1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 ECOLOGICAL RIGHTS FOUNDATION, Case No. 18-cv-00394-DMR

8 Plaintiff, ORDER FOLLOWING IN CAMERA

REVIEW

9 v. Re: Dkt. Nos. 97, 100 10 UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL

PROTECTION AGENCY,

11 Defendant. 12 13 I. BACKGROUND 14 Plaintiff Ecological Rights Foundation (“ERF”) and Defendant United States 15 Environmental Protection Agency (“EPA”) filed cross motions for summary judgment. [Docket 16 Nos. 97, 100.] As described in the court’s September 16, 2020 order, their briefs and supporting 17 materials were organized in a way that “seem[ed] engineered to make the court’s review of the 18 motions as difficult and complicated as possible,” including EPA’s submission of a 1172-page 19 unnumbered Vaughn index, the parties’ inclusion of argument in supporting documents, and their 20 mutual failure to organize their discussion of the withheld documents in a way to facilitate the 21 court’s review. [Docket No. 105.] 22 The court also noted that EPA’s Vaughn index was problematic with respect to the 23 requirements of the FOIA Improvement Act of 2016 (“FIA”). The FIA prohibits agencies from 24 withholding information responsive to a FOIA request unless “the agency reasonably foresees that 25 disclosure would harm an interest protected by an exemption described in [5 U.S.C. § 552(b)]; or . 26 . . disclosure is prohibited by law.” 5 U.S.C. § 552(a)(8)(A). In order to meet this “independent 27 and meaningful burden,” “an agency must ‘identify specific harms to the relevant protected 1 materials’ and ‘connect[ ] the harms in [a] meaningful way to the information withheld.’” Ctr. for 2 Investigative Reporting v. U.S. Customs & Border Prot., 436 F. Supp. 3d 90, 106 (D.D.C. 2019) 3 (quoting Judicial Watch, Inc. v. U.S. Dep’t of Justice, No. 17-0832 (CKK), 2019 WL 4644029, at 4 *5 (D.D.C. Sept. 24, 2019) (“Judicial Watch II”). The court noted that EPA’s identified harms 5 “appear[ed] to consist of the type of general explanations and boiler plate language rejected in 6 previous cases.” [Docket No. 105 at 2-3 (quotation marks and citations omitted).] In order to get 7 a handle on the parties’ chaotic presentations, the court ordered EPA to select 20 examples of 8 withheld documents for in camera review, for which EPA contends that the harm likely to result 9 from disclosure is “obvious” based on the description of the document on the Vaughn index and 10 the identified harm. See Rosenberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 442 F. Supp. 3d 240, 259 (D.D.C. 2020) 11 (discussing instances where “the withheld information may be so obviously sensitive . . . that a 12 simple statement illustrating why the privilege applies and identifying the harm likely to result 13 from release ‘may be enough.’”). It also ordered ERF to identify (and EPA to lodge) ten examples 14 of withheld documents that illustrate its contention that EPA made improper assertions of 15 exemptions and/or insufficient claims of foreseeable harm from disclosure. EPA timely lodged all 16 30 exemplar documents for in camera review. [See Docket Nos. 106-108.] 17 One of the court’s original overarching concerns with EPA’s Vaughn index was that it 18 used boilerplate language to support the requirements of the FIA. This potentially affects all 19 withheld documents, because even if EPA could meet its burden of establishing that each 20 document is subject to a FOIA exemption, it cannot withhold a document unless it can also make 21 the requisite showing of harm under the FIA. See Ctr. for Investigative Reporting v. U.S. Dep’t of 22 Lab., 424 F. Supp. 3d 771, 780 (N.D. Cal. 2019) (“even if information falls within the scope of a 23 discretionary exemption, it cannot be withheld from the public unless the agency also shows that 24 disclosure will harm the interest protected by that exemption” under the FIA). For this reason, the 25 court chose to test this foundational problem by ordering the identification of exemplars as 26 described above. However, having now reviewed the documents submitted for in camera review 27 along with the accompanying Vaughn index entries, the court finds that many of EPA’s claims of 1 Therefore, in order to move the parties’ dispute toward final resolution, the court sets forth 2 rulings on the 30 exemplar documents based on the current record. These benchmark rulings will 3 serve as guidance to the parties with respect to the remaining documents. 4 II. DISCUSSION OF THE DOCUMENTS SUBMITTED FOR IN CAMERA REVIEW 5 EPA withheld the 30 exemplars on the basis of two FOIA exemptions: Exemption 5, which 6 protects from disclosure “inter-agency or intra-agency memorandums or letters which would not 7 be available by law to a party other than an agency in litigation with the agency . . . ,” and 8 Exemption 6, which exempts from production “personnel and medical files and similar files the 9 disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 5 10 U.S.C. § 552(b)(5), (6). Exemption 5 “protects from disclosure ‘those documents normally 11 privileged in the civil discovery context.’” Our Children’s Earth Found. v. Nat’l Marine 12 Fisheries Serv., 85 F. Supp. 3d 1074, 1086 (N.D. Cal. 2015) (quoting NLRB v. Sears, Roebuck & 13 Co., 421 U.S. 132, 149 (1975)). Here, EPA asserts the deliberative process privilege, the attorney- 14 client privilege, and the presidential communications privilege under Exemption 5. 15 The court addresses the documents submitted for in camera review under the claimed 16 exemptions, and where appropriate, discusses the documents in groups. 17 A. Exemption 5 18 1. Documents Withheld on the Basis of the Deliberative Process Privilege 19 EPA withheld 23 of the 30 exemplars on the basis of the deliberative process privilege. 20 The deliberative process privilege protects ‘the decision making processes of government 21 agencies’ in order to ‘prevent injury to the quality of agency decisions.” N.L.R.B. v. Sears, 22 Roebuck & Co., 421 U.S. 132, 150-51 (1975 (quotation marks and citations omitted). “The 23 underlying premise of the privilege is that agency decision-making might be impaired if 24 discussions within the agency were subject to public review, thereby discouraging ‘frank 25 discussion of legal or policy matters.’” In re McKesson Governmental Entities Average 26 Wholesale Price Litig., 264 F.R.D. 595, 600 (N.D. Cal. 2009) (quoting Sears, 421 U.S. at 150). 27 The Ninth Circuit has “defined the ambit of the deliberative process privilege . . . narrowly.” 1 order for the deliberative process privilege to apply, “a document must be both (1) predecisional or 2 antecedent to the adoption of agency policy and (2) deliberative, meaning it must actually be 3 related to the process by which policies are formulated.” Nat’l Wildlife Fed’n v. U.S. Forest Serv., 4 861 F.2d 1114, 1117 (9th Cir. 1988) (quotation marks and citation omitted). 5 a. Human Resources and Staffing Decisions Documents 6 Twelve of the 23 documents that EPA withheld on the basis of the deliberative process 7 privilege can be categorized as documents and communications related to human resources and/or 8 staffing issues. Of the 12 documents, six are related to human resources/staffing issues, while the 9 remaining six are related to EPA’s decisions to offer employees early retirement or incentives to 10 voluntarily separate (the “VERA/VSIP offering”). The court addresses each group in turn. 11 i. General Human Resources/Staffing Issues 12 Exemplar 1 is an undated four-page document. EPA’s Vaughn index describes it as a 13 document that “contains multiple proposals and discussion suggestions from multiple Agency 14 employees regarding proposed restructuring of the Agency, proposed improvements to 15 organizational effectiveness, and other workforce shaping considerations and options.” Vaughn 16 Index 27. The document reflects ideas and proposals regarding human resources and staffing 17 decisions to improve efficiency, reduce operating costs, and better manage EPA’s workforce. 18 According to EPA, the document “reflects pre-decisional deliberations among EPA staff and 19 superiors regarding potential reform and restructuring options for the Agency.” Id. 20 Exemplar 1 does not fall within the scope of the deliberative process privilege. It sets out 21 human resources proposals that do not clearly bear on agency policies or programs. See Nat’l 22 Wildlife Fed’n, 861 F.2d at 1118 (“Exemption 5 was created to prevent the disruption of a free 23 flow of ideas, opinions, advice and frank discussions within agencies concerning their policies and 24 programs.”). The deliberative process privilege “shields from public disclosure confidential inter- 25 agency memoranda on matters of law or policy,” and a document is part of the “‘deliberative 26 process’ as long as it is ‘actually . . . related to the process by which policies are formulated.’” Id. 27 at 1116, 1118. As one court noted, “[b]ecause the privilege ‘is centrally concerned with protecting 1 exercise of agency policy-oriented judgment fall within the privilege.” Greenpeace v. Nat’l 2 Marine Fisheries Serv., 198 F.R.D. 540, 543 (W.D. Wash. 2000) (emphasis in original) (quoting 3 Petroleum Info. Corp. v. U.S. Dep’t of Interior, 976 F.2d 1429, 1435 (D.C. Cir. 1992)). 4 “Conversely, when materials could not reasonably be said to reveal an agency’s or official’s mode 5 of formulating or exercising policy-implicating judgment, the deliberative process privilege is 6 inapplicable.” Id. (emphasis added) (quoting Petroleum Info. Corp., 976 F.2d at 1435). 7 Exemplar 1 does not bear on “the process by which policy is formulated” or “reveal 8 [EPA’s] mode of formulating or exercising policy-implicating judgment,” see Petroleum Info. 9 Corp., 976 F.2d at 1435, and EPA does not offer any authority that an agency’s process of making 10 human resources decisions is “deliberative” within the meaning of the privilege. See, e.g., 11 Chattler v. United States, No. C-07-4040 MMC (EMC), 2009 WL 1313227, at *2 (N.D. Cal. May 12 12, 2009) (noting that the assertion of the privilege was “inappropriate or . . . at least questionable 13 with respect to what appear to be logistical decisions,” including approaches to staffing, as 14 opposed to “policy-type decision[s]”); Rosenberg v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 342 F. Supp. 3d 62, 79 15 (D.D.C. 2018) (comparing internal deliberations about “a possible new detention operation in the 16 continental United States” with “more benign[ ] categories of withheld deliberative information,” 17 such as opinions about the current state of facilities and recommendations and advice about 18 maintenance issues). The relevant portions of the Coogan and White declarations in support of 19 EPA’s cross motion for summary judgment do not explain how the personnel decisions discussed 20 in Exemplar 1 are connected in any way to EPA’s substantive policy issues or statutory duties. 21 [See Docket No. 100-1 (Coogan Decl., Jul. 23, 2020) ¶¶ 54-62; 100-2 (White Decl., Jul. 23, 2020) 22 ¶¶ 35-47.] 23 Additionally, these declarations do not address an identifiable decision connected to 24 Exemplar 1. The Ninth Circuit has explained that in order to fall within the deliberative process 25 privilege, “[t]he documents must be prepared to assist an agency decision-maker in arriving at a 26 future particular decision, although [courts] need not be able to identify retroactively ‘the actual 27 decision that was made’ on the basis of the withheld documents.” Lahr v. Nat’l Transp. Safety 1 F.3d 1089, 1094 (9th Cir. 1997)). However, “the absence of an identifiable later decision is of 2 considerable relevance to the deliberative process privilege, as evidence of whether a later 3 decision was indeed under consideration. Otherwise, the privilege would be boundless, as ‘[a]ny 4 memorandum always will be ‘predecisional’ if referenced to a decision that possibly may be made 5 at some undisclosed time in the future.’” Lahr, 569 F.3d at 981 (quoting Assembly of State of Cal. 6 v. U.S. Dep’t of Com., 968 F.2d 916, 921 (9th Cir. 1992)). 7 Accordingly, on the current record, the court finds that EPA has not established that the 8 deliberative process privilege applies to shield Exemplar 1 from production. 9 EPA withheld other exemplars that reflect human resources matters on the basis of 10 deliberative process privilege, as follows: 11 • Exemplar 5 is a June 30, 2017 email chain “regarding a white paper written by [one of the 12 email chain participants] about veterans’ employment.” Vaughn Index 72. EPA redacted 13 portions of two emails on the grounds that they reflect “pre-decisional deliberations among 14 EPA staff and superiors regarding the veterans’ employment program as well as what next 15 steps the Agency should take as a result of the findings of the white paper.” Id. As 16 discussed above, EPA has not established that discussions regarding veterans’ employment 17 at EPA in general fall within the deliberative process privilege as they do not bear on “the 18 process by which policy is formulated” or “reveal [EPA’s] mode of formulating or 19 exercising policy-implicating judgment.” See Petroleum Info. Corp., 976 F.2d at 1435. 20 Further, the Vaughn index does not provide information about an identifiable later decision 21 regarding veterans’ employment. See Lahr, 569 F.3d at 981 (“[t]he documents must be 22 prepared to assist an agency decision-maker in arriving at a future particular decision”). 23 • Exemplar 6 is a “two-page draft strategy, entitled ‘AO-Managing FTE Levels (Revised 12- 24 5-17).docx,’ which was shared . . . within the EPA Office of Administrative and Executive 25 Services . . .” Vaughn Index 398. According to EPA, the information “is pre-decisional 26 because it was created for the purpose of assisting OEX managers in developing a strategy 27 for managing FTE levels in OEX within the Office of the Administrator” and “contains 1 discussed above, EPA has not established that discussions regarding general personnel 2 matters and hiring plans fall within the deliberative process privilege as they do not bear on 3 “the process by which policy is formulated” or “reveal [EPA’s] mode of formulating or 4 exercising policy-implicating judgment.” See Petroleum Info. Corp., 976 F.2d at 1435. 5 Further, the Vaughn index does not provide information about an identifiable later decision 6 regarding managing FTE levels. See Lahr, 569 F.3d at 981 (“[t]he documents must be 7 prepared to assist an agency decision-maker in arriving at a future particular decision”). 8 • Exemplar 7 is a “three-page, draft document that is entitled ‘Summary of Impacts of 9 Reduced FTE Levels’” that “lay[s] out preliminary thoughts on the impact of reducing 10 FTEs in the specific offices.” Vaughn Index 408. EPA states the “withheld information is 11 pre-decisional because it was created for the purpose of assisting OA managers in 12 developing a plan for managing FTE levels in OA,” and was shared in November 2017 to 13 “serve as discussion pieces that will assist decisionmakers as they assess the staffing needs 14 of various offices in the OA.” Id. As discussed above, EPA has not established that 15 discussions regarding general personnel matters and hiring plans fall within the 16 deliberative process privilege as they do not to bear on “the process by which policy is 17 formulated” or “reveal [EPA’s] mode of formulating or exercising policy-implicating 18 judgment.” See Petroleum Info. Corp., 976 F.2d at 1435. Further, the Vaughn index does 19 not provide information about an identifiable later decision regarding “managing FTE 20 levels in OA.” See Lahr, 569 F.3d at 981 (“[t]he documents must be prepared to assist an 21 agency decision-maker in arriving at a future particular decision”). 22 • Exemplar 8 is a “three-page, draft document that is entitled ‘OA Major Issues.docx’” that 23 was attached to emails dated April 4, 2017. Vaughn Index 418. EPA states “[t]he 24 withheld information is pre-decisional because it was created for the purpose of assisting 25 EPA senior leaders in understanding each office’s major program activities, highlighting 26 major issues and concerns in those programs,” and that “the withheld information contains 27 analysis that support the business case for presenting a business case for OA to maintain its 1 decisionmakers in accessing the staffing needs of various offices in the OA.” Id. As 2 discussed above, EPA has not established that discussions regarding “staffing needs” fall 3 within the deliberative process privilege as they do not bear on “the process by which 4 policy is formulated” or “reveal [EPA’s] mode of formulating or exercising policy- 5 implicating judgment.” See Petroleum Info. Corp., 976 F.2d at 1435. Further, the Vaughn 6 index does not provide information about an identifiable later decision regarding “the 7 staffing needs of various offices in the OA.” See Lahr, 569 F.3d at 981 (“[t]he documents 8 must be prepared to assist an agency decision-maker in arriving at a future particular 9 decision”). 10 • ERF Exemplar 1 is an August 8, 2017 email “concerning the departure of an EPA 11 employee, and discussing options for getting help with Human Resources (HR) work after 12 the employee departs” EPA. Vaughn Index 16. According to EPA, it withheld a portion of 13 the email “because it reflects internal Agency advice, recommendations, and opinions 14 relating to personnel decisions, and considerations regarding Agency organization and 15 structure” and “reflects only the thoughts and opinions of Agency staff engaged in 16 weighing options for how to address the work responsibilities of a departing Agency 17 employee after that employee has left the Agency.” Id. As discussed above, EPA has not 18 established that discussions regarding “how to address the work responsibilities of a 19 departing Agency employee” fall within the deliberative process privilege as they do not 20 bear on “the process by which policy is formulated” or “reveal [EPA’s] mode of 21 formulating or exercising policy-implicating judgment.” See Petroleum Info. Corp., 976 22 F.2d at 1435. Further, the Vaughn index does not provide information about an 23 identifiable later decision regarding this issue. See Lahr, 569 F.3d at 981 (“[t]he 24 documents must be prepared to assist an agency decision-maker in arriving at a future 25 particular decision”). 26 ii. VERA/VSIP 27 The remaining six documents in this group constitute communications and/or draft 1 Voluntary Separation Incentive Payment Authority (“VSIP”) in 2014 and 2017. Daniel Coogan, 2 Acting Director of the Office of Resources and Business Operations within the Office of Mission 3 Support, explains that VERA “allows agencies that are undergoing substantial restructuring, 4 reshaping, downsizing, transfer of function, or reorganization to temporarily lower the age and 5 service requirements in order to increase the number of employees who are eligible for 6 retirement.” Coogan Decl. ¶¶ 1, 55. VSIP, which is “also known as buyout authority, allows 7 agencies that are downsizing or restructuring to offer employees lump-sum payments as an 8 incentive to voluntarily separate.” Id. at ¶ 55. The United States Office of Personnel Management 9 (“OPM”) and Office of Management and Budget (“OMB”) “must approve an agency’s 10 VERA/VSIP business case before an agency may implement a VERA/VSIP offering.” Id. 11 In connection with EPA’s 2017 VERA/VSIP offering, Coogan states that “each EPA 12 region and program office submitted a proposed VERA/VSIP business case to EPA 13 Headquarters,” which then provided feedback and proposed edits regarding the draft business case 14 documents. Id. “After this internal editing process, all of the regions’ and program offices’ 15 business cases were consolidated into one document, EPA’s consolidated VERA/VSIP business 16 case,” and beginning on June 16, 2017, EPA submitted drafts of the consolidated VERA/VSIP 17 business case to OPM and OMB. EPA submitted its business case to OPM and OMB on July 7, 18 2017. Id. ERF states that OMB provided its final approval of EPA’s VERA/VSIP proposal on the 19 same day, July 7, 2017, and that OPM provided its approval on July 10, 2017. [Docket No. 98 20 (Sproul Decl., Jul. 2, 2020) ¶¶ 43, 44.] 21 EPA’s declarations do not address a separate VERA/VSIP offering but based on the 22 court’s review of the documents submitted for in camera review, it appears that EPA also offered 23 VERA/VSIP in 2014. See, e.g., ERF Exemplar 3. 24 Notably, ERF does not challenge EPA’s withholding of certain documents related to the 25 2017 VERA/VSIP program as “failing to constitute an Agency decision for DPP purposes.” See 26 Pl.’s Cross-Opp’n and Reply 10. In other words, ERF agrees with EPA that the decision to 27 proceed with offering VERA/VSIP in 2017 is a “decision” for purposes of the privilege. Given 1 under the deliberative process privilege. 2 EPA withheld the following VERA/VSIP-related documents on the basis of the 3 deliberative process privilege: 4 • Exemplar 4 is an undated document containing questions from OMB and answers from 5 EPA regarding an unspecified VERA/VSIP business case submission that “reflects 6 preliminary thoughts, recommendations, and opinions that were considered as part of 7 the Agency’s decision-making process for responding to OPM and OMB’s comments 8 concerning EPA’s VERA/VSIP business case.” Vaughn Index 71. The document is 9 not marked “draft” and appears to be EPA’s final answers to the questions posed by 10 OMB after EPA had already submitted its business case. The document is therefore 11 not “predecisional” or “deliberative.” EPA has also not established that a decision 12 about how to answer the OMB’s questions about the VERA/VSIP business case is the 13 type of decision within the scope of the deliberative process privilege, and EPA offers 14 no authority supporting its decision to withhold the document. 15 • Exemplar 9 is “the initial draft narrative for OECA’s VERA/VSIP business case” that 16 was attached to a May 4, 2017 email and “served as preliminary starting point for 17 OEI’s VERA/VSIP submission.” Vaughn Index 428. While the document appears to 18 be both predecisional and deliberative, EPA’s articulation of the foreseeable harm that 19 would result from disclosure falls short of the mark. It states only that “[r]elease of the 20 withheld information would have a chilling effect on Agency decision-making 21 processes, and on the Agency’s ability to have open and frank discussions and 22 consultations concerning what to consider and how to present information in a 23 VERA/VSIP business case . . .” Id. at 429. This is boilerplate and fails to connect the 24 harm in a meaningful way to the information withheld. See Ctr. for Investigative 25 Reporting, 436 F. Supp. 3d at 106. 26 • ERF’s Exemplar 2 is an email chain dated July 13, 2017 “concerning what to include 27 in the tracker for VERA/VSIP applications.” Vaughn Index 115. EPA redacted 1 emails are “deliberative because EPA employees and managers were internally 2 considering how to properly track applicants and other personnel related questions 3 concerning the implementation of the VERA/VSIP offering at the Agency.” Id. These 4 emails post-date OMB and OPM’s final approval of EPA’s VERA/VSIP business case. 5 EPA has not established that a decision about the logistics of how to implement the 6 VERA/VSIP offering, separate and apart from the decision of whether to offer 7 VERA/VSIP to employees, is the type of decision within the scope of the deliberative 8 process privilege, and EPA offers no authority supporting its decision to withhold the 9 document. 10 • ERF’s Exemplar 3 is an undated draft of a letter reminding employees of the March 5, 11 2014 final date to apply for VERA/VSIP. Vaughn Index 130. Although the Vaughn 12 index provides few details about the context of this document, it appears that this 13 document post-dates a decision to offer VERA/VSIP in 2014. EPA has not established 14 that a decision about the logistics of how to implement the VERA/VSIP offering, 15 separate and apart from the decision of whether to offer VERA/VSIP to employees, is 16 the type of decision within the scope of the deliberative process privilege, and EPA 17 offers no authority supporting its decision to withhold the document. 18 • ERF’s Exemplar 4 is an undated draft of a letter written to employees to explain the 19 2014 VERA/VSIP offering. Vaughn Index 131. According to EPA, the document 20 “reflects pre-decisional deliberations” regarding “how to present the VERA/VSIP 21 information to employees, and what should be included in such a communication.” Id. 22 EPA has not established that a decision about the logistics of how to implement the 23 VERA/VSIP offering, separate and apart from the decision of whether to offer 24 VERA/VSIP to employees, is the type of decision within the scope of the deliberative 25 process privilege, and EPA offers no authority supporting its decision to withhold the 26 document. 27 • ERF’s Exemplar 5 is an email chain containing seven emails “discussing a draft 1 Vaughn Index 366. The emails are dated July 19, 2017. EPA redacted a portion of one 2 of the emails in the chain; it states “[t]he withheld information . . . reflects pre- 3 decisional deliberations among EPA staff and superiors regarding EPA’s VERA/VSIP 4 offering and decisions related to how the Agency would implement VERA/VSIP.” Id. 5 The email chain post-dates OMB and OPM’s final approval of EPA’s VERA/VSIP 6 business case. EPA has not established that a decision about the logistics of how to 7 implement the VERA/VSIP offering, separate and apart from the decision of whether 8 to offer VERA/VSIP to employees, is the type of decision within the scope of the 9 deliberative process privilege, and EPA offers no authority supporting its decision to 10 withhold the document. 11 b. Responses to Oversight, Investigations, and the Media 12 The next group of exemplars that EPA withheld on the basis of the deliberative process 13 privilege include documents and communications regarding questions by congressional 14 committees, responses to investigations, press inquiries, and public statements. Eleven of the 23 15 documents withheld on the basis of the deliberative process privilege fall into this category. 16 For example, Exemplar 11 is a “draft of potential questions that then-Administrator Pruitt 17 may face in upcoming Congressional oversight and budget hearings” dated April 16, 2018. 18 Vaughn Index 1023. EPA states that the document “reflects internal agency analyses, advice, and 19 recommendations relating to possible questions that former Administrator Scott Pruitt could be 20 asked at upcoming Congressional hearings and suggested answers.” Id. The questions cover a 21 variety of subjects including ethics, spending, personnel, use of email, and travel practices. 22 Similarly, Exemplar 12 is a “draft version of a letter to House of Representatives Committee on 23 Oversight and Government Reform Chairman Trey Gowdy” that “was written to answer questions 24 . . . about former Administrator Pruitt’s use of first-class seating when flying for EPA business.” 25 Vaughn Index 1031. According to EPA, the document “reflects internal agency analyses, advice, 26 and recommendations on a draft response to Representative Gowdy.” It “was created for the 27 purpose of assisting EPA staff in reaching a decision on what information to include in the draft 1 These documents do not fall within the deliberative process privilege. Generally, 2 preparation for testimony before Congress and responses to questions from lawmakers regarding 3 issues other than substantive policy issues or EPA’s statutory duties do not bear on “the process by 4 which policy is formulated” or “reveal [EPA’s] mode of formulating or exercising policy- 5 implicating judgment.” See Petroleum Info. Corp., 976 F.2d at 1435. In fact, these documents 6 reflect discussions about how to communicate decisions that EPA and Pruitt had already made and 7 actions they had already taken, and thus do not qualify as predecisional. As the Ninth Circuit has 8 explained, “the purpose of the deliberative process privilege is to protect the quality of an agency’s 9 decision; revealing ‘communications made after the decision and designed to explain it’ do not 10 affect a decision’s quality.” Lahr, 569 F.3d at 981-82 (quoting N.L.R.B. v. Sears, 421 U.S. 132, 11 152 (1975)). Several courts in this circuit have concluded that similar materials do not qualify for 12 the privilege for that reason. See, e.g., Riverkeeper v. U.S. Army Corps of Eng’rs, 38 F. Supp. 3d 13 1207, 1219-20 (D. Or. 2014) (holding that draft communications materials were not “predecisional 14 in any meaningful sense”); Chattler, 2009 WL 1313227, at *2 (holding that “preparations related 15 to testimony before Congress or statements to Congress or the public (including press releases) . . . 16 do not seem to be decisions akin to policymaking” for purposes of the privilege); First Resort, Inc. 17 v. Herrera, No. CV 11-5534 SBA (KAW), 2014 WL 988773, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 10, 2014) 18 (finding that a draft press release was not protected by the privilege as it was not predecisional and 19 played no role in policy formulation); Mansourian v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. of Cal. at Davis, No. 20 CIVS 03-2591 FCD EFB, 2007 WL 4557104, at *5 (E.D. Cal. Dec. 21, 2007) (documents used 21 “to prepare for legislative testimony concerning past actions and decisions that were the subject of 22 pending lawsuits” were not predecisional; rather, “the documents were used to prepare for a post 23 hoc explanation of past actions”). 24 On the current record, the court finds that EPA has not established that the deliberative 25 process privilege applies to shield Exemplars 11 and 12 from production. EPA withheld the 26 following documents on similar grounds: 27 • Exemplar 13 is an email chain dated March 26, 2018 discussing how to respond to “a 1 Administrator’s travel records.” Vaughn Index 1055. For the reasons discussed above, 2 EPA has not established that communications about how to respond to the media 3 regarding issues other than substantive policy matters or EPA’s statutory duties bear on 4 “the process by which policy is formulated” or “reveal [EPA’s] mode of formulating or 5 exercising policy-implicating judgment.” See Petroleum Info. Corp., 976 F.2d at 1435; 6 Riverkeeper, 38 F. Supp. 3d at 1219-20. Instead, they were for the purpose of 7 “prepar[ing] for a post-hoc explanation of past actions.” See Mansourian, 2007 WL 8 4557104, at *5. Accordingly, the emails do not fall within the deliberative process 9 privilege. 10 • Exemplars 14, 16, and 17 are different threads of an email chain from April 2018 11 “discussing the response to a draft report by [Office of Inspector General] investigating 12 salary increases for seven employees in administratively appointed positions.” Vaughn 13 Index 1122, 1130, 1133. EPA redacted portions of the emails that “contain[ ] internal 14 agency discussions reflecting analyses, advice, and recommendations relating to EPA’s 15 review of the OIG draft report” and “suggest[ ] language to respond to any media 16 inquiries that the Agency may receive in response to the release of the final OIG 17 report.” Id. at 1123, 1131, 1133-34. For the reasons discussed above, EPA has not 18 established that communications about how to respond to OIG and the media regarding 19 issues other than substantive policy matters or EPA’s statutory duties bear on “the 20 process by which policy is formulated” or “reveal [EPA’s] mode of formulating or 21 exercising policy-implicating judgment.” See Petroleum Info. Corp., 976 F.2d at 1435; 22 Riverkeeper, 38 F. Supp. 3d at 1219-20. Instead, they were for the purpose of 23 “prepar[ing] for a post-hoc explanation of past actions.” See Mansourian, 2007 WL 24 4557104, at *5. Accordingly, the emails do not fall within the deliberative process 25 privilege. 26 • Exemplar 15 is an email chain from April 3, 2018 “discussing a public statement to be 27 released concerning the Agency’s authority to offer raises under the Safe Drinking 1 portions of the emails “contain[ ] internal agency discussions reflecting analyses, 2 advice, and recommendations relating to EPA’s public relations strategy concerning 3 the Agency’s authority under SDWA to offer raises to employees.” Id. For the reasons 4 discussed above, EPA has not established that communications about a public relations 5 strategy regarding employee raises bear on “the process by which policy is formulated” 6 or “reveal [EPA’s] mode of formulating or exercising policy-implicating judgment.” 7 See Petroleum Info. Corp., 976 F.2d at 1435; Riverkeeper, 38 F. Supp. 3d at 1219-20. 8 Accordingly, the emails do not fall within the deliberative process privilege. 9 • EPA’s Alternate Exemplar 1 is an email chain from April 18, 2018 “proposing a 10 response to a press inquiry from the Associated Press concerning former Administrator 11 Pruitt’s travel.” Vaughn Index 1036. EPA states the redacted portions of the emails 12 “contain[ ] internal agency discussions reflecting staff analyses, advice, and 13 recommendations relating to EPA’s communications and public relations strategy 14 concerning former Administrator Pruitt’s travel.” Id. For the reasons discussed above, 15 EPA has not established that communications about a public relations strategy and how 16 to respond to a press inquiry regarding issues other than substantive policy matters or 17 EPA’s statutory duties bear on “the process by which policy is formulated” or “reveal 18 [EPA’s] mode of formulating or exercising policy-implicating judgment.” See 19 Petroleum Info. Corp., 976 F.2d at 1435; Riverkeeper, 38 F. Supp. 3d at 1219-20. 20 Instead, they were for the purpose of “prepar[ing] for a post-hoc explanation of past 21 actions.” See Mansourian, 2007 WL 4557104, at *5. Accordingly, the emails do not 22 fall within the deliberative process privilege. 23 • EPA’s Alternate Exemplar 3 is “a draft summary of deliberative comments from Ryan 24 Jackson relating to the Agency’s response to an OIG audit concerning the Agency’s 25 hiring authority under the Safe Water Drinking Act.” Vaughn Index 1172. According 26 to EPA, the document includes “draft audit responses and additional comments on the 27 draft response.” Id. For the reasons discussed above, EPA has not established that 1 than substantive policy matters or EPA’s statutory duties bear on “the process by which 2 policy is formulated” or “reveal [EPA’s] mode of formulating or exercising policy- 3 implicating judgment.” See Petroleum Info. Corp., 976 F.2d at 1435; Riverkeeper, 38 4 F. Supp. 3d at 1219-20. Instead, they were for the purpose of “prepar[ing] for a post- 5 hoc explanation of past actions.” See Mansourian, 2007 WL 4557104, at *5. 6 Accordingly, the draft summary does not fall within the deliberative process privilege. 7 • ERF Exemplar 6 is an email chain dated March 7, 2018 discussing which information 8 to include with a Presidential Rank Award nomination for Donna Vizian, Principal 9 Deputy Assistant Administrator for OARM and “how to characterize that information.” 10 Vaughn Index 440. According to EPA, the redacted portions of the emails “reflect[] 11 pre-decisional deliberations” about “which type of information to include within the 12 nomination document.” Id. EPA has not established that discussions regarding which 13 information to include with a Presidential Rank Award nomination for an EPA 14 employee fall within the deliberative process privilege as they do not bear on “the 15 process by which policy is formulated” or “reveal [EPA’s] mode of formulating or 16 exercising policy-implicating judgment.” See Petroleum Info. Corp., 976 F.2d at 1435. 17 Moreover, it appears that these emails post-date the decision to nominate the employee 18 for the award, and EPA has not established that a decision about how to justify the 19 nomination is the type of decision within the scope of the deliberative process 20 privilege. Accordingly, the email chain does not fall within the deliberative process 21 privilege. 22 • ERF Exemplar 7 is an email chain dated February 8, 2018 “consisting of a discussion 23 among staff of EPA’s Office of Public Affairs (OPA) regarding how to respond to 24 several questions from a reporter about EPA employee morale.” Vaughn Index 759. 25 EPA states the redacted portions of the emails “consist of pre-decisional deliberations 26 among EPA staff regarding forming a response to the questions posed by the reporter” 27 about employee morale. Id. For the reasons discussed above, EPA has not established 1 than substantive policy matters or EPA’s statutory duties bear on “the process by which 2 policy is formulated” or “reveal [EPA’s] mode of formulating or exercising policy- 3 implicating judgment.” See Petroleum Info. Corp., 976 F.2d at 1435; Riverkeeper, 38 4 F. Supp. 3d at 1219-20. Accordingly, the emails do not fall within the deliberative 5 process privilege. 6 2. Attorney-Client Privilege 7 EPA withheld two of the documents submitted for in camera review in whole or in part 8 based on the attorney-client privilege. The attorney-client privilege protects “confidential 9 communications between attorneys and clients, which are made for the purpose of giving legal 10 advice.” United States v. Richey, 632 F.3d 559, 566 (9th Cir. 2011) (citation omitted); see 11 Vasudevan Software, Inc. v. IBM Corp., No. 09-cv-5897-RS (PSG), 2011 WL 1599646, at *1 12 (N.D. Cal. Apr. 27, 2011). The attorney-client privilege applies under the following 13 circumstances: (1) legal advice of any kind is sought (2) from a professional legal adviser in his 14 capacity as such, (3) the communications relating to that purpose, (4) made in confidence (5) by 15 the client, (6) are at his instance permanently protected (7) from disclosure by himself or by the 16 legal adviser, (8) unless the protection be waived. Richey, 632 F.3d at 566 (brackets, citation, and 17 quotation marks omitted). The privilege is “narrowly and strictly construed,” and the party 18 asserting it bears the burden of proving that it applies. Vasudevan Software, 2011 WL 1599646, at 19 *1 (footnotes and quotation marks omitted); accord United States v. Bergonzi, 216 F.R.D. 487, 20 493 (N.D. Cal. 2003) (holding that party asserting privilege “must make a prima facie showing” 21 that privilege applies) (citing In re Grand Jury Investigation, 974 F.2d 1068, 1071 (9th Cir. 22 1992)); see Richey, 632 F.3d at 566. The privilege protects only communications, and not 23 underlying facts. Upjohn v. United States, 449 U.S. 383, 396 (1981) (finding that a party “may not 24 refuse to disclose any relevant fact within his knowledge merely because he incorporated a 25 statement of such fact into his communication to his attorney”) (citations omitted). “The privilege 26 extends to agencies as well to the extent the agency is consulting its attorney ‘as would any private 27 party seeking advice to protect personal interest.’” Our Children’s Earth Found., 85 F. Supp. 3d 1 (N.D. Cal. 2009) (quotation marks and citation omitted)). “To support claims of attorney-client 2 privilege, the agency must, in its Vaughn index, ‘show that these documents involved the 3 provision of specifically legal advice or that they were intended to be confidential and were kept 4 confidential.’” Id. (quoting Nat’l Resources Def. Council v. U.S. Dep’t of Def., 388 F. Supp. 2d 5 1086, 1104 (C.D. Cal. 2005) (emphasis in original) (quotation omitted)). 6 EPA is withholding a portion of Exemplar 2, an email chain, on the basis of the attorney- 7 client privilege. EPA has redacted a portion of a June 6, 2017 email from Robert D. Coomber, 8 Senior Labor Attorney, Labor and Employee Relations Division, to seven individuals with EPA 9 email addresses. In his email, Coomber references “a memorandum on union notice re 10 VERA/VSIP,” and EPA has redacted Coomber’s brief summary of his advice. EPA states the 11 redacted portion of the email constitutes “legal advice provided by Robert Coomber in his capacity 12 as Senior Labor Attorney” in response to a request for such advice “on the Agency’s legal 13 obligations concerning its notice to unions regarding VERA/VSIP,” and that the attorney-client 14 privilege has not been waived. 15 Exemplar 3, which EPA is withholding in its entirety, appears to be the memo referenced 16 by Coomber in the June 6, 2017 email. It is a memo dated June 6, 2017 by Coomber and 17 addressed to Donna Vizian, Acting Assistant Administrator, OARM, an office within EPA. The 18 subject is “Union Notice re VERA/VSIP.” EPA states that the attorney-client privilege over the 19 memo has not been waived. 20 The court finds that EPA properly invoked the attorney-client privilege as to Examples 2 21 and 3. The June 6, 2017 email and memo are between an EPA attorney and EPA employees and 22 are confidential communications related to the provision of legal advice with respect to 23 VERA/VSIP. 24 Turning to foreseeable harm, EPA may not withhold these documents “unless the agency 25 also shows that disclosure will harm the interest protected by” Exemption 5. See Ctr. for 26 Investigative Reporting, 424 F. Supp. 3d at 780. Neither the White nor the Coogan declarations 27 describe any foreseeable harm that would result from disclosure. See White Decl. ¶¶ 48-51; 1 the harm that would result from disclosure of attorney-client privileged communications. The 2 corresponding entries address only the segregability of the factual material in the documents: 3 “[r]elease of the factual material” in the documents “would . . . deprive the Agency of the benefit 4 of confidential legal advice by allowing the scrutiny of the select client-supplied facts that 5 informed the specific legal advice from the EPA attorney.” Vaughn Index 53-54. This fails to 6 address the harm that would result if the legal advice itself were disclosed, and EPA offers no 7 authority that it need not comply with the requirements of the FIA for documents withheld on the 8 basis of the attorney-client privilege. Given its failure to describe any foreseeable harm that would 9 result from disclosure, EPA may not withhold these documents. 10 3. Presidential Communications Privilege 11 EPA withheld portions of ERF’s Exemplar 8, pages from former Administrator Pruitt’s 12 calendar, based on the presidential communications privilege. The presidential communications 13 privilege is a “presumptive privilege for [p]residential communications” that “preserves the 14 President’s ability to obtain candid and informed opinions from his advisors and to make decisions 15 confidentially.” Karnoski v. Trump, 926 F.3d 1180, 1203 (9th Cir. 2019) (quoting Loving v. Dep’t 16 of Def., 550 F.3d 32, 37 (D.C. Cir. 2008) (quoting United States v. Nixon, 418 U.S. 683, 708 17 (1974))). The presidential communications privilege protects the following materials:

18 [C]ommunications directly involving and documents actually viewed by the President, as well as documents solicited and received by the 19 President or his immediate White House advisers [with] . . . broad and significant responsibility for investigating and formulating the advice 20 to be given the President. The privilege covers documents reflecting presidential decision making and deliberations, regardless of whether 21 the documents are predecisional or not, and it covers the documents in their entirety. 22 Karnoski, 926 F.3d at 1203 (quoting Loving, 550 F.3d at 37-38 (internal quotation marks and 23 citations omitted). “[T]he presidential communications privilege should be construed as narrowly 24 as is consistent with ensuring that the confidentiality of the President’s decisionmaking process is 25 adequately protected.” In re Sealed Case, 121 F.3d 729, 752 (D.C. Cir. 1997) 26 Here, the redacted portions of ERF’s Exemplar 8 reflect a communication directly 27 involving former President Trump. They are therefore protected by the presidential 1 communications privilege. However, neither the Vaughn index nor the relevant portion of the 2 White declaration addresses foreseeable harm. See White Decl. ¶ 52. In the absence of a showing 3 of foreseeable harm to an interest protected by the exemption, EPA may not withhold any portions 4 of the document. 5 B. Exemption 6 6 EPA withheld portions of five of the documents submitted for in camera review based on 7 FOIA Exemption 6, which exempts from production “personnel and medical files and similar files 8 the disclosure of which would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 5 9 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6). Under Ninth Circuit law, “[t]he phrase ‘similar files’ has a broad, rather than 10 a narrow meaning,” such that “[g]overnment records containing information that applies to 11 particular individuals satisfy the threshold test of Exemption 6.” Forest Serv. Emps. for Env't 12 Ethics v. U.S. Forest Serv., 524 F.3d 1021, 1024 (9th Cir. 2008) (second alteration in original, 13 quotation marks and citations omitted). 14 If records satisfy this threshold test, the court must next consider whether disclosure of the 15 information “would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” Id. (emphasis 16 added) (quoting 5 U.S.C. § 552(b)(6)). “[T]o determine whether a record is properly withheld, 17 [courts] must balance the privacy interest protected by the exemptions against the public interest in 18 government openness that would be served by disclosure.” Lahr, 569 F.3d at 973. “Once the 19 government has identified a cognizable privacy interest, ‘the only relevant public interest in the 20 FOIA balancing analysis is the extent to which disclosure of the information sought would shed 21 light on an agency’s performance of its statutory duties or otherwise let citizens know what their 22 government is up to.’” Id. (emphasis in original) (quoting Bibles v. Or. Natural Desert Ass’n, 519 23 U.S. 355, 355-56 (1997)). “In other words, information about private citizens that is accumulated 24 in various governmental files but that reveals little or nothing about an agency’s own conduct is 25 not the type of information to which FOIA permits access.” Forest Serv. Emps., 524 F.3d at 1025 26 (quotation marks and citations omitted). 27 • Exemplar 13 is an email chain dated March 26, 2018 about how to respond to “a media 1 travel records.” Vaughn Index 1055. EPA redacted the Wall Street Journal reporter’s 2 phone numbers under Exemption 6, although it did not redact the reporter’s name and 3 email address. According to EPA, “Plaintiff has indicated that it intends to use the 4 phone numbers to contact the individual if released,” and “[t]he reporter has a 5 significant personal privacy interest in preventing the harassment that will occur in the 6 form of burdensome, unsolicited phone calls that will result from disclosure of the 7 phone numbers.” Id. at 1055-56. White also states that EPA withheld the phone 8 numbers “[b]ecause uninvited contact by phone is far more invasive than by email.” 9 White Decl. ¶ 54. Here, the reporter affirmatively contacted EPA in a professional 10 context—a request for EPA’s position on a particular issue related to former 11 Administrator Pruitt. EPA has already disclosed the reporter’s name, news 12 organization, and email address in the same email chain. Given this context, the court 13 sees no meaningful difference between the reporter’s email address and phone 14 numbers. Therefore, EPA has not established that releasing the phone numbers is a 15 “clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy.” 16 • Exemplar 19 is an email chain consisting of a resignation email from an EPA employee 17 to an unspecified number of other EPA employees, and a second email forwarding the 18 resignation email to another EPA employee. Vaughn Index 736. EPA redacted 19 personal details and identifying information, including “the employee’s name, personal 20 contact information, job title and location, length of employment, resignation date, the 21 reason for leaving the Agency, which, in its entirety, is personal in nature, plans after 22 resignation from the Agency, the employee’s signature, date of email, and the email 23 recipients.” Id. Having reviewed the emails in camera, the court concludes that the 24 disclosure of the redacted portions “would constitute a clearly unwarranted invasion of 25 personal privacy,” and that EPA’s articulation of the harm that is likely to result from 26 disclosing the personal information therein—that is, “embarrassment or harassment”— 27 is sufficient to justify withholding the information. The court also notes that ERF only 1 Cross-Opp’n and Reply 17. These emails do not fall into that category. 2 • EPA’s Alternate Exemplar 2 is “a letter from an EPA employee providing to the 3 Agency their notice of resignation, resignation date, and providing a brief statement 4 identifying their reasons for leaving the agency.” Vaughn Index 745. EPA redacted 5 “personal details and identifying information, the disclosure of which would constitute 6 a clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy,” including “the employee’s name, 7 personal contact information, job title, division within the Agency, resignation date, the 8 employee’s signature, date of letter, and the letter recipients and their contact 9 information.” Id. ERF does not challenge the withholding of the former employee’s 10 name and contact information. Pl.’s Cross-Opp’n and Reply 16. EPA contends that 11 the harm that would result from disclosing the information “could subject the employee 12 to embarrassment or harassment,” but this appears to be entirely unsupported as ERF 13 does not seek production of the individual’s name. Therefore, EPA has not established 14 that releasing information other than the individual’s name and contact information is a 15 “clearly unwarranted invasion of personal privacy” or would result in harm to the 16 interests protected by Exemption 6. 17 • ERF’s Exemplar 9 is pages from Former Administrator Pruitt’s calendar. Vaughn 18 Index 1165. EPA redacted Pruitt’s email address, the names of two restaurants at 19 which Pruitt dined, and the email address for one of the individuals with whom he 20 dined, described as a “personal friend[]” (although it did not redact not the individual’s 21 name). According to EPA, Pruitt “has a privacy interest in information regarding 22 where he dined,” and “[d]isclosure of the dining locations shed no light on Agency 23 business.” Id. ERF challenges only EPA’s redaction of the restaurant names. [See 24 Docket No. 98-1 at ECF p. 2160.] EPA’s withholding of this information is not 25 justified, as it does not articulate any harm that would result from disclosing the 26 information. 27 • ERF’s Exemplar 10 is an email chain with two emails. EPA describes the document as 1 completion of a resigning employee checklist, and one reply email from the resigning 2 EPA employee acknowledging completion of the resigning employee checklist.” 3 Vaughn Index 721. It states “[t]he withheld portion of the email contains personal 4 details and identifying information.” Id. However, the document that EPA submitted 5 for in camera review as ERF’s Exemplar 10 does not appear to correspond to this 6 entry. Although the bates numbers of the document correspond to the Vaughn index 7 entry (EcoRights_01.31.20 Production0003-0005), the emails contain no reference to a 8 “resigning employee checklist.” Accordingly, the court is unable to evaluate EPA’s 9 withholding of this document on the basis of the claimed FOIA exemption. 10 III. CONCLUSION 11 In sum, the court concludes that EPA has failed to establish that it properly withheld all of 12 the exemplars submitted for in camera review, with the exceptions of Exemplar 19 and ERF 13 Exemplar 10. By no later than June 8, 2021, EPA shall produce to ERF all 28 exemplars that it 14 improperly withheld. Having provided rulings regarding EPA’s exemption and foreseeable harm 15 arguments for the 30 documents submitted for in camera review, the court now orders the 16 following: using the rulings provided in this order and applying them as guidance across the 17 universe of withheld documents, EPA shall re-review each of the documents it is withholding 18 based on any claimed FOIA exemptions in light of the authority discussed above. Within 14 days 19 of the date of this order, EPA shall produce to ERF any and all documents for which it withdraws 20 its exemption claims. Within 21 days of the date of this order, EPA shall produce a revised 21 Vaughn index to ERF. EPA’s revised Vaughn index must contain individually-numbered entries, 22 and must make clear which documents EPA is continuing to withhold and the total number of 23 documents and pages that it is withholding. 24 Following production of the revised Vaughn index, the parties shall meet and confer about 25 any remaining withholdings. Based on the court’s review of the 30 exemplars, it appears likely 26 that EPA over-withheld documents responsive to ERF’s FOIA requests. Therefore, the court 27 anticipates that EPA’s re-review of the withheld documents will address all or nearly all of the 1 and conferring, the parties shall submit a joint letter setting forth a proposal for how the court may 2 || efficiently resolve any outstanding disputes. Any such joint letter may not exceed two pages, and 3 || must be filed within 21 days of the date of EPA’s production of a revised Vaughn index. If the 4 || parties are unable to agree to a joint proposal, the joint letter shall describe their individual 5 || proposals. The court will issue further instructions upon review of the joint letter.

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