery cutoff, Plaintiff initiated the meet and confer 26 process with Defendant by sending a letter taking certain issues regarding the various responses, 27 and taking issue with Defendant’s withholding of the Trademark License Agreement. Plaintiffs 28 state Defendant, for the first time now takes the position that the Trademark License Agreement 1 was not responsive to any of Plaintiff’s requests, and also emphasize Defendant never raised this 2 argument in its previous brief, or at the informal discovery conference on August 9, 2022. (SJS at 3 1 n.1.) 4 Noting the scheduling order issued by the previous Magistrate Judge assigned to this 5 action specified the deadline for filing of any non-expert discovery motion was June 30, 2022, 6 Plaintiff states the parties were still meeting and conferring regarding the discovery responses as 7 of June 8, 2022, when Defendant’s prior counsel sent an email to Plaintiff’s counsel agreeing that 8 the motion to compel deadline “won’t expire for 30 days after (if) the parties reach an impasse – 9 where you [sic] ASA is still demanding further written responses and/or documents and Boyett 10 has represented that it will not provide any further written responses or documents.” (SJS at 1.) 11 Plaintiff proffers this shows an agreement to extend the nonexpert discovery motion to compel 12 deadline, and demonstrates that as of June 8, 2022, it was not evident to Plaintiffs that Defendant 13 would not provide the information at issue in this discovery dispute. On June 22, 2022, 14 Defendant agreed to provide supplemental responses to some of the discovery items previously in 15 dispute, but for the first time, made clear they would not produce the Trademark License 16 Agreement or the information concerning the other franchisees at issue. Notwithstanding the 17 proffered agreement to extend the discovery deadline, Plaintiffs states they informed Defendant 18 they intended to file the motion to compel on or before the June 30 deadline. 19 On June 28, 2022, the parties met and conferred regarding the Court’s informal discovery 20 dispute procedures. Plaintiffs submit the parties agreed to the process in lieu of the motion 21 process, and given scheduling, the parties agreed that if the process was initiated on or before 22 June 30, the motion cutoff deadline would be complied with. (SJS at 2.) The parties agreed to 23 contact the courtroom deputy by June 30, and did so to schedule the informal conference for July 24 12, 2022. On July 6, 2022, Defendant informed Plaintiffs that new counsel was substituting in, 25 and on July 7, 2022, the informal conference was continued to August 9, 2022, to accommodate 26 new counsel. (SJS at 2.) 27 2. Defendant’s Position 28 Defendant, represented by new counsel, does not dispute that the parties “apparently 1 agreed” to extend the deadline to file a motion to compel, and agreed to extend the date of the 2 informal conference. (SJS at 3.) Defendant argues nonetheless that Plaintiff delayed finally 3 moving to compel regarding issues that substantially expand the case until after the nonexpert 4 discovery deadline, regardless of the motion to compel deadline, as the scheduling order states 5 that such motions “SHALL be filed within a reasonable time of discovery of the dispute.” (ECF 6 No. 18 at 2.) Defendant suggests Plaintiffs waited until after the discovery cutoff and delayed 7 presenting this issue to the Court until the final day they could do so on discovery served in 8 February of 2022, and that had responses served March 17, 2022. (SJS at 4.) Defendant proffers 9 it objected at that time to the requests as to other franchisees or the Licensing Agreement, (RFP 1- 10 10, 14-17, 22-26), and proffers that no request or interrogatory specifically sought the Licensing 11 Agreement. Defendant states that as Plaintiff conceded at the original conference, Defendant has 12 consistently taken the position it will not produce the Licensing Agreement or related agreements, 13 or respond to or produce documents related to other franchisees’ notices of default or their 14 termination or related reports. Despite never changing this position, Plaintiffs instead waited until 15 June 30, 2022. 16 Defendants further highlight that Plaintiffs are now seeking extensive information about 17 other franchisees, and as previously briefed, this information is irrelevant, and the privacy of the 18 other franchisees precludes such discovery. Defendant argues expanding the scope of discovery 19 now to focus on other sites would inappropriately expand the scope of discovery in this case after 20 the cut-off date, potentially prejudice Defendant, and may open the need for Defendant to then 21 conduct discovery on these other businesses. 22 3. The Court’s Ruling 23 The scheduling order specifies that: “Non-dispositive motions related to non-expert 24 discovery SHALL be filed within a reasonable time of discovery of the dispute, but in [sic] not 25 later than 30 days after the expiration of the non-expert discovery deadline.” (ECF No. 18 at 4 26 n.2.) The Court does agree with Defendant that the spirit of the language in the scheduling order 27 directs the parties to file a discovery motion within a reasonable amount of time of discovery of 28 the issue, and that the June 30, 2022 deadline is meant to be the outer limit for filing discovery 1 motions that should relate to discovery requests made near the expiration of the nonexpert 2 discovery deadline, which would allow for such reasonable amount of time after discovery of the 3 issue even after the expiration of the discovery deadline and for the filing of such motion within 4 thirty (30) days after the expiration of the nonexpert discovery deadline. 5 However, despite the language of the scheduling order, the Court finds Plaintiffs have 6 made a sufficient enough showing that they were diligent and met and conferred in good faith on 7 the belief that these issues were allowed to be preserved, and were being preserved, during the 8 meet and confer process between the parties, and before current defense counsel entered into this 9 action. The Court does acknowledge that given the potential massive enlargement of the scope of 10 discovery if it extended out into other franchisees, it surely would have been more prudent for 11 Plaintiffs to develop and present these issues earlier in the discovery process, particularly given 12 there may have been lack of express communication concerning the extent of the preservation of 13 the precise issues. Nonetheless, the Court finds the issues sufficiently preserved for the Court to 14 adjudicate the substantive issues underlying the discovery dispute. 15 It is in the spirt of the Court’s informal discovery dispute process to encourage the parties 16 to extend their meet and confer efforts when possible to resolve such disputes or to narrow such 17 disputes prior to the informal conference. While the parties waited until the last agreed upon date 18 to present these issues for informal resolution, the Court finds Plaintiffs were reasonably diligent 19 and maintained sufficient communication with Defendant in order to bring this dispute for 20 informal resolution. 21 The Court now proceeds to consider the first substantive issue presented. 22 B. Identified Issue 1: Trademark License Agreement(s) and Addendums 23 1. Plaintiffs’ Position 24 Plaintiffs contend the information sought is not a trade secret and proffer the documents 25 produced by Defendant indicate the franchise termination was based on P66 determining 26 Plaintiffs’ mystery shop scores caused Defendant to breach the Trademark License Agreement 27 between Defendant and P66. (JS at 2.) Plaintiffs emphasize Defendant has taken the position 28 that it does not have a mystery shopper inspection program, but rather, was required to implement 1 and enforce such program pursuant to its Trademark License Agreement with P66. Plaintiffs 2 submit the Trademark License Agreements and related documents are directly relevant to the 3 claims and defenses in this action. Plaintiffs state they are entitled to know what the Trademark 4 License Agreement says, as for instance, the notice of termination states the termination was due 5 to the failure to pass three consecutive mystery shop inspections, however, argue that nowhere in 6 the Franchise Agreement, nor the statutorily required franchise disclosure statement, or the 7 imaging standard materials produced in discovery, does it state that “three failed mystery shopper 8 inspections would be considered by Boyett to be a terminable offense.” (JS at 2.) Plaintiffs 9 ponder if it states this in the Trademark License Agreement, or whether it was an arbitrary rule 10 conjured up by P66 and/or Defendant after the Franchise Agreement was entered into, without 11 otherwise putting Plaintiffs on notice. 12 a. Plaintiffs’ Supplemental Briefing Re Franchise Agreement Language 13 Plaintiffs state they attached a copy of the Franchise Agreement and highlighted the 14 pertinent clause on page 8 for the Court, but they did not do so. (SJS 2.)2 Plaintiffs proffer the 15 clause is the only mention in the Franchise Agreement concerning a mystery shopper program; 16 that the Franchise Agreement does not state Plaintiffs would be terminated for failing to meet 17 mystery shopper standards; and rather, the Franchise Agreement provides that if Plaintiffs 18 received a substandard score and failed to correct, Defendant may correct the violation itself at 19 Plaintiffs’ expense. (SJS 2.) Plaintiffs emphasize Defendants have not pointed to any document 20 or provision that informed Plaintiffs that three (or any number) of failed mystery shop inspections 21 would result in a termination of the franchise; and while Defendant attached the “imaging 22 standards” that Plaintiffs were required to comply with (Ex. F), the mystery shop program is not 23 mentioned in those documents. (SJS 2.) 24 As for Defendants’ highlighting of the language in the Franchise Agreement stating that 25 the disclosure required by California Corporations Code § 31100 et seq., was provided to the 26 franchisee, the Code requires the franchisor to include in the disclosure statement, “[a] statement 27 2 As noted above, the parties did not actually highlight the relevant terms as they were ordered. Nonetheless, the 28 Court believes it has located the portions of the Franchise Agreement that the parties reference in their arguments. 1 of the conditions under which the franchise agreement may be terminated or renewal refused, or 2 repurchased at the option of the franchisor.” Cal. Corp. Code § 31101 (c)(2)(H). The disclosure 3 statement was attached as Exhibit B to the Franchise Agreement, and Plaintiffs submit that 4 nowhere in that document does it inform Plaintiffs that their franchise would be terminated for 5 failing mystery shop inspections, and if passing such were a material term of the Franchise 6 Agreement, it would have had to have been included in the franchise disclosure statement. (SJS 7 at 3.) Finally, Plaintiffs state that just because Defendant identified a term as material in the 8 Franchise Agreement does not make it so, and under the PMPA, Defendant has the burden to 9 prove to the trier of fact that the term is material and that the termination was in good faith and in 10 in the normal course of business. (SJS at 3.)

11 b. Plaintiffs’ Supplemental Briefing Re Evidence of Relevance of Trademark License Agreement 12 13 Plaintiffs have attached a letter from P66 to Defendant, dated January 18, 2021, informing 14 Defendant that Defendant’s right to use the 76 trademark at Plaintiffs’ station under the 15 Trademark License Agreement between Defendant and P66, was being terminated for Plaintiffs 16 purportedly failing two mystery shops. (Ex. B, ECF No. 36-1 at 51.) The letter specifies that the 17 substandard shops were a failure to comply with the requirements of the Trademark License 18 Agreement between Defendant and P66. Plaintiffs again emphasize Defendant has taken the 19 position that it does not have its own mystery shopper inspection program, and directs the Court 20 to Defendant’s responses to interrogatories Nos. 1 to 3 (Ex. C, ECF No. 36-1 at 71-72), and 21 responses to production Nos. 1, 2, 6-13, 20, and 21 ( Ex. D, ECF No. 36-1 at 83-84. Plaintiffs 22 argue that rather, Defendant was required to implement and enforce said program pursuant to its 23 Trademark License Agreement with P66. (SJS at 3.) Therefore, Plaintiffs submit that the 24 Trademark License Agreement and related documents are highly relevant, and they are entitled to 25 know what the agreement says and are not required to accept Defendant’s representations. 26 2. Defendant’s Position 27 Defendant counters that the Trademark License Agreement is: (1) proprietary, 28 confidential, and a trade secret; (2) is subject to a confidentiality requirement; and (3) is not the 1 franchise agreement at issue in the litigation, nor relevant to the claims and defenses. (JS at 3.) 2 Defendant proffers courts typically apply a three part approach in regards to trade secrets: 3 (1) first, “the party opposing discovery must show that the information is a ‘trade secret or other 4 confidential research, development, or commercial information’ . . . and that its disclosure would 5 be harmful to the party’s interest in the property”; (2) second, once met, “[t]he burden then shifts 6 to the party seeking discovery to show that the information is relevant to the subject matter of the 7 lawsuit and is necessary to prepare the case for trial”; and (3) if relevance and necessity are 8 shown, “the court must weigh the injury that disclosure might cause to the property against the 9 moving party’s need for the information.” Nat’l Acad. of Recording Arts & Scis., Inc. v. On 10 Point Events, LP, 256 F.R.D. 678, 681–82 (C.D. Cal. 2009) (citing In re Remington Arms Co., 11 Inc., 952 F.2d 1029, 1032 (8th Cir. 1991)). “If the party seeking discovery fails to show both the 12 relevance of the requested information and the need for the material in developing its case, there 13 is no reason for the discovery request to be granted, and the trade secrets are not to be revealed.” 14 Id. 15 Defendant argues Plaintiffs cannot make this showing because the Trademark License 16 Agreement between Defendant and P66 is not relevant to this case, and it is certainly not 17 necessary to prepare for trial, because this action involves the franchise relationship between 18 Plaintiff and Defendant, and Plaintiffs’ failure to meet certain requirements under its agreement 19 with Defendant. (JS at 3.) As to what the Franchise Agreement advises Plaintiff of, Defendant 20 contends it clearly articulates Plaintiffs’ obligations regarding compliance with P66’s brand 21 standards; that such programs are common in the petroleum industry; that P66’s brand standards 22 and information regarding mystery shop and image criteria are available to the dealers at any time 23 through direct access to a P66 website portal that provides updated, detailed information 24 regarding the Mystery Shop and Image Criteria program; and further, the expectations, grading, 25 and scores, were clearly provided to the dealers, and therefore the Franchise Agreement between 26 Plaintiffs and Defendant is the relevant agreement here, whereas the Trademark License 27 Agreement with P66 is not relevant or necessary to prepare for trial. (JS at 3.) Defendant 28 submits that under the Rule 26 balancing test, Plaintiffs should be precluded from obtaining the 1 discovery as the information sought is not relevant and the likely negative impact of the discovery 2 into this confidential information far outweighs any alleged benefit.

3 a. Supplemental Briefing from Defendant on Issue of Franchise Agreement Language 4 5 Defendant responds that, as indicated in initial briefing, the Franchise Agreement sets 6 forth the requirements of the mystery shopper program, and states the failure to comply is a 7 material breach. (Franchise Agreement, § 7(b)(ix).) Defendant proffers the Franchise Agreement 8 states the failure to comply with the P66 mystery shop program is a default of the Franchise 9 Agreement, and permits Defendant to terminate the franchise on that basis. (Franchise 10 Agreement, §§ 19(b)(iii)(1) and 19(b)(iii)(2).) Defendant again emphasizes P66’s brand 11 standards and information regarding the Mystery Shop and Image Criteria were always available 12 at anytime through the P66 online portal, and Defendant has attached images of the types of 13 information commonly provided. (Exs. F & I, ECF No. 36-1 at 153-165, 176-231.) Defendant 14 therefore contends there is no need to consult the Trademark Licensing Agreement, as it does not 15 specify such criteria. Rather, all dealers, including Plaintiffs, had access to the specific branding 16 requirements and mystery shop criteria; and the Trademark Licensing Agreement between 17 Defendant and P66 provides no further relevant information for Plaintiffs as to the standards 18 requirement and the mystery shops that was not already available to Plaintiffs. (SJS at 5.) 19 As for the franchise disclosure statement, Defendant states that it disagrees with Plaintiffs 20 and that it believes it fulfilled all disclosure requirements, and argues that the contents however 21 are not relevant to the discovery dispute here, and the arguments should be disregarded. (SJS at 22 5.) 23 b. Supplemental Briefing from Defendant on Issue of Relevance 24 Defendants reiterate that Plaintiffs cannot meet the requirements of the above balancing 25 test. See Nat’l Acad. of Recording Arts & Scis., 256 F.R.D. at 681-82. Defendant also directs 26 the Court to Zenith Radio, wherein the court collected cases regarding protective orders under 27 then Rule 26(c)(7), which is now Rule 26(c)(1)(G). Zenith Radio Corp. v. Matsushita Elec. 28 1 Indus. Co., 529 F. Supp. 866, 890 n.42 (E.D. Pa. 1981).3 Defendant argues it treats the 2 Trademark License Agreement and related agreements with P66 as highly confidential and as a 3 trade secret. (Ex. G, Decl. Ken Berns Supp. Suppl. Br. (“Berns Decl.”), ECF No. 36-1 at 166.) 4 Defendant proffers it does not disclose these items to third parties; takes substantial measures to 5 prevent disclosure; and disclosure would provide dealers with an unfair advantage in negotiating 6 future fuel supply agreements with Defendant. (Id.; SJS at 5-6.)4 7 Defendant submits that once the information is shown to be confidential, the burden then 8 shifts to Plaintiff to show the information is both relevant and necessary, as well as that the need 9 for the information outweighs the injury disclosure might cause. In re Remington Arms Co., Inc., 10 952 F.2d at 1032 (8th Cir. 1991); see also Dobson v. Twin City Fire Ins. Co., 2011 WL 6288103, 11 at *4 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 14, 2011). Defendant again emphasizes the Trademark Licensing 12 Agreement is not relevant nor necessary, and the Notice produced by Plaintiffs does not change 13 the fact that P66 is not a party; that Defendant terminated the franchise for failing to comply with 14 the inspection requirements set forth in the Franchise Agreement; and details about the Mystery 15 Shop and Image Criteria were provided in the BizLink portal to Plaintiffs and dealers. (SJS at 6.) 16 As for Plaintiffs’ argument that the Licensing Agreement will provide information as to 17 the termination, Defendant contends the argument fails as: (1) Plaintiffs are suing Defendant over 18 claims governed by terms of the Franchise Agreement; and (2) even if the Licensing Agreement 19 was minimally relevant, Plaintiffs do not need the Licensing Agreement as all relevant brand and 20 image standards are available via the portal, and thus not necessary for trial. Defendant also 21 argues the potential injury to Defendant and/or P66 outweighs any purported need for the 22 information, and disclosure would severely prejudice them. 23

24 3 But see In re Coordinated Pretrial Proc. in Petroleum Prod. Antitrust Litig., 101 F.R.D. 34, 43 (C.D. Cal. 1984) (“The defendants, relying upon Zenith, supra, 529 F.Supp. at 875, 894, would have this court place on the movants 25 the burden of showing that confidentiality interests do not overcome access interests. This I decline to do.”).

4 Of note, Defendant specifically proffers that here, Plaintiffs’ counsel routinely represents may petroleum dealers 26 throughout California, including dealers who have litigated against Boyett in several prior matters, and allowing Plaintiffs or their counsel to obtain this information would be akin to revealing this highly confidential information to 27 the dealer community at large, and put Boyett at a strategic disadvantage with future franchise agreements, for example, by revealing what Boyett pays for fuel, as well as other terms that would allow for calculation of profit 28 margins. (Bern Decl. ¶¶ 7-8.) 1 3. The Court’s Ruling 2 “There is no absolute privilege for trade secrets and similar confidential information.” 3 U.S. Interloc Matting, Inc. v. Macro Plastics, Inc., No. 2:17-CV-0733 JAM DB, 2017 WL 4 9565569, at *1 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 14, 2017) (quoting DIRECTV, Inc. v. Trone, 209 F.R.D. 455, 459 5 (C.D. Cal. 2002); see also MDK, Inc. v. Mike’s Train House, Inc., 27 F.3d 116, 120 (4th Cir. 6 1994) (“[T]rade secrets have widely been held to be discoverable upon appropriate findings and 7 with an appropriate protective order”). “Although there is no absolute privilege for highly 8 confidential information, . . . such information, even if not privileged, may be protected under 9 Rule 26(c)(1)(G).” Nat’l Acad. of Recording Arts & Scis., 256 F.R.D. at 681 (citing In re 10 Remington Arms, 952 F.2d at 1032). “The court may, for good cause, issue an order to protect a 11 party or person from annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense, 12 including one or more of the following: . . . (G) requiring that a trade secret or other confidential 13 research, development, or commercial information not be revealed or be revealed only in a 14 specified way.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c)(1)(G). 15 Defendant has proffered the appropriate analysis regarding this disputed production is: (1) 16 first, Defendant must show the information is a trade secret or other confidential research, 17 development, or commercial information and disclosure would be harmful; (2) then, the burden 18 shifts to Plaintiffs to show the information is relevant and necessary to prepare the case for trial; 19 and (3) if relevance and necessity are shown, the court must weigh the injury that disclosure 20 might cause against the Plaintiffs’ need for the information. Nat’l Acad. of Recording Arts & 21 Scis., 256 F.R.D. at 681–82. The Court accepts this is an appropriate standard, and Plaintiffs do 22 not proffer a different one. See Hartley Pen Co. v. U.S. Dist. Ct., 287 F.2d 324, 331 (9th Cir. 23 1961) (“We believe that the requirements of relevance and necessity must be established where 24 disclosure of a trade secret is sought . . . and that the burden rests upon the party seeking 25 disclosure to establish that the trade secret sought is relevant and necessary to the prosecution or 26 defense of the case.”); Upjohn Co. v. Hygieia Biological Lab’ys, 151 F.R.D. 355, 358 (E.D. Cal. 27 1993) (“In order to resist discovery of a trade secret, a party must first demonstrate by competent 28 evidence that the information sought through discovery is a trade secret and that disclosure of the 1 secret might be harmful [and] [i]f this showing is made, ‘the burden shifts to the party seeking 2 discovery to establish that the disclosure of trade secrets is relevant and necessary to the action.’ 3 ”) (citations omitted); Albee v. Cont'l Tire N. Am., Inc., No. CIVS091145LKKEFB, 2010 WL 4 1729092, at *9 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 27, 2010); U.S. Interloc Matting, Inc. v. Macro Plastics, Inc., No. 5 2:17-CV-0733 JAM DB, 2017 WL 9565569, at *1 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 14, 2017) (citing In re 6 Remington Arms Co., Inc., 952 F.2d at 1032); MedImpact Healthcare Sys., Inc. v. IQVIA Inc., 7 No. 19-CV-1865-GPC (DEB), 2021 WL 5605209, at *1 (S.D. Cal. June 29, 2021) (same); but see 8 In re Coordinated Pretrial Proc. in Petroleum Prod. Antitrust Litig., 101 F.R.D. 34, 43 (C.D. Cal. 9 1984) (“The defendants, relying upon Zenith, supra, 529 F.Supp. at 875, 894, would have this 10 court place on the movants the burden of showing that confidentiality interests do not overcome 11 access interests. This I decline to do.”). 12 “The Ninth Circuit has adopted the definition of ‘trade secrets’ set forth in the 13 Restatement of Torts, holding that ‘[a] trade secret may consist of any formula, pattern, device or 14 compilation of information which is used in one’s business, and which gives him an opportunity 15 to obtain an advantage over competitors who do not know or use it.’ ” Fed. Trade Comm'n v. 16 Qualcomm Inc., No. 17-CV-00220-LHK, 2019 WL 95922, at *2 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 3, 2019) 17 (quoting Clark v. Bunker, 453 F.2d 1006, 1009 (9th Cir. 1972)). “Generally [a trade secret] 18 relates to the production of goods.... It may, however, relate to the sale of goods or to other 19 operations in the business.” Id. 20 Defendant submits it treats the Trademark License Agreement and related agreements 21 with P66 as highly confidential and as a trade secret; that it does not disclose these items to third 22 parties; that it takes substantial measures to prevent disclosure; and that disclosure would provide 23 dealers with an unfair advantage in negotiating future fuel supply agreements with Defendant. 24 (See Berns Decl. ¶¶ 4-9.) The Court finds Defendant has established the information is a trade 25 secret or other confidential research, development, or commercial information, and that disclosure 26 would be harmful. The Court now turns to determine whether Plaintiffs have established the 27 requested information is both relevant, and necessary for trial. 28 While the parties provided general caselaw above pertaining to the PMPA, and Defendant 1 provided general caselaw pertaining to trade secrets and confidentiality, the parties provided no 2 caselaw to the Court that deals with any of the specific issues involved, such as the significance 3 of franchise agreement terms of contracts between parties in an actual action, and potential 4 relevance and discoverability of confidential agreements between a party and a non-party that 5 have some relationship to the contract between the parties. The parties provided no caselaw 6 pertaining to franchise agreements and secret shopper programs, nor caselaw pertaining to 7 discovery generally in cases involving the PMPA. 8 Neither side provided caselaw regarding the proffer by Plaintiffs in the briefing that the 9 decision to terminate the franchise must be in good faith and in the normal course of business, the 10 good faith analysis, and what impact that may have as to the relevancy of contracts between those 11 that are not actually parties to the underlying court action. Plaintiffs emphasized the good faith 12 and normal course of business standard at the conference. Once in the initial briefing, Plaintiffs 13 states: “[t]he consequences (or lack thereof) to other franchisees for not passing the mystery shop 14 inspections goes to the issue of whether the terms of the franchise relationship between Boyett 15 and Plaintiffs that Boyett claims were breached were actually material, as well as to the issue of 16 whether Boyett’s decision to terminate Plaintiffs’ franchise was done in good faith and in the 17 normal course of business.” (JS at 3.) In the supplemental statement, Plaintiffs again state 18 “[u]nder the PMPA, Boyett has the burden to prove to the trier of fact that the term is material 19 and that the termination was in good faith and the normal course of business.” (SJS at 3.) 20 Plaintiffs cited no section of the PMPA or caselaw supporting this proposition, nor what 21 that analysis would require in relation to the discovery needs. It is true that “[t]he PMPA is 22 intended to protect gas station franchise owners from arbitrary termination or nonrenewal of their 23 franchises with large oil corporations and gasoline distributors, and to remedy the disparity in 24 bargaining power between parties to gasoline franchise contracts.” BP W. Coast Prod. LLC v. 25 May, 447 F.3d 658, 662 (9th Cir. 2006) (quoting DuFresne's, 992 F.2d at 925). “One specific 26 purpose of the PMPA is to protect a franchisee who has built up substantial goodwill in a station 27 from having the franchise arbitrarily taken.” Id. However, the Court’s review of the PMPA and 28 caselaw does not indicate that the termination here would be subject to the good faith and normal 1 course of business standard. 2 The parties’ summary of the case specifies that Defendant “terminated” the franchise after 3 Plaintiffs failed two mystery shops, and then failed to cure by achieving a passing score on the 4 third consecutive inspection. (JS at 1-2.) 5 The PMPA applies the good faith and normal course of business standard to declining to 6 renew a franchise agreement. The standard applies to a decision to non-renew based on the 7 “failure of the franchisor and the franchisee to agree to changes or additions to the provisions of 8 the franchise, if . . . such changes or additions are the result of determinations made by the 9 franchisor in good faith and in the normal course of business.” 15 U.S.C. § 2802(b)(3)(A)(i); see 10 Rosedale Plaza Grp., LLC v. BP W. Coast Prod. LLC, 665 F. Supp. 2d 1118, 1134 (E.D. Cal. 11 2009) (“For Section 2802(b)(3)(A) to provide BP with an affirmative defense, BP must prove that 12 its decision to change the franchise terms was made (i) in good faith and in the normal course of 13 business, and (ii) the changes were not made for the purpose of preventing the renewal of the 14 franchise relationship.”). The good faith and normal course of business standard also applies to 15 nonrenewal as follows: 16 (D) In the case of any franchise entered into prior to June 19, 1978, (the unexpired term of which, on such date, is 3 years or longer) 17 and, in the case of any franchise entered into or renewed on or after such date (the term of which was 3 years or longer, or with respect 18 to which the franchisee was offered a term of 3 years or longer), a determination made by the franchisor in good faith and in the 19 normal course of business, if-- 20 (i) such determination is-- 21 (I) to convert the leased marketing premises to a use other than the sale or distribution of motor fuel, 22 (II) to materially alter, add to, or replace such premises, 23 (III) to sell such premises, or 24 (IV) that renewal of the franchise relationship is likely to be 25 uneconomical to the franchisor despite any reasonable changes or reasonable additions to the provisions of the franchise which may 26 be acceptable to the franchisee; 27 15 U.S.C. § 2802(b)(3)(D)(i)(I-IV); see also BP W. Coast Prod. LLC v. May, 447 F.3d at 663. 28 As for termination of a franchise, the PMPA requires a “determination . . . in good faith 1 and in the normal course of business to withdraw from the marketing of motor fuel through retail 2 outlets in the relevant geographic market area in which the marketing premises are located.” 15 3 U.S.C. § 2802(b)(2)(E); see Santiago-Sepulveda v. Esso Standard Oil Co. (Puerto Rico), 860 F. 4 Supp. 2d 131, 144 (D.P.R. 2012) (“The market withdrawal provision of 5 the PMPA permits termination of a franchise where the franchisor (1) determines 6 ‘in good faith and in the normal course of business to withdraw from the marketing of motor fuel 7 through retail outlets in the relevant geographic market area.’ ”) (quoting 15 U.S.C. § 8 2802(b)(2)(E); Beck Oil Co. v. Texaco Ref. & Mktg., Inc., 25 F.3d 559, 559–60 (7th Cir. 1994) 9 (determining whether “Defendant’s determination to withdraw was made in good faith and in the 10 normal course of business, as required by 2802(b)(2)(E).”). 11 The standard of “good faith and in the normal course of business,” does not appear 12 elsewhere in this section of the statute encompassing grounds and procedures for termination and 13 renewal. See 15 U.S.C. § 2802. Rather, aside from utilizing the good faith and normal course of 14 business standard into termination for withdrawing from the geographic area, 15 U.S.C. § 15 2802(b)(2)(E), the statute expressly provides the following standards for termination (and 16 nonrenewal) of a franchise agreement, which appear to be applicable to the termination at hand in 17 this case:

18 (2) For purposes of this subsection, the following are grounds for 19 termination of a franchise or nonrenewal of a franchise relationship: 20 (A) A failure by the franchisee to comply with any provision of the franchise, which provision is both reasonable and of material 21 significance to the franchise relationship, if the franchisor first acquired actual or constructive knowledge of such failure-- . . . 22 (B) A failure by the franchisee to exert good faith efforts to carry 23 out the provisions of the franchise, 24 15 U.S.C. § 2802(b)(2)(A)-(B). Thus, the normal standards for termination, aside from 25 geographic terminations, include: (A) a failure to abide by any provision that is both reasonable 26 and of material significance to the franchise relationship; and (B) a failure by the franchisee to 27 exert good faith efforts to carry out the provisions of the franchise agreement. 28 The Court did not find any caselaw that would suggest the good faith and normal course 1 of business standard is to be implicitly read into the relevant termination provision. Rather, the 2 Court finds support for the proposition that the exclusion of the standard from the relevant 3 subsection evidences that Congress did not intend for such standards to apply to that termination 4 provision. See Esquivel v. Exxon Co., U.S.A., 700 F. Supp. 890, 895 (W.D. Tex. 1988) 5 (“Because § 2802 does not apply to the nonrenewal of a trial franchise, 15 U.S.C. § 2803(a)(1), 6 there is no express requirement that the determination to nonrenew be made ‘in good faith and in 7 the normal course of business’ . . . [and if] the Court were to impose such a requirement, it would 8 be in direct contravention of Congress’ intent that there be no such requirement.”); BSD, Inc. v. 9 Equilon Enterprises, LLC, No. C 10-05223 SBA, 2013 WL 942605, at *15 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 11, 10 2013) (“To the extent Youstine argues that Equilon’s termination of its franchise was not made 11 in good faith and in the normal course of business in violation of § 2802(b)(3)(D) because 12 the termination was a pretext to deprive Youstine of its statutory right . . . the Court rejects this 13 argument [as] Section 2802(b)(3)(D) concerns ‘grounds for nonrenewal of a franchise 14 relationship[,]’ [and] [t]his case does not involve the nonrenewal of Youstine's franchise [but] 15 [i]nstead Youstine terminated the franchise under § 2802(b)(2)(C) and § 2802(c)(8) for ‘failure by 16 the franchisee to pay to the franchisor in a timely manner when due all sums to which the 17 franchisor is legally entitled.’ ”); BP W. Coast Prod. LLC v. Greene, 318 F. Supp. 2d 987, 996 18 (E.D. Cal. 2004), aff'd, 178 F. App’x 706 (9th Cir. 2006) (“[A]bsent a requirement that the court 19 must also review the bidding process in determining good faith and in the normal course of 20 business, the court is not inclined to add this requirement. Section 2802(b)(3)(D) only requires 21 that the ‘determination’ to sell a facility be ‘made by the franchisor in good faith and in the 22 normal course of business.’ ”). 23 For the reasons explained herein, the Court does not find Plaintiffs have demonstrated the 24 discovery is relevant or necessary to the claims and defenses in this action. See Dobson v. Twin 25 City Fire Ins. Co., No. SACV 11-0192-DOC, 2011 WL 6288103, at *3 (C.D. Cal. Dec. 14, 2011) 26 (“Plaintiffs fail to explain how this information is necessary to prepare the case for trial. Thus, 27 the Court does not reach whether injury to Defendants caused by disclosure outweighs Plaintiffs' 28 need for the information.”). 1 The Court does not find Plaintiffs have demonstrated the discovery is relevant or 2 necessary to determine whether the disputed term in the contract between Plaintiffs and 3 Defendant is material and reasonable, nor to determine whether there was a failure by the 4 Plaintiffs to exert good faith efforts to carry out the provisions of the franchise. 15 U.S.C. § 5 2802(b)(2)(A)-(B). The Court does not find support for Plaintiff’s proposition that Defendant 6 bears the burden to prove the termination was in good faith and in the normal course of business. 7 Nonetheless, even if Defendant was required to prove such, the Court finds Plaintiffs have failed 8 to demonstrate that the discovery at issue is relevant or necessary to prove good faith or that it 9 was taken in the normal course of business, given the type of discovery sought, and given the 10 standards for good faith and normal course of business that the Court excerpts herein. 11 Plaintiffs argue they require discovery of the Trademark License Agreement and related 12 documentation of the agreement between Boyett and P66, because the information currently made 13 available, including the Franchise Agreement, the statutorily required franchise disclosure 14 statement, and the imaging standard materials, do not expressly state that “three failed mystery 15 shopper inspections would be considered by Boyett to be a terminable offense.” (JS at 2.) 16 Plaintiffs thus argue the agreement between Plaintiffs and Defendant and associated documents 17 did not contain this material provision. The Court now turns to review the portions of the 18 Franchise Agreement that the Court believes the parties intended to highlight, and that are 19 relevant to this argument. 20 Section 7 of the Franchise Agreement is entitled “OPERATING STANDARDS.” (ECF 21 No. 36-1 at 7.) Section 7(b) is entitled “Brand Standards.” (Id.) Section 7(b)(ix), which the 22 parties agree is the relevant provision, provides that: 23 ix. Participation in Programs. Buyer shall, at Buyer’s sole cost and expense, participate in, attend and complete 24 Seller and Licensor conducted or sponsored meetings, conferences, training programs, image evaluation programs, “mystery” or shop 25 audit programs, or any other similar program conducted or sponsored by Seller and Licensor. If Buyer (1) violates the Brand 26 Standards or Imaging Standards; (2) violates any standards and guidelines related to the Business and established by Licensor from 27 time to time (“Licensor Standards”); or (3) receives a substandard score with respect to any standard or criterion on any program 28 conducted or sponsored by Seller or Licensor (any such violation or 1 deficiency referred to as a “Deficiency”), Buyer shall immediately correct each violation or Deficiency to bring the Business and/or 2 Premises into full compliance with such standards or programs. If Buyer fails to correct any violation or Deficiency within ten (10) 3 days after Buyer’s receipt of written notice of such violation or Deficiency, Seller shall have the right, but not the obligation, in 4 Seller’s sole discretion, to correct any such violation or Deficiency at Buyer’s sole cost and expense. Buyer’s failure to comply with 5 the terms of this subsection shall be deemed a material breach of this Agreement. 6 7 (Id. at 9.) 8 Thus, the Franchise Agreement does notify Plaintiffs of the requirement to potentially 9 participate in a “mystery” or shop audit program. Plaintiffs are correct this provision does not 10 specify that three failures will result in termination. However, the subsection does notify 11 Plaintiffs that a deficiency must be corrected within ten (10) days, and that a failure to comply 12 with the terms of the subsection shall be deemed a material breach of the Franchise Agreement. 13 Defendant states the termination was supported by the rights of termination provisions in 14 the contract. Specifically, it provides that the Seller may, in its sole and absolute discretion, 15 terminate the agreement: “For any of the following reasons, each of which shall be considered an 16 ‘Event of Default’ . . . [(1) the] Buyer’s failure to comply with any provision of this Agreement, 17 which provision is both reasonable and of material significance to the relationship under this 18 Agreement, including without limitation, not complying with the Operation Standards or 19 Insurance requirements; [or 2 the] Buyer’s failure to exert good faith efforts to carry out the 20 provisions of this Agreement.” (Franchise Agreement, Sect. 19(b)(iii)(1-2), ECF No. 36-1 at 17.) 21 This language is consistent with the standards under the PMPA that the Court believes are 22 relevant to the termination here. See 15 U.S.C. § 2802(b)(2)(A)-(B). Additionally, Section 23 19(b)(ii) of the Franchise Agreement pertaining to Seller’s termination rights incorporates the 24 good faith and normal course of business standard in deciding to withdraw from a regional 25 market, stating: “Seller makes a good faith determination in the normal course of business to 26 withdraw from marketing of motor fuel through retail outlets in the relevant geographic market 27 area in which the Premises is located.” (ECF No. 36-1 at 17.) Thus, the Franchise Agreement 28 reflects consistently with the differing standards for various forms of termination and renewal 1 under the PMPA that the Court discussed above. 2 In this order, the Court does not definitely make determinations as to the appropriate legal 3 standards applicable to this action. However, the Court finds for purposes of this discovery 4 dispute that the PMPA does not appear to apply the good faith and normal course of business 5 standard to the termination at hand, or at least it has not been demonstrated to the Court for 6 purposes of this order otherwise. At end, that determination is not the goal of this order, and the 7 standards likely have overlapping components. See Esquivel, 700 F. Supp. at 895 (“The test for 8 determining whether a franchiser has acted in good faith and in the normal course of business 9 may be useful, however, in determining whether Defendant’s decision to nonrenew was a proper 10 exercise of its good faith business judgment.”). 11 The Court ultimately concludes Plaintiffs have not demonstrated relevancy or need for the 12 information under any standard applicable to trade secrets and confidential information. The 13 Court finds the Franchise Agreement’s provisions discussed herein, the discovery concerning the 14 mystery shop program’s web portal and imaging standards, discovery of communications 15 regarding the actual decision to terminate, depositions of the decision-makers, and other sources 16 of information, provide a sufficient basis to adjudicate the claims and defenses in this action. 17 Based on the type of discovery sought, the relevant legal standards, and the terms of the contract 18 that are at the heart of the dispute for the trier of fact to base its decision on, the Court finds 19 Plaintiffs have failed to show the Trademark License Agreement or other related documents 20 pertaining to the agreements between Defendant and P66, that are not agreements between 21 Defendant and Plaintiffs that are the subject of this action, are relevant or necessary to prepare for 22 trial. The Court does not see a clear reason why a trier of fact would not be able to view the 23 Franchise Agreement terms, and the relevant portal information and other documentation relating 24 to the mystery shop audit program, and make a determination whether the contract term was clear 25 enough to be material and reasonable, or weigh Plaintiffs’ good faith efforts. Specifically, for 26 example, pursuant to the termination terms themselves, the contract states that the provision must 27 be “reasonable,” in addition to being of “material significance.” (Sect 19(b)(iii)(1).) 28 Additionally, the next potential ground for termination provides that seller may terminate for 1 Plaintiffs’ “failure to exert good faith efforts to carry out the provisions of this Agreement.” 2 (Sect. 19(b)(iii)(2).) Thus, the trier of fact can determine whether the term is reasonable, 3 including whether the term is vague or unenforceable or it is unreasonable to attach a number of 3 4 mystery shop violations when the number 3 is not explicitly mentioned in the Franchise 5 Agreement or Defendant’s arguments concerning failure to correct, or whether Plaintiffs exerted 6 good faith efforts to comply with the provisions, which can include similar arguments concerning 7 the vagueness or ability to comply with Section 7(b)(ix). 8 Further and again, even if the good faith and normal course of business standards were 9 applicable, Plaintiffs have not demonstrated relevancy or a need for such discovery under these 10 standards: 11 The PMPA's good faith requirement looks to whether a franchisor's decision is a “sham determination” used as an artifice to terminate 12 or nonrenew a franchise. Beck Oil Co. v. Texaco Refining & Marketing, Inc., 25 F.3d 559, 561–62 (7th Cir.1994); Ajir v. Exxon 13 Corp., 1995 WL 261411, *2 (N.D.Cal.1995). “The good faith requirement looks to whether the franchisor's actions are designed 14 to conceal selective discrimination against individual franchises.” Kaabipour, 177 F.3d at 767. When determining 15 whether a decision is in good faith, the court must keep in mind that Congress did not intend “judicial second-guessing of the economic 16 decisions of franchisors.” Svela v. Union Oil Co. of Calif., 807 F.2d 1494, 1501 (9th Cir.1987). The court is not to review the objective 17 reasonableness of the franchisor's actions or substitute the court's judgment for that of the franchisor in deciding whether to sell the a 18 facility. Coast Village, Inc. v. Equilon Enterprises, LLC, 163 F.Supp.2d 1136, 1175 (C.D.Cal.2001). The test for determining 19 good faith is subjective, and the court should look to the franchisor's intent rather than the effect of the franchisor's 20 actions. Svela, 807 F.2d at 1501. In determining a franchisor's motive, the court may only review the franchisor's process and 21 proven motive in deciding to sell the Facility. See Coast Village, Inc. v. Equilon Enterprises, LLC, 163 F.Supp.2d 1136, 1175 22 (C.D.Cal.2001). As long as the franchisor did not have discriminatory motive and there is no evidence the reasons given 23 are not a pretext disguising an improper purpose, the court should find good faith. Kaabipour, 177 F.3d at 767; Beck Oil, 25 F.3d at 24 562; Massey v. Exxon Corp., 942 F.2d 340, 344 (6th Cir.1991). 25 A franchisor meets the “normal course of business” requirement if the determination was the result of the franchisor's normal decision 26 making process. Beck Oil, 25 F.3d at 562. “While Congress intended the good faith test to prevent franchisors from shielding 27 their decisions with artifice, the normal course of business element examines whether the franchisor made the choice through its usual 28 decision-making process.” Sandlin v. Texaco Refining and 1 Marketing Inc., 900 F.2d 1479, 1481 (10th Cir.1990). 2 Greene, 318 F. Supp. 2d 987, 995–96. While there is an argument these considerations could 3 make discovery into other franchisees relevant, as discussed in the next section, Plaintiffs have 4 not demonstrated why a trier of fact would not be able to determine whether the decision to 5 terminate was based in good faith and the normal course of business by referring to the Franchise 6 Agreement terms, the alleged instances of non-compliance with the image standards, the evidence 7 concerning the actual violations and the mystery shop occurrences, and communications 8 concerning the mystery shop violations (internal within Boyett, with the shopper, and between the 9 parties). 10 Additionally, even if Plaintiffs could demonstrate some need for trial, the Court would 11 find that given the amount of ways it appears Plaintiffs can utilize various forms of evidence to 12 address the claims and defenses, the injury that disclosure might cause outweighs the 13 demonstrated need for the information. Nat’l Acad. of Recording Arts & Scis., 256 F.R.D. at 14 681–82; Hartley Pen Co., 287 F.2d at 331; Upjohn Co., 151 F.R.D. at 358.5 15 Finally, given the reasoning above, the Court does not find the issue of the franchise 16 disclosure statement to be determinative to the discovery at dispute here. Further, the Court finds

17 5 Further, while the Court found above that the issues underlying this discovery dispute were sufficiently preserved for consideration by the Court, again, the scheduling order directed the parties to file a discovery motion within a 18 reasonable amount of time of discovery of the issue, and the June 30, 2022 deadline is really meant to be the outer limit for filing discovery motions that should relate to discovery requests made near the expiration of the nonexpert 19 discovery deadline. This is because the parties need to front-load broad and far-reaching discovery requests so that all information can be obtained, and disputes resolved, in time for follow-up discovery, whether in the form of 20 depositions based on the document and interrogatory responses, or further document requests. In this case, Rule 26 disclosure was to occur no later than October 8, 2021. (ECF No. 18) Expanding discovery into the agreements 21 between Boyett and P66 will necessarily expand the scope of and need for follow-up discovery, which will likely then divert into additional discovery into P66, their employees and internal documents or other discovery to interpret 22 and analyze the meaning of the agreement. While the timeliness of bringing this discovery dispute concerning these forms of discovery at this point in litigation, after first serving this discovery in February of 2022, was not foreclosed 23 given the preservation of the issues, there is necessarily some consideration of the Rule 26 balancing factors when the Court considers expanding the scope of discovery so significantly at this stage of the litigation. Thus, the Court 24 would find relevance outweighed under the Rule 26(b)(1) balancing factors, as well as good cause for a protective order under Rule 26(c). See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1) (allowing relevant discovery “proportional to the needs of the 25 case, considering the importance of the issues at stake in the action, the amount in controversy, the parties’ relative access to relevant information, the parties’ resources, the importance of the discovery in resolving the issues, and whether the burden or expense of the proposed discovery outweighs its likely benefit.”); Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c)(1) 26 (annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense are grounds for the issuance of a protective order). As discussed in the next section, the Court finds Rule 26 considerations also weigh against the discovery in 27 Identified Issue Number 2, and the Court incorporates this consideration of the issue of expanding discovery into the following section as well, given the significant expansion of discovery that would result from allowing discovery into 28 various third-party franchisee operations and their events of default relating to the mystery shop program. 1 no reason why a trier of fact would not be able to make a determination regarding compliance 2 with the franchise disclosure laws without the Trademark License Agreement and associated 3 documents sought. The Court further notes that Exhibit B to the Franchise Agreement appears to 4 be the information disclosure form pursuant to California Corporations Code § 31100 et seq. 5 (ECF No. 36-1 at 31.) The attachment specifies that: “[t]he Agreement that provides the typical 6 terms and conditions of the Company’s franchise relationship is attached hereto and made a part 7 of this Information Disclosure RE Franchise Registration Exemption. THE AGREEMENT 8 SHOULD BE READ CAREFULLY BEFORE YOU SIGN IT.” (Id.) The document additionally 9 states that: “[t]he Company may terminate or refuse to renew the Agreement according to the 10 terms and conditions set forth in accordance with the Petroleum Marketing Practices Act, 15 11 U.S.C. § 2801, et seq. (“Act”), as that Act may be amended from time to time, upon the terms and 12 conditions of the attached Agreement, or any other applicable law. Franchisee may terminate or 13 refuse to renew the franchise at any time without cause if a right to do so is provided in the 14 attached Agreement, subject to any minimal notice and other requirements contained in the 15 Agreement and applicable law.” (Id.) 16 Accordingly, for all of the above discussed reasons, the Court rules in favor of Defendant 17 as to first issue identified by the parties in their joint briefing, and finds Plaintiffs are not entitled 18 to discovery into the Trademark License Agreement between Defendant and P66, nor associated 19 agreements or documents that are confidential trade secrets between Defendant and P66.

20 C. Identified Issue 2: Documents and Information Pertaining to Other Franchisees Default or Termination for Failed Image Standards 21 22 1. Plaintiffs’ Position 23 These discovery requests Defendant to provide the names and contact information for 24 every one of its franchisees who have been sent notices of default and/or notices of termination 25 for not earning passing scores for the mystery shop inspections, as well as the production of the 26 notices of default and notices of termination. (JS at 3.) Plaintiff argues the consequences (or lack 27 thereof) to other franchisees for not passing such inspections goes to the issue of whether the 28 terms of the franchise relationship that Defendant claims were breached were actually material, as 1 well as the issue of whether Defendant’s decision to terminate the franchise was done in good 2 faith and in the normal course of business. Plaintiffs further proffer that identifying these people 3 or entities does not invade third party privacy rights, as Plaintiffs again are willing to stipulate to 4 a protective order. 5 2. Defendant’s Position 6 In response, Defendant proffers Plaintiffs are not only seeking the identity of other 7 franchisees, but want names of those who have been sent notices of default or termination for 8 failing to earn passing scores, however, this is information is potentially damaging to their 9 businesses and the information is supposed to remain confidential. (JS 4.) Defendant also argues 10 the information is not relevant to any claim or defense, as each default and termination is based 11 on all of the relevant facts and circumstances and scores, and each situation is different. 12 Specifically for example in this case, Defendant emphasizes there has been a long and continued 13 history of failing scores by Plaintiffs; that Plaintiffs were warned multiple times regarding their 14 failing scores prior to the termination; that P66 provides specific brand image standards that must 15 be met by 76 branded service stations; and one dealer’s default and or termination has no 16 correlation to another dealer’s default and/or termination. (JS 4.) 17 Defendant further highlights that the Franchise Agreement itself expressly states that the 18 inspection program compliance requirement is material, and proffers the only relevant inquiry 19 here is what were the standards Plaintiffs were required to meet, and whether Plaintiffs failed to 20 meet those standards. (JS 4.) Finally, Defendant also notes that the requests are overbroad 21 because Defendant carries multiple fuel brands and the Franchise Agreement only involves the 22 P66 brand, which carries its own specific brand image and inspection requirements. 23 3. The Court’s Ruling 24 The Court finds the information sought is not directly relevant to the claims and defenses 25 in this action, though as noted above, the Court can see arguments for potential relevance to the 26 discovery into these franchisees under the good faith and normal course of business standard. See 27 Greene, 318 F. Supp. 2d 987, 995–96 (good faith requirement looks to whether the franchisor’s 28 actions are designed to conceal selective discrimination against individual franchise). But again, 1 it does not appear that is the relevant standard, as discussed above. 2 Under any standard, the Court would find any relevance outweighed under the Rule 3 26(b)(1) balancing factors, as well as good cause for a protective order under Rule 26(c), for 4 much of the same reasons discussed in the previous Section pertaining to Identified Issue Number 5 One. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1) (allowing relevant discovery “proportional to the needs of the 6 case, considering the importance of the issues at stake in the action, the amount in controversy, 7 the parties’ relative access to relevant information, the parties’ resources, the importance of the 8 discovery in resolving the issues, and whether the burden or expense of the proposed discovery 9 outweighs its likely benefit.”); Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c)(1) (annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, 10 or undue burden or expense are grounds for the issuance of a protective order); Dart Industries, 11 649 F.2d at 649 (discovery more limited to protect third parties from harassment, inconvenience, 12 or disclosure of confidential documents). 13 Recognizing a somewhat different standard given Defendant does not argue this 14 information is a trade secret, though privacy interests may overlap with the confidentiality 15 consideration, the Court again finds in favor of Defendant. The Court finds Plaintiffs have not 16 sufficiently demonstrated the information sought is relevant to the claims and defenses in this 17 action. The trier of fact can consider the Franchise Agreement terms, the alleged instances of 18 non-compliance with the image standards, the evidence concerning the actual violations and the 19 mystery shop occurrences, including communications and documentation concerning the mystery 20 shop violations, as well as internal general practices and procedures (or lack thereof), all in 21 relation to witness and deposition testimony. Any potential relevancy is outweighed by the 22 availability of this evidence, as well as other considerations expressed throughout this order. Fed. 23 R. Civ. P. 26(b)(1), (c)(1). 24 / / / 25 / / / 26 / / / 27 / / / 28 / / / 1 IV. 2 ORDER 3 Accordingly, based on consideration of the facts and arguments presented in the parties’ 4 | joint statement, the matters discussed during the informal conference, and the supplemental 5 | briefing and the exhibits attached thereto, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 6 1. The Court rules in favor of Defendant as to the two identified substantive issues in 7 the parties’ joint statement of discovery dispute; 8 2. Plaintiffs’ request to compel Defendant to produce the Trademark License 9 Agreements/wholesale marketing agreement and addendums thereto between 10 Boyett and P66 is DENIED; and 11 3. Plaintiffs’ request to compel Defendant to identify all other franchisees of Boyett’s 12 who have received notices of default or termination for failed image standards and 13 to produce the notices of default and notices of termination is DENIED. 14 15 IT IS SO ORDERED. DAM Le 16 | Dated: September 12, 2022 _ ef

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

IYR