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8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

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NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA

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SAN JOSE DIVISION

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12 MICHAEL GRECCO PRODUCTIONS, Case No. 19-CV-06399-LHK

INC.,

13 Plaintiff, ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND

DENYING IN PART MOTION FOR

14 v. DEFAULT JUDGMENT 15 Re: Dkt. No. 31

ENTHUSIAST GAMING, INC.,

16 Defendant. 17 18 Before the Court is Plaintiff Michael Grecco Productions, Inc.’s (“Plaintiff”) renewed 19 motion for default judgment. ECF No. 31. Having considered the parties’ submissions, the 20 relevant law, and the record in this case, the Court GRANTS IN PART and DENIES IN PART 21 Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment. 22 I. BACKGROUND 23 A. Factual Background 24 Plaintiff is a photography agency with its principal place of business in Santa Monica, 25 California. ECF No. 1 (“Compl.”) ¶ 7. Plaintiff owns the copyrights to photographs taken by 26 Michael Grecco and licenses those photographs to third parties on his behalf. Id. ¶ 7. Plaintiff’s 27 business is to provide celebrity photographs to major media publications. Id. ¶ 13. 1 With respect to the instant case, Plaintiff is the owner and exclusive copyright holder of a 2 promotional still photograph (the “Photograph”) of actress Nana Visitor as Kira Nerys, a fictional 3 character from the television show “Star Trek: Deep Space Nine.” Id. ¶¶ 15–16. Plaintiff 4 registered the Photograph in compliance with the Copyright Act and obtained a Certificate with 5 Registration No. VA 1-736-729 (eff. July 7, 2010). Id. ¶ 16. 6 Defendant Enthusiast Gaming Inc. (“Defendant”) is a Canadian-owned corporation doing 7 business as Destructoid, headquartered in San Francisco, California. Id. ¶ 5. According to Plaintiff, 8 Defendant uses celebrity images to drive internet traffic to its website to increase advertising 9 revenue, and a large portion of Defendant’s revenue increases with the number of visitors who 10 click on its website and subsequently view featured third-party advertisements, id. ¶¶ 14, 19–20. 11 Plaintiff alleges that Defendant used Plaintiff’s Photograph on its website without license 12 by “prominently featuring” the Photograph to promote articles and content to increase viewership. 13 Id. ¶ 21. Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant published the Photograph on October 15, 14 2017 without any authorization or permission from Plaintiff. Id. ¶¶ 22–23. Plaintiff alleges that the 15 Photograph was published on Defendant’s website to accompany an article written by CJ 16 Andriessen, Defendant’s features editor. Id. Plaintiff states that Defendant continued to display the 17 Photograph through the filing of this complaint and only took down the Photograph earlier this 18 year. Id. ¶ 22; ECF No. 23 at 10. Plaintiff further alleges that Defendant did not pay a license fee, 19 inquire about the availability of a license, or confirm whether the Photograph had been authorized 20 for use on Defendant’s website before, during, or after its publication of the Photograph. Compl. ¶ 21 28. 22 B. Procedural History 23 On October 7, 2019, Plaintiff filed a complaint against Defendant that alleged two claims 24 for copyright infringement and vicarious and/or contributory copyright infringement. Compl. 25 ¶¶ 29–49. Plaintiff sought both injunctive relief and statutory damages. Id. ¶ 2. 26 On January 2, 2020, Plaintiff filed a case management statement noting that “Defendant 27 was served with the summons and complaint, by substitute service, on November 11, 2019,” but 1 that Defendant had not “appeared, answered, or otherwise responded to the complaint, and 2 plaintiff’s counsel ha[d] not been contacted by any counsel purporting to represent [D]efendant.” 3 ECF No. 10. On January 3, 2020, the Court ordered Plaintiff to file proof of service. ECF No. 12. 4 On January 3, 2020, Plaintiff filed a proof of service indicating that Plaintiff served Bill Doe, an 5 “[e]mployee at Earth Class mail,” in person on October 10, 2019 and by mail on October 14, 6 2019. ECF No. 13. 7 That same day, the Court ordered Plaintiff to file a statement that explained (1) why 8 service on Bill Doe was proper, and (2) why Plaintiff previously stated that Defendant was served 9 on November 11, 2019 when the proof of service stated that Defendant was served on October 10, 10 2019 and October 14, 2019. ECF No. 14. On January 5, 2020, Plaintiff filed a statement in 11 response to the Court’s order regarding service. ECF No. 15. Plaintiff addressed service of process 12 under California Code of Civil Procedure Section 415.20(a) and explained that service of the 13 summons and complaint did in fact occur on October 10, 2019 and October 14, 2019, as indicated 14 by the filed proof of service. Id. at 1–2, 3–4. 15 On February 8, 2020, Plaintiff moved for entry of default against Defendant. ECF No. 18. 16 On February 11, 2020, the Clerk entered default against Defendant. ECF No. 19. On April 7, 17 2020, Plaintiff filed a motion for default judgment. ECF No. 23. 18 On July 22, 2020, the Court denied Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment without 19 prejudice. ECF No. 30. The Court concluded that Plaintiff had not established that Defendant was 20 properly served for three reasons. Id. at 8–11. First, Plaintiff had not satisfied the requirements for 21 substitute service in California Code of Civil Procedure Section 415.20(a) because Plaintiff had 22 not stated that prepaid postage was included in mailing the summons and complaint to Defendant. 23 Id. at 8. Second, Plaintiff had not provided an affidavit of the person who served Defendant as 24 required by California Code of Civil Procedure Section 417.10(a). Id. at 9. Finally, Plaintiff had 25 not established that the summons included a notice as required by California Code of Civil 26 Procedure Section 412.30. Id. at 9–10. The Court thus denied Plaintiff’s motion for default 27 judgment without prejudice. The Court ordered Plaintiff to either (1) file a new motion for default 1 judgment and declarations and affidavits demonstrating compliance with the California Code of 2 Civil Procedure requirements or (2) propose a schedule for promptly serving Defendant. Id. at 11. 3 On August 18, 2020, Plaintiff filed the instant motion for default judgment. ECF No. 31 4 (“Mot.). Plaintiff also filed supporting declarations from Michael Grecco, the principal and owner 5 of Plaintiff; Peter Perkowski, counsel for Plaintiff in the instant case; and Joseph Buchanan, the 6 person who served Defendant. See Grecco Decl.; Perkowski Decl.; Buchanan Decl. 7 II. LEGAL STANDARD 8 Pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55(b)(2), the Court may enter a default 9 judgment when the Clerk, under Rule 55(a), has previously entered a party’s default. Fed. R. Civ. 10 P. 55(b). “The district court’s decision whether to enter a default judgment is a discretionary one.” 11 Aldabe v. Aldabe, 616 F.2d 1089, 1092 (9th Cir. 1980). Once the Clerk enters default, all well- 12 pleaded allegations regarding liability are taken as true, except with respect to damages. See Fair 13 Hous. of Marin v. Combs, 285 F.3d 899, 906 (9th Cir. 2002) (“With respect to the determination 14 of liability and the default judgment itself, the general rule is that well-pled allegations in the 15 complaint regarding liability are deemed true.”); TeleVideo Sys. v. Heidenthal, 826 F.2d 915, 917– 16 18 (9th Cir. 1987) (“[U]pon default the factual allegations of the complaint, except those relating 17 to the amount of damages, will be taken as true.”); Philip Morris USA v. Castworld Prods., 219 18 F.R.D. 494, 499 (C.D. Cal. 2003) (“[B]y defaulting, Defendant is deemed to have admitted the 19 truth of Plaintiff's averments.”). “In applying this discretionary standard, default judgments are 20 more often granted than denied.” Philip Morris, 219 F.R.D. at 498. 21 “Factors which may be considered by courts in exercising discretion as to the entry of a 22 default judgment include: (1) the possibility of prejudice to the plaintiff, (2) the merits of 23 plaintiff's substantive claim, (3) the sufficiency of the complaint, (4) the sum of money at stake in 24 the action; (5) the possibility of a dispute concerning material facts; (6) whether the default was 25 due to excusable neglect, and (7) the strong policy underlying the Federal Rules of Civil 26 Procedure favoring decisions on the merits.” Eitel v. McCool, 782 F.2d 1470, 1471–72 (9th Cir. 27 1986).

III. DISCUSSION

1 A. Jurisdiction 2 “When entry of judgment is sought against a party who has failed to plead or otherwise 3 defend, a district court has an affirmative duty to look into its jurisdiction over both the subject 4 matter and the parties. A judgment entered without personal jurisdiction over the parties is void.” 5 In re Tuli, 172 F.3d 707, 712 (9th Cir. 1999) (citations omitted). In order to avoid the entry of an 6 order of default judgment that may subsequently be attacked as void, the Court must determine 7 whether jurisdiction over the instant case exists. 8 The Court begins with subject matter jurisdiction and then proceeds to personal 9 jurisdiction. For the Court to exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant, the defendant must 10 also have been served in accordance with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 4. Accordingly, the 11 Court then turns to service of process. 12 1. Subject Matter Jurisdiction 13 Here, Plaintiff brings this action pursuant to federal law, namely the Copyright Act of 14 1976, 17 U.S.C. § 101, et seq. Therefore, the Court is satisfied that the Court has subject matter 15 jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1331. 28 U.S.C. § 1331 (“The district courts shall have 16 original jurisdiction of all civil actions arising under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the 17 United States.”). The Court proceeds to consider whether the Court possesses personal jurisdiction 18 over Defendant. 19 2. Personal Jurisdiction 20 “The party seeking to invoke the court’s jurisdiction bears the burden of establishing that 21 jurisdiction exists.” Scott v. Breeland, 792 F.2d 925, 927 (9th Cir. 1986) (citing Data Disc, Inc. v. 22 Sys. Tech. Assocs., 557 F.2d 1280, 1285 (9th Cir. 1977)). Personal jurisdiction over an out-of-state 23 defendant is appropriate if the relevant state’s long-arm statute permits the assertion of jurisdiction 24 without violating federal due process. Schwarzenegger v. Fred Martin Motor Co., 374 F.3d 797, 25 800–01 (9th Cir. 2004). California’s long arm statute, Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 410.10, is co- 26 extensive with federal due process requirements, and therefore the jurisdictional analyses under 27 1 California law and federal due process merge into one. See Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 410.10 (“[A] 2 court of this state may exercise jurisdiction on any basis not inconsistent with the Constitution of 3 this state or of the United States.”); Mavrix Photo, Inc. v. Brand Techs., Inc., 647 F.3d 1218, 1223 4 (9th Cir. 2011) (“California’s long-arm statute . . . is coextensive with federal due process 5 requirements, so the jurisdictional analyses under state law and federal due process are the 6 same.”). 7 For a court to exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant consistent with due process, 8 that defendant must have “certain minimum contacts” with the relevant forum “such that the 9 maintenance of the suit does not offend ‘traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice.’” 10 Int’l Shoe Co. v. Washington, 326 U.S. 310, 316 (1945) (quoting Milliken v. Meyer, 311 U.S. 457, 11 463 (1940)). In addition, “the defendant’s ‘conduct and connection with the forum State’ must be 12 such that the defendant ‘should reasonably anticipate being haled into court there.’” Sher v. 13 Johnson, 911 F.2d 1357, 1361 (9th Cir. 1990) (quoting World-Wide Volkswagen Corp. v. 14 Woodson, 444 U.S. 286, 297 (1980)). 15 A court may exercise either general or specific jurisdiction over a defendant. Ziegler v. 16 Indian River Cty., 64 F.3d 470, 473 (9th Cir. 1995). In the instant case, the Court concludes that 17 the exercise of general jurisdiction is appropriate. 18 General jurisdiction exists when a defendant is physically present or when a defendant’s 19 activities in the state are “continuous and systematic” such that the contacts approximate physical 20 presence in the forum state. See Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 801 (citation omitted). “With respect 21 to a corporation, the place of incorporation and principal place of business are ‘paradig[m] . . . 22 bases for general jurisdiction.’” Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 137 (2014) (citation 23 omitted). A corporation’s principal place of business “refers to the place where a corporation's 24 high level officers direct, control, and coordinate the corporation's activities . . . . which will 25 typically be found at its corporate headquarters.” Hertz Corp. v. Friend, 559 U.S. 77, 80–81 26 (2010). 27 Here, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant’s principal place of business is in San Francisco, 1 California. Compl. ¶¶ 5, 9. Specifically, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant’s principal and only 2 official place of business is at 548 Market Street, San Francisco, California. ECF No. 15 at 2–3. 3 On this basis, the Court finds that Defendant has “substantial” and “continuous and systematic” 4 contacts with California that support the Court’s exercise of general personal jurisdiction. See 5 Schwarzenegger, 374 F.3d at 801 (general jurisdiction exists where a defendant has “continuous 6 and systematic general business contacts . . . that approximate physical presence in the forum 7 state” (citations omitted)); see also Golden West Veg, Inc. v. Bartley, Case No. 16-CV-03718- 8 LHK, 2017 WL 2335602, at *4 (N.D. Cal. May 30, 2017) (finding Plaintiff established personal 9 jurisdiction for purposes of default judgment by alleging that Defendant had a principal place of 10 business in Salinas, California). Accordingly, Defendant is subject to this Court’s general 11 jurisdiction. 12 3. Service of Process 13 Finally, for the Court to properly exercise personal jurisdiction over a defendant, the 14 defendant must have been served in accordance with Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. See 15 Jackson v. Hayakawa, 682 F.2d 1344, 1347 (9th Cir. 1982) (“Defendants must be served in 16 accordance with Rule 4(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, or there is no personal 17 jurisdiction.” (footnote omitted)); see also Pension Tr. Fund for Operating Eng’rs v. Kickin 18 Enters., Case No. C-11-03685 JCS, 2012 WL 6711557, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 20, 2012) (“[W]here 19 entry of default judgment is requested, the Court must determine whether service of process was 20 adequate.”). 21 Under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a domestic or foreign corporation must be 22 served in a judicial district of the United States and may be served by “following state law for 23 serving a summons in an action brought in courts of general jurisdiction in the state where the 24 district court is located or where service is made.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 4(h)(1), 4(e)(1). 25 In the instant case, Plaintiff asserts that Defendant was properly served by substitute 26 service under California Code of Civil Procedure Section 415.20(a). ECF No. 15 at 2. Section 27 415.20(a) requires (1) that a copy of the summons and complaint be left during usual office hours 1 at the company’s office; (2) that the summons and complaint be left “with the person who is 2 apparently in charge thereof”; and (3) that after the summons and complaint are left, a copy of the 3 summons and complaint be mailed with prepaid postage “to the person to be served at the place 4 where a copy of the summons and complaint were left.” Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 415.20(a). 5 As to the first element, Plaintiff filed a proof of service indicating that substitute service 6 was effectuated on “Bill Doe, Employee at Earth Class mail” at 548 Market Street, San Francisco, 7 California at 12:15 p.m. on October 10, 2019. ECF No. 13. Though Earth Class mail is a private 8 post office box rental store, under Section 415.20, defendants may be properly served at such 9 “private post office box rental store[s].” Hearn v. Howard, 177 Cal. App. 4th 1193, 1202 (2009); 10 see Sweeting v. Murat, 221 Cal. App. 4th 507, 513 (2013) (“[S]ervice at a private or commercial 11 post office box is allowed [pursuant to Section 415.20].” (citation omitted)); Painaway Australia 12 Pty Ltd. Acn 151 146 977 v. Natures Investments Holding Pty Ltd., Case No. 15-CV-03276-DMR, 13 2016 WL 304780, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Jan. 26, 2016) (“[S]ubstitute service at a private post office box 14 rental store may constitute sufficient service under section 415.20 . . . .”). As such, Plaintiff has 15 established that a copy of the summons and complaint were left during usual office hours at the 16 company’s office. 17 As to the second element, Plaintiff indicates that Bill Doe is “authorized to accept mail and 18 deliveries” on Defendant’s behalf. ECF No. 13. Indeed, this is sufficient under California law, as 19 “[t]he purpose of section 415.20 [is] achieved by service on the clerk at the post office box store 20 where [defendant] rented a post office box.” Hearn, 177 Cal. App. 4th at 1203. Therefore, Plaintiff 21 has established that the summons and complaint were left with the person who was apparently in 22 charge of Defendant’s office. 23 As to the third element, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has cured the previously 24 identified deficiency by providing a declaration from Joseph Buchanan, the person who served 25 Defendant. The declaration of Mr. Buchanan states that, after Mr. Buchanan gave Bill Doe a copy 26 of the summons and complaint, Mr. Buchanan sent a copy of the summons and complaint to 27 Destructoid at 548 Market Street, San Francisco, California. Buchanan Decl. ¶ 4. The summons 1 and complaint were in an envelope which was “sent first class and had sufficient postage affixed 2 to it for that purpose.” Id. Accordingly, Plaintiff has established that a copy of the summons and 3 complaint were mailed with prepaid postage to the person to be served at the place where a copy 4 of the summons and complaint were left. Thus, Plaintiff has established that Defendant was 5 properly served under Section 415.20(a). 6 In addition to meeting Section 415.20(a)’s requirements, Plaintiff is also required to satisfy 7 California Code of Civil Procedure Sections 417.10(a) and 412.30 in order for substitute service to 8 be proper. Section 417.10(a) requires that, when a corporation is served by substitute service under 9 Section 415.20, Plaintiff must show “[p]roof that a summons was served . . . by the affidavit of the 10 person making the service showing the time, place, and manner of service and facts showing that 11 the service was made in accordance with this chapter.” Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 417.10(a). 12 The affidavit required by Section 417.10(a) must show that “the notice required by 13 [California Code of Civil Procedure] Section 412.30 appeared on the copy of the summons served, 14 if in fact it did appear.” Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 417.10(a). Section 412.30 requires that a copy of 15 the summons to be served contain a notice “stating in substance: ‘To the person served: You are 16 hereby served in the within action (or special proceeding) on behalf of [the corporation being 17 served] as a person upon whom a copy of the summons and of the complaint may be delivered to 18 effect service on said party under the provisions of [Sections 415.20(a) and 417.10(a)].’” Cal. Civ. 19 Proc. Code § 412.30. “Section 412.30 does not say that any specific words must be used in the 20 notice[,] only that the notice shall state ‘in substance’ the provisions of the section.” Cory v. 21 Crocker Nat’l Bank, 123 Cal. App. 3d 665, 669 (1981). If the notice required by Section 412.30 22 “does not appear on the copy of the summons served, no default may be taken against such 23 corporation or incorporated association or against such person individually, as the case may be.” 24 Cal. Civ. Proc. Code § 412.30. 25 In the instant case, on January 3, 2020, Plaintiff filed a proof of service signed by Mr. 26 Buchanan, who served Defendant. See ECF No. 13. In support of the instant motion for default 27 judgment, Plaintiff filed a declaration of Mr. Buchanan which supplements the information in the 1 proof of service. Buchanan Decl. The proof of service and the declaration indicate the time, place, 2 and manner of service. ECF No. 13; Buchanan Decl. ¶ ¶ 3–4. Although the proof of service does 3 not state that Mr. Buchanan subsequently mailed a copy of the summons and complaint with 4 prepaid postage, Mr. Buchanan’s declaration includes this information. Buchanan Decl. ¶ 4. 5 Furthermore, Mr. Buchanan’s declaration indicates that “[t]he summons served on Destructoid 6 contain[ed] a notice that, in substance, informed Destructoid that it was the entity being served in 7 this action, in accordance with California Code of Civil Procedure § 412.30.” Id. ¶ 5. Accordingly, 8 the Court concludes that Plaintiff has established that Defendant was served in accordance with 9 Sections 417.10(a) and 412.30 and has cured the previously identified service deficiencies. 10 Indeed, in its order denying default judgment, this Court cited to Harrington v. Equity 11 Asset & Property Management, which included the same service deficiencies that were present in 12 Plaintiff’s previous motion for default judgment. ECF No. 30 at 8–10. In a subsequent order in 13 Harrington, the district court concluded that the plaintiff had cured the service deficiencies. 14 Harrington v. Equity Asset & Property Mgmt., Case No. 18-CV-00216-GPC, 2019 WL 9089614, 15 at *1 n.1 (S.D. Cal. Oct. 24, 2019). First, the plaintiff had established that the summons and 16 complaint were mailed with prepaid postage to the person to be served. Id. Second, the plaintiff 17 had filed an affidavit of the person making service. Id. Third, the plaintiff had substantially 18 complied with Section 412.30. Id. In the instant case, Plaintiff has established compliance, and not 19 merely substantial compliance, with Section 412.30. Buchanan Decl. ¶ 5. Thus, like the plaintiff in 20 Harrington, Plaintiff has cured the service deficiencies previously identified by this Court. 21 B. Whether Default Judgment is Proper 22 Having determined that the exercise of subject matter jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction 23 over Defendant is proper, the Court now turns to the Eitel factors to determine whether entry of 24 default judgment against Defendant is warranted. 25 1. First Eitel Factor: Possibility of Prejudice 26 Under the first Eitel factor, the Court considers the possibility of prejudice to a plaintiff if 27 default judgment is not entered against a defendant. “A plaintiff who is denied a default judgment 1 and is subsequently left without any other recourse for recovery has a basis for establishing 2 prejudice.” DiscoverOrg Data, LLC v. Bitnine Global, Inc., Case No. 19-CV-08098-LHK, 2020 3 WL 6562333, at *5 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 9, 2020) (quotation omitted). Here, Plaintiff has established 4 that Plaintiff will be prejudiced because Defendant has not participated in this litigation and 5 Plaintiff would be without recourse to recover for the damages caused by Defendant. Therefore, 6 the first Eitel factor weighs in favor of granting default judgment. 7 2. Second and Third Eitel Factors: Merits of Plaintiffs’ Substantive Claims and the Sufficiency of the Complaint 8 The second and third Eitel factors address the merits and sufficiency of Plaintiff’s claims 9 as pleaded in the Complaint. Courts often analyze these two factors together. See Dr. JKL Ltd. v. 10 HPC IT Educ. Ctr., 749 F. Supp. 2d 1038, 1048 (N.D. Cal. 2010) (“Under an Eitel analysis, the 11 merits of plaintiff’s substantive claims and the sufficiency of the complaint are often analyzed 12 together.”). In its analysis of the second and third Eitel factors, the Court will accept as true all 13 well-pled allegations regarding liability. See Fair Hous. of Marin, 285 F.3d at 906 (“[T]he general 14 rule is that well-pled allegations in the complaint regarding liability are deemed true.”). The Court 15 will therefore consider the merits of Plaintiff’s claims and the sufficiency of the Complaint 16 together. 17 Plaintiff asserts two claims against Defendant: (1) copyright infringement in violation of 18 17 U.S.C. § 501, et seq., and (2) vicarious and/or contributory copyright infringement. However, 19 Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment addresses the merits of only Plaintiff’s claim for copyright 20 infringement. See Mot. at 11–12. Because Plaintiff’s motion for default judgment does not address 21 Plaintiff’s claim for vicarious and/or contributory copyright infringement, the Court DENIES 22 default judgment as to that claim and addresses only Plaintiff’s claim for copyright infringement. 23 To state a claim for copyright infringement, a plaintiff “must show ownership of the 24 allegedly infringed material” and “must demonstrate that the alleged infringer[] violate[d] at least 25 one exclusive right granted to copyright holders under 17 U.S.C. § 106.” A&M Records, Inc. v. 26 Napster, Inc., 239 F.3d 1004, 1013 (9th Cir. 2001). The Court addresses each of these 27 1 requirements in turn. 2 First, Plaintiff sufficiently alleges its ownership of a copyright that protects the 3 Photograph. “A copyright registration is ‘prima facie evidence of the validity of the copyright and 4 the facts stated in the certificate.’” United Fabrics Int’l, Inc. v. C&J Wear, Inc., 630 F.3d 1255, 5 1257 (9th Cir. 2011) (quoting 17 U.S.C. § 410(c)). Plaintiff provides a copyright registration for 6 the Photograph, which lists Plaintiff as the owner of the Photograph. ECF No. 31 at 25 (copyright 7 certificate of registration); see also Compl. ¶ 16 (providing the copyright registration number and 8 date of registration and stating that the copyright was registered to Plaintiff); Grecco Decl. ¶ 2 9 (stating that Plaintiff “is the exclusive owner of the copyrights in and to the Photograph”). Thus, 10 Plaintiff adequately alleges the ownership of a copyright. 11 Second, Plaintiff sufficiently alleges that Defendant violated an exclusive right granted to 12 copyright holders under 17 U.S.C. § 106. Reproduction of copyright works and public display of 13 pictoral works are some of the exclusive rights of a copyright owner. 17 U.S.C. § 106(1), (5). In 14 the instant case, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant made and published copies of the Photograph 15 without authorization or license from Plaintiff. Compl. ¶¶ 21–24. Specifically, Defendant 16 published the Photograph in an article on October 15, 2017 and did not take it down until earlier 17 this year. Id. ¶ 22; ECF No. 23 at 10. Defendant did not have authorization to copy or display the 18 Photograph, and Defendant did not pay a license fee. Compl. ¶ 23. Therefore, Plaintiff adequately 19 pleads that Defendant violated an exclusive right granted to copyright holders. 20 Because the Court concludes that Plaintiff has adequately stated a copyright claim, the 21 second and third Eitel factors weigh in favor of granting default judgment as to this claim. 22 3. Fourth Eitel Factor: The Amount of Money at Stake 23 Under the fourth Eitel factor, “the court must consider the amount of money at stake in 24 relation to the seriousness of Defendant’s conduct.” PepsiCo Inc. v. Cal Sec. Cans, 238 F. Supp. 25 2d 1172, 1176 (C.D. Cal. 2002); see also Eitel, 782 F.2d at 1471-72. “The Court considers 26 Plaintiff’s declarations, calculations, and other documentation of damages in determining if the 27 amount at stake is reasonable.” Trung Giang Corp. v. Twinstar Tea Corp., Case No. C 06-03594 1 JSW, 2007 WL 1545173, at *12 (N.D. Cal. May 29, 2007). 2 Default judgment is disfavored when a large amount of money is involved or is 3 unreasonable in light of the potential loss caused by the defendant’s actions. Id. Nonetheless, 4 courts have found that this factor “presents no barrier to default judgment” as long as the potential 5 damages were “proportional to the harm alleged.” See Liu Hongwei v. Velocity V Ltd., Case No. 6 15-cv-05061-ODW, 2018 WL 3414053, at *8 (C.D. Cal. July 11, 2018) (finding that a request of 7 $4,000,000 was justified); United States v. Roof Guard Roofing Co., Case No. 17-cv-02592-NC, 8 2017 WL 6994215, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 14, 2017) (holding that a request of over $1,000,000 was 9 reasonable because the tax debt was substantiated with proof provided by the government). 10 Here, Plaintiff seeks to recover a total of $62,500 in statutory damages. Mot. at 16. The 11 Court holds that this request is reasonable and proportional to the copyright violation set forth in 12 Plaintiff’s complaint, especially given the willful nature of the violation. See Section III(C)(2), 13 infra (discussing why statutory damages are appropriate in this case and why Plaintiff has 14 adequately alleged that Defendant’s infringement was willful). The Court notes that in similar 15 cases involving infringement of Plaintiff’s photographs, courts have granted higher damages. See 16 Michael Grecco Productions, Inc., v. Function(X) Inc., Case No. 18-Civ-386, 2019 WL 1368731, 17 at *6 (S.D.N.Y. Mar. 11, 2019) (granting default judgment to Plaintiff in the amount of $71,655 18 for infringement of two of Plaintiff’s photographs); Michael Grecco Productions, Inc. v. 19 Soffersapp, LLC, Case No. 16-24966-Civ, 2017 WL 5665382, at *2 (S.D. Fla. Nov. 8, 2017) 20 (granting default judgment to Plaintiff in the amount of $300,000 for infringement of two of 21 Plaintiff’s photographs). Therefore, the fourth Eitel factor weighs in favor of default judgment. 22 4. Fifth and Sixth Eitel Factors: Potential Disputes of Material Fact and Excusable Neglect 23 The fifth Eitel factor considers the possibility of disputes as to any material facts in the 24 case. Where a defendant fails to appear in an action, a court can infer “the absence of the 25 possibility of a dispute concerning material facts.” Solaria Corp. v. T.S. Energie e Risorse, S.R.I., 26 Case No. 13-cv-05201-SC, 2014 WL 7205114, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 17, 2014). Defendant has 27 1 failed to make an appearance in this case. The Court therefore takes the allegations in the 2 Complaint as true and holds that there is no dispute over material facts. Fair Hous. of Marin, 285 3 F.3d at 906. Furthermore, the evidence provided by Plaintiff establishes that Defendant copied the 4 Photograph without authorization and published it as part of an article. Compl. ¶¶ 22–23. 5 The sixth Eitel factor considers whether failure to appear was the result of excusable 6 neglect. A summons was issued for Defendant on October 8, 2019. ECF No. 7. Defendant was 7 properly served via substitute service on October 10, 2019. See Section III(A)(3), supra 8 (explaining why service was proper). In addition to effecting service, Plaintiff’s counsel states that 9 he mailed Defendant a copy of Plaintiff’s first motion for default judgment, but it was refused. 10 Perkowski Decl. ¶ 14. Nonetheless, Defendant has not made an appearance nor challenged the 11 entry of default. Based on this record, nothing before the Court suggests that Defendant’s failure 12 to appear or litigate this case was the result of excusable neglect. In these circumstances, 13 Defendant has no excusable reason to fail to appear in the instant case. 14 5. Seventh Eitel Factor: Policy Favoring Decision on the Merits 15 Although the policy favoring decision on the merits generally weighs strongly against 16 awarding default judgment, district courts have regularly held that this policy, standing alone, is 17 not dispositive, especially where a defendant fails to appear or defend itself. See, e.g., Craigslist, 18 Inc. v. Naturemarket, Inc., 694 F. Supp. 2d 1039, 1061 (N.D. Cal. 2010); Hernandez v. Martinez, 19 Case No. 12-CV-06133-LHK, 2014 WL 3962647, at *9 (N.D. Cal. Aug. 13, 2014). Although 20 Defendant was properly served, Defendant has not made an appearance nor challenged the entry 21 of default. Thus, the likelihood of the case proceeding to a resolution on the merits is unlikely. 22 Accordingly, the Court finds that this factor slightly weighs against default judgment. 23 6. Balancing of Eitel Factors 24 In sum, the following six Eitel factors weigh in favor of default judgment as to Plaintiff’s 25 copyright infringement claim: (1) the possibility of prejudice, (2) the merits of Plaintiff’s 26 substantive claim, (3) the sufficiency of the complaint, (4) the sum of money at stake in the action, 27 (5) the possibility of a dispute concerning material facts, and (6) excusable neglect. See Eitel, 782 1 F.2d at 1471–72. The last factor, the policy favoring decisions on the merits, weighs slightly 2 against default judgment. The Court concludes that the last Eitel factor is outweighed by the other 3 six factors that favor default judgment. See, e.g., DiscoverOrg, 2020 WL 6562333, at *8 4 (concluding that the last Eitel factor, which weighed slightly against default judgment, was 5 outweighed by the first six Eitel factors, which weighed in favor of default judgment). Thus, the 6 Court concludes that default judgment as to Plaintiff’s copyright claim is appropriate. 7 C. Damages 8 A plaintiff seeking default judgment “must also prove all damages sought in the 9 complaint.” Dr. JKL Ltd., 749 F. Supp. 2d at 1046 (citing Philip Morris USA, Inc. v. Castworld 10 Prods., Inc., 219 F.R.D. 494, 498 (C.D. Cal. 2003)). Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 55 does not 11 require the Court to conduct a hearing on damages, as long as it ensures that there is an evidentiary 12 basis for the damages awarded in the default judgment. See Action SA v. Marc Rich & Co., 951 13 F.2d 504, 508 (2d Cir. 1991), abrogated on other grounds as recognized by Day Spring Enters., 14 Inc. v. LMC Int’l, Inc., Case No. 98-CV-0658A(F), 2004 WL 2191568 (W.D.N.Y. Sept. 24, 2004). 15 In the instant case, Plaintiff seeks injunctive relief, statutory damages, and attorneys’ fees 16 and costs stemming from Plaintiff’s copyright infringement claim. The Court addresses in turn 17 each measure of damages sought by Plaintiff. 18 1. Injunctive Relief 19 Courts have power to “grant temporary and final injunctions on such terms as it may deem 20 reasonable to prevent or restrain the infringement of a copyright.” 17 U.S.C. § 502(a). “Generally, 21 a showing of copyright infringement liability and the threat of future violations is sufficient to 22 warrant a permanent injunction.” Jackson v. Sturkie, 255 F. Supp. 2d 1096, 1103 (N.D. Cal. 2003) 23 (quoting Sega Enters. Ltd. v. MAPHIA, 948 F. Supp. 923, 948 (N.D. Cal. 1996)). 24 In the instant case, Plaintiff requests a permanent injunction against Defendant. Mot. at 17 25 –18. However, Plaintiff has not established that there is a continued threat of future infringing 26 activity. Since this lawsuit was filed, Defendant has removed the Photograph from its website. 27 ECF No. 23 at 10. Moreover, Plaintiff does not allege that Defendant has copied or has the means 1 to copy any other of Plaintiff’s copyrighted works. By contrast, in other cases where injunctions 2 have been granted, the violation was continuing, or specific facts gave rise to a threat of future 3 infringing activity. See Sturkie, 255 F. Supp. 2d at 1103 (granting injunction where the defendant 4 “amply possesses the means for future infringement, either during a live concert or through the 5 production of infringing video cassettes”); Sega, 948 F. Supp. at 940 (granting injunction because 6 the defendant retained the computer equipment necessary to infringe Plaintiff’s copyright again); 7 Broadcast Music, Inc. v. Paden, Case No. 11-02199-EJD, 2011 WL 6217414, at *5 (N.D. Cal. 8 Dec. 14, 2011) (granting injunction where the defendants continued to perform the plaintiffs’ 9 music without authorization). Thus, the Court denies Plaintiff’s request for a permanent 10 injunction. 11 2. Statutory Damages 12 A plaintiff may elect to receive statutory damages for a copyright infringement claim. 17 13 U.S.C. § 504(c)(1). For copyright infringement, a plaintiff may elect to recover statutory damages 14 “of not less than $750 or more than $30,000 as the court considers just.” 17 U.S.C. § 504(c)(1). If 15 the Court determines that the infringement was willful, however, a plaintiff may recover a 16 maximum of $150,000 per work infringed. See id. § 504(c)(2). 17 In determining the amount of statutory damages to be awarded, courts should be guided by 18 “the nature of the copyright, the circumstances of the infringement and the . . . express 19 qualification that in every case the assessment must be within the prescribed maximum or 20 minimum.” Peer Int’l Corp. v. Pausa Records, Inc., 909 F.2d 1332, 1336 (9th Cir. 1990). Courts 21 should ensure that statutory damages awards on default judgment “bear[] a ‘plausible relationship 22 to Plaintiff’s actual damages.’” Yelp Inc. v. Catron, 70 F. Supp. 3d 1082, 1102 (N.D. Cal. 2014) 23 (quoting Adobe Sys., Inc. v Tilley, Case No. C 09-1085 PJH, 2010 WL 309249, at *5 (N.D. Cal. 24 Jan. 19, 2010)). “While a plaintiff in a trademark or copyright infringement suit is entitled to 25 damages that will serve as a deterrent, it is not entitled to a windfall.” Id. 26 “To establish a prima facie case of willful infringement[,] plaintiff must demonstrate that 27 defendant was aware, or should have been aware, that his activities were infringing.” Jackson, 255 1 F. Supp. 2d at 1101. In the instant case, Plaintiff has established a prima facie case of willful 2 infringement because the circumstances indicate that Defendant was aware, or should have been 3 aware, that its activities infringed Plaintiff’s copyright. Defendant’s own Terms of Use instruct 4 users to “not use other people’s work . . . and present it as your own.” Compl. ¶ 27. Nonetheless, 5 Defendant used the Photograph without obtaining authorization from Plaintiff. Compl. ¶ 23. Thus, 6 Plaintiff has adequately pled that Defendant engaged in willful infringement and is permitted to 7 recover a maximum of $150,000 per work infringed. 8 Plaintiff’s statutory damages award must bear a plausible relationship to Plaintiff’s actual 9 damages. Actual damages are “‘often measured by the revenue that the plaintiff lost as a result of 10 the infringement,’” and “a claim for lost profits may include a retroactive license fee measured by 11 what the plaintiff would have earned by licensing the infringing use to the defendant.” Thornton v. 12 J Jargon Co., 580 F. Supp. 2d 1261, 1276 (M.D. Fla. 2008) (quoting Montgomery v. Noga, 168 13 F.3d 1282, 1295–96 & n.19 (11th Cir. 1999)). The amount the plaintiff would have earned can be 14 estimated using benchmark licenses, or “what licensors have paid for use of similar work.” 15 Thornton, 580 F. Supp. at 1276 (citing Montgomery, 168 F.3d at 1295–96; On Davis v. The Gap, 16 Inc., 246 F.3d 152, 166 (2d Cir. 2001)). Here, Plaintiff typically receives between $10,000 and 17 $27,500 for non-exclusive one-time editorial use of a photograph, and an amount from $12,500 to 18 $15,000 is typical. Grecco Decl. ¶ 4. Furthermore, Plaintiff would have demanded at least $12,500 19 if Defendant had sought a license for the Photograph. Grecco Decl. ¶ 5. 20 Statutory damages, however, are larger than actual damages because “in addition to 21 compensating Plaintiff, statutory damages are intended to provide a penalty against defendants and 22 deter potential future infringement by similarly situated actors.” Adobe Sys. Inc. v. Kern, Case No. 23 09-1076-CW, 2009 WL 5218005, at *1 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 24, 2009). To provide a sufficient penalty 24 and adequate deterrence, courts often use a multiple of a licensing fee in calculating statutory 25 damages. Broadcast Music, Inc. v. Opitz, Case No. 18-cv-01914-JSW (DMR), 2018 WL 6613829, 26 at *4 (N.D. Cal. Oct. 12, 2018) (collecting cases in this district), report and recommendation 27 adopted, 2018 WL 6615140 (Nov. 19, 2018); Paden, 2011 WL 6217414, at *5 (collecting cases). 1 “Courts have consistently held that a statutory damages award three times the amount that the 2 plaintiff would have received in licensing fees is appropriate under [17 U.S.C. § 504(c)].” Paden, 3 2011 WL 6217414, at *5. However, in some cases, including those involving willful infringement, 4 courts make higher awards. See, e.g., BWP Media USA, Inc. v. Gossip Cop Media, Inc., 196 F. 5 Supp. 3d 395, 410 (S.D.N.Y. 2016) (awarding five times licensing fee); Broadcast Music, Inc. v. 6 Prana Hospitality, Inc., 158 F. Supp. 3d 184, 199 (S.D.N.Y. 2016) (awarding five times licensing 7 fee in case of willful infringement); Broadcast Music, Inc. v. Shabby, Inc., Case No. C05-4658 8 CRB BZ, 2006 WL 8442289 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 27, 2006), report and recommendation adopted, 9 2006 WL 8442290 (N.D. Cal. May 15, 2006) (granting more than five times licensing fee). 10 In the instant case, Plaintiff requests $62,500 in statutory damages. Mot. at 16. The Court 11 concludes that this amount bears a plausible relationship to Plaintiff’s actual damages of $12,500 12 because it represents five times the licensing fee, a multiplier that other courts have used. 13 Moreover, this amount will deter potential future infringement by similarly situated actors by 14 increasing the cost of copyright infringement. Finally, this amount does not represent a “windfall,” 15 particularly in light of the willful nature of the infringement. Indeed, this amount represents less 16 than half of the $150,000 statutory limit on damages for willful infringement. Furthermore, the 17 Court notes that the Court is unable to determine the relationship of this amount to the profits 18 Defendant gathered as a result of featuring the Photograph because of Defendant’s failure to 19 appear. Thus, the Court awards Plaintiff $62,500 in statutory damages. 20 3. Attorneys’ Fees and Costs 21 Finally, Plaintiff seeks $15,500 in attorneys’ fees and $1,032.23 in costs. A court may 22 award “full costs, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, to the prevailing party in a claim arising 23 under the Copyright Act.” 17 U.S.C. § 505. 24 To calculate attorneys’ fees, courts multiply the number of hours reasonably expended on 25 the litigation by the reasonable hourly rate. Hensley v. Eckerhart, 461 U.S. 424, 433 (1983). In 26 calculating the number of hours reasonably expended on the litigation, the Court excludes hours 27 that are “excessive, redundant, or otherwise unnecessary.” Id. at 434. 1 In the instant case, counsel submits a billing rate and the total number of hours expended 2 || on the case, as well as a general description of the tasks counsel performed. Perkowski Decl. 6, 3 8. However, counsel never provides billing records showing how many hours were spent on each 4 || task. Thus, the Court cannot determine whether the 31 hours counsel spent working on the instant 5 case were reasonably expended or were instead unnecessary. See J&J Sports Productions, Inc. v. 6 || Ortiz, Case No. 12-CV-05766-LHK, 2014 WL 1266267, at *3 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 24, 2014) (“Absent 7 || the submission of detailed contemporaneous time records justifying the hours claimed to have 8 || been expended on this case, the Court gives little weight to the figures provided by Plaintiff.”) 9 || (quotation omitted). Accordingly, the Court denies Plaintiff's request for attorneys’ fees without 10 || prejudice. Plaintiff may make a renewed motion for attorneys’ fees with the requested 11 information. Plaintiff also requests $1,032.23 in costs. As the declaration of Plaintiff's counsel explains, 13 these costs represent the sum of the complaint filing fee, the fee for service of process, messenger 14 fees, and electronic research fees. Perkowski Decl. § 5. Accordingly, the Court grants Plaintiff 3 15 $1,032.23 in costs.

A 16 || IV. CONCLUSION

5 17 For the foregoing reasons, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff's motion for default judgment on 18 Plaintiffs claim for copyright infringement. Because Plaintiffs motion for default judgment does 19 || not address Plaintiff's claim for vicarious and/or contributory copyright infringement, the Court 20 || DENIES default judgment as to that claim. The Court awards Plaintiff $62,500 in statutory 21 damages and $1,032.23 in costs, plus post-judgment interest to be calculated from the date of 22 entry of judgment at the rate set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1961. If Plaintiff wishes to file a renewed 23 motion for attorneys’ fees, Plaintiff shall file a new motion providing the information requested by 24 || this Court within 30 days of this Order. 25 || ITIS SO ORDERED. i Ky f 26 Dated: December 8, 2020 Kt . LUCY Ff. KOH 27 United States District Judge 28 19 Case No. 19-CV-06399-LHK