1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 ADRIAN GAMINO, Case No. 19-cv-01880-HSG 8 Plaintiff, ORDER DENYING MOTION TO

VACATE

9 v. Re: Dkt. No. 1 10 USA, 11 Defendant. 12 USA, Case No. 11-cr-00596-HSG-2 13 Plaintiff, 14 v. Re: Dkt. No. 67 15 GAMINO, 16 Defendant. 17 USA, Case No. 11-cr-00595-HSG-1 18 Plaintiff, 19 v. Re: Dkt. No. 36 20 GAMINO, 21 Defendant. 22 23 I. BACKGROUND 24 On April 18, 2019, Defendant Adrian Gamino (“Defendant”) filed a pro se motion to 25 vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence. See Dkt. No. 36 in 11-CR-00595-HSG-1 and Dkt. No. 67 26 in 11-CR-00596-HSG-2. Defendant was sentenced to 240-month concurrent sentences in the two 27 cases for conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute and distribution of methamphetamine. See 1 substance offenses in light of the Supreme Court’s decisions in Sessions v. Dimaya, 138 S. Ct. 2 1204 (2018), and Johnson v. United States, 576 U.S. 591 (2015). Defendant contends that his 3 sentence was unlawfully increased as a result. 4 On August 28, 2020, the Court ordered the United States Attorney’s Office to file a 5 response to Defendant’s motion. See Dkt. No. 47 in 11-CR-00595-HSG-1 and Dkt. No. 77 in 11- 6 CR-00596-HSG-2.1 Although the order afforded Defendant the opportunity to file a memorandum 7 of points and authorities in support of his 2255 Motion, he did not do so. 8 II. ANALYSIS 9 Defendant’s motion to vacate, set aside, or correct his sentence fails because the sentencing 10 court properly determined that his three prior convictions for possession of a controlled substance 11 for sale were “drug trafficking offenses,” warranting a classification as a career offender and a 12 sentence of 240 months of confinement. And nothing about Sessions or Johnson changes that 13 conclusion. 14 The Ninth Circuit has consistently affirmed that under the categorical approach required by 15 Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 602 (1990), a conviction for possession of 16 methamphetamine for sale qualifies as a drug trafficking offense for purposes of the federal 17 sentencing guidelines. United States v. Valle-Montalbo, 474 F. 3d. 1197, 1200-1201 (9th Cir. 18 2007). Without dispute, Defendant was convicted, on three separate occasions, of possession of a 19 controlled substance for sale in violation of California Health and Safety Code Section 11378, 20 which prohibits the “possess[ion] for sale” of certain controlled substances. See Dkt. No. 55 in 21 11-CR-0595-HSG-1 (presentence report) at ¶¶ 38, 45, 48, 49. Methamphetamine is a schedule II 22 controlled substance that is illegal to possess under California Health and Safety Code Section 23 11055(d)(2). Based on this undisputed record, the sentencing court properly applied the 24 categorical approach to determine that Defendant was a career offender under U.S.S.G § 4B1.1. 25 Ninth Circuit authority, including Valle-Montalbo, was binding on the sentencing court, 26 1 The cases were originally assigned to the Honorable Lucy H. Koh, who imposed the sentences 27 being challenged. On January 21, 2022, the underlying criminal cases and the associated civil 1 and is binding on this Court, unless it is clearly irreconcilable with intervening higher authority. 2 The Ninth Circuit has cautioned that only in cases of “clear irreconcilability” can district courts 3 “consider themselves bound by the intervening higher authority and reject the prior opinion of [the 4 Ninth Circuit] as having been effectively overruled.” Miller v. Gammie, 335 F.3d 889, 899–900 5 (9th Cir. 2003) (en banc). “This is a high standard,” which “requires [the district court] to look at 6 more than the surface conclusions of the competing authority.” Rodriguez v. AT & T Mobility 7 Servs. LLC, 728 F.3d 975, 979 (9th Cir. 2013) (quotation omitted). 8 Neither Sessions nor Johnson is irreconcilable with the controlling Ninth Circuit precedent 9 so as to meet the Miller standard. In striking down the Armed Career Criminal Act’s (ACCA’s) 10 residual clause in Johnson, the Supreme Court emphasized that its decision “does not call into 11 question application of the [Armed Career Criminal] Act to the [Act’s] four enumerated offenses, 12 or to the remainder of the Act’s definition of a violent felony,” including an offense that “has as an 13 element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force against the person of another” 14 and a felony offense that “is burglary, arson, or extortion, [or] involves the use of explosives,” 18 15 U.S.C. § 924(e)(2)(B)(i)-(ii); Johnson, 576 U.S. at 606. In Sessions, the Supreme Court held that 16 18 U.S.C. § 16(b), part of the definition of “crime of violence,” is unconstitutionally vague, just 17 like the residual clause in Johnson. But in this case, Defendant had three prior convictions for 18 drug trafficking offenses. Those offenses are specifically enumerated in the Guidelines, and were 19 thus unaffected by the Supreme Court’s later cases regarding the residual clause or the crime of 20 violence definition. See U.S.S.G. § 2L1.2, Comment 2 (defining a “drug trafficking offense” as 21 “an offense under federal, state, or local law that prohibits . . . the possession of a controlled 22 substance (or a counterfeit substance) with intent to manufacture, import, export, distribute, or 23 dispense”). So the above-cited Ninth Circuit authority remains binding, and requires denial of 24 Defendant’s motion. 25 // 26 // 27 //

I. CONCLUSION

Defendant’s Motions to Vacate, Set Aside or Correct Sentence, Dkt. No. 36 in Case No. 2 11-CR-00595-HSG-1, Dkt. No. 67 in Case No. 11-CR-00596-HSG-2, and Dkt. No. 1 in Case No. 3 19-cv-01880-HSG, are DENIED. The Clerk is directed to close the file of Case No. 19-cv-01880- 4

HSG.

5

IT IS SO ORDERED.

6 Dated: 5/17/2022

8 HAYWOOD S. GILLIAM, JR. 9 United States District Judge 10 ll a 12

13 14

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