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UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

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EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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11 LUCIA VILLA, Case No. 1:21-cv-00507-SAB

12 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING PLAINTIFF’S SOCIAL

SECURITY APPEAL

13 v. (ECF Nos. 12, 19, 24) 14 COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY, 15 Defendant. 16 17 18 19 I. 20 INTRODUCTION 21 Plaintiff Lucia Villa (“Plaintiff”) seeks judicial review of a final decision of the 22 Commissioner of Social Security (“Commissioner” or “Defendant”) denying her concurrently 23 submitted applications for Social Security benefits pursuant to Title II and Title XVI of the Social 24 Security Act. The matter is currently before the Court on the parties’ briefs, which were 25 submitted without oral argument, to Magistrate Judge Stanley A. Boone.1 For the reasons set 26 forth below, Plaintiff’s appeal shall be denied. 27 1 The parties have consented to the jurisdiction of the United States Magistrate Judge and this action has been 28 assigned to Magistrate Judge Stanley A. Boone for all purposes. (ECF Nos. 7, 10, 11.) 1 II. 2 BACKGROUND2 3 On May 15, 2019, Plaintiff concurrently filed applications for Social Security benefits 4 under Title II and Supplemental Security Income (“SSI”) under Title XVI, alleging disability 5 beginning September 1, 2017, due to carpal tunnel syndrome, arthritis in neck and back, 6 degenerative disc disease of the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine, left knee problems, 7 depression, sleepiness, and anxiety. (Admin. Rec. (“AR”) 27, 33–34, 142, ECF No. 12-1.) 8 Plaintiff’s claims were initially denied on August 26, 2019, and denied upon 9 reconsideration on November 6, 2019. (AR 50–51, 61–64, 177, 190–92.) On September 2, 2020, 10 Plaintiff appeared via telephonic conference, with a Spanish-speaking interpreter and represented 11 by counsel,3 for an administrative hearing before Administrative Law Judge Donna J. Grit (the 12 “ALJ”). (AR 51–82.) Vocational expert (“VE”) Richard Riedl also testified at the hearing. On 13 September 18, 2020, the ALJ issued a decision denying benefits. (AR 21–50.) On August 26, 14 2020, Plaintiff requested reopening of a prior application. (AR 592–97.) The ALJ denied this 15 request, finding that Plaintiff did not establish good cause existed to do so. (AR 28 (citing 20 16 C.F.R. §§ 404.988, 416.1488, SSR 91-5).) On September 25, 2020, the Appeals Council denied 17 Plaintiff’s request for review, making the ALJ’s decision the final decision of the Commissioner. 18 (AR 7–14.) 19 Plaintiff initiated this action in federal court on March 25, 2021, and seeks judicial review 20 of the denial of her application for benefits. (ECF No. 1.) The Commissioner lodged the 21 administrative record on February 14, 2022. (ECF No. 12.) On June 1, 2022, Plaintiff filed an 22 opening brief. (ECF No. 19.) On August 17, 2022, Defendant filed a brief in opposition. (ECF 23 No. 24.) No reply brief was filed and the matter was deemed submitted. 24 /// 25

2 For ease of reference, the Court will refer to the administrative record by the pagination provided by the 26 Commissioner and as referred to by the parties, and not the ECF pagination. However, the Court will refer to the parties’ briefings by their ECF pagination. 27

3 Plaintiff’s current attorney, Jonathan O. Pena, also represented her at the September 2, 2020 disability hearing. (See 28 AR 54.) 1 III. 2 LEGAL STANDARD 3 A. The Disability Standard 4 To qualify for disability insurance benefits under the Social Security Act, a claimant must 5 show she is unable “to engage in any substantial gainful activity by reason of any medically 6 determinable physical or mental impairment4 which can be expected to result in death or which 7 has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months.” 42 8 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A). The Social Security Regulations set out a five-step sequential evaluation 9 process to be used in determining if a claimant is disabled. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520;5 Batson v. 10 Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 359 F.3d 1190, 1194 (9th Cir. 2004). The five steps in the 11 sequential evaluation in assessing whether the claimant is disabled are: 12 Step one: Is the claimant presently engaged in substantial gainful activity? If so, the claimant is not disabled. If not, proceed to step 13 two. 14 Step two: Is the claimant’s alleged impairment sufficiently severe to limit his or her ability to work? If so, proceed to step three. If not, 15 the claimant is not disabled. 16 Step three: Does the claimant’s impairment, or combination of impairments, meet or equal an impairment listed in 20 C.F.R., pt. 17 404, subpt. P, app. 1? If so, the claimant is disabled. If not, proceed to step four. 18 Step four: Does the claimant possess the residual functional 19 capacity (“RFC”) to perform his or her past relevant work? If so, the claimant is not disabled. If not, proceed to step five. 20 Step five: Does the claimant’s RFC, when considered with the 21 claimant’s age, education, and work experience, allow him or her to adjust to other work that exists in significant numbers in the 22 national economy? If so, the claimant is not disabled. If not, the claimant is disabled. 23 24

25 4 A “physical or mental impairment” is one resulting from anatomical, physiological, or psychological abnormalities that are demonstrable by medically acceptable clinical and laboratory diagnostic techniques. 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(3).

26 5 The regulations which apply to disability insurance benefits, 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1501 et seq., and the regulations which apply to SSI benefits, 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.901 et seq., are generally the same for both types of benefits. 27 Accordingly, while Plaintiff seeks both disability and SSI benefits in this case, to the extent cases cited herein may reference one or both sets of regulations, the Court notes the cases and regulations cited herein are applicable to the 28 instant matter. 1 Stout v. Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 454 F.3d 1050, 1052 (9th Cir. 2006). The burden of proof is 2 on the claimant at steps one through four. Ford v. Saul, 950 F.3d 1141, 1148 (9th Cir. 2020). A 3 claimant establishes a prima facie case of qualifying disability once she has carried the burden of 4 proof from step one through step four. 5 Before making the step four determination, the ALJ first must determine the claimant’s 6 RFC. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(e); Nowden v. Berryhill, No. EDCV 17-00584-JEM, 2018 WL 7 1155971, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Mar. 2, 2018). The RFC is “the most [one] can still do despite [his] 8 limitations” and represents an assessment “based on all the relevant evidence.” 20 C.F.R. §§ 9 404.1545(a)(1), 416.945(a)(1). The RFC must consider all of the claimant’s impairments, 10 including those that are not severe. 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.920(e), 416.945(a)(2); Social Security 11 Ruling (“SSR”) 96-8p, available at 1996 WL 374184 (Jul. 2, 1996).6 A determination of RFC is 12 not a medical opinion, but a legal decision that is expressly reserved for the Commissioner. See 13 20 C.F.R. § 404.1527(d)(2) (RFC is not a medical opinion); 20 C.F.R. § 404.1546(c) (identifying 14 the ALJ as responsible for determining RFC). “[I]t is the responsibility of the ALJ, not the 15 claimant’s physician, to determine residual functional capacity.” Vertigan v. Halter, 260 F.3d 16 1044, 1049 (9th Cir. 2001). 17 At step five, the burden shifts to the Commissioner, who must then show that there are a 18 significant number of jobs in the national economy that the claimant can perform given her RFC, 19 age, education, and work experience. 20 C.F.R. § 416.912(g); Lounsburry v. Barnhart, 468 F.3d 20 1111, 1114 (9th Cir. 2006). To do this, the ALJ can use either the Medical Vocational Guidelines 21 (“grids”), or call a VE. See 20 C.F.R. § 404 Subpt. P, App. 2; Lounsburry, 468 F.3d at 1114; 22 Osenbrock v. Apfel, 240 F.3d 1157, 1162 (9th Cir. 2001). “Throughout the five-step evaluation, 23 the ALJ is responsible for determining credibility, resolving conflicts in medical testimony, and 24 for resolving ambiguities.’ ” Ford, 950 F.3d at 1149 (quoting Andrews v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 25 1039 (9th Cir. 1995)). 26 6 SSRs are “final opinions and orders and statements of policy and interpretations” issued by the Commissioner. 20 27 C.F.R. § 402.35(b)(1). While SSRs do not have the force of law, the Court gives the rulings deference “unless they are plainly erroneous or inconsistent with the Act or regulations.” Han v. Bowen, 882 F.2d 1453, 1457 (9th Cir. 28 1989); see also Avenetti v. Barnhart, 456 F.3d 1122, 1124 (9th Cir. 2006). 1 B. Standard of Review 2 Congress has provided that an individual may obtain judicial review of any final decision 3 of the Commissioner of Social Security regarding entitlement to benefits. 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). In 4 determining whether to reverse an ALJ’s decision, the Court reviews only those issues raised by 5 the party challenging the decision. See Lewis v. Apfel, 236 F.3d 503, 517 n.13 (9th Cir. 2001). 6 Further, the Court’s review of the Commissioner’s decision is a limited one; the Court must find 7 the Commissioner’s decision conclusive if it is supported by substantial evidence. 42 U.S.C. § 8 405(g); Biestek v. Berryhill, 139 S. Ct. 1148, 1153 (2019). “Substantial evidence is relevant 9 evidence which, considering the record as a whole, a reasonable person might accept as adequate 10 to support a conclusion.” Thomas v. Barnhart (Thomas), 278 F.3d 947, 954 (9th Cir. 2002) 11 (quoting Flaten v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs., 44 F.3d 1453, 1457 (9th Cir. 1995)); see also 12 Dickinson v. Zurko, 527 U.S. 150, 153 (1999) (comparing the substantial-evidence standard to 13 the deferential clearly-erroneous standard). “[T]he threshold for such evidentiary sufficiency is 14 not high.” Biestek, 139 S. Ct. at 1154. Rather, “[s]ubstantial evidence means more than a 15 scintilla, but less than a preponderance; it is an extremely deferential standard.” Thomas v. 16 CalPortland Co. (CalPortland), 993 F.3d 1204, 1208 (9th Cir. 2021) (internal quotations and 17 citations omitted); see also Smolen v. Chater, 80 F.3d 1273, 1279 (9th Cir. 1996). Even if the 18 ALJ has erred, the Court may not reverse the ALJ’s decision where the error is harmless. Stout, 19 454 F.3d at 1055–56. Moreover, the burden of showing that an error is not harmless “normally 20 falls upon the party attacking the agency’s determination.” Shinseki v. Sanders, 556 U.S. 396, 21 409 (2009). 22 Finally, “a reviewing court must consider the entire record as a whole and may not affirm 23 simply by isolating a specific quantum of supporting evidence.” Hill v. Astrue, 698 F.3d 1153, 24 1159 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Robbins v. Soc. Sec. Admin., 466 F.3d 880, 882 (9th Cir. 2006)). 25 Nor may the Court affirm the ALJ on a ground upon which she did not rely; rather, the Court may 26 review only the reasons stated by the ALJ in her decision. Orn v. Astrue, 495 F.3d 625, 630 (9th 27 Cir. 2007); see also Connett v. Barnhart, 340 F.3d 871, 874 (9th Cir. 2003). Nonetheless, it is not 28 this Court’s function to second guess the ALJ’s conclusions and substitute the Court’s judgment 1 for the ALJ’s; rather, if the evidence “is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation, it is 2 the ALJ’s conclusion that must be upheld.” Ford, 950 F.3d at 1154 (quoting Burch v. Barnhart, 3 400 F.3d 676, 679 (9th Cir. 2005)). 4 IV. 5 THE ALJ’S FINDINGS OF FACT AND CONCLUSIONS OF LAW 6 The ALJ made the following findings of fact and conclusions of law as of the date of the 7 decision, September 18, 2020: 8 • Plaintiff meets the insured status requirements of the Social Security Act through March 9 31, 2021. 10 • Plaintiff has not engaged in substantial gainful activity since September 1, 2017, the 11 alleged onset date. (20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1571 et seq.; 20 C.F.R. §§ 416.971 et seq.) 12 • Plaintiff has the following severe impairments: obesity; degenerative disc disease of the 13 lumbar, thoracic, and cervical spine; degenerative changes of the sacroiliac joint; and 14 bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome. (20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(c), 416.920(c).) 15 • Plaintiff does not have an impairment or combination of impairments that meets or 16 medically equals the severity of one of the listed impairments in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, 17 Subpart P, Appendix 1 (20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(d), 404.1525, 404.1526, 416.920(d), 18 416.925, 416.926.) 19 • Plaintiff has the RFC to perform light work as defined in 20 CFR §§ 404.1567(b) and 20 416.967(b), except she can never climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds. She can occasionally 21 crawl and frequently climb ramps and stairs, stoop, kneel, and crouch. She has no limits 22 on balancing. She can frequently handle and finger with the bilateral upper extremities. 23 She can perform no work at unprotected heights and only occasionally work with 24 dangerous moving machinery. 25 • Plaintiff is unable to perform any past relevant work. (20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1565, 416.965.) 26 • Plaintiff was born on April 2, 1967, and was 50 years old, which is defined as an 27 individual closely approaching advanced age, on the alleged disability onset date. (20 28 C.F.R. §§ 404.1563, 416.963.) 1 • Plaintiff has at least a high school education. (20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1564, 416.964.) 2 • Transferability of job skills is not material to the determination of disability because using 3 the Medical-Vocational Rules as a framework supports a finding that Plaintiff is “not 4 disabled,” whether or not Plaintiff has transferrable job skills. (SSR 82-41; 20 C.F.R. Part 5 404, Subpart P, Appendix 2.) 6 • Considering Plaintiff’s age, education, work experience, and RFC, there are jobs that exist 7 in significant numbers in the national economy that Plaintiff can perform (20 C.F.R. §§ 8 404.1569, 404.1569(a), 416.969, 416.969(a)), such as: 9 o Housekeeping Cleaner (DOT 323.687-014), light work with an SVP of 2, about 10 400,000 jobs in national economy; 11 o Production Inspector (DOT 739.687-102), light work with an SVP of 2, about 12 128,000 jobs in national economy; and 13 o Production Assembler (DOT 723.684-018) light work with an SVP of 2, about 14 180,000 jobs in national economy. 15 • Plaintiff has not been under a disability, as defined in the Social Security Act, from 16 September 1, 2017, through the date of decision (September 18, 2020). (20 C.F.R. §§ 17 404.1520(g), 416.920(g).) 18 (AR 30–43.) 19 V. 20 DISCUSSION 21 Plaintiff’s briefing only identifies one issue on appeal: that the ALJ “failed to include 22 work-related limitations in the RFC consistent with the nature and intensity of Plaintiff’s 23 limitations and failed to offer clear and convincing reasons for rejecting Plaintiff’s subjective 24 complaints” (ECF No. 19 at 10–16), which the Court construes as an argument that the ALJ erred 25 in discounting Plaintiff’s subjective symptom testimony and, consequently, erred in the RFC 26 determination.7

27 7 The Court notes the argument section of Plaintiff’s brief, which seems fairly disorganized and therefore confusing at times, appears to also include argument attacking the accuracy of the VE’s testimony with respect to the number of 28 jobs available and whether those jobs require frequent fingering, as well as citations to U.S. Bureau of Labor 1 A. Plaintiff’s Testimony 2 Plaintiff testified the biggest reason she stopped working was due to the pain in her hands. 3 (AR 62–63.) She attempted to return to work once, after having a surgery, but then stopped 4 working again due to numbness in her hands 24 hours a day. (Id.) Another surgery has not been 5 recommended. (Id.) Plaintiff testified she continues to have swelling, pain, and numbness in 6 both hands, “all the time,” “every day.” (AR 63–64.) Plaintiff testified the pain level on an 7 average day is an eight or nine out of ten without medication, and seven out of ten with 8 medication. (AR 64–65.) As a result, Plaintiff testified she cannot open a water bottle, wash 9 dishes, or fold clothes, generally, “[things] where [Plaintiff] has to close [her] fingers and [her] 10 hands to be able to fold the items.” (AR 65.) 11 B. The RFC Determination 12 As previously noted, the ALJ found Plaintiff had the severe impairments of obesity; 13 degenerative disc disease of the lumbar, thoracic, and cervical spine; degenerative changes of the 14 sacroiliac joint; and bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome. The ALJ considered Plaintiff’s 15 impairments, her physical examination findings, electrodiagnostic test results, imaging study 16 results, longitudinal treatment history, the medial opinions of Drs. Bullard, Wong, Vu, Spellman, 17 and Serra, and the record as a whole (AR 40) to reach the RFC determination that Plaintiff can 18 perform light work as defined in 20 CFR §§ 404.1567(b) and 416.967(b), except she can never climb ladders, ropes, or scaffolds. 19 She can occasionally crawl and frequently climb ramps and stairs, stoop, kneel, and crouch. She has no limits on balancing. She can 20 frequently handle and finger with the bilateral upper extremities. She can perform no work at unprotected heights and only 21

22 Statistics data. These contentions are not presented under a separate argument heading, however, but are included in Plaintiff’s argument that the ALJ improperly discounted her testimony. It is not entirely clear to this Court what 23 argument Plaintiff seeks to advance with these statements. However, such contentions may be construed as additional support for Plaintiff’s argument that the ALJ’s error was not harmless. Plaintiff, who is represented by 24 counsel, may identify whatever issues she deems appropriate in her appeal of the Commissioner’s decision. However, the Court will not speculate as to arguments Plaintiff may or may not have intended to raise; rather, as 25 previously noted, it will review only those issues raised by Plaintiff. Lewis, 236 F.3d at 517 n.13. Further, the Court will only review “issues which are argued specifically and distinctly in a party’s opening brief.” Indep. Towers of Wash. v. Wash. (Indep. Towers), 350 F.3d 925, 929 (9th Cir. 2003) (stating court “will not consider any claims that 26 were not actually argued in appellant’s opening brief” and will only “review ... issues which are argued specifically and distinctly in a party’s opening brief.”); see also Greenwood v. F.A.A., 28 F.3d 971, 977 (9th Cir. 1994) (quoting 27 U.S. v. Dunkel, 927 F.2d 955, 956 (9th Cir. 1991)) (“We will not manufacture arguments for an appellant, and a bare assertion does not preserve a claim … As the Seventh Circuit in Dunkel stated aptly: ‘[j]udges are not like pigs, 28 hunting for truffles buried in briefs.’ ”). 1 occasionally work with dangerous moving machinery. 2 (AR 33.) Plaintiff only takes issue with the ALJ’s findings as it relates to her allegations of carpal 3 tunnel.8 4 C. The Parties’ Primary Arguments 5 Plaintiff argues the ALJ only discounted her testimony because it was deemed 6 unsupported by objective medical evidence, which Plaintiff asserts is an improper basis to 7 discount symptom testimony; thus, the ALJ did not present clear and convincing reasons to 8 discount Plaintiff’s testimony. Plaintiff further argues the ALJ’s reasoning for discounting her 9 testimony addresses only a purported inconsistency between Plaintiff’s testimony that “her hands 10 remain continuously swollen,” and medical examinations finding that Plaintiff’s hands were not 11 swollen, among other things, but fails to address Plaintiff’s other alleged symptoms. Plaintiff also 12 argues the ALJ “cherry-picked” the record in support of her decision, such as referencing a 13 December 5, 2019 physical examination for its findings of no evidence of joint pain, tenderness, 14 or deformity, with full range of motion intact to all major joints, including normal bulk and tone, 15 even though this appointment was not a specialist appointment to treat Plaintiff’s carpal tunnel 16 syndrome, but a primary care visit to treat an upper respiratory infection. Finally, Plaintiff argues 17 the ALJ’s error was harmful because, absent the discounting of Plaintiff’s testimony, the ALJ 18 would have reached a different RFC determination, ultimately resulting in a disability finding. 19 In opposition, Defendant points to objective medical evidence as well as medical opinion 20 evidence in the record that the ALJ relied upon to discount Plaintiff’s symptom testimony. (ECF 21 No. 24 at 5–10.) Defendant argues the ALJ discounted Plaintiff’s testimony not only because it 22 was not supported by the objective medical evidence, but also “contradicted” by the medical 23 record. Further, Defendant argues the ALJ’s reference to examination notes, even where 24 Plaintiff’s principal complaint was not her carpal tunnel impairment—such as findings that

25 8 While the ALJ discussed Plaintiff’s other impairments—which allegedly negatively affected Plaintiff’s ability to lift, reach, walk, sit, kneel, climb stairs, and use her hands—and similarly determined that Plaintiff’s statements 26 concerning the intensity, persistence and limiting effects of her symptoms are not entirely consistent with the medical evidence and other evidence in the record (see AR 33–40), Plaintiff has not challenged the ALJ’s findings and RFC 27 determination as it relates to these other impairments. Instead, Plaintiff’s briefing only discusses the ALJ’s findings with respect to Plaintiff’s carpal tunnel syndrome; as such, this is the only issue to be addressed herein. Lewis, 236 28 F.3d at 517 n.13; Indep. Towers, 350 F.3d at 929; Greenwood, 28 F.3d at 977. 1 Plaintiff was in “no acute distress” throughout the record—are nonetheless relevant to the ALJ’s 2 evaluation of Plaintiff’s allegations of “constant” symptoms occurring “every day” and constant 3 pain levels of 7–8/10 every day. Finally, Defendant argues the ALJ properly evaluated Plaintiff’s 4 complaints regarding her hands/wrist and carpal tunnel impairment, which resulted in the RFC 5 limitation of only frequent handling and fingering. 6 D. Legal Standard9 7 The ALJ is responsible for determining credibility,10 resolving conflicts in medical 8 testimony, and resolving ambiguities. Andrews, 53 F.3d at 1039. A claimant’s statements of 9 pain or other symptoms are not conclusive evidence of a physical or mental impairment or 10 disability. 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(5)(A); SSR 16-3p, available at 2017 WL 5180304; see also Orn, 11 495 F.3d at 635 (“An ALJ is not required to believe every allegation of disabling pain or other 12 non-exertional impairment.”). 13 Rather, an ALJ performs a two-step analysis to determine whether a claimant’s testimony 14 regarding subjective symptoms is credible. See Garrison v. Colvin, 759 F.3d 995, 1014 (9th Cir. 15 2014); Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1281; S.S.R 16-3p at 3. First, the claimant must produce objective 16 medical evidence of an impairment that could reasonably be expected to produce some degree of 17 the symptom alleged. Garrison, 759 F.3d at 1014; Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1281–82. If the claimant 18 satisfies the first step and there is no evidence of malingering, “the ALJ may reject the claimant’s 19 testimony about the severity of those symptoms only by providing specific, clear, and convincing 20 reasons for doing so.” Lambert v. Saul, 980 F.3d 1266, 1277 (9th Cir. 2020) (citations omitted). 21 If an ALJ finds that a claimant’s testimony relating to the intensity of his pain and other limitations is unreliable, the ALJ must make a 22 credibility determination citing the reasons why the testimony is unpersuasive. The ALJ must specifically identify what testimony is 23 credible and what testimony undermines the claimant’s complaints. In this regard, questions of credibility and resolutions of conflicts in 24

25 9 Although Defendant emphasizes disagreement with the “clear and convincing reasons” standard in order to preserve the issue for future appeals, Defendant acknowledges it is the applicable standard for weighing credibility in the Ninth Circuit. (ECF No. 24 at 5 n. 4.) 26

10 S.S.R. 16-3p, available at 2017 WL 5180304, applies to disability applications heard by the agency on or after 27 March 28, 2016. Ruling 16-3p eliminated the use of the term “credibility” to emphasize that subjective symptom evaluation is not “an examination of an individual’s character” but an endeavor to “determine how symptoms limit 28 ability to perform work-related activities.” S.S.R. 16-3p at 1-2. 1 the testimony are functions solely of the Secretary. 2 Valentine v. Comm’r Soc. Sec. Admin., 574 F.3d 685, 693 (9th Cir. 2009) (quotation omitted); 3 see also Lambert, 980 F.3d at 1277. 4 Medical evidence is “a relevant factor in determining the severity of a claimant’s 5 [symptoms],” but “an ALJ may not reject a claimant’s subjective complaints based solely on a 6 lack of medical evidence to fully corroborate the alleged severity of [the symptoms].” Burch, 400 7 F.3d at 680–81; Rollins v. Massanari, 261 F.3d 853, 857 (9th Cir. 2001); SSR 16-3p (citing 20 8 C.F.R. § 404.1529(c)(2)). Thus, the ALJ must examine the record as a whole, including objective 9 medical evidence; the claimant’s representations of the intensity, persistence and limiting effects 10 of his symptoms; statements and other information from medical providers and other third parties; 11 and any other relevant evidence included in the individual’s administrative record. SSR 16-3p, at 12 *5. 13 Additional factors an ALJ may consider include the location, duration, and frequency of 14 the pain or symptoms; factors that cause or aggravate the symptoms; the type, dosage, 15 effectiveness or side effects of any medication; other measures or treatment used for relief; 16 conflicts between the claimant’s testimony and the claimant’s conduct—such as daily activities, 17 work record, or an unexplained failure to pursue or follow treatment—as well as ordinary 18 techniques of credibility evaluation, such as the claimant’s reputation for lying, internal 19 contradictions in the claimant’s statements and testimony, and other testimony by the claimant 20 that appears less than candid. See Ghanim v. Colvin, 763 F.3d 1154, 1163 (9th Cir. 2014); 21 Tommasetti v. Astrue, 533 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 2008); Lingenfelter v. Astrue, 504 F.3d 22 1028, 1040 (9th Cir. 2007); Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1284. 23 Finally, so long as substantial evidence supports the ALJ’s assessment of a claimant’s 24 subjective complaint, the Court “will not engage in second-guessing.” Thomas, 278 F.3d at 959. 25 E. Analysis 26 In this case, there is no dispute that Plaintiff has a carpal tunnel impairment, and that 27 Plaintiff’s impairments “could reasonably be expected to produce the claimant’s pain or other 28 symptoms.” (AR 33.) As a result, the ALJ was required to make a credibility finding as to 1 Plaintiff’s own testimony. Valentine, 574 F.3d at 693; Lambert, 980 F.3d at 1277. Because the 2 ALJ made no finding that Plaintiff was malingering, she was required to give clear and 3 convincing reasons as to why she did not find Plaintiff’s subjective contentions about her 4 limitations to be persuasive. Id. 5 1. Allegations Not Substantiated by the Objective Medical Record 6 As an initial matter, the Court notes the ALJ has presented clear examples as to how 7 Plaintiff’s subjective testimony is not substantiated by the objective medical evidence. 8 Specifically, the ALJ found: 9 Physical examination findings were somewhat inconsistent with the claimant’s statements about the intensity, persistence, and limiting 10 effects of her symptoms. For instance, the claimant testified that her hands remained continuously swollen (Testimony at 12:24:00). 11 However, on July 3, 2019, upon inspection of both wrists and hands, the claimant exhibited no erythema, swelling, symmetry, 12 atrophy, or deformity (Ex. 8F/75 and 77). She had some tenderness to palpation over the generalized wrist joints but negative Tinel’s 13 sign and negative Phalen’s sign (Id. at 77). She could make a fist, had no limitation in flexion or extension of all the fingers, and had 14 normal Jaymar measurements in both hands (Id.). On December 5, 2019, the claimant’s physician’s assistant documented that the 15 claimant presented with no evidence of joint pain, tenderness, or deformity but rather presented with full range of motion intact to all 16 major joints, including normal bulk and tone (Ex. 20F/19). The claimant appeared to be in no acute distress throughout the medical 17 evidence of record (Ex. 2F/10, 5F/2, 7F/3, 8, 30, 8F/12, 59, 77, 82, 86, 94, 99, 121, 134, 141, 147, 9F/51, and 20F/19). 18 19 (AR 36.) 20 Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that, as for the ALJ’s reliance and analysis of the 21 objective medical evidence in weighing Plaintiff’s testimony, such analysis is supported by 22 substantial evidence, and Plaintiff has not sufficiently demonstrated error in the ALJ’s 23 conclusions regarding the objective medical evidence. See Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1279 (substantial 24 evidence more than a scintilla, but less than a preponderance); Burch, 400 F.3d at 679 (“Where 25 evidence is susceptible to more than one rational interpretation, it is the ALJ’s conclusion that 26 must be upheld.”). 27 Moreover, it appears the ALJ’s reliance and findings concerning the normal examination 28 findings and objective medical longitudinal record are detailed and supported by numerous 1 specific citations to the record. (See AR 32–35.) Thus, the Court finds Plaintiff’s arguments that 2 the ALJ cherry picked or improperly relied upon this objective medial evidence is unavailing. 3 Indeed, the Court notes the ALJ’s decision summarizes the longitudinal records and discusses 4 Plaintiff’s complaints to her medical providers of pain with movement, tenderness to palpation, 5 and some positive Phalen’s sign and Tinel’s sign findings—the same symptoms emphasized by 6 Plaintiff in her briefing—demonstrating that the ALJ considered these medical records in 7 reaching her ultimate determination. (See id.) To the extent Plaintiff argues the ALJ’s 8 conclusion based on her review of these records is incorrect (see, e.g., ECF No. 19 at 12, n.3, 4 9 (discussing importance of x-rays; citations to Mayo clinic and medical journals for definitions and 10 discussion of diagnostic tests for carpal tunnel syndrome)), it appears Plaintiff is presenting an 11 alternative interpretation of the evidence; however, this is not a basis to disturb the ALJ’s rational 12 interpretation of the evidence. Burch, 400 F.3d at 680–81 (citing Magallanes v. Bowen, 881 F.2d 13 747, 749 (9th Cir. 1989)) (“[w]e must uphold the ALJ’s decision where the evidence is 14 susceptible to more than one rational interpretation.”); Rollins, 261 F.3d at 853 (“It is true that 15 Rollins’ testimony was somewhat equivocal about how regularly she was able to keep up with all 16 of these activities, and the ALJ’s interpretation of her testimony may not be the only reasonable 17 one. But it is still a reasonable interpretation and is supported by substantial evidence; thus, it is 18 not our role to second-guess it.”). 19 2. Contradiction with the Medical Record 20 The critical issue is whether the ALJ provided a clear and convincing reason or reasons to 21 reject Plaintiff’s testimony apart from the finding that Plaintiff’s allegations are not corroborated 22 by the objective medical evidence. That is, while a lack of objective medical evidence is a proper 23 factor the ALJ may consider in weighing a claimant’s testimony, it cannot form the sole basis 24 presented by the ALJ for rejecting pain testimony. See Vertigan, 260 F.3d at 1049 (“The fact that 25 a claimant’s testimony is not fully corroborated by the objective medical findings, in and of itself, 26 is not a clear and convincing reason for rejecting it.”); see also 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529(c)(2) (“[W]e 27 will not reject your statements about the intensity and persistence of your pain or other symptoms 28 or about the effect your symptoms have on your ability to work solely because the available 1 objective medical evidence does not substantiate your statements.”). Rather, where a claimant’s 2 symptom testimony is not fully substantiated by the objective medical record, the ALJ must 3 provide an additional reason for discounting the testimony. See Burch, 400 F.3d at 680–81 4 (“Although lack of medical evidence cannot form the sole basis for discounting pain testimony, it 5 is a factor that the ALJ can consider in his credibility analysis ... Contrary to Burch’s argument, 6 the ALJ did not solely rely on the minimal objective evidence and Burch’s daily activities in 7 discrediting her testimony. Indeed, these factors were among those he relied on, however, the 8 ALJ made additional specific findings to support his credibility determination.”). 9 This appears to be the main focus of Plaintiff’s argument: that the ALJ solely relied on the 10 objective medical evidence to reject Plaintiff’s subjective testimony. The Court notes Defendant 11 mainly highlights the manner in which Plaintiff’s allegations may not be substantiated by the 12 medical record. However, Defendant also appears to argue the ALJ rejected Plaintiff’s testimony 13 on the basis that it is “inconsistent with” the medical record; more specifically, Plaintiff’s 14 subjective testimony is contradicted by the medical opinions. (ECF No. 24 at 8.) 15 As noted, conflicts between the claimant’s testimony and the record—including the 16 claimant’s conduct, activities, failure to pursue treatment, “internal contradictions,” and “ordinary 17 techniques of credibility evaluation”—support an ALJ’s adverse credibility determination. 18 Ghanim, 763 F.3d at 1163; Tommasetti, 533 F.3d at 1039 ; Lingenfelter, 504 F.3d at 1040; 19 Smolen, 80 F.3d at 1284; see also Robbins, 466 F.3d at 884 (ALJ may find a claimant not 20 credible based on “reasons related to the subjective testimony (e.g., reputation for dishonesty), on 21 conflicts between his testimony and his own conduct, or on internal contradictions in that 22 testimony.”). 23 In this vein, the Ninth Circuit has provided that contradiction between the claimant’s 24 testimony and the relevant medical evidence is a sufficient basis for an adverse credibility 25 finding. Johnson v. Shalala, 60 F.3d 1428, 1434 (9th Cir. 1995) (“The ALJ … identified several 26 contradictions between claimant’s testimony and the relevant medical evidence and cited several 27 instances of contradictions within the claimant’s own testimony. We will not reverse credibility 28 determinations of an ALJ based on contradictory or ambiguous evidence.”); Carmickle v. 1 Comm’r, Soc. Sec. Admin., 533 F.3d 1155, 1160 (9th Cir. 2008) (affirming ALJ’s determination 2 claimant’s testimony was “not entirely credible” based on contradictions with medical opinion); 3 Hairston v. Saul, 827 Fed. App’x 772, 773 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting Carmickle with approval) 4 (“[c]ontradiction with the medical record is a sufficient basis for rejecting the claimant’s 5 subjective testimony.”); see also Woods v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., No. 1:20-cv-01110-SAB, 2022 6 WL 1524772, at *10 n.4 (E.D. Cal. May 13, 2022) (“While a lack of objective medical evidence 7 may not be the sole basis for rejection of symptom testimony, inconsistency with the medical 8 evidence or medical opinions can be sufficient.”) (emphasis in original) (citing e.g., Stobie v. 9 Berryhill, 690 Fed. App’x 910, 911 (9th Cir. 2017) (finding ALJ gave two specific and legitimate 10 clear and convincing reasons for rejecting symptom testimony: (1) insufficient objective medical 11 evidence to establish disability during the insured period and (2) symptom testimony conflicted 12 with the objective medical evidence)). 13 The Ninth Circuit’s analysis in Carmickle is most instructive here. In Carmickle, the ALJ 14 rejected the claimant’s testimony as to four specific allegations, including the allegation that he 15 could only lift ten pounds occasionally.11 Carmickle, 533 F.3d at 1160. The ALJ rejected this 16 allegation in favor of a physician’s contradictory opinion that the claimant could lift up to ten 17 pounds frequently (and twenty pounds occasionally). Id. at 1161. Notably, the claimant’s 18 contradiction with the medical opinion was the only reason the ALJ rejected this allegation as 19 “not entirely credible.” See id. at 1160–61. In applying the clear and convincing standard, the 20 Ninth Circuit affirmed the ALJ’s adverse credibility determination relating to this limitation on 21 the basis that “[c]ontradiction with the medical record is a sufficient basis for rejecting the 22 claimant’s subjective testimony.” Id. at 1161. 23

24 11 Carmickle demonstrates that an ALJ may reject one or several specific allegations (as concerning pain, symptoms, limitations, etc.) to reach an adverse credibility determination. This cuts against Plaintiff’s argument that the ALJ 25 erred in discounting her testimony because the ALJ focused on Plaintiff’s allegations of pain and swollen hands, but did not directly address all of Plaintiff’s other symptom allegations. Indeed, the Court notes Plaintiff identifies no legal authority indicating that an ALJ is required to establish every single one of a Plaintiff’s symptom allegations is 26 contradicted by the record in order to reach an adverse credibility determination. See Treichler v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec. Admin., 775 F.3d 1090, 1103 (9th Cir. 2014) (“[T]he ALJ’s analysis need not be extensive.”); Drummer v. 27 Kijakazi, No. 21-35710, 2022 WL 2953703, at *1 n.3 (9th Cir. Jul. 26, 2022) (citing Howard v. Barnhart, 341 F.3d 1006, 1012 (9th Cir. 2003) (“[T]he ALJ does not need to discuss every piece of [medical] evidence.”) (internal 28 quotations omitted))). 1 Similarly here, the ALJ noted Plaintiff’s allegation that her impairment negatively 2 affected her ability to use her hands. (AR 33–34.) At the disability hearing, the ALJ questioned 3 Plaintiff about her ability to use her hands, to which Plaintiff testified she cannot open a water 4 bottle, wash dishes, or fold clothes, generally, she cannot use her hands to do “[things] where 5 [she] has to close [her] fingers and [her] hands to be able to fold the items.” (AR 65.) 6 Consequently, the ALJ found Plaintiff’s statements about the intensity, persistence, and limiting 7 effects of her symptoms were inconsistent with the medical record. In reaching this 8 determination, the ALJ evaluated the medical opinions of Drs. Bullard, Wong, Vu, Spellman, 9 Stafford, and Serra, and found their opinions persuasive in that they all opined Plaintiff was 10 limited to frequent handling and fingering. Notably, Plaintiff has not contested the ALJ’s 11 evaluation of the medical opinion evidence. 12 The ALJ further explained the opinions were persuasive with respect to limiting Plaintiff 13 to frequent handling and fingering because they were consistent with the objective medical 14 evidence. (AR 38–40.) Specifically in her decision, the ALJ noted an example of objective 15 medical evidence “consistent” with the doctors’ opinions was the electrodiagnostic testing 16 showing Plaintiff dealt with “mild to moderate” bilateral carpal tunnel syndrome. This echoes 17 Dr. Bullard’s opinion which, for example, is expressly based on the determination that Plaintiff’s 18 bilateral hand symptoms “do not appear to be very severe and are not limiting in adls [activities of 19 daily living].” (AR 93); see also Valentine, 574 F.3d at 693 (ADLs that may not be insufficient to 20 establish non-disability may nonetheless “be grounds for discrediting the claimant’s testimony to 21 the extent that they contradict claims of a totally debilitating impairment.”). Thus, the Court finds 22 the ALJ rejected Plaintiff’s allegation of being totally disabled due to not being able to use her 23 hand, such as to do things where she has to close her fingers and her hands, in favor of the 24 opinions of Drs. Bullard, Wong, Vu, Spellman, Stafford, and Serra that Plaintiff was limited to 25 frequent handling and fingering. Carmickle, 533 F.3d at 1160–61. 26 In addition, the Court notes the ALJ found that, “[g]iven [Plaintiff’s] allegations of totally 27 disabling symptoms, one might expect to see some indication in the treatment records of such 28 restrictions placed on [Plaintiff] by her treating medical professionals. Yet a review of the record 1 reveals no such restrictions recommended by the treating medical professions.” (AR 35.) This 2 also indicates a contradiction between Plaintiff’s testimony and the medical record which 3 supports the ALJ’s adverse credibility determination. See Valentine, 574 F.3d at 693. 4 Similarly, Defendant’s argument supporting the ALJ’s review of the longitudinal records 5 showing “no acute distress”—regardless of the purpose of the medical visit—is well-taken. In 6 short, Plaintiff testified that her pain levels were at an 8/10 or 9/10 without medication and 7/10 7 with medication, on a “constant” and “everyday” basis. (AR 64–65.) Based on the consistency 8 and severity of Plaintiff’s reported symptoms, it was therefore reasonable for the ALJ to expect 9 Plaintiff would present in at least some distress on examination, and to consider whether any 10 medical records documented Plaintiff being in acute distress at any time. Hence, the ALJ’s 11 finding that Plaintiff’s statements about the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of her 12 symptoms were inconsistent with the medical evidence of record showing Plaintiff never 13 appeared to be in acute distress was a rational interpretation of the evidence. See Sherman v. 14 Colvin, 582 Fed. App’x 745, 748 (9th Cir. 2014) (finding ALJ “reasonably concluded 15 [claimant’s] medical conditions did not limit his daily activities to the extent that he claimed 16 [because] [n]o doctor placed any restrictions on [his] activities.”) This is also consistent with the 17 ALJ’s rejection of Plaintiff’s allegations of “totally disabling symptoms” where none of 18 Plaintiff’s treating physicians placed any restrictions on Plaintiff due to such alleged symptoms. 19 See, e.g., Valentine, 574 F.3d at 693. 20 Based on the foregoing, the Court finds the ALJ has presented two clear and convincing 21 reasons for rejecting symptom testimony that are supported by substantial evidence in the record: 22 (1) Plaintiff’s testimony is not corroborated by the objective medical evidence and (2) Plaintiff’s 23 symptom testimony conflicts with the objective medical evidence. Stobie, 690 Fed. App’x at 911 24 (finding ALJ gave two specific and legitimate clear and convincing reasons for rejecting 25 symptom testimony: (1) insufficient objective medical evidence to establish disability during the 26 insured period and (2) symptom testimony conflicted with the objective medical evidence)). 27 3. Accounting for Plaintiff’s Limitations in the RFC Determination 28 Relatedly (and included in Plaintiff’s sole argument identified in the briefing), Plaintiff 1 argues the ALJ failed to account for specific evidence in the record—particularly her subjective 2 testimonial evidence—that supports Plaintiff’s limitations. As to this argument, the Court finds 3 Plaintiff is merely rehashing her prior arguments that the ALJ improperly discounted her 4 testimony. Thus, Plaintiff’s argument on this basis fails. See Stubbs-Danielson v. Astrue, 539 5 F.3d 1169, 1175–76 (9th Cir. 2008) (rejecting a step five argument that “simply restates” 6 arguments about medical evidence and testimony); Hairston, 827 Fed. App’x at 773 (summarily 7 rejecting claimant’s arguments that RFC and step-five findings were unsupported by substantial 8 evidence as “derivative of her preceding arguments addresses and rejected above.”); see also 9 Embrey v. Bowen, 849 F.2d 418, 423 (9th Cir. 1988) (acknowledging there is no requirement that 10 testimony for which the ALJ has provided specific and legitimate reasons to discount be included 11 in the hypothetical given the VE). 12 In sum, the Court concludes the ALJ identified clear and convincing reasons based on 13 substantial evidence for discounting Plaintiff’s symptom testimony. Plaintiff’s challenge to the 14 RFC, which is based solely on the argument that the ALJ failed to include limitations indicated in 15 Plaintiff’s testimony therefore also fails. See Stubbs-Danielson, 539 F.3d at 1175–76; Embrey, 16 849 F.2d at 423. Further, this Court must defer to the decision of the ALJ where evidence exists 17 to support more than one rational interpretation. Drouin v. Sullivan, 966 F.2d 1255, 1258 (9th 18 Cir. 1992); Burch, 400 F.3d at 679. “As [the Court] cannot say that the ALJ’s interpretation of 19 the available evidence was not rational, the ALJ’s conclusions were supported by substantial 20 evidence.” Shaibi v. Berryhill, 883 F.3d 1102, 1108 (9th Cir. 2017). Accordingly, the Court will 21 not disturb the ALJ’s decision with respect to her evaluation of the symptom testimony and RFC 22 determination. 23 VI. 24 CONCLUSION AND ORDER 25 For the foregoing reasons, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED that: 26 1. Plaintiff’s appeal from the decision of the Commissioner of Social Security (ECF 27 No. 19) is DENIED; and 28 2. The Clerk of the Court is DIRECTED to enter judgment in favor of Defendant 1 Commissioner of Social Security and against Plaintiff Lucia Villa and close this 2 case. 3 4 IT IS SO ORDERED. FA. ee 5 | Dated: _ October 7, 2022 ;

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