1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 JESSICA BIBB, No. 2:22-CV-01894-KJM-DMC 12 Plaintiff, 13 v. FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 14 SHASTA COUNTY HEALTH AND HUMAN AGENCY, et al., 15 Defendants. 16

17 18 Plaintiff, who is proceeding pro se brings this civil rights action pursuant to 42 19 U.S.C. § 1983. Pending before the Court is Plaintiff’s complaint, ECF No. 1. 20 The Court is required to screen complaints brought by litigants who have been 21 granted leave to proceed in forma pauperis. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2). Under this screening 22 provision, a court must dismiss a complaint or portion thereof if it: (1) is frivolous or malicious; 23 (2) fails to state a claim upon which relief can be granted; or (3) seeks monetary relief from a 24 defendant who is immune from such relief. See 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(A), (B). Moreover, 25 pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(h)(3), this Court must dismiss an action if it 26 determines that it lacks subject matter jurisdiction. Because Plaintiff has been granted leave to 27 proceed in forma pauperis, the Court will screen the complaint pursuant to § 1915(e)(2). Pursuant 28 to Rule 12(h)(3), the Court will also consider as a threshold matter whether it has subject-matter 1 jurisdiction. 2 3 I. PLAINTIFF’S ALLEGATIONS 4 Plaintiff names the following as Defendants: (1) Alicia Endecott, social worker, 5 (2) Christian Cumpston, social worker, (3) Molly Bigelow, Judge, (4) Tina Martinez, social 6 worker, (5) Shasta County Counsel, (6) Diane Fisher, Deputy County Counsel, and (7) Jennifer 7 Ayers, Public Defender. See ECF No. 1, pgs. 2-3. All Defendants are named in their individual 8 capacities. See id. 9 Generally, Plaintiff claims her Fourteenth Amendment rights have been violated 10 by the actions of Shasta County Child Protective Services (“CPS”) social workers and court 11 officers. See ECF No. 1, pgs. 8-9. Plaintiff also claims that by CPS removing her children from 12 her care, interviewing her children at school, and conducting a sexual assault examination of her 13 child without her consent or presence, such actions constitute an unlawful search and seizure in 14 violation of her Fourth Amendment rights. See id., pgs. 10-12. Plaintiff bases her contentions on 15 Defendants’ actions taken pursuant to State law. Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code § 300, et seq. 16 Plaintiff alleges that CPS social workers have removed her children from her care 17 without cause, have withheld information pertaining to her children, and conducted unlawful 18 investigations with her children without her consent or presence. See ECF No. 1, pgs. 10-13. 19 Plaintiff further asserts that Defendants have “blocked any and all meaningful access” to the 20 juvenile court in various ways, including not providing her with proper notice of hearings, denied 21 her physical and conversational contact with her child, and that Defendants have fabricated 22 evidence against her. Id.; see also pgs. 8-9. Plaintiff also alleges that Defendant Bigelow, Shasta 23 County Judge, “ignored” Plaintiff when she appeared in court before the Judge. Id., pgs. 10-11. 24 Plaintiff seeks the following relief: (1) immediate return of her children, (2) her 25 constitutional rights acknowledged (3) that Defendants “suffer according to law,” (4) an audit and 26 investigation into CPS’s corruption and the “kidnapping” of children “in plain sight illegally” 27 stops, and (5) an apology from each of the Defendants. Id., pg. 14. 28 / / / 1 II. DISCUSSION 2 In considering whether a complaint states a claim, a court must accept all 3 allegations of material fact in the complaint as true. See Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93-94 4 (2007). A court must also construe the alleged facts in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. 5 See Scheuer v. Rhodes, 416 U.S. 232, 236 (1974), overruled on other grounds by Davis v. 6 Scherer, 468 U.S. 183 (1984); see also Hosp. Bldg. Co. v. Rex Hosp. Trustees, 425 U.S. 738, 740 7 (1976); Barnett v. Centoni, 31 F.3d 813, 816 (9th Cir. 1994) (per curiam). Pro se pleadings are 8 held to a less stringent standard than those drafted by lawyers. See Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 9 519, 520 (1972). All ambiguities or doubts must also be resolved in the plaintiff’s favor. See 10 Jenkins v. McKeithen, 395 U.S. 411, 421 (1969). However, legally conclusory statements, not 11 supported by actual factual allegations, need not be accepted. See Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 12 662, 677-78 (2009). 13 As discussed below, the undersigned recommends abstaining from adjudicating 14 Plaintiff’s claims under Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971) 15 Since there is a pending state court action on the child protective custody issues 16 raised in Plaintiff’s complaint, the undersigned must consider whether this action should be 17 stayed or dismissed under the abstention doctrine established in Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 18 (1971).1 Younger abstention is concerned with overlapping principles of equity, comity, and 19 federalism and directs federal courts to abstain from granting injunctive or declaratory relief that 20 would interfere with pending state or local court proceedings in certain situations. See Arevalo v. 21 Hennessy, 882 F.3d 763, 765 (9th Cir. 2018); Gilbertson v. Albright, 381 F.3d 965, 973 (9th Cir. 22 2004). While Younger established that federal courts must refrain from enjoining or interfering 23 with a parallel, pending criminal proceeding in state court, see Younger, 401 U.S. at 49-53, the 24 doctrine has subsequently been extended to “particular state civil proceedings that are akin to 25 criminal prosecutions . . . or that implicate a state’s interest in enforcing the orders and judgments 26 of its courts. . . .”. Sprint Commc’ns, Inc. v. Jacobs, 571 U.S. 69, 70 (2013) (citations and 27 1 A court can raise Younger abstention sua sponte. See San Remo Hotel v. City and Cty. 28 of San Francisco, 145 F.3d 1095, 1103 n.5 (9th Cir. 1998). 1 quotations omitted). To warrant Younger abstention, a state civil action must fall into one of the 2 above categories. 3 Claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 that turn on alleged violations of constitutional 4 rights arising in the course of ongoing state court proceedings also implicate the same grounds for 5 abstention. Gilbertson, 381 F.3d at 979-980. Therefore, in civil cases, Younger abstention is 6 appropriate only when the state proceedings: (1) are ongoing, (2) are quasi-criminal enforcement 7 actions or involve a state’s interest in enforcing the orders and judgments of its courts, 8 (3) implicate an important state interest, and (4) allow litigants to raise federal challenges. 9 ReadyLink Healthcare, Inc. v. State Comp. Ins. Fund, 754 F.3d 754, 759 (9th Cir. 2014). 10 Civil enforcement proceedings are “akin to a criminal prosecution” when 11 enforcement actions are initiated by the State to sanction the federal plaintiff (i.e., the party 12 challenging the state action) for some wrongful act. Sprint Commc’ns, Inc., 571 U.S. at 70. A 13 state actor is routinely a party to the state proceeding and often initiates the action. See, e.g., 14 Moore v. Sims, 442 U.S. 415, 419-420 (1979) (state-initiated proceeding to gain custody of 15 children allegedly abused by their parents). Investigations are commonly involved and often 16 culminate in the filing of a formal complaint or charges. See id. at 429 (challenging 17 constitutionality of statutorily authorized pre-seizure investigative procedures in federal 18 complaint). 19 Moore v. Sims, 442 U.S. 415 (1979) is illustrative. In Moore, parents challenged 20 the constitutionality of parts of the Texas Family Code that permitted removal of their children 21 following allegations of child abuse. Id. at 418-20. Prior to the parents’ action, the state had 22 initiated proceedings alleging child abuse, leading to an investigation and subsequent custody 23 hearings. See id. The Supreme Court ultimately determined that the Federal District Court should 24 not have exercised jurisdiction in the matter, and should have abstained under Younger. Id. at 25 423-35. The facts here and Plaintiff’s claims are similar to those in Moore. Plaintiff is seeking 26 an injunction for the return of her children. Based on Plaintiff’s allegations, the State of 27 California has initiated some proceedings regarding the care of Plaintiff’s children, there has been 28 an investigation, and there has been at least one hearing on the protective custody matter. 1 Further, since Plaintiff does not appear to have had her children returned, it is apparent that there 2 are still ongoing state proceedings. It is clear from Plaintiff’s complaint that the State of 3 California has initiated a quasi-criminal enforcement action against Plaintiff regarding child 4 protective custody issues. 5 Additionally, California has important state interests in enforcing judgments and 6 orders concerning the parent-child relationship at issue. See Moore, 442 U.S. at 426 (“Family 7 relations are a traditional area of state concern); H.C. ex rel. Gordon v. Koppel, 203 F.3d 610, 613 8 (9th Cir. 2000) (noting “a state has a vital interest in protecting the authority of the judicial 9 system, so that its orders and judgments are not rendered nugatory” especially regarding domestic 10 relations “over which federal courts have no general jurisdiction, and in which the state courts 11 have special expertise and experience”); Peterson v. Babbit, 708 F.2d 465, 466 (9th Cir. 1983) 12 (“The strong state interest in domestic relation matters, the superior competence of state courts in 13 settling family disputes because regulations and supervision of domestic relations within their 14 borders is entrusted to the states, and the possibility of incompatible federal and state court 15 decrees in cases of continuing judicial supervision by the state makes federal abstention in these 16 cases appropriate.”). Since this is a domestic issue, the State has a vested interest in this matter. 17 Plaintiff also has an adequate opportunity in the State court to raise federal 18 questions and concerns that affect her constitutional rights. She has opportunities under 19 California law to file motions or to request certain forms of relief from the State court to address 20 any alleged violations of her constitutional rights relative to the child protective custody 21 proceedings. Plaintiff asserts that she appeared on November 23, 2020, and appeared in court 22 representing herself in that she has been “in school for 2 and a half years now for [sic] ultimately 23 be a successful attorney,” that she read to Defendant Judge Bigelow “a brief that she had written” 24 that included the “false allegations” against her. ECF No. 1, pgs. 10-11. The State court is well- 25 equipped to address Plaintiff’s constitutional arguments and she may appeal any decisions by the 26 State court to the California Supreme Court after final judgment. Coats v. Woods, 819 F.2d 236, 27 237 (9th Cir. 1987) (finding no abuse of discretion for abstention because “[i]f the constitutional 28 claims in [a child custody case] have independent merit, the state courts are competent to hear 1 them. . . .”). 2 Therefore, this is precisely the type of case suited to Younger abstention. Absent 3 exceptional circumstances, district courts do not have discretion to avoid the doctrine if the 4 elements of Younger abstention exist in a particular case. Green v. City of Tucson, 255 F.3d 5 1086, 1093 (9th Cir.2001) (en banc) overruled on other grounds by Gilbertson, 381 F.3d 965. The 6 recognized exceptional circumstances are limited to a showing of “bad faith, harassment, or some 7 other extraordinary circumstance that would make abstention inappropriate.” Middlesex Cty. 8 Ethics Comm. v. Garden State Bar Ass’n, 457 U.S. 423, 435 (1982)). 9 Here, Plaintiff alleges that Defendants “unlawfully detain[ed] and [held] her 10 children against [her] will and without cause” and that on November 6, 2020, “the police and 11 swat team arrived for domestic violence [and she] was told to come outside” but that “her kids 12 appeared clean and healthy with no marks.” ECF No. 1, pgs. 8, 10. Plaintiff goes on to allege that 13 Defendants have not performed the required investigations, have “crafted counterfeit 14 allegation[s]” against her, interviewed her children at school without her presence, lied to get 15 emergency removal orders, and performed a sexual assault examination on her child without 16 parental consent or presence. Id., pgs. 11-12. Based on these vague and conclusory allegations, 17 Plaintiff has not demonstrated a factually supported theory that Defendants have acted in bad 18 faith, engaged in harassment, or involved some other extraordinary circumstance that would make 19 abstention inappropriate in the ongoing state proceedings. 20 Thus, the undersigned finds no circumstances exist in this case that warrant 21 application of the referenced exception to abstention. 22 Younger abstention applies differently to claims for monetary damages and claims 23 for injunctive and declaratory relief. Where injunctive and declaratory relief is sought, a dismissal 24 of those claims is appropriate. Gilbertson, 381 F.3d at 981. But where monetary damages are 25 sought, the federal court should stay, rather than dismiss those claims, until after the state court 26 proceedings are no longer pending. Id. at 981-82. 27 / / / 28 / / / ] From Plaintiff's complaint, it appears she requests only injunctive and declaratory 2 || relief. Plaintiff seeks to have her children returned to her “immediately,” an apology from 3 || Defendants, an audit and investigation into the “kidnapping” of children “in plain sight illegally,” 4 | her constitutional rights to be acknowledged, and for Defendants to “suffer the consequences of 5 || their violations according to the law.” See ECF No. 1, pg. 14. From this, the undersigned does 6 || not construe her requests as seeking monetary damages. Therefore, because Plaintiff does not 7 || seek monetary damages, the proper course of action is to dismiss this matter without prejudice. 8 9 Il. CONCLUSION 10 For the reasons stated above, the undersigned recommends as follows: 11 1. Plaintiff's complaint be dismissed without prejudice as required by 12 | Younger v. Harris, 401 U.S. 37 (1971). 13 2. Plaintiff's request for access to the Court’s electronic filing system, ECF 14 | No. 3, be denied as moot. 15 These findings and recommendations are submitted to the United States District 16 || Judge assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1). Within 14 days 17 || after being served with these findings and recommendations, any party may file written 18 || objections with the court. Responses to objections shall be filed within 14 days after service of 19 || objections. Failure to file objections within the specified time may waive the right to appeal. See 20 | Martinez v. YIst, 951 F.2d 1153 (9th Cir. 1991). 21 22 | Dated: April 11, 2023 Co 23 DENNIS M. COTA 4 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 25 26 27 28