I. INTRODUCTION

15 16 Plaintiff Lisa Baker (“Plaintiff”) initiated this action in state court asserting a claim of 17 negligence against Defendant Nutrien Ag Solutions, Inc. (“Defendant”). (See Doc. 1-2 at 6–9.) 18 Defendant removed the action to federal court. (Doc. 1.) Currently before the Court is Plaintiff’s 19 motion for leave to file a second amended complaint to substitute Baker Farming Partnership 20 (“BFP”) as Plaintiff and real party in interest in this action. (Doc. 36.) 21 For the reasons set forth below, Plaintiff’s motion to amend the complaint is GRANTED. 22 II. BACKGROUND 23 Plaintiff, in her individual capacity, initiated this action against Defendant in state court 24 seeking damages based on a single claim of negligence. (See Doc. 1-2 at 6–9.) On October 6, 2021, 25 Defendant removed this action to federal court based on diversity jurisdiction. (Doc. 1.) 26 Plaintiff filed a first amended complaint (“FAC”) on October 27, 2021, naming Plaintiff in 27 her capacity as Trustee of the D. Baker Irrevocable 2020 LB Trust as Plaintiff in this action and 28 asserting the same claim of negligence. (Doc. 11.) The FAC provides that Plaintiff is owner of real 1 property located at East Harmon Road and Highway 152 in El Nido, California (the “Subject 2 Property”). (FAC ¶ 6.) Plaintiff alleges Defendant breached its duty of care by failing to properly 3 inform Plaintiff regarding agricultural products it sold to Plaintiff, and Defendant’s negligence was 4 the proximate cause of damage to Plaintiff’s alfalfa crop. (See FAC ¶¶ 7–22.) 5 Defendant filed an answer to the FAC on August 19, 2022. (Doc. 27.) On September 16, 6 2022, following the Initial Scheduling Conference, the Court issued a Scheduling Order in this 7 action. (Doc. 31.) The Scheduling Order provided as follows: 8 Any motions or stipulations requesting leave to amend the pleadings must be filed by no later than January 9, 2023. The parties are advised that filing motions 9 and/or stipulations requesting leave to amend the pleadings by January 9, 2023, 10 does not reflect on the propriety of the amendment or imply good cause to modify the existing schedule, if necessary. All proposed amendments must (A) be 11 supported by good cause pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b) if the amendment requires any modification to the existing schedule, see Johnson v. Mammoth 12 Recreations, Inc., 975 F.2d 604, 609 (9th Cir. 1992), and (B) establish, under Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a), that such an amendment is not (1) prejudicial to the opposing party, 13 (2) the product of undue delay, (3) proposed in bad faith, or (4) futile, see Foman 14 v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962). 15 (Id. at 2–3.) The Scheduling Order also provided that the deadline for the completion of fact 16 discovery is July 7, 2023. (Id. at 1, 3.) 17 On May 19, 2023, Plaintiff filed a motion for leave to file a second amended complaint (see 18 Doc. 36-2), with a supporting declaration from her attorney, Michael C. Titus (Doc. 36-1 at 1–3 19 (“Titus Decl.”)). Defendant filed an opposition and supporting declaration on June 2, 2023 (Docs. 20 38–39), and Plaintiff filed a reply on June 12, 2023 (Doc. 40). With leave from the Court (Doc. 43), 21 Defendant filed a sur-reply on June 20, 2023 (Doc. 44). 22 Plaintiff moves to amend the FAC to substitute and join BFP as Plaintiff and real party in 23 interest. (See Doc. 36-2 at 1.) Plaintiff explains that the “catalyst” for the proposed amendment 24 was discovery propounded by Defendant on February 1, 2023. (Id. at 2; see also Titus Decl. ¶ 3.) 25 Plaintiff served responses on April 3, 2023, and supplemental responses on May 16, 2023. (Titus 26 Decl. ¶ 4–5.) “In preparation of the discovery responses, and especially in preparation of the 27 supplemental responses,” Plaintiff’s counsel discovered that BFP was the entity which ran the 28 farming operation at the Subject Property according to an Agricultural Lease produced in the 1 supplemental responses. (Titus Decl. ¶ 6.) Plaintiff responded to Defendant’s discovery requests 2 as if they had been propounded to BFP on May 16, 2023. (Doc. 36-2 at 2.) Plaintiff filed the instant 3 motion to amend a few days later on May 19, 2023. (Doc. 36.) 4 III. DISCUSSION 5 Plaintiff contends the proposed amendment is permissible under Federal Rule of Civil 6 Procedure 15 and the factors set forth in Foman v. Davis because it is timely, not prejudicial to 7 Defendant, offered in good faith, and not futile. (Doc. 36-2 at 1–5.) Plaintiff also asserts that 8 amendment of the FAC would not require modification of the existing scheduling order.1 (Id. at 2.) 9 Defendant opposes Plaintiff’s request to amend, contending inter alia, that Plaintiff failed to 10 meet her burden of establishing good cause for amendment after the deadline set forth in the Court’s 11 Scheduling Order.2 (Doc. 38 at 5–7.) Citing Johnson v. Mammoth Recreations, Inc., Defendant 12 asserts that Federal Rule of Civil Procedure Rule 16, not Rule 15, governs Plaintiff’s request for 13 amendment because the Court has already issued a Scheduling Order in this case. (Id. at 5.) 14 Defendant contends Plaintiff failed to act with reasonable diligence in determining the proper 15 Plaintiff before initiating this lawsuit and throughout the course of this litigation. (Id. at 6–7.) 16 Defendant further asserts that Plaintiff’s request for leave to amend is untimely, given that it was 17 made four months after the deadline set forth in the Scheduling Order and shortly before the close 18 of fact discovery. (Id.) 19 Plaintiff replies that good cause exists to amend the complaint because the discovery requests 20 propounded by Defendant on February 1, 2023, which revealed the need to substitute BFP as 21 Plaintiff, were not served until after the deadline for amendment, January 9, 2023, thereby 22 necessitating a motion for leave to amend. (Doc. 40 at 7–8.) 23 A. There is Good Cause to Modify the Schedule Pursuant to Rule 16 24 1. Legal Standard 25 Rule 16(b) provides that the district court must issue a scheduling order that limits the time 26 1 Notwithstanding this argument, Plaintiff expresses a willingness to stipulate to an extension of the fact discovery 27 deadline to allow for Defendant to propound additional discovery. (Doc. 36-2 at 2.) Plaintiff also notes that if the Court sees fit to modify the scheduling order, she will not object. (Id.) 28 2 In its sur-reply, Defendant withdraws its argument that dismissal is required because the Court lacks subject matter 1 to join other parties, amend the pleadings, complete discovery, and file motions. Fed. R. Civ. P. 2 16(b)(1)-(3). Once in place, “[a] schedule may be modified only for good cause and with the judge’s 3 consent.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 16(b)(4). “Rule 16(b)’s ‘good cause’ standard primarily considers the 4 diligence of the party seeking the amendment.” Johnson, 975 F.2d at 609. The moving party cannot 5 “appeal to the liberal amendment procedures afforded by Rule 15; his tardy motion [must] satisfy 6 the more stringent ‘good cause’ showing required under Rule 16.” AmerisourceBergen Corp. v. 7 Dialysist West, Inc., 465 F.3d 946, 952 (9th Cir. 2006) (emphasis in original). The court “may 8 modify the pretrial schedule ‘if it cannot reasonably be met despite the diligence of the party seeking 9 the extension.’” Johnson, 975 F.2d at 609. 10 Good cause may be found to exist where the moving party shows, for example, that (1) it 11 diligently assisted the court in recommending and creating a workable scheduling order; (2) it is 12 unable to comply with the deadlines set forth in the scheduling order due to issues not reasonably 13 foreseeable at the time of the issuance of the scheduling order; and (3) it was diligent in seeking an 14 amendment once the party reasonably knew that it could not comply with the scheduling order. 15 Kuschner v. Nationwide Credit, Inc., 256 F.R.D. 684, 687 (E.D. Cal. 2009) (citing Jackson v. 16 Laureate, Inc., 186 F.R.D. 605, 608 (E.D. Cal. 1999)). “If [the moving] party was not diligent, the 17 inquiry should end.” Johnson, 975 F.2d at 609. If good cause is found, the court then evaluates the 18 request to amend in light of Rule 15(a)’s liberal standard. Id. at 608. 19 2. Analysis 20 Plaintiff asserts that her motion to amend is governed by Rule 15, not Rule 16, because the 21 proposed amendment would not alter any of the existing case deadlines. The Court disagrees. 22 “Once the district court has issued a pretrial scheduling order pursuant to Rule 16 establishing the 23 time for any amendment to the pleadings, ‘a motion seeking to amend pleadings is governed first 24 by Rule 16(b), and only secondarily by Rule 15(a).’” Pizana v. SanMedica International LLC, 1:18– 25 cv–00644–DAD–SKO, 2022 WL 1241098, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 27, 2022). The deadline to file a 26 motion to amend the pleadings has expired, and permitting amendment would necessarily require a 27 continuance of the amendment deadline set forth in the Scheduling Order. Permitting amendment 28 would also necessarily require modification of the discovery deadlines set forth in the Scheduling 1 Order to afford Defendant a fair opportunity to conduct discovery as to the proposed new Plaintiff. 2 Accordingly, the Court construes Plaintiff’s motion to amend under Rule 15 as a motion to modify 3 the Scheduling Order under Rule 16. See, e.g., Eisenstecken v. Tahoe Reg’l Plan. Agency, No. 2:20– 4 cv–02349–TLN–CKD, 2022 WL 956694, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 30, 2022) (finding Plaintiffs 5 incorrectly moved to amend under Rule 15(a) because a pretrial scheduling order was in place and 6 construing Plaintiff’s motion to amend as a motion to modify the scheduling order). Thus, Plaintiff’s 7 amendment request must first satisfy the “more stringent” good cause standard articulated in Rule 8 16. AmerisourceBergen Corp., 465 F.3d at 952. 9 “Allowing parties to amend based on information obtained through discovery is common 10 and well established.” Fru-Con Constr. Corp. v. Sacramento Mun. Util. Dist., No. CIV. S-05-583 11 LKK/GGH, 2006 WL 3733815, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 15, 2006) (collecting cases); see also Macias 12 v. City of Clovis, No. 1:13-cv-01819-BAM, 2016 WL 1162637, at *4 (E.D. Cal. Mar. 24, 2016) 13 (“[D]iscovery of new evidence is often sufficient to satisfy the good cause standard” under Rule 14 16(b).). In general, the focus of the diligence inquiry under Rule 16 is the time between the moving 15 party’s discovery of new facts and seeking leave to file an amended pleading. See, e.g., Zivkovic v. 16 S. Cal. Edison Corp., 302 F.3d 1080, 1087–88 (9th Cir. 2002). 17 The Court finds that Plaintiff acted diligently, thus establishing good cause to modify the 18 schedule under Rule 16. The Scheduling Order was issued on September 16, 2022, setting the 19 deadline for requesting leave to amend the pleadings on January 9, 2023, and the deadline for the 20 completion of fact discovery on July 7, 2023. (Doc. 31 at 1–3.) Defendant propounded discovery 21 on February 1, 2023. (Doc. 36-2 at 2; Titus Decl. ¶ 3.) Plaintiff states she realized BFP was the 22 real party in interest upon preparing the responses to Defendant’s discovery requests, “and 23 especially in preparation of the supplemental responses.” (Titus Decl. ¶ 6.) Plaintiff states it was 24 the production of the Agricultural Lease in the supplemental responses that caused her to realize 25 amendment was necessary. (Titus Decl. ¶ 6–7.) Plaintiff responded to Defendant’s requests as 26 though they had been propounded to BFP, who is currently not a plaintiff in the action. (Doc. 36-2 27 at 2.) Plaintiff served responses on April 3, 2023, and the supplemental responses on May 16, 2023. 28 (Titus Decl. ¶ 4–5.) 1 On May 16, 2023, the day Plaintiff served the supplemental responses, Plaintiff’s counsel 2 contacted Defendant’s counsel to inquire as to whether Defendant would be willing to enter into a 3 stipulation to allow the filing of the second amended complaint. (Titus Decl. ¶ 8; see also Doc. 36- 4 1 at 16.) The following day, on May 17, 2023, Defendant indicated it was unwilling to enter into 5 such a stipulation and would consider filing a statement of non-opposition to Plaintiff’s motion to 6 amend. (Titus Decl. ¶ 9; see also Doc. 36-1 at 15–16.) Plaintiff filed a motion to amend only three 7 days later, on May 19, 2023. (See Doc. 36.) Defendant opposed the motion. (Doc. 38.) 8 Based on the foregoing, the Court finds that Plaintiff did not delay in seeking amendment 9 and has therefore shown “good cause” under Rule 16(b) to modify the Scheduling Order for the 10 purpose of amending the operative complaint. See, e.g., Nucal Foods, Inc. v. Quality Egg LLC, No. 11 CIV S–10–3105–KJM–CKD, 2012 WL 260078, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 27, 2012) (“Because plaintiff 12 moves to amend [its] complaint based on facts uncovered during discovery, the court finds that 13 plaintiff has good cause to seek leave to amend. Plaintiff could not have exercised a greater degree 14 of diligence in order to amend at an earlier state in litigation.”); AZ Holding, L.L.C. v. Frederick, 15 No. CV–08–0276–PHX–LOA, 2009 WL 3063314, at *3 (D. Ariz. Sept. 22, 2009) (plaintiff 16 reasonably diligent in seeking leave one month after discovery the basis for amendment and while 17 discovery was still open); Fru-Con Const. Corp., 2006 WL 3733815, at *4 (defendant “acted with 18 reasonable diligence” in moving for leave to amend its counterclaim “roughly two months” after 19 learning new facts at a deposition). 20 Because the Court finds good cause for amendment exists under Rule 16, the Court next 21 evaluates Plaintiff’s request to amend under Rule 15(a)’s liberal standard and the factors set forth in 22 Foman v. Davis. See Johnson, 975 F.2d at 608. 23 B. Plaintiff May Amend the FAC Pursuant to Rule 15(a) 24 Plaintiff contends that amendment of the FAC to substitute to substitute BFP as Plaintiff and 25 real party in interest is permissible under Rule 15 and the Foman factors because the proposed 26 amendment does not unduly prejudice Defendant, Plaintiff did not delay in seeking leave to amend, 27 the amendment is offered in good faith, and it is not futile. (Doc. 36-2 at 4–5.) Defendant does not 28 address the application of the Foman factors in either its opposition to Plaintiff’s motion to amend 1 (see Docs. 38–39) or its sur-reply (see Doc. 44). 2 1. Legal Standard 3 Rule 15 provides that a party may amend its pleading only by leave of court or by written 4 consent of the adverse party and that leave shall be freely given when justice so requires. Fed. R. 5 Civ. P. 15(a)(2). The Ninth Circuit has instructed that the policy favoring amendments “is to be 6 applied with extreme liberality.” Morongo Band of Mission Indians v. Rose, 893 F.2d 1074, 1079 7 (9th Cir. 1990). Although the decision whether to allow amendment is in the court’s discretion, 8 “[i]n exercising its discretion, a court must be guided by the underlying purpose of Rule 15—to 9 facilitate decision on the merits rather than on the pleadings or technicalities.” DCD Programs, 10 Ltd. v. Leighton, 833 F.2d 183, 186 (9th Cir. 1987) (internal quotations omitted). 11 The factors commonly considered to determine the propriety of a motion for leave to amend 12 are: (1) bad faith, (2) undue delay, (3) prejudice to the opposing party, (4) futility of amendment, 13 and (5) whether the plaintiff has previously amended the complaint. Foman, 371 U.S. at 182; 14 Desertrain v. City of L.A., 754 F.3d 1147, 1154 (9th Cir. 2014). “These factors, however, are not 15 of equal weight in that delay, by itself, is insufficient to justify denial of leave to amend.” DCD 16 Programs, Ltd., 833 F.2d at 186. Of these factors, “[p]rejudice to the opposing party is the most 17 important factor.” Jackson v. Bank of Haw., 902 F.2d 1385, 1387 (9th Cir. 1990) (citing Zenith 18 Radio Corp. v. Hazeltine Research Inc., 401 U.S. 321, 330–31 (1971)). “The other factors used to 19 determine the propriety of a motion for leave to amend could each, independently, support a denial 20 of leave to amend a pleading.” Beecham v. City of W. Sacramento, No. 2:07–cv–01115–JAM– 21 EFB, 2008 WL 3928231, at *1 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 25, 2008) (citing Lockheed Martin Corp. v. Network 22 Solutions, Inc., 194 F.3d 980, 986 (9th Cir. 1999)). “The party opposing the motion for leave to 23 amend bears the burden of demonstrating that a substantial reason exists to deny leave to amend.” 24 Id. (internal quotations omitted). 25 2. The Proposed Amendment is Not Prejudicial to Defendant 26 As the consideration of prejudice to the opposing party carries the greatest weight, the Court 27 considers this factor first. Jackson, 902 F.2d at 1387. “Prejudice is the ‘touchstone of the inquiry 28 under [R]ule 15(a).’” Eminence Capital, LLC v. Aspeon, Inc., 316 F.3d 1048, 1052 (9th Cir. 2003). 1 “Absent prejudice, or a strong showing of any of the remaining Foman factors, there exists a 2 presumption under Rule 15(a) in favor of granting leave to amend.” Id. (emphasis in original). 3 “‘Undue prejudice’ means substantial prejudice or substantial negative effect.” SAES Getters 4 S.p.A. v. Aeronex, Inc., 219 F. Supp. 2d 1081, 1086 (S.D. Cal. 2002). “‘A need to reopen discovery 5 and therefore delay the proceedings supports a district court’s finding of prejudice from a delayed 6 motion to amend the complaint.’” Calderon v. Tulare Reg'l Med. Ctr., No. 1:17–cv–0040–BAM, 7 2018 WL 4473626, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 17, 2018). However, “[p]rejudice is generally mitigated 8 where the case is still in the discovery stage, no trial date is pending and no pretrial conference has 9 occurred.” Id. (citing DCD Programs, Ltd., 833 F.2d at 187–88). 10 Here, the Court finds no prejudice to Defendant by allowing amendment of the FAC, and 11 Defendant has not rebutted the presumption in favor of granting leave to amend. Resolution of the 12 case will presumably be delayed if Plaintiff is permitted to amend the FAC and substitute BFP as 13 real party in interest, given that Defendant may seek to propound additional discovery surrounding 14 the newly substituted Plaintiff. However, “a mere pendency in the resolution of claims does not 15 constitute substantial prejudice.” Sage Electrochromics, Inc. v. View, Inc., No. 12–CV–6441–JST, 16 2014 WL 1379282, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 8, 2014). And the need for Defendant to conduct 17 additional discovery “is insufficient by itself to deny a proposed amended pleading based on 18 prejudice.” Greenfield v. Am. W. Airlines, Inc., No. C03-05183 MHP, 2004 WL 2600135, at *4 19 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 16, 2004) (citing In re Circuit Breaker Litig., 175 F.R.D. 547, 551 (C.D. Cal. 20 1997)); see also Newton v. Am. Debt Servs., Inc., No. C-11-3228 EMC, 2013 WL 5592620, at *15 21 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 10, 2013) (“The mere prospect of additional discovery is insufficient; rather, the 22 prejudice must be undue and related to timing.”). 23 This case also remains in its early stages. There are no pending dispositive motions, no 24 looming trial date, and no final pretrial conference has been held. (See Doc. 31 at 1, 6 (setting the 25 pre-trial conference on April 29, 2024, and trial on July 2, 2024).) Thus, the Court finds that 26 Defendant has failed to meet its burden of showing it would suffer “substantial prejudice or 27 substantial negative effect” if leave to amend were to be granted. See SAES Getters S.p.A., 219 F. 28 Supp. 2d at 1086. 1 To ensure that Defendant has a fair opportunity to conduct any necessary investigations or 2 discovery required to address the newly substituted Plaintiff, the Court hereby ORDERS the parties 3 to meet and confer and propose a stipulated schedule for the case. See Sage Electrochromics, 2014 4 WL 1379282, at *3 (“the way to avoid any prejudice to [the defendant] is to set a case schedule 5 that does not deprive [the defendant] of its fair opportunity to respond to, and propose constructions 6 of, the newly asserted claims”); Macias v. Cleaver, No. 1:13-CV-01819-BAM, 2016 WL 8730687, 7 at *5 (E.D. Cal. Apr. 8, 2016) (“[P]rejudice to Defendants, if any, is eliminated by a continuance 8 of the discovery deadlines.”). 9 In sum, in the absence of any showing of undue prejudice to Defendant, the Court finds that 10 this factor militates in favor of granting the proposed amendment. 11 3. The Proposed Amendment is Not Futile 12 “Leave to amend may be denied if the proposed amendment is futile or would be subject to 13 dismissal.” Clarke v. Upton, 703 F. Supp. 2d 1037, 1043 (E.D. Cal. 2010) (citing Saul v. United 14 States, 928 F.2d 829, 843 (9th Cir. 1991)). Proposed amendments are futile if “no set of facts can 15 be proved under the amendment to the pleadings that would constitute a valid and sufficient claim 16 or defense,” Missouri ex rel. Koster v. Harris, 847 F.3d 646, 656 (9th Cir. 2017), or when they “are 17 either duplicative of existing claims or patently frivolous,” Murray v. Schriro, 745 F.3d 984, 1015 18 (9th Cir. 2014). “Leave to amend is warranted if the deficiencies can be cured with additional 19 allegations that are ‘consistent with the challenged pleading’ and that do not contradict the 20 allegations in the original complaint.” United States v. Corinthian Colls., 655 F.3d 984, 995 (9th 21 Cir. 2011); see also Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dept., 901 F.2d 696, 701 (9th Cir. 1988) (noting 22 that it is improper to deny leave to amend when the court can “‘conceive of facts’ that would render 23 plaintiff’s claim viable”). 24 Here, Defendant does not assert that the proposed amendment is futile. And indeed, the 25 amendment requested by Plaintiff would not be futile. “An action must be prosecuted in the name 26 of the real party in interest.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 17(a)(1). Rule 17(a)(3) explicitly affords the plaintiff 27 an opportunity to join or substitute the real party in interest prior to dismissal of the case. Fed. R. 28 Civ. P. 16(b)(1)-(3). “The purpose of the rule is ‘to prevent forfeiture of a claim when an honest 1 mistake was made.’” Jones v. Las Vegas Metro. Police Dep’t, 873 F.3d 1123, 1128 (9th Cir. 2017). 2 “This is consistent with our longstanding policy in favor of deciding cases on the merits.” Id. The 3 proposed amendment would permit Plaintiff to prosecute this case in the name of the real party in 4 interest, BFP. Consequently, this factor also weighs in favor of allowing amendment. 5 4. There is No Evidence that Plaintiff Seeks to Amend the FAC in Bad Faith or Unduly Delayed in Seeking Amendment 6 7 In contending that Plaintiff’s request to amend lacks good cause under Rule 16, Defendant 8 contends Plaintiff knew BFP was the proper party to assert the claims in this case based on the 9 documents that had already been produced in discovery. (Doc. 38 at 6–7.) The Court, however, 10 finds no evidence that Plaintiff is seeking to amend the FAC in a bad faith attempt to unnecessarily 11 protract the litigation. To the contrary, Plaintiff’s representation that she encountered this new 12 information as a result of the recent discovery is credible. This factor does not weigh against 13 amendment. See DCD Programs, Ltd., 833 F.2d at 187 (“Since there is no evidence in the record 14 which would indicate a wrongful motive, there is no cause to uphold the denial of leave to amend 15 on the basis of bad faith.”). 16 In addition, as discussed above, the Court finds that Plaintiff did not unduly delay in seeking 17 to amend the FAC. “Undue delay is delay that prejudices the nonmoving party or imposes 18 unwarranted burdens on the court.” BNSF Ry. Co. v. San Joaquin Valley R.R. Co., No. 1:08–cv– 19 01086–AWI–SMS, 2011 WL 3328398, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 2, 2011) (citing Mayeaux v. La. 20 Health Serv. and Indem. Co., 376 F.3d 420, 427 (5th Cir. 2004)). Undue delay addresses not only 21 whether the motion was filed within the time allotted, but also “whether the moving party knew or 22 should have known the facts and theories raised by the amendment in the original pleading.” 23 AmerisourceBergen Corp., 465 F.3d at 953; see also Jackson, 902 F.2d at 1388 (denying leave to 24 amend where, among other things, plaintiffs did not cite any facts or theories supporting their 25 argument that they did not have important evidence until after additional discovery completed). 26 For example, the Ninth Circuit has held that “an eight month delay between the time of obtaining 27 a relevant fact and seeking a leave to amend is unreasonable.” Id. (citing Texaco, Inc. v. Ponsoldt, 28 1 939 F.2d 794, 799 (9th Cir. 1991)). “Undue delay by itself is insufficient to justify denying leave 2 to amend.” United States v. United Healthcare Ins. Co., 848 F.3d 1161, 1184 (9th Cir. 2016). 3 Here, Defendant contends Plaintiff did not act diligently in seeking amendment. (Doc. 38 4 at 5–7.) Defendant asserts that Plaintiff would have easily discovered that BFP was the proper 5 Plaintiff in this case pursuant to her own pre-suit inquiry or throughout the course of discovery. 6 (Id. at 6–7.) As discussed above, Plaintiff states she was not aware of the facts underlying the 7 proposed amendment until the completion of the recent discovery and after responding to 8 Defendant’s discovery requests. The Court finds that Plaintiff acted with diligence in seeking leave 9 to amend. See, e.g., N. Cal. River Watch v. Ecodyne Corp., No. C 10–5105 MEJ, 2013 WL 146324, 10 at *4 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 14, 2013) (“Because River Watch sought to amend its pleading within a month 11 after receiving such information, there is no evidence of undue delay. This factor thus weighs in 12 favor of allowing leave to amend.”). 13 Even if Defendant could show Plaintiff had all the relevant information at the time of the 14 filing of her original complaint and FAC, such a showing alone would still be insufficient and 15 would need to be supported by some demonstration of bad faith, prejudice, and futility. See United 16 Healthcare Ins. Co., 848 F.3d at 1184. As discussed above, the other factors have not been met. 17 Therefore, even if Defendant was able to establish undue delay, it would not justify denying leave 18 to amend because the other factors merit granting leave to amend. Therefore, the Court finds that 19 this factor weighs in favor of amendment. 20 5. Plaintiff Has Amended the Complaint One Previous Time 21 Lastly, Plaintiff previously amended the complaint less than two years ago on October 27, 22 2021. (See Doc. 11.) While her FAC was filed before the pertinent discovery was produced, 23 because she has once previously amended the complaint, this factor weighs against granting leave 24 to amend. However, given that the balance of the Rule 15 factors discussed above weigh in favor 25 of permitting amendment, the Court recommends that Plaintiff’s motion to amend be granted. 26 IV. CONCLUSION AND ORDER 27 For the reasons set forth above, Plaintiff’s motion for leave to file a second amended 28 complaint (Doc. 36) is GRANTED. Accordingly, it is HEREBY ORDERED that: 1 1. Plaintiff shall file the second amended complaint, which is attached as Exhibit 3 to 2 her motion to amend (Doc. 36-1 at 18–22), within three (3) days from the date of 3 entry of this order; and 4 2. Within fourteen (14) days from the date of entry of this order, the parties shall, 5 after meeting and conferring, file a joint stipulation to modify the case schedule, 6 setting forth proposed dates agreed upon by all counsel. 7 3. The Settlement Conference set for October 3, 2023, (see Docs. 34–35) shall remain 8 as scheduled. 9

IT IS SO ORDERED.

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11 Dated: July 5, 2023 /s/ Sheila K. Oberto .

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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