1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 SAN JOSE DIVISION 7 8 BRYANNA BERRY, Case No. 21-cv-08436-VKD

9 Plaintiff,

ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND

10 v. DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS'

MOTION TO DISMISS FIRST

11 CITY OF SAN JOSE, et al., AMENDED COMPLAINT 12 Defendants. Re: Dkt. No. 31

13 14 Plaintiff Bryana Berry filed this civil rights action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, claiming 15 that defendants City of San Jose (“City”) and San Jose Police Officer Lindsay Parodi violated her 16 civil rights. Defendants now move pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) to dismiss the fifth, sixth and 17 seventh claims for relief asserted in Ms. Berry’s First Amended Complaint (“FAC”). The seventh 18 claim for relief is a Monell1 claim asserted against the City. At the April 19, 2022 motion hearing, 19 plaintiffs confirmed that all other claims asserted against the City (i.e., Claims 2 through 6) are 20 based on Monell liability, and the City confirmed that in moving to dismiss Claim 7, it in effect 21 seeks dismissal of all claims asserted against it. Dkt. No. 35. 22 Upon consideration of the moving and responding papers, as well as the oral arguments 23 presented, the Court grants defendants’ motion to dismiss in part and denies it in part, with leave 24 to amend.2 25 27 2 All parties have expressly consented that all proceedings in this matter may be heard and finally 1 I. BACKGROUND 2 The following background facts are drawn from the FAC’s factual allegations, which for 3 present purposes, are deemed true. 4 On the evening of November 2, 2019, Ms. Berry went out for her birthday celebration in 5 San Jose. Dkt. No. 27 ¶ 8. Ladonna Jackson, Ms. Berry’s friend, drove Ms. Berry from her home 6 in Oakland and the two women stopped at a gas station once they reached San Jose. Id. ¶¶ 8, 9. 7 Ms. Berry alleges that “[w]ith no warning,” San Jose Police Officer Clare Johnson and defendant 8 Officer Parodi pulled their police cruiser behind the car in which Ms. Jackson and Ms. Berry were 9 sitting. Id. ¶ 9. Officers Johnson and Parodi, both described as “white female[s],” allegedly were 10 part of a police unit that specializes in enforcing laws against prostitution. Id. Before Ms. Jackson 11 or Ms. Berry exited the car to buy gas, the officers reportedly approached them, demanded 12 identification “and made it clear that Ms. Jackson and [Ms. Berry] were being detained and were 13 not free to leave.” Id. 14 Ms. Berry says she called 911 and requested assistance because “she became frightened 15 that she, a black woman doing nothing wrong, might become a victim of police violence[.]” Id. 16 The 911 operator reportedly told Ms. Berry that there was nothing she could do to help her and 17 hung up. Officer Johnson approached the driver’s side of the car, while Officer Parodi approached 18 the passenger side where Ms. Berry was sitting. Ms. Berry says that “[b]ecause she had been 19 racially profiled in the past by San Jose law enforcement, was doing absolutely nothing wrong or 20 illegal, and was frightened, [she] immediately began using her cell phone to video record the 21 encounter and advised [Officer] Parodi she was doing so.” Id. 22 According to the FAC, Officer Parodi “changed her attitude toward [Ms. Berry] and 23 seemingly became enraged” when she saw that Ms. Berry was recording the encounter and “told 24 [Ms. Berry] to put her phone down, so as to prevent [Ms. Berry] from continuing to video and 25 audio record the encounter.” Id. ¶ 10. Officer Parodi allegedly demanded Ms. Berry’s 26 identification “in an unnecessarily loud and aggressive voice,” and Ms. Berry says that she 27 complied by providing her name and California driver’s license number. Id. But the FAC alleges 1 voice” demanded that she exit the car, “while [Ms. Berry] asked what she had done wrong, and 2 protested that she had done nothing wrong.” Id. 3 The FAC further alleges that “[i]nstead of explaining her concerns or even asking [Ms. 4 Berry] what she and Ms. Jackson were doing at the gas station,” Officer Parodi “reached inside the 5 half open passenger window, and unlocked and opened the passenger door.” Id. ¶ 11. “Still 6 protesting that she had done nothing wrong,” Ms. Berry says that she was attempting to comply 7 with Officer Parodi’s requests to exit the car; but her movements were awkward and slower than 8 usual because she was still holding her cell phone to record the incident, which Ms. Berry felt 9 “was a form of insurance for her safety during the encounter.” Id. Once the passenger door was 10 opened, Officer Parodi allegedly applied a pain compliance hold on Ms. Berry’ right wrist, 11 violently pulled her from the car, and threw her on the concrete floor of the gas station. Id. 12 Ms. Berry believes that Officer Parodi “intentionally retaliated against [her] for attempting 13 to audio and video record the encounter and for protesting that she had done nothing wrong.” Id. 14 She further “alleges that the more she protested her innocence of any wrongdoing, the more 15 violent and aggressive [Officer] Parodi became towards her.” Id. According to the FAC, Ms. 16 Berry briefly lost consciousness when Officer Parodi threw her to the ground. Officer Parodi also 17 reportedly punched Ms. Berry and used elbow strikes on her head, face and torso, and then placed 18 her knee on Ms. Berry’s neck and handcuffed her. Id. ¶¶ 11, 12. 19 After Ms. Berry was arrested and handcuffed, a San Jose police officer, identified in the 20 FAC only as Sergeant “White,” arrived with around 20 other officers. Id. ¶ 13. Sergeant White 21 and the other officers allegedly laughed and ignored Ms. Berry’s pleas for help, and Sergeant 22 White reportedly “was dismissive” of Ms. Berry’s complaint about Officer Parodi’s conduct. Id. 23 Ms. Berry alleges that no law enforcement officer—including Officer Parodi, Officer Johnson, and 24 Sergeant White—mentioned anything to her or to Ms. Jackson about alleged solicitation or 25 prostitution at any point during the encounter. Id. Ms. Berry was not charged with prostitution or 26 a related crime, and she says that at no time did Officer Parodi or any other law enforcement 27 officer arrest her for any prostitution-related activity. Reportedly, no officer read Ms. Berry her 1 Officer Parodi allegedly pulled Ms. Berry up from the ground, pulled her to the police 2 cruiser, and instructed her to enter the back of the cruiser. But when Ms. Berry was unable to seat 3 herself with her hands cuffed, Officer Parodi allegedly “entered the back seat from the opposite 4 side of the car and pulled [Ms. Berry] by her arms across the seat in a prone position, despite [Ms. 5 Berry’s] pain and discomfort.” Id. at ¶ 14. “In short,” Ms. Berry says that “throughout the 6 encounter,” Officer Parodi “engaged in every conceivable action to cause [Ms. Berry] pain and 7 suffering, in retaliation for [Ms. Berry]’s initial recording of the encounter.” Id. 8 The FAC alleges that Officer Parodi’s subsequent claim that she believed Ms. Berry was 9 engaged in prostitution is “a sham and fabricated reason to first detain, then beat, and finally arrest 10 [Ms. Berry].” Id. Here, Ms. Berry alleges that Officer Parodi did not examine the contents of Ms. 11 Berry’s purse (and did not, in any event, ask for Ms. Berry’s consent) to search for any evidence 12 of prostitution activity “like condoms, sexual aides, and cash.” Id. Instead, Officer Parodi 13 allowed Ms. Jackson to drive away from the scene with Ms. Berry’s purse in her car. Id. 14 However, Ms. Berry says that Officer Parodi did confiscate her cell phone and searched its 15 contents, without a warrant or Ms. Berry’s consent. Id. ¶ 15. Officer Parodi reportedly also 16 “contacted and threatened” Ms. Berry’s elderly mother, who lives in Texas, causing Ms. Berry 17 “even greater fear, embarrassment, and humiliation.” Id. 18 Ms. Berry says she “was in severe pain from her shoulders, clavicle, ribs, torso and arms,” 19 and was taken to a hospital for treatment. Id. ¶ 16. While there, she claims that Officer Parodi 20 “repeatedly taunted” her; “engaged unnecessary, unwanted, and inappropriate touching of [Ms. 21 Berry’s] body”; encouraged another patient to taunt and threaten Ms. Berry and gave that patient 22 Ms. Berry’s home address; told Ms. Berry that she looked or dressed like a “hooker;” told Ms. 23 Berry, in the presence of a male nurse, that if Ms. Berry needed to use the restroom she was going 24 to have to “get naked” in front of Officer Parodi; and “threatened to force [Ms. Berry] to pull 25 down her pants and underwear, and urinate in a plastic basin while [Officer] Parodi and male 26 hospital attendants watched.” Id. When making these comments, Officer Parodi allegedly 27 “laughed, licked her lips, and made offensive and inappropriate comments.” Id. When Officer 1 partner Officer Johnson allegedly removed Ms. Berry’s handcuffs, allowed her to use the 2 restroom, apologized for Officer Parodi’s behavior, and admitted that Officer Parodi was wrong in 3 her treatment and arrest of Ms. Berry. Id. 4 After hospital staff determined that Ms. Berry was in stable condition, she was transported 5 to the Santa Clara County jail where she remained incarcerated overnight. Id. Officer Parodi 6 allegedly “threated to transport [Ms. Berry] wrapped in a blanket from the hospital to jail,” 7 accused Ms. Berry of drug use, requested that hospital staff test Ms. Berry for drugs even though 8 Ms. Berry says she is not a drug user, and “threatened to have [Ms. Berry] tranquilized as 9 retaliation for [Ms. Berry’s] protestations of innocence.” Id. 10 Ms. Berry was released from custody the following morning at dawn, and Ms. Jackson 11 drove her back home to Oakland. Ms. Berry alleges that she “was in such pain from the injuries 12 inflicted by [Officer] Parodi that she could not pick up or hold her children to breastfeed them for 13 approximately three months after the encounter.” Id. ¶ 17. Ms. Berry further alleges that after 14 arriving home, she observed Officer Parodi sitting in and then standing outside of a pickup truck 15 less than one block from her home, and “was terrified that [Officer] Parodi was stalking her with 16 bad intent,” and feared for her safety and that of her children. Id. ¶ 19. 17 According to the FAC, Officer Parodi later falsely claimed in her police report that Ms. 18 Berry ducked when she saw officers approaching. Ms. Berry maintains that Officer Parodi’s 19 “body worn camera footage of the incident shows to the contrary, that [Ms. Berry] sat upright and 20 made no attempt to hide herself from the officers’ view.” Id. ¶ 9. Defendant Parodi allegedly also 21 falsely reported that Ms. Berry provided information when asked for identification, “but could not 22 be recorded,” and that she needed to remove Ms. Berry from the car because of Ms. Berry’s 23 “furtive movements and . . . [Officer Parodi] could not see what was on the floor of the car.” Id. 24 ¶ 10. The FAC alleges that Officer Parodi’s body-worn camera footage “shows otherwise” and 25 that Ms. Berry “limited her movements in the car to raising her hands to demonstrate to [Officer] 26 Parodi that she had no weapon or anything threatening to the officers, and in fact, nothing in her 27 hands except the cell phone with which she was recording the incident.” Id. Officer Parodi’s 1 for the purposes of prostitution, a claim she never once asked about or accused [Ms. Berry] of 2 during the encounter and arrest.” Id. ¶ 18. Ms. Berry believes that Officer Parodi “racially 3 profiled [her] and her friend [Ms.] Jackson because they are African American, and because [Ms. 4 Berry] was dressed up for her birthday party, believed that she was a prostitute, treated her as 5 though she was a prostitute and sought to detain and then arrest her for prostitution, not because 6 there was any cause to believe, or any evidence, that she was prostituting, but only because she is 7 black.” Id. 8 Ms. Berry was not detained or arrested for prostitution or any related offense, but was 9 instead charged with a misdemeanor for resisting arrest. Id. According to the FAC, that charge 10 was dismissed after Ms. Berry refused to accept a plea and after her criminal defense attorneys 11 sought discovery of any records concerning Officer Parodi’s prior wrongful acts. Id. ¶¶ 18, 20. 12 Ms. Berry filed the present action against the City of San Jose and Officer Parodi on 13 October 29, 2021.3 The complaint asserted seven claims for relief under 42 U.S.C. § 1983: 14 (1) excessive force (against Officer Parodi); (2) unlawful detention (against Officer Parodi and the 15 City); (3) false arrest (against Officer Parodi and the City); (4) unlawful search and seizure 16 (against Officer Parodi and the City); (5) malicious prosecution (against all defendants);4 (6) First 17 Amendment violation (against all defendants); and (7) Monell claim (against the City). Dkt. No. 18 1. 19 Defendants initially moved to dismiss the fourth through seventh claims for relief, arguing 20 that Ms. Berry failed to plead sufficient facts to establish municipal liability and otherwise failed 21 to plead facts supporting a plausible claim for relief. Dkt. No. 20. Defendants’ motion was 22 mooted when Ms. Berry timely filed her FAC as of right under Rule 15(a). Dkt. No. 27. The 23

24 3 Although titled a “Complaint for Damages,” Ms. Berry docketed her original pleading as an “Amended Complaint” (Dkt. No. 1), followed by a second seemingly identical “Complaint” (Dkt. 25 No. 2). At the initial case management conference, her counsel confirmed that he was not aware of any amended pleading and confirmed that the complaint docketed as Dkt. No. 1 is the operative 26 pleading. Dkt. No. 22.

27 4 At the motion hearing, Ms. Berry confirmed that claims asserted against “All Defendants” are 1 FAC asserts the same seven claims for relief asserted in the original complaint. 2 Defendants now move to dismiss Ms. Berry’s fifth (malicious prosecution), sixth (First 3 Amendment), and seventh (Monell) claims for relief pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6), arguing that the 4 FAC still fails to plead sufficient facts establishing municipal liability and otherwise fails to state a 5 plausible claim for relief.5 Upon consideration of the moving and responding papers, the Court 6 grants defendants’ motion to dismiss Claim 7 (and Claims 2-6) against the City, as well as Claim 5 7 for malicious prosecution, with leave to amend. Officer Parodi’s motion to dismiss Claim 6 for 8 retaliation under the First Amendment is denied. 9 II. LEGAL STANDARD 10 A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) tests the legal 11 sufficiency of the claims in the complaint. Navarro v. Block, 250 F.3d 729, 732 (9th Cir. 2001). 12 Dismissal is appropriate where there is no cognizable legal theory or an absence of sufficient facts 13 alleged to support a cognizable legal theory. Id. (citing Balistreri v. Pacifica Police Dep’t, 901 14 F.2d 696, 699 (9th Cir. 1990)). In such a motion, all material allegations in the complaint must be 15 taken as true and construed in the light most favorable to the claimant. Id. 16 However, “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of action, supported by mere 17 conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009). Moreover, 18 “the court is not required to accept legal conclusions cast in the form of factual allegations if those 19 conclusions cannot reasonably be drawn from the facts alleged.” Clegg v. Cult Awareness 20 Network, 18 F.3d 752, 754-55 (9th Cir. 1994). 21 Rule 8(a)(2) requires only “a short and plain statement of the claim showing that the 22 pleader is entitled to relief.” This means that the “[f]actual allegations must be enough to raise a 23 right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555 24 (2007) (citations omitted). However, only plausible claims for relief will survive a motion to 25 dismiss. Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 679. A claim is plausible if the facts pled permit the court to draw a 26 reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the alleged misconduct. Id. A plaintiff does 27 1 not have to provide detailed facts, but the pleading must include “more than an unadorned, the- 2 defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” Id. at 678. 3 III. DISCUSSION 4 A. Claim 7: Monell 5 The Court turns first to the Monell claim and concludes that Claim 7 and all other claims 6 asserted against the City (i.e., Claims 2-6) should be dismissed for failure to plead sufficient facts 7 establishing a plausible claim for relief. 8 Local governments are “persons” subject to liability under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 where official 9 policy or custom causes a constitutional tort. Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. of the City of New 10 York, 436 U.S. 658, 690 (1978). However, a city or county may not be held vicariously liable for 11 the unconstitutional acts of its employees under the theory of respondeat superior. See Bd. of 12 Cnty. Comm’rs v. Brown, 520 U.S. 397, 403 (1997); Monell, 436 U.S. at 691; Fuller v. City of 13 Oakland, 47 F.3d 1522, 1534 (9th Cir.1995). “Instead, it is when execution of a government’s 14 policy or custom, whether made by its lawmakers or by those whose edicts or acts may fairly be 15 said to represent official policy, inflicts the injury that the government as an entity is responsible 16 under § 1983.” Monell, 436 U.S. at 694. “The ‘official policy’ requirement was intended to 17 distinguish acts of the municipality from acts of employees of the municipality, and thereby make 18 clear that municipal liability is limited to action for which the municipality is actually 19 responsible.” Pembaur v. City of Cincinnati, 475 U.S. 469, 479 (1986). 20 To impose municipal liability under § 1983 for a violation of constitutional rights, a 21 plaintiff must show that: (1) the plaintiff possessed a constitutional right of which he or she was 22 deprived; (2) the municipality had a policy; (3) this policy amounts to deliberate indifference to 23 the plaintiff’s constitutional rights; and (4) the policy is the moving force behind the constitutional 24 violation. See Plumeau v. School Dist. # 40 County of Yamhill, 130 F.3d 432, 438 (9th Cir.1997). 25 Liability based on a municipal policy may be satisfied in one of three ways: (1) by demonstrating 26 that a municipal employee committed the alleged constitutional violation under a formal 27 governmental policy or longstanding practice or custom that is the customary operating procedure 1 constitutional tort was an official with final policymaking authority and that the challenged action 2 itself was an act of official governmental policy which was the result of a deliberate choice made 3 from among various alternatives, or (3) by proving that an official with final policymaking 4 authority either delegated policymaking authority to a subordinate or ratified a subordinate's 5 unconstitutional decision or action and the basis for it. Gillette v. Delmore, 979 F.2d 1342, 1346- 6 47 (9th Cir.1992), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 932 (1993). “In order to withstand a motion to dismiss 7 for failure to state a claim, a Monell claim must consist of more than mere formulaic recitations of 8 the existence of unlawful policies, customs, or habits.” Johnson v. City of San Jose, — F. Supp. 9 3d —, No. 21-cv-01849-BLF, 2022 WL 799424, at *11 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 16, 2022) (internal 10 quotations and citation omitted). 11 a. Custom, Policy, or Practice Allegations 12 A municipality may be held liable on the basis of an unconstitutional policy if the plaintiff 13 is “able to prove the existence of a widespread practice that, although not authorized by written 14 law or express municipal policy, is ‘so permanent and well settled as to constitute a ‘custom or 15 usage’ with the force of law.’” City of St. Louis v. Praprotnik, 485 U.S. 112, 127 (1988) (quoting 16 Adickes v. S.H. Kress & Co., 398 U.S. 144, 167-168 (1970)). Such a policy may be evidenced by 17 a pattern of similar acts or incidents. Gillette, 979 F.2d at 1349. Proof of random acts or isolated 18 incidents, however, are insufficient to establish custom, Trevino v. Gates, 99 F.3d 911, 918 (9th 19 Cir.1996), and “[a] single constitutional deprivation ordinarily is insufficient to establish a 20 longstanding practice or custom,” Christie v. Iopa, 176 F.3d 1231, 1235 (9th Cir. 1999). 21 However, an isolated constitutional violation may be sufficient to establish a municipal policy 22 where (1) “the person causing the violation has ‘final policymaking authority,’” (2) “the final 23 policymaker ‘ratified’ a subordinate’s actions,” or (3) “the final policymaker acted with deliberate 24 indifference to the subordinate’s constitutional violations.” Christie, 176 F.3d at 1235, 1238, 25 1240. 26 Ms. Berry alleges that the City “does not have policies and procedures in place sufficient 27 to deter, inhibit or prevent the type of unlawful conduct employed by [Officer] Parodi [i]n the 1 “does mot [sic] have adequate policies[,] procedures and training in place to supervise the conduct 2 of its officers, as evienced [sic] by Sergeant White’s Inaction during the incident described 3 above.” Dkt. No. 27 ¶¶ 41, 42.6 The FAC further alleges, on information and belief, that Officer 4 Parodi “was not required to, and did not record her use of force against [Ms. Berry], and that 5 Sergeant White was aware of and/or observed [Officer] Parodi’s excessive use of force and/or her 6 unlawful detention of [Ms. Berry], and took no action to train, retrain, supervise or correct 7 [Officer] Parodi’s actions.” Id. ¶ 41. The FAC, however, contains no factual allegations beyond 8 the incident involving Ms. Berry and essentially alleges that in light of Officer Parodi’s alleged 9 misconduct, the City must have violated Ms. Berry’s constitutional rights. These allegations are 10 insufficient to establish a plausible Monell claim based on the existence of a policy (or lack 11 thereof) that was widespread or so permanent and well settled as to constitute a custom, policy or 12 practice with the force of law. See Estate of Adomako v. City of Fremont, No. 17-cv-06386-DMR, 13 2018 WL 2234179, at *3 (N.D. Cal. May 16, 2018) (concluding that the plaintiff failed to 14 sufficiently allege a pattern, policy, or custom where the complaint only alleged facts pertaining to 15 the incident involving the plaintiff). 16 b. Ratification 17 To the extent the FAC appears to allege Monell liability based on a ratification theory, the 18 allegations also fall short. To show ratification, a plaintiff must show that the “authorized 19 policymakers approve a subordinate’s decision and the basis for it.” Christie, 176 F.3d at 1239 20 (quoting Praprotnik, 485 U.S. at 127). While a single decision by a municipal final policymaker 21 may be sufficient to trigger liability under Monell, such liability attaches only where “a deliberate 22 choice to follow a course of action is made from among various alternatives by the official or 23 officials responsible for establishing final policy with respect to the subject matter in question.” 24 Pembaur, 475 U.S. at 483. 25 In the present case, Ms. Berry alleges that the City “by and through police supervisor 26 Sergeant White, authorized and ratified the unlawful arrest and detention of [Ms. Berry] by 27 1 [Officer] Parodi, and authorized and ratified the use of excessive force by [Officer] Parodi,” and 2 that “Sergeant White was aware of and/or observed [Officer] Parodoi’s excessive use of force 3 and/or her unlawful detention of [Ms. Berry], and took no action to train, retrain, supervise or 4 correct [Officer] Parodi’s actions.” Dkt. No. 27 ¶¶ 40, 41. These allegations are entirely 5 conclusory, including with respect to Sergeant White’s role as a “final policymaker” and the basis 6 for his alleged ratification of Officer Parodi’s conduct. Moreover, “[a] mere failure to overrule a 7 subordinate’s actions, without more, is insufficient to support a § 1983 claim.” Lytle v. Carl, 382 8 F.3d 978, 987 (9th Cir. 2004). See Rasku v. City of Ukiah, 460 F. Supp. 3d 934, 945 (N.D. Cal. 9 2020) (same); Estate of Adomako, 2018 WL 2234179 at *3 (“A police department’s ‘mere failure 10 to discipline its officers does not amount to ratification of their allegedly unconstitutional 11 actions.’”) (quoting Sheehan v. City & Cnty. of San Francisco, 743 F.3d 1211, 1231 (9th Cir. 12 2014), rev'd in part, cert. dismissed in part, 575 U.S. 600 (2015)). 13 c. Failure to Train Allegations 14 “In limited circumstances, a local government’s decision not to train certain employees 15 about their legal duty to avoid violating citizens’ rights may rise to the level of an official 16 government policy for purposes of § 1983.” Connick v. Thompson, 563 U.S. 51, 61 (2011). “A 17 municipality’s culpability for a deprivation of rights is at its most tenuous where a claim turns on a 18 failure to train.” Id. A municipality may be held liable based on a failure to train only where it 19 “amount[s] to ‘deliberate indifference to the rights of persons with whom the [untrained 20 employees] come into contact.’” Id. (quoting City of Canton, Ohio v. Harris, 489 U.S. 378, 388 21 (1989)). Deliberate indifference “is a stringent standard of fault, requiring proof that a municipal 22 actor disregarded a known or obvious consequence of his action.” Id. (internal quotations and 23 citation omitted). “This standard is met when ‘the need for more or different training is so 24 obvious, and the inadequacy so likely to result in the violation of constitutional rights, that the 25 policymakers of the city can reasonably be said to have been deliberately indifferent to the need.’” 26 Johnson, — F. Supp. 3d —, 2022 WL 799424, at *10 (quoting City of Canton, 489 U.S. at 390). 27 “While deliberate indifference can be inferred from a single incident when ‘the unconstitutional 1 be inferred from a single incident.” Hyde v. City of Wilcox, 23 F.4th 863, 874-75 (9th Cir. 2022) 2 (quoting Connick, 563 U.S. at 61). Thus, “[a] pattern of similar constitutional violations by 3 untrained employees is ‘ordinarily necessary’ to demonstrate deliberate indifference for purposes 4 of failure to train.” Connick, 563 U.S. at 62; accord Johnson, , — F. Supp. 3d —, 2022 WL 5 799424 at *10. 6 Ms. Berry’s allegations about the City’s purported failure to train or inadequate training 7 are entirely conclusory. See Dkt. No. 27 ¶ 43 (“Plaintiff is informed and believes and thereupon 8 alleges that neither [Officer] Parodi or Sergeant White were disciplined, trained, or retrained after 9 the incident described herein, and that the failure to train or retrain is due to inadequate policies of 10 the CITY.”), ¶ 44 (“Defendants’ conduct was the proximate cause of harm and damage to 11 Plaintiff, and by reason of the foregoing alleged acts and conduct Plaintiff is entitled to damages 12 against Defendants all according to proof at trial.”). 13 In sum, Ms. Berry’s FAC fails to allege sufficient facts to establish a plausible Monell 14 claim against the City based on a custom, policy or practice, retaliation, or failure to train. 15 Accordingly, the City’s motion to dismiss Claim 7, as well as Claims 2-6, is granted. 16 The Court now turns to the two remaining claims at issue—Claims 5 and 6—against 17 Officer Parodi. 18 B. Claim 5: Malicious Prosecution 19 In the Ninth Circuit, “the general rule is that a claim of malicious prosecution is not 20 cognizable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 if process is available within the state judicial system to 21 provide a remedy.” Usher v. City of Los Angeles, 828 F.2d 556, 562 (9th Cir. 1987). “However, 22 an exception exists to the general rule when a malicious prosecution is conducted with the intent 23 to deprive a person of equal protection of the laws or is otherwise intended to subject a person to a 24 denial of constitutional rights.” Id. (internal quotations and citations omitted); see also Freeman v. 25 City of Santa Ana, 68 F.3d 1180, 1189 (9th Cir. 1995) (“[T]o prevail, [a plaintiff] must show that 26 the defendants prosecuted her with malice and without probable cause, and that they did so for the 27 purpose of denying her equal protection or another specific constitutional right.”). The Ninth 1 v. City of Adelanto, 368 F.3d 1062, 1066 (9th Cir. 2004). “In California, the elements of 2 malicious prosecution are (1) the initiation of criminal prosecution, (2) malicious motivation, and 3 (3) lack of probable cause.” Usher, 828 F.2d at 562. Thus, to plead a malicious prosecution claim 4 under Section 1983, a plaintiff must allege: (1) the initiation of a prosecution which ended in a 5 termination favorable to the plaintiff; (2) lack of probable cause; (3) malice; and (4) that the 6 prosecution was conducted with the intent to deprive the plaintiff of specific constitutional rights. 7 See Awabdy, 368 F.3d at 1066; Freeman, 68 F.3d at 1189; Usher, 828 F.2d at 562. 8 The Court agrees that Ms. Berry’s FAC fails to sufficiently describe the basis for Officer 9 Parodi’s liability under a malicious prosecution theory.7 The FAC indicates that Ms. Berry seeks 10 to hold Officer Parodi liable for malicious prosecution based on the allegedly unlawful detention, 11 arrest, and search/seizure. See Dkt. No. 27 ¶ 40 (“The acts and omissions of the defendants as 12 described herein, and by wrongfully detaining and/or arresting and prosecuting Plaintiff without 13 cause, violated Plaintiff’s rights under the laws and Constitution of the United States including but 14 not limited to her right to be free from unreasonable searches and seizures and wrongful 15 prosecution, as guaranteed by the Fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution.”). The 16 body of the FAC also alleges that Officer Parodi’s police report of the incident is false. See id. 17 ¶¶ 9, 10, 18. What remains unclear, however, is how this conduct necessarily correlates with or 18 contributed to the subsequent misdemeanor charge and prosecution against Ms. Berry for resisting 19 arrest. Officer Parodi’s motion to dismiss this claim is granted. 20 C. Claim 6: First Amendment 21 To plead a claim for First Amendment retaliation, Ms. Berry must allege facts showing 22 that (1) she was engaged in a constitutionally protected activity; (2) the defendants’ actions would 23 chill a person of ordinary firmness form continuing to engage in the protected activity; and (3) the 24 protected activity was a substantial or motivating factor in the defendants’ conduct. O’Brien v. 25

26 7 Assuming Ms. Berry can amend the FAC to state a plausible claim for malicious prosecution, the Court is not persuaded that the malicious prosecution claim necessarily must be dismissed as 27 duplicative of Ms. Berry’s claims for unlawful detention and arrest. See Awabdy, 368 F.3d at 1 Welty, 818 F.3d 920, 932 (9th Cir. 2016) (citations omitted). “To prevail on such a claim, a 2 plaintiff must establish a ‘causal connection’ between the government defendant’s ‘retaliatory 3 animus’ and the plaintiff's ‘subsequent injury.’” Nieves v. Bartlett, 139 S. Ct. 1715, 1722 (2019) 4 (quoting Hartman v. Moore, 547 U.S. 250, 259 (2006)). “It is not enough to show that an official 5 acted with a retaliatory motive and that the plaintiff was injured—the motive must cause the 6 injury. Specifically, it must be a ‘but-for’ cause, meaning that the adverse action against the 7 plaintiff would not have been taken absent the retaliatory motive.” Id.; see also Lacey v. 8 Maricopa Cnty., 693 F.3d 896, 917 (9th Cir. 2012) (“[Plaintiff] must allege facts ultimately 9 enabling him to prove the elements of retaliatory animus as the cause of injury,’ with causation 10 being ‘understood to be but-for causation.’”) (quoting Hartman, 547 U.S. at 260)). 11 Ms. Berry’s alleged protected activity is her recording of the law enforcement encounter 12 and her protestations of innocence. See Dkt. No. 27 ¶¶ 14, 16. On the present motion, Officer 13 Parodi does not challenge the first two elements of Ms. Berry’s First Amendment retaliation 14 claim. She argues that this claim should be dismissed because the FAC fails to allege sufficient 15 facts demonstrating but-for causation, i.e., that Ms. Berry’s protected activity was a substantial or 16 motivating factor in Officer Parodi’s alleged conduct. Specifically, Officer Parodi says that the 17 FAC’s allegations indicate that Ms. Berry did not initially comply with her request for 18 identification and instead “immediately began using her cell phone to video record the 19 encounter[.]” Dkt. No. 27 ¶ 9; Dkt. No. 31 at 8-9. Officer Parodi contends that Ms. Berry’s non- 20 compliance with the request for identification, rather than any alleged protected activity, may have 21 been the reason for the alleged subsequent conduct. The FAC, however, also alleges other facts 22 suggesting that Officer Parodi’s alleged conduct was motivated by Ms. Berry’s recording of the 23 encounter and her protestations of innocence. For example, the FAC alleges that Officer Parodi’s 24 demeanor changed when Ms. Berry began recording the incident with her cell phone; that Ms. 25 Berry was attempting to comply with Officer Parodi’s requests, but moved awkwardly and slowly 26 because she was still holding her phone to record the incident; and that the more Ms. Berry 27 protested her innocence of any wrongdoing, the more violent and aggressive Officer Parodi 1 a light most favorable to her, the Court finds that the FAC alleges sufficient facts to plead but-for 2 || causation in support of Ms. Berry’s retaliation claim. Officer Parodi’s motion to dismiss this 3 claim is denied. 4 || IV. LEAVE TO AMEND 5 Under Rule 15(a) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, leave to amend “shall be freely 6 || given when justice so requires,” because “the court must remain guided by the underlying purpose 7 of Rule 15 .. . to facilitate decisions on the merits, rather than on the pleadings or technicalities.” 8 Lopez v. Smith, 203 F.3d 1122, 1127 (9th Cir. 2000) (en banc) (alterations and internal quotation 9 marks omitted). “The decision of whether to grant leave to amend nevertheless remains within the 10 || discretion of the district court,” which may deny leave to amend if allowing amendment would 11 unduly prejudice the opposing party, cause undue delay, or be futile, or if the party seeking 12 || amendment has acted in bad faith. Leadsinger, Inc. v. BMG Music Publ’g, 512 F.3d 522, 532 (9th 13 || Cir. 2008) (citing Foman v. Davis, 371 U.S. 178, 182 (1962)). 14 On the present record, the Court cannot rule out the possibility that Ms. Berry may be able 15 to plausibly allege facts supporting municipal liability and her claim for malicious prosecution. a 16 || Accordingly, the Court will give her leave to amend. 2 17 || Vv. CONCLUSION Z 18 Based on the foregoing, defendants’ motion to dismiss the FAC is granted in part and 19 denied in part as follows: Claims 2-7 are dismissed as to the City. Claim 5 is also dismissed as to 20 Officer Parodi. Officer Parodi’s motion to dismiss Claim 6 is denied. 21 Ms. Berry is given leave to amend to state a basis for municipal liability as to Claims 2-7 22 against the City. Ms. Berry is also given leave to amend Claim 5 with respect to Officer Parodi. 23 If she chooses to amend her pleading, Ms. Berry shall file her Second Amended Complaint by 24 June 3, 2022. 25 IT IS SO ORDERED. 26 Dated: May 19, 2022

VIRGINIA K. DEMARCH

28 United States Magistrate Judge