1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 10 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 11 12 VALERIE CASHON, No. 1:19-cv-00671-SKO 13 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING RENEWED MOTION

FOR PRELIMINARY APPROVAL OF

14 v. CLASS ACTION SETTLEMENT AND

PROVISIONAL CERTIFICATION

15 ENCOMPASS HEALTH REHABILITATION HOSPITAL OF (Doc. 42) 16 MODESTO, LLC, et al.,

17 Defendants. 18 19 Plaintiff Valerie Cashon filed a lawsuit against her former employers, Defendants 20 Encompass Health Rehabilitation Hospital of Modesto, LLC and Encompass Health Corporation 21 (collectively, “Defendants”) in state court. Initially, Plaintiff asserted individual claims related to 22 her employment. (Doc. 1-1 at 28 (original complaint in notice of removal).) Plaintiff subsequently 23 filed an amended complaint in state court and served Defendants. (Id. at 10; Doc. 1 ¶ 2.) 24 Defendants removed the action to this Court on the basis of diversity jurisdiction. (See Doc. 1.) 25 Pending before the Court is Plaintiff’s renewed motion for preliminary approval of a class 26 action settlement and provisional certification filed on November 14, 2022. (Doc. 42.) The motion 27 also includes a request to file a second amended complaint, which converts some of Plaintiff’s 28 individual claims into class claims and leaves others—namely, those claims relating to retaliation— 1 as individual claims. (Doc. 42 at 7–8; Doc. 25 at 58–79.) 2 The matter is unopposed. (See Docket) Pursuant to the Standing Order Re Judicial 3 Emergency (Doc. 13-1), Plaintiff’s motion was taken under submission on the papers. (See Doc. 4 44.) On September 12, 2023, the parties consented to the jurisdiction of the U.S. Magistrate Judge. 5 (See Docs. 46–48.) 6 For the reasons explained below, the Court denies the renewed motion. 7 I. BACKGROUND 8 In the proposed second amended complaint (Doc. 25 at 58–79 (“SAC”)),1 Plaintiff alleges 9 that she was employed by Defendants as an Occupational Therapist from November 19, 2016, to 10 November 18, 2018, when she was unlawfully terminated. Plaintiff contends that during her 11 employment, Defendants violated a number of aspects of the California Labor Code, by (1) failing 12 to provide meal breaks, (2) failing to provide rest breaks, (3) failing to pay all wages due on 13 termination, (4) failing to furnish accurate itemized wage statements, (5) failing to pay overtime, 14 (6) failing to pay the minimum wage, (7) failing to indemnify employees for business expenses, 15 and (8) violating the California Business and Professions Code. For those eight claims, Plaintiff 16 brings both a class action and a representative action under California Private Attorneys General 17 Act (“PAGA”), pursuant to California Labor Code § 2699.3. Plaintiff also brings three individual 18 claims that allege unlawful retaliation under state law. 19 On August 3, 2021, Plaintiff filed a motion for preliminary approval of the class action 20 settlement agreement and provisional certification. (Doc. 24.) Defendants did not file any 21 opposition to the motion. On September 23, 2021, the Court noted Plaintiff’s briefing was 22 inadequate and ordered supplemental briefing. (Doc. 27 at 3 (“Here, the court lacks sufficient 23 information to perform the required analysis.”).) The order listed several examples of the types of 24 issues the briefing did not address and highlighted several potential inadequacies in the settlement 25 agreement. (Id. at 2–3.) It also directed Plaintiff to several recent “decisions that indicate the depth 26 1 The motion requests leave to file the SAC. Because the Court is denying the motion, it is unclear whether Plaintiff 27 will still want to file the SAC as the operative complaint in this action. Should Plaintiff seek to make that complaint operative, she shall seek leave to amend the complaint (either by stipulation or motion) separately and prior to renewing 28 any request for preliminary approval of class settlement and provisional certification. 1 the court undertakes for this analysis” to point Plaintiff in the right direction. (Id. at 2 n.1.) On 2 November 19, 2021, Plaintiff filed supplemental briefing limited only to the specific examples 3 listed but stated she needed more time to determine the maximum value of her claims. (Doc. 35.) 4 Plaintiff filed an addendum about the value of her claims on December 3, 2021. (Doc. 36.) 5 On January 10, 2022, the Court denied the motion for preliminary approval of the class 6 action settlement agreement and provisional certification. (Doc. 38.) In so doing, the Court 7 expressed “substantial concerns” with both the procedural and substantive fairness of the settlement 8 agreement. (Id. at 7–15.) The Court also noted other deficiencies with the agreement, including 9 problems with the class notice, a class definition that undermines the adequacy of representation 10 by Plaintiff and the typicality of her claims, and the inclusion of an overly broad anti-suit injunction 11 provision lacking in justification. (Id. at 15–17.) 12 II. THE PROPOSED AMENDED SETTLEMENT AGREEMENT 13 In response to the Court’s concerns, the parties purportedly executed an amended settlement 14 agreement (“Amended Agreement”) on October 5, 2022.2 (See Doc. 42 at 7, 8–12.) According to 15 the motion, the Amended Agreement includes the following key provisions: 16 A. Class Definition 17 For settlement purposes, the class is defined as “All persons who have worked for 18 defendants Encompass Health Rehabilitation Hospital of Modesto, LLC and/or Encompass Health 19 Corporation as non-exempt employees in the State of California at any time during the Class Period 20 from January 31, 2015, to April 21, 2022.” (Doc. 42 at 9.) 21 B. Settlement Fund 22 The Amended Agreement provides for a $400,000 settlement for the class in exchange for 23 a release, as described more fully below. (Doc. 42-1. Ex. A ¶ 1(z).) That $400,000 “is the 24 maximum possible amount that may be paid by Defendants to resolve this Action, with the sole 25 exception of (i) an additional payment to Plaintiff in the amount of [$50,000] in connection with 26 2 The Court uses the term “purportedly” because the Amended Agreement has not been submitted to the Court. 27 Plaintiff’s counsel’s declaration indicates that a “true and correct copy of the Amended Agreement is attached hereto as Exhibit A” (Doc. 42-1 ¶ 15), but what is attached is the original Agreement dated June 2021, which was the subject 28 of the Court’s previous order. (Compare Doc. 42-1, Ex. A with Doc. 25, Ex. 1.) 1 her separate individual settlement agreement and general release of all claims and (ii) certain 2 additional tax payments to be made pursuant to Paragraph 20, subparagraph (h).” (Doc. 42 at 9.) 3 Paragraph 20(h) of the Amended Agreement provides that “Defendants shall pay the employer’s 4 share of payroll taxes on all wages paid as part of this Settlement separate and apart from the Total 5 Class Action Settlement Amount (i.e., the employer’s share of payroll taxes will not be deducted 6 from the Total Class Action Settlement Amount).” (Id. at 9–10.) 7 C. Objections/Opt-Out Period 8 The period for opting out or objecting to the settlement is “forty-five (45) days after the 9 Notices are mailed to Class Members by the Settlement Administrator.” (Doc. 42 at 9.) 10 D. Attorney’s Fees 11 Class Counsel may seek an award of attorney’s fees of up to $100,000, to be paid from the 12 settlement fund. (Doc. 42 at 10.) 13 E. Enhancement Award 14 Plaintiff may seek an enhancement award of up to $12,000. (Doc. 42 at 25, 32. See also 15 Doc. 42-1, Ex. A ¶ 18(c).) 16 F. Release of Claims 17 As part of the settlement, the class members agree to release Defendants and their affiliates of the 18 following: 19 Any and all claims, actions, demands, causes of action, suits, debts, obligations, damages, rights or liabilities that have been asserted by 20 Plaintiff, or the Class Members . . . in the Action, and any claims based on the factual predicates underlying the claims alleged in 21 Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint including, but not limited to: [specified claims]. Released Class Claims include all claimed or 22 unclaimed . . . remedies available at law or equity allegedly owed or available to the Class based on the factual predicates underlying the 23 claims alleged in the Second Amended Complaint against the Released Parties for the time period from January 31, 2015, up to and 24 including April 21, 2022. 25 (Doc. 42 at 11–12.) 26 G. Anti-Suit Injunction 27 The Amended Agreement requires Plaintiff to request a court order “[e]njoining the Class 28 Representative and all Class Members from filing or prosecuting any claims . . . alleging claims 1 released by the Settlement unless such individuals have submitted valid Requests for Exclusion to 2 the Settlement Administrator.” (Doc. 42 at 12.) 3 III. LEGAL STANDARD 4 A. Rule 23 Settlements 5 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(e) provides that “[t]he claims, issues, or defenses of a 6 certified class—or a class proposed to be certified for purposes of settlement—may be settled, 7 voluntarily dismissed, or compromised only with the court’s approval.” “Courts have long 8 recognized that settlement class actions present unique due process concerns for absent class 9 members.” In re Bluetooth Headset Prods. Liab. Litig., 654 F.3d 935, 946 (9th Cir. 2011) (internal 10 quotation marks and citations omitted). To protect the rights of absent class members, Rule 23(e) 11 requires that the court approve all class action settlements “only after a hearing and on finding that 12 it is fair, reasonable, and adequate . . .” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2); see also Bluetooth, 654 F.3d at 13 946. But when parties seek approval of a settlement agreement negotiated before formal class 14 certification, “there is an even greater potential for a breach of fiduciary duty owed the class during 15 settlement.” Bluetooth, 654 F.3d at 946. Thus, the court must review such agreements with “a 16 more probing inquiry” for evidence of collusion or other conflicts of interest than what is normally 17 required under the Federal Rules. Hanlon v. Chrysler Corp., 150 F.3d 1011, 1026 (9th Cir. 1998), 18 overruled on other grounds by Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. v. Dukes, 564 U.S. 338 (2011); see also Lane 19 v. Facebook, Inc., 696 F.3d 811, 819 (9th Cir. 2012). 20 Review of a proposed class action settlement ordinarily proceeds in three stages. See 21 MANUAL FOR COMPLEX LITIGATION (4th) § 21.632. First, the court conducts a preliminary fairness 22 evaluation and, if applicable, considers class certification. Id. (noting that if the parties move for 23 both class certification and preliminary approval, the certification hearing and preliminary fairness 24 evaluation can usually be combined). Second, if the court makes a preliminary determination on 25 the fairness, reasonableness, and adequacy of the settlement terms, the parties are directed to 26 prepare the notice of certification and proposed settlement to the class members. Id. Third, the 27 court holds a final fairness hearing to determine whether to approve the settlement. Id.; see also 28 Narouz v. Charter Commc’ns, LLC, 591 F.3d 1261, 1267 (9th Cir. 2010). 1 “In December 2018, Congress and the Supreme Court amended Rule 23(e) to set forth 2 specific factors to consider in determining whether a settlement is ‘fair, reasonable, and adequate.’” 3 Briseño v. Henderson, 998 F.3d 1014, 1023 (9th Cir. 2021); see Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2) (effective 4 Dec. 1, 2018). In considering whether “the relief provided for the class is adequate,” the court must 5 consider: (i) the costs, risks, and delay of trial and appeal; 6 (ii) the effectiveness of any proposed method of distributing relief to the class, including the method of processing class-member claims; 7 (iii) the terms of any proposed award of attorney’s fees, including timing of payment; and 8 (iv) any agreement required to be identified under Rule 23(e)(3)[.] 9 Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2)(C); see Briseño, 998 F.3d at 1023–24. 10 Federal courts generally find preliminary approval of the settlement and notice to the 11 proposed class appropriate if “the proposed settlement appears to be the product of serious, 12 informed, non-collusive negotiations, has no obvious deficiencies, does not improperly grant 13 preferential treatment to class representatives or segments of the class, and falls within the range of 14 possible approval.” Lounibos v. Keypoint Gov’t Sols. Inc., No. 12-cv-00636-JST, 2014 WL 15 558675, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Feb. 10, 2014) (quoting In re Tableware Antitrust Litig., 484 F. Supp. 2d 16 1078, 1079 (N.D. Cal. 2007)); see also NEWBERG ON CLASS ACTIONS § 13:13 (5th ed. 2011); 17 Briseño, 998 F.3d at 1027–28 (“The district court thus should give a hard look at the settlement 18 agreement to ensure that the parties have not colluded at class members’ expense.”). “The court 19 need not ‘reach any ultimate conclusions on the contested issues of fact and law which underlie the 20 merits of the dispute.’” Chem. Bank v. City of Seattle, 955 F.2d 1268, 1291 (9th Cir. 1992) (quoting 21 Officers for Just. v. Civil Serv. Comm’n of City & Cnty. of S.F., 688 F.2d 615, 625 (9th Cir. 1982)). 22 Rather, the court should weigh, among other factors, the strength of a plaintiff’s case; the risk, 23 expense, complexity, and likely duration of further litigation; the extent of discovery completed; 24 and the value of the settlement offer. Id. 25 B. PAGA Settlements 26 Under PAGA, an aggrieved employee3 may bring an action for civil penalties for labor code 27 3 An “aggrieved employee” is “any person who was employed by the alleged violator and against whom one or more 28 of the alleged violations was committed.” Cal. Lab. Code § 2699(c). 1 violations on behalf of himself and other current or former employees. Cal. Lab. Code § 2699(a). 2 A plaintiff suing under PAGA “does so as the proxy or agent of the state’s labor law enforcement 3 agencies.” Arias v. Superior Ct., 46 Cal. 4th 969, 986 (2009). Accordingly, a judgment in a PAGA 4 action “binds all those, including nonparty aggrieved employees, who would be bound by a 5 judgment in an action brought by the government.” Id.; see also Iskanian v. CLS Transp. L.A., 6 LLC, 59 Cal. 4th 348, 381 (2014) (“When a government agency is authorized to bring an action on 7 behalf of an individual or in the public interest, and a private person lacks an independent legal 8 right to bring the action, a person who is not a party but who is represented by the agency is bound 9 by the judgment as though the person were a party.”). 10 The PAGA statute imposes limitations on litigants. First, because a PAGA action functions 11 as a “substitute” for an action brought by the state government, a plaintiff suing under PAGA is 12 limited to recovery of civil penalties only, rather than damages or unpaid wages available privately 13 through direct or class action claims. Iskanian, 59 Cal. 4th at 381; ZB, N.A. v. Superior Ct., 8 Cal. 14 5th 175 (2019). Second, to bring an action under PAGA, an aggrieved employee must first provide 15 written notice to the LWDA as well as to the employer. Cal. Lab. Code § 2699.3(a)(1). Third, any 16 civil penalties recovered must be divided 75 percent with the LWDA and 25 percent with the 17 aggrieved employees. Id. § 2699(i). Finally, the proposed settlement must be submitted to the 18 LWDA and a trial court must “review and approve” any settlement of PAGA claims. Id. § 19 2699(l)(2). Although there is no binding authority setting forth the proper standard of review for 20 PAGA settlements, in the class action context where PAGA claims often appear, courts must 21 independently determine that a proposed settlement agreement is “fundamentally fair, adequate and 22 reasonable” before granting approval. See In re Heritage Bond Litig., 546 F.3d 667, 674–75 (9th 23 Cir. 2008). The determination of fairness, reasonableness, and adequacy may involve a balancing 24 of several factors including but not limited to the following: the strength of plaintiffs’ claims; the 25 risk, expense, complexity, and likely duration of further litigation; the amount offered in settlement; 26 the extent of discovery completed, and the stage of the proceedings; and the experience and views 27 of counsel. Officers for Just., 688 F.2d at 625. 28 The LWDA has also provided some guidance regarding court approval of PAGA 1 settlements. In a case where both class action and PAGA claims were covered by a proposed 2 settlement, the LWDA stresses that 3 when a PAGA claim is settled, the relief provided for under the PAGA [must] be genuine and meaningful, consistent with the underlying purpose 4 of the statute to benefit the public and, in the context of a class action, the court [must] evaluate whether the settlement meets the standards of being 5 “fundamentally fair, reasonable, and adequate” with reference to the public policies underlying the PAGA. 6 7 California Labor and Workforce Development Agency’s Comments on Proposed PAGA 8 Settlement (“LWDA Letter”), O’Connor v. Uber Techs., Inc., No. 3:13-cv-03826-EMC (N.D. Cal. 9 July 29, 2016) (Doc. No. 736 at 2–3);4 see also O’Connor v. Uber Techs., Inc., 201 F. Supp. 3d 10 1110, 1133 (N.D. Cal. 2016) (citing the LWDA Letter with approval). 11 Recognizing the distinct issues presented by class actions, the Court is persuaded by the 12 LWDA’s reasoning in O’Connor and therefore adopts its proposed standard in evaluating the 13 PAGA portion of the settlement now before the court. See, e.g., Tenorio v. Gallardo, No. 1:1-cv- 14 00283-DAD-JLT, 2019 WL 4747949, at *3 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 30, 2019); Patel v. Nike Retail Servs., 15 Inc., No. 14-cv-04781-RS, 2019 WL 2029061, at *2 (N.D. Cal. May 8, 2019). Accordingly, the 16 court will approve a settlement of PAGA claims upon a showing that the settlement terms (1) meet 17 the statutory requirements set forth by PAGA, and (2) are fundamentally fair, reasonable, and 18 adequate in view of PAGA’s public policy goals. 19 IV. ANALYSIS 20 Before giving notice to the class, the parties must show “that the court will likely be able 21 to: (i) approve the proposal under Rule 23(e)(2); and (ii) certify the class for purposes of judgment 22 on the proposal.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(1)(B). This order focuses primarily on whether the Court 23 will likely be able to approve the Amended Agreement under Rule 23(e)(2), in light of the 24 deficiencies previously identified. 25 Under Rule 23(e)(2), a court may approve a class action settlement only if the settlement is 26 a fair, reasonable, and adequate resolution of a bona fide dispute. Bluetooth, 654 F.3d at 946. 27 4 In the LWDA Letter, the LWDA also stated that it “is not aware of any existing case law establishing a specific 28 benchmark for PAGA settlements, either on their own terms or in relation to the recovery on other claims in the action.” 1 “[P]reliminary approval of a settlement has both a procedural and substantive component.” 2 Tableware Antitrust Litig., 484 F. Supp. 2d at 1079 (citing Schwartz v. Dall. Cowboys Football 3 Club, Ltd., 157 F. Supp. 2d 561, 570 n.12 (E.D. Pa. 2001)). Preliminary approval of a settlement 4 and notice to the proposed class is appropriate if: (i) the proposed settlement appears to be the 5 product of serious, informed, non-collusive negotiations; and (ii) the settlement falls within the 6 range of possible approval, has no obvious deficiencies, and does not improperly grant preferential 7 treatment to class representatives or segments of the class. Id.; see also Ross v. Bar None Enters., 8 Inc., No. 2:13–cv–00234–KJM–KJN, 2014 WL 4109592, at *9 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 19, 2014). 9 A. Procedural Fairness 10 In denying Plaintiff’s original motion for preliminary settlement approval, the Court 11 identified five facts that pointed to collusion. (See Doc. 38 at 8–10.) While Plaintiff has now 12 addressed some of those concerns, e.g., clarifying that pre-mediation discovery was not limited to 13 Plaintiff’s individual PAGA claims (see Doc. 42 at , others still persist. While Plaintiff asserts that 14 the Amended Agreement “removes the ‘clear-sailing’ arrangements whereby the parties agree ‘not 15 to oppose’ others’ actions” (Doc. 42 at 28), the provision whereby Defendants will not oppose 16 Plaintiff’s attorney’s fee application, paragraph 18(a), appears to be left undisturbed. (See 42 at 10 17 (indicating the removal of the “clear-sailing” language in paragraphs 12, 18(b), 18(c), and 18(d)).) 18 As previously observed, such a provision is problematic because it “carries the potential of enabling 19 a defendant to pay class counsel excessive fees and costs in exchange for counsel accepting an 20 unfair settlement on behalf of the class[.]” Bluetooth, 654 F.3d at 947 (internal quotation marks 21 and citations omitted); accord Campbell v. Facebook, Inc., 951 F.3d 1106, 1127 (9th Cir. 2020) 22 (“The concern with a ‘clear sailing’ arrangement is that class counsel may have obtained too little 23 for the class ‘in exchange for red-carpet treatment on fees.’” (quoting id.)). 24 The Court also continues to be troubled by the sufficiency of information—or lack 25 thereof—used to calculate the value of Plaintiff’s claims. Following the denial of the motion for 26 preliminary approval of the settlement, Plaintiff propounded written discovery regarding her class 27 claims, to which she received “newly produced data” from Defendants concerning meal break 28 premiums. (Doc. 42 at 14; Doc. 42-1 ¶ 8.) The post-denial discovery also identified 16 new class 1 members. (Id.) One would expect the increase in class members to affect the value of all of 2 Plaintiff’s class claims, yet several of the current maximum-value calculations are the same as made 3 before. (See Doc. 42 at 17–19; Doc. 42-1 ¶¶ 9–14.) Plaintiff does not explain these discrepancies, 4 which underscore the Court’s previously expressed concerns of collusion. Plaintiff’s post-denial 5 class discovery is of little value if it is not used to meaningfully evaluate the value of her claims, 6 which does not appear to have been done. 7 B. Substantive Fairness 8 1. Adequacy of Settlement Amount 9 According to Plaintiff, based on pre- and post-denial discovery, the maximum value of the 10 class claims, in the aggregate, is $2,244,006. (Doc. 42 at 30.) Of that amount, $1,797,688 11 constitutes the maximum value of the derivative claims, i.e., claims for waiting-time penalties and 12 inaccurate wage statements. (Id.) Plaintiff values the non-derivative claims at $446,318. (Id.) 13 Thus, “the proposed settlement amount of $400,000 represents approximately 17.8% of the 14 combined maximum value of all of the proposed class claims ($400,000 ÷ $2,244,006) and 15 approximately 89.6% of the non-derivative proposed class claims ($400,000 ÷ $446,318).” (Id.) 16 As an initial matter, the Court questions the validity of the aggregate maximum-value 17 calculation, considering that the discovery of additional class members did not result in a change 18 in value of some of the class claims, as discussed above. But even were the Court to accept 19 Plaintiff’s calculation, she does little, if anything, to address the Court’s concerns regarding the 20 lack of justification for such a discounted settlement amount. Other than pointing to the general 21 risk of losing in litigation the non-derivative claims, which do not require Plaintiff to prove 22 willfulness, in pursuit of derivative claims that do require such proof (see Doc. 42 at 30), Plaintiff 23 does not provide sufficient information to evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of her case. See 24 Eddings v. DS Servs. of Am., Inc., No. 15-CV-02576-VC, 2016 WL 3390477, at *1 (N.D. Cal. May 25 20, 2016). Plaintiff appears to assign almost no value to the derivative claims, but does not explain 26 why. Courts, including this one, have required more. See Borelli v. Black Diamond Aggregates, 27 Inc., No. 2:14-CV-02093-KJM-KJN, 2021 WL 5139610, at *2 (E.D. Cal. Nov. 4, 2021) (requiring 28 “a more searching analysis” of litigation risks before approving settlement where the amount class 1 members received 11 percent of total exposure); Hunt v. VEP Healthcare, Inc., No. 16-CV-04790- 2 VC, 2017 WL 3608297, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 22, 2017) (“The motion for preliminary approval 3 makes abstract gestures to the uncertainties of litigation, rather than offering a careful analysis of 4 the claims and the strength or weakness of any potential defenses.”); Eddings, 2016 WL 3390477, 5 at *1 (“The plaintiffs list legal issues that this case might present and positions that the defendants 6 might take, but they don’t analyze those issues or evaluate the strength or weakness of defendants’ 7 positions. A party moving for preliminary approval should cite case law and apply it to explain 8 why each claim or defense in the case is more or less likely to prove meritorious.”). 9 In addition, Plaintiff has not provided an estimate for the maximum potential PAGA 10 penalties and has not included those penalties in the maximum potential recovery. While the 11 damages awarded under PAGA do not inure entirely to the benefit of the class, courts have held 12 that the full amount of the awardable penalties should be considered in establishing the fairness of 13 the settlement. “Just because the State would receive [seventy-five percent of the penalty] doesn’t 14 mean it’s not part of the penalty. To the contrary, a PAGA plaintiff stands in the shoes of the State 15 in enforcing its wage and hour laws.” Cotter v. Lyft, Inc., 176 F. Supp. 3d 930, 942 (9th Cir. 2016). 16 “[I]t makes no sense to simply erase the State’s portion of the recovery when estimating the 17 maximum value of the claim.” Id. The Court must also determine that the percentage of PAGA 18 penalties provided for in the settlement is reasonable relative to the maximum PAGA penalties 19 allowed. See O’Connor, 201 F. Supp. 3d at 1133–34. The Court is unable to assess the adequacy 20 of the settlement valuation without this information. 21 As the Court previously advised (see Doc. 38 at 10), to address whether a proposed 22 settlement is substantively fair or adequate, courts must “consider plaintiffs’ expected recovery 23 balanced against the value of the settlement offer.” Tableware, 484 F. Supp. 2d at 1080. In the 24 absence of an accurate valuation of Plaintiff’s claims, the Court is again unable to balance the 25 parties’ proposed settlement against the expected recovery of those claims and therefore cannot 26 find that the settlement is reasonable or “within the range of possible approval.” Id. at 1079. 27 2. Attorney’s Fees 28 Plaintiff has reduced her maximum request for attorney’s fees from $120,000 to $100,000, 1 or 25% of the settlement fund and urges the Court to adopt the “percentage of the fund,” instead of 2 the “lodestar,” method for determining the reasonableness of the fees. (Doc. 42 at 31–32.) 3 The Ninth Circuit has recommended that district courts apply one method but “cross-check” 4 the appropriateness of the determined amount by employing the other as well. See Bluetooth, 654 5 F.3d at 944. Hence, even were the Court inclined to adopt the percentage of fund method, it should 6 still apply the lodestar method as a cross-check for reasonableness. 7 Once again, however, Plaintiff provides no lodestar cross-check. Moreover, despite the 8 reduction in the maximum fee amount, it is likely that such a cross-check would still render the fee 9 request excessive. Plaintiff’s counsel represents, without substantiation, that he has spent “more 10 than 75 hours in relation to Plaintiff’s proposed class claims.” (Doc. 42-1 ¶ 21) But even one 11 hundred hours expended would yield a presumptively unreasonable hourly billable rate of $1,000. 12 Based on this record, the Court again finds it unlikely to grant the attorney’s fees requested. (See 13 Doc. 38 at 13.) 14 3. Enhancement Award 15 Plaintiff again seeks up to $12,000 as an enhancement award. (Doc. 42 at 32.) The Court 16 previously observed that, given “the class-action case was an offshoot of [Plaintiff’s] individual 17 claims and were opened and settled at the mediation,” it “does not seem likely that she took many 18 actions or spent much time to protect the class’s interests.” (Doc. 38 at 14.) 19 In response, Plaintiff submits a declaration in support of her request, but it provides only a 20 general description of her role following the mediation. (See Doc. 42-2 ¶ 7 (“During mediation . . 21 . and afterwards, I took my potential role as a class representative seriously when analyzing the 22 class data with my attorney, carefully reviewing and asking questions about the draft settlement 23 documents, and ultimately agreeing to the proposed class settlement.”).) The declaration also does 24 not indicate the amount of post-mediation time spent doing work on behalf of the class. Attached 25 to her declaration are orders issued by another federal court approving a prior class action settlement 26 in which Plaintiff was class representative (and for which she received a $20,000 enhancement 27 award) (Doc. 42-2, Exs. A & B), but these orders do nothing to substantiate the work that was done 28 by Plaintiff on behalf of the class in this case. Lacking in support, the Court cannot approve an 1 enhancement award of $12,000 at this time. 2 4. Release of Claims 3 The class release in the Amended Agreement has been changed from releasing claims that 4 “reasonably flow from the facts alleged” in both the inoperative and operative complaints to 5 releasing claims that are “based on the factual predicates underlying the claims alleged” in the only 6 operative complaint. (Doc. 42 at 11–12.) Despite this change, however, the release still suffers 7 from the same deficiency as the Court identified previously (see Doc. 38 at 15), in that it includes 8 retaliation claims that Plaintiff brought on her own behalf, the value of which the class settlement 9 apparently did not take into account. See Gonzalez v. CoreCivic of Tennessee, LLC, No. 1:16-cv- 10 01891-DAD-JLT, 2018 WL 4388425, at *12 (E.D. Cal. Sept. 13, 2018) (“overly broad release of 11 claims that have not been litigated, alleged, or valued” on a class basis “is a deficiency that prevents 12 the court from approving this settlement.”). See also Bond v. Ferguson Enters., Inc., No. 1:09-cv- 13 01662 OWW MJS, 2011 WL 284962, at *7 (E.D. Cal. Jan. 25, 2011) (“This form of release is 14 overbroad by arguably releasing all unrelated claims up to the date of the Agreement”). 15 5. Anti-Suit Injunction 16 The Court previously instructed the parties that if they “intend to include [an anti-suit 17 injunction provision] in the future, they will need to justify it.” (Doc. 38 at 17 (citing 6 Newberg 18 on Class Actions § 18:48 (5th ed.) (noting the problems with a judgment as a basis for an anti-suit 19 injunction)).) Although the Amended Agreement limits the scope of the provision to enjoin those 20 who allege the released claims (Doc. 42 at 23), again Plaintiff fails to offer any justification for the 21 inclusion of such a provision in the first place. Moreover, considering the pertinent legal authority, 22 the Court is disinclined to approve the provision. See, e.g., Pedraza v. Pier 1 Imports U.S. Inc, No. 23 816CV01447JLSDFM, 2017 WL 11617994, at *2 (C.D. Cal. Sept. 26, 2017) (“The leading treatise 24 on class actions counsels against antisuit injunctions at the preliminary approval stage ‘[i]n all but 25 very rare circumstances.’ Besides the obvious legal hurdle of the Anti-Injunction Act’s general 26 prohibition on enjoining state proceedings, ‘at the preliminary stage of a class action settlement, 27 the court has not given notice to the class, not heard objections to the settlement, not weighed the 28 settlement’s strengths and weaknesses in an adversarial setting, and likely not finally certified a 1 class; in short, there is no final judgment.’ And the treatise teaches that ‘final approval of a class 2 action should rarely, if ever, trigger the need for an antisuit injunction’ because ‘preclusion is that 3 injunction.’ In fact, a proposed antisuit injunction at the preliminary approval state ‘raises a red 4 flag about whether the present settlement is a collusive suit aimed at foreclosing a stronger suit in 5 the collateral forum.’ The proposed antisuit injunctions at the preliminary and final approval stages 6 must therefore be removed.”) (quoting Newberg on Class Actions § 13:19 (5th ed.)) (internal 7 citations omitted). 8 C. Adequacy of Representative and Typicality of Claims 9 Finally, because the Court denies preliminary approval of the proposed settlement, it also 10 declines to analyze whether Plaintiff has provided sufficient information to certify the class for 11 settlement purposes. The Court also would be remiss if it did not reiterate its previously expressed 12 concerns regarding the adequacy of Plaintiff to represent the class and the typicality of her claims, 13 given the inconsistency between her allegations and the class definition, which remains 14 substantively unchanged. (See Doc. 38 at 16–17 (“Plaintiff alleges that she and ‘other similarly 15 situated employees’ were misclassified as exempt, salaried employees. However, the class 16 definition includes all non-exempt employees. Thus, it appears that Plaintiff would not be a proper 17 class representative as it currently stands.”) (internal citations omitted).) 18 V. CONCLUSION AND ORDER 19 While mindful of the strong judicial policy favoring settlements, see Class Plaintiffs v. City 20 of Seattle, 955 F.2d 1268, 1276 (9th Cir. 1992), the Court finds, for the reasons set forth above, it 21 is unlikely to grant approval of the proposed settlement under Fed. R. Civ. P. 23(e)(2) without 22 additional information and significant amendment. Accordingly, Plaintiff’s renewed motion for 23 preliminary approval of a class action settlement and provisional certification (Doc. 42) is 24 DENIED, without prejudice. 25

IT IS SO ORDERED.

26

27 Dated: September 21, 2023 /s/ Sheila K. Oberto .

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

28