DISCUSSION

23 A party requesting preliminary injunctive relief must show that “he is likely to succeed on 24 the merits, that he is likely to suffer irreparable harm in the absence of preliminary relief, that the 25 balance of equities tips in his favor, and that an injunction is in the public interest.” Winter v. 26 Natural Res. Def. Council, 555 U.S. 7, 20 (2008). Alternatively, under the so-called sliding scale 27 approach, as long as the plaintiff demonstrates the requisite likelihood of irreparable harm and 28 1 can show that an injunction is in the public interest, a preliminary injunction may issue so long as 2 serious questions going to the merits of the case are raised and the balance of hardships tips 3 sharply in plaintiff's favor. Alliance for the Wild Rockies v. Cottrell, 632 F.3d 1127, 1131-36 (9th 4 Cir. 2011) (concluding that the “serious questions” version of the sliding scale test for preliminary 5 injunctions remains viable after Winter). 6 Preliminary injunctive relief is an “extraordinary remedy that may only be awarded upon a 7 clear showing that the plaintiff is entitled to such relief.” Winter, 555 U.S. at 22. An injunction 8 against individuals not parties to an action is strongly disfavored. See Zenith Radio Corp. v. 9 Hazeltine Research, Inc., 395 U.S. 100, 110 (1969); Zepeda v. United States Immigration Serv., 10 753 F.2d 719, 727 (9th Cir. 1985) (“A federal court may issue an injunction if it has personal 11 jurisdiction over the parties and subject matter jurisdiction over the claims ....”). In cases brought 12 by prisoners involving conditions of confinement, any preliminary injunction must be narrowly 13 drawn, extend no further than necessary to correct the harm the court finds requires preliminary 14 relief, and be the least intrusive means necessary to correct the harm.” 18 U.S.C. § 3626(a)(2). 15 Here, the Court has yet to screen Plaintiff’s complaint and cannot find that he is likely to 16 succeed on the merits of his claims or that he has demonstrated immediate threatened injury. 17 Further, Plaintiff seeks a court order to provide him with specific medical treatment. However, 18 the Court has not issued summons and ordered service of the complaint, and no Defendant has 19 been served or appeared in this action. Accordingly, the Court does not have jurisdiction over any 20 Defendant. Without jurisdiction over Defendant, the Court thus lacks the authority to issue 21 injunctive relief against her.”) (citations omitted); Smith v. Oreol, 2017 WL 11296962, *2 (C.D. 22 Cal. 2017) (“Plaintiff's preliminary injunction is premature. Plaintiff has not yet filed a complaint 23 that contains a cognizable claim for relief, and by extension, no defendants have been served with 24 a summons and complaint. Therefore, the Court lacks jurisdiction over any of the individuals 25 alleged to be involved in the harassment.”). Accordingly, Plaintiff's motion for a preliminary 26 injunction should be denied without prejudice. 27 This Findings and Recommendation will be submitted to the United States District Judge 28 assigned to the case, pursuant to the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(l). Within fourteen (14) 1 | days after being served with this Findings and Recommendation, Plaintiff may file written 2 || objections with the Court. The document should be captioned “Objections to Magistrate Judge’s 3 || Findings and Recommendation.” Plaintiff is advised that failure to file objections within the 4 | specified time may result in the waiver of rights on appeal. Wilkerson v. Wheeler, 772 F.3d 834, 5 || 838-39 (9th Cir. 2014) (citing Baxter v. Sullivan, 923 F.2d 1391, 1394 (9th Cir. 1991)). 6 7 IT IS SO ORDERED. Zl Se g | Dated: _ January 2, 2024 OF "

9 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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