1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JINLAN CHEN, No. 2:21-cv-00220-TLN-AC 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. 14 U.S. CITIZENSHIP AND

IMMIGRATION SERVICES,

15 Defendant. 16 17 SUNG SOK SOHN, No. 2:22-cv-00572-TLN-AC 18 Plaintiff, 19 v. 20 U.S. CITIZENSHIP AND ORDER IMMIGRATION SERVICES, et. al., 21 Defendants. 22 23 24 This matter is before the Court in Case No. 22-cv-00572-TLN-AC on Defendants U.S. 25 Citizenship and Immigration Services (“USCIS”) and Board of Immigration Appeals’s (“BIA”) 26 (collectively, “Defendants”) Motion to Dismiss. (ECF No. 9.) Plaintiff Sung Sok Sohn filed an 27 opposition (ECF No. 12), and Defendants filed a reply (ECF No. 14). Also before the Court is 28 1 Plaintiff’s unopposed Motion to Consolidate. (ECF No. 12.) For the reasons set forth below, 2 both Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss and Plaintiff’s Motion to Consolidate are GRANTED. 3 This matter is also before the Court in Case No. 21-cv-00220-TLN-AC on Defendant’s 4 Motion to Dismiss. (ECF No. 25.) Plaintiff Jinlan Chen filed an opposition (ECF No. 28), and 5 Defendant filed a reply (ECF No. 30). Also before the Court is Plaintiff’s unopposed Motion to 6 Consolidate. (ECF No. 28.) For the reasons set forth below, both Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss 7 and Plaintiff’s Motion to Consolidate are GRANTED. 8 I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND1 9 In 2001, Plaintiff Sohn (hereinafter, “Plaintiff”) was convicted of committing a lewd and 10 lascivious act upon a child under the age of 14 in violation of California Penal Code § 288(a) and 11 committing a lewd and lascivious act upon a child under the age of 14 by force or fear in violation 12 of California Penal Code § 288(b)(1). (ECF No. 1 at 7, 19.) Plaintiff received a ten-year 13 sentence for his offenses. (Id. at 19.) 14 On June 4, 2018, Plaintiff filed a Petition for Alien Relative (Form I-130) on behalf of 15 Jinlan Chen (“Chen”), his non-citizen spouse. (Id. at 17.) USCIS subsequently denied the I-130 16 petition pursuant to the Adam Walsh Child Protection and Safety Act (“Adam Walsh Act”). (Id. 17 at 2, 21.) In so doing, USCIS found Plaintiff failed to demonstrate he poses no risk to Chen. (Id. 18 at 7, 21.) Plaintiff appealed USCIS’s determination to the BIA. (Id. at 2.) The BIA dismissed 19 the appeal on March 11, 2022. (Id.) 20 On March 31, 2022, Plaintiff filed the operative Complaint after the BIA denied his 21 appeal. (Id. at 2–3.) In the Complaint, Plaintiff alleges a single claim for judicial review of an 22 agency decision, and more specifically, USCIS’s denial of his I-130 petition and the BIA’s 23 dismissal of his appeal. (Id. at 2–3, 5.) On June 13, 2022, Defendants filed the instant motion to 24 dismiss pursuant to Federal Rules of Civil Procedure (“Rule”) 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6). Because the 25 Court finds it lacks subject matter jurisdiction, it does not discuss the Rule 12(b)(6) motion. 26

27 1 Plaintiff Chen is Plaintiff Sohn’s wife. The facts and issues in both cases are substantially the same. For the purposes of this Order, the Court will only cite facts and arguments from Case 28 No. 2:22-cv-00572-TLN-AC. 1 II. STANDARD OF LAW 2 A motion under Rule 12(b)(1) challenges a federal court’s jurisdiction to decide claims 3 alleged in the complaint. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(1); see also id. at 12(h)(3) (“If the court 4 determines at any time that it lacks subject-matter jurisdiction, the court must dismiss the 5 action.”). A court considering a motion to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction is not 6 restricted to the face of the complaint and may review any evidence to resolve disputes 7 concerning the existence of jurisdiction. McCarthy v. United States, 850 F.2d 558, 560 (9th Cir. 8 1988); see also Thornhill Pub. Co., Inc. v. Gen. Tel. & Elec. Corp., 594 F.2d 730, 733 (9th Cir. 9 1979) (in a factual attack on subject matter jurisdiction, “[n]o presumptive truthfulness attaches to 10 plaintiff's allegations”). “Once challenged, the party asserting subject matter jurisdiction has the 11 burden of proving its existence.” Robinson v. United States, 586 F.3d 683, 685 (9th Cir. 2009) 12 (quoting Rattlesnake Coal. v. E.P.A., 509 F.3d 1095, 1102 n.1 (9th Cir. 2007)). 13 III. ANALYSIS 14 A. Rule 12(b)(1) 15 Defendants argue the Court lacks subject-matter jurisdiction over this action. (ECF No. 9 16 at 3.) Plaintiff does not address Defendants’ argument that the Court lacks subject-matter 17 jurisdiction. (See ECF No. 12.) Instead, Plaintiff’s arguments solely consist of how the 18 Complaint states sufficient facts to constitute a claim for relief and the BIA is a proper party. 19 (See ECF No. 12 at 17–24.) 20 The Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) allows a U.S. citizen to file an I-130 21 petition seeking to classify his or her foreign national spouse as an immediate relative. See 8 22 U.S.C. § 1154(a)(1)(A)(i) (“Clause (i)”). However, the Adam Walsh Act created an exception 23 that provides: 24 Clause (i) shall not apply to a citizen of the United States who has been convicted of a specified offense against a minor, unless the 25 Secretary of Homeland Security, in the Secretary’s sole and unreviewable discretion, determines that the citizen poses no risk to 26 the alien with respect to whom a petition described in clause (i) is filed. 27 8 U.S.C. § 1154(a)(1)(A)(viii)(I); see Gebhardt v. Nielsen, 879 F.3d 980, 984 (9th Cir. 2018). 28 1 The INA “bars [courts] from reviewing any ‘decision or action . . . the authority for which 2 is specified [as falling under] the discretion of the Attorney General or the Secretary of Homeland 3 Security.’” Gebhardt, 879 F.3d at 984 (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(2)(B)(ii)). Moreover, 8 4 U.S.C. § 1154(a)(1)(A)(viii)(I) grants the Secretary of Homeland Security the “sole and 5 unreviewable discretion” in making “no risk” determinations under the Adam Walsh Act. Id. 6 The Ninth Circuit has held these statutory provisions “clearly demonstrate Congress’ 7 intent to prevent [courts] from reviewing how the Secretary [of Homeland Security] exercises his 8 or her ‘sole and unreviewable discretion’ to make ‘no risk’ determinations.” Id. (citing Roland v. 9 USCIS, 850 F.3d 625, 629 (4th Cir. 2017); Privett v. Sec’y, Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 865 F.3d 10 375, 381 (6th Cir. 2017); Bremer v. Johnson, 834 F.3d 925, 929 (8th Cir. 2016)). As such, courts 11 may only review a plaintiff’s claim to the extent it challenges actions beyond the Secretary of 12 Homeland Security’s “sole and unreviewable discretion.” Id. at 984–85. 13 “Courts have found that a failure to oppose an argument serves as a concession.” Lou v. 14 JP Morgan Chase Bank N.A., No. 3:17-cv-04157-WHO, 2018 WL 1070598, at *2 (N.D. Cal. 15 Feb. 26, 2018); see also Ramirez v. Ghilotti Bros. Inc., 941 F. Supp. 2d 1197, 1210 & n.7 (N.D. 16 Cal. 2013) (collecting cases); Hellman v. Polaris Indus., Inc., No. 2:21-cv-00949-JAM-DMC, 17 2022 WL 484908, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Feb. 16, 2022), reconsideration denied, 2022 WL 3019916 18 (E.D. Cal. July 29, 2022) (noting the plaintiffs did not address the defendant’s jurisdiction 19 arguments in their opposition and, on that basis, finding the plaintiffs waived that argument). 20 As identified by Defendants in their reply (ECF No. 14 at 2), Plaintiff has failed to address 21 or respond to Defendants’ argument that the Court lacks jurisdiction to review USCIS’s “no risk” 22 determination regarding Plaintiff and Chen (see ECF No. 12). Thus, the Court construes 23 Plaintiff’s failure to oppose Defendants’ argument as a concession of the jurisdiction argument. 24 Even if the Court were to consider the merits, Plaintiff requests judicial review of 25 USCIS’s determination on the I-130 petition and how USCIS found he failed to demonstrate he 26 posed no risk to Chen. (ECF No. 1 at 2, 7.) In doing so, Plaintiff takes issue with how USCIS 27 weighed the evidence and made its determination. (See id. at 8–9.) Accordingly, Plaintiff’s claim 28 challenges an action taken within the Secretary of Homeland Security’s “sole and unreviewable 1 discretion.” See Gebhardt, 879 F.3d at 987. Thus, the Court lacks jurisdiction to review 2 Plaintiff’s claim based on USCIS’s “no risk” determination. See id. 3 Moreover, while Plaintiff seeks judicial review of the BIA’s dismissal of his appeal (ECF 4 No. 1 at 8), this is another challenge to USCIS’s “no risk” determination, an action taken within 5 the Secretary of Homeland Security’s “sole and unreviewable discretion.”2 Thus, the Court lacks 6 jurisdiction to review Plaintiff’s claim based on the BIA’s dismissal of his appeal of USCIS’s “no 7 risk” determination. See Gebhardt, 879 F.3d at 987. 8 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Defendants’ motion to dismiss with leave to amend.3 9 B. Motion to Consolidate 10 Plaintiff moves to consolidate the instant action with the related action filed by Chen, 11 Case No. 2:21-cv-00220-TLN-AC. (ECF No. 12 at 16.) Defendants do not oppose Plaintiff’s 12 motion to consolidate. (ECF No. 14 at 3.) 13 Under Rule 42, if actions before a court involve a common question of law or fact, the 14 court may consolidate the actions. Fed. R. Civ. P. 42(a). “The district court has broad discretion 15 under this rule to consolidate cases pending in the same district.” Invs. Rsch. Co. v. U.S. Dist. Ct. 16 for Cent. Dist. of California, 877 F.2d 777, 777 (9th Cir. 1989). “In determining whether to 17 consolidate actions, the court weighs the interest of judicial convenience against the potential for 18 delay, confusion, and prejudice caused by consolidation.” Quair v. Thomas, No. 1:21-cv-01397- 19

20 2 The Court notes the BIA does not have authority to review the “no risk” determinations made by USCIS. See Matter of Aceijas-Quiroz, 26 I. & N. Dec. 294, 297 (BIA 2014); Bourdon v. 21 U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec. (DHS), 940 F.3d 537, 547–48 (11th Cir. 2019); Struniak v. Lynch, 159 F. Supp. 3d 643, 648 (E.D. Va. 2016) (“The BIA . . . has concluded that it lacks jurisdiction 22 to review the USCIS’s “no risk” determinations under the [Adam Walsh Act].”) 23 3 The Court notes that on reply, Defendants requested the Court deny leave to amend based 24 on futility. (ECF No. 14 at 2.) However, the Ninth Circuit has “assume[d], without deciding, that the Adam Walsh Act permits [courts] to review colorable constitutional claims.” Gebhardt, 879 25 F.3d at 988. At the same time, claims regarding how the Secretary of Homeland Security exercises his or her “sole and unreviewable discretion” to adjudicate I-130 petitions are not 26 subject to judicial review. Id. at 987. Accordingly, if Plaintiff files an amended complaint that 27 again asks the Court to review how the Secretary, through USCIS, exercised his or her “sole and unreviewable discretion” when adjudicating Plaintiff’s I-130 petition, the Court would again lack 28 jurisdiction. 1 | JLT-SKO, 2022 WL 675754, at *1 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 7, 2022). 2 As Defendants state, Defendants have already filed notices of related cases for the instant 3 | action and the Chen action, and the two actions involve almost identical facts, claims, and parties. 4 | (ECFNo. 14 at 4.) Additionally, Plaintiff's motion to consolidate is unopposed. 5 Accordingly, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff's motion to consolidate. 6 IV. CONCLUSION 7 For the foregoing reasons, the Court hereby GRANTS Defendants’ Motion to Dismiss 8 || with leave to amend. (ECF No. 9 in Case No. 2:22-cv-00572-TLN-AC; ECF No. 25 in Case No. 9 | 2:21-cv-00220-TLN-AC.) Plaintiff may file an amended complaint not later than thirty (30) days 10 | from the electronic filing date of this Order. Defendant shall file an opposition, or statement of 11 | non-opposition, not later than twenty-one (21) days after Plaintiff files an amended complaint. If 12 | Plaintiff opts not to file an amended complaint, the Court will dismiss this action. 13 The Court also GRANTS Plaintiff’s Motion to Consolidate Case Nos. 2:21-cv-00220- 14 | TLN-AC and 2:22-cy-00572-TLN-AC. (ECF No. 12 in Case No. 2:22-cv-00572-TLN-AC; ECF 15 | No. 28 in Case No. 2:21-cv-00220-TLN-AC.) The Clerk of Court is directed to consolidate these 16 || cases and close 2:22-cv-00572-TLN-AC. Plaintiff is directed to file the consolidated amended 17 | complaint in 2:21-cv-00220-TLN-AC. 18 IT IS SO ORDERED. 19 DATED: December 29, 2022 20 /) 21 “ Mr / Vhokay 22 Troy L. Nunley ] 3 United States District Judge 24 25 26 27 28